1. The force of events moved very quickly upon the election of Lincoln.

South Carolina acted

first, calling for a convention to SECEDE from the Union. State by state, conventions ere held,
and the CONFEDERACY as formed.
!ithin a fe days, the to United States Senators from South Carolina submitted their
resignations. "n #ecember $%, 1&'%, by a vote of 1'()%, the South Carolina legislature
enacted an *ordinance* that *the union no subsisting beteen South Carolina and other
States, under the name of +The United States of ,merica,+ is hereby dissolved.
$. On April 12, 1861, General P.G.T. Beauregard, in command of the Confederate forces
around Charleston ar!or, opened fire on the "nion garrison holding #ort $umter. At
2%&'pm on April 1& (a)or *o!ert Anderson, garrison commander, surrendered the fort and
+as e,acuated the ne-t da.. /ncredi!l., no soldiers +ere 0illed in !attle.
3. Slave families lived in crowded cabins called the quarters. Usually bare and simple, these shelters
were cold in winter, hot in summer, and leaky when it rained. Slave food was adequate but monotonous,
consisting mainly of corn bread, salt pork (or bacon), and molasses. The master also usually provided a
winter and a summer set of clothes, often the cast-offs of white people. Sickness was common and the
infant death rate doubled that of white babies.
The lives of black people under slavery in the South were controlled by a web of customs, rules, and laws
known as slave codes. Slaves could not travel without a written pass. They were forbidden to learn how to
read and write. They could be searched at any time. They could not buy or sell things without a permit. They
could not own livestock. They were subject to a curfew every night.
4. Pictured with his son Major General George Lee and Lieutenant Walter Taylor.
Because of his reputation as one of the finest officers in the "nited $tates Arm., A!raham
1incoln offered 1ee the command of the #ederal forces in April 1861. 1ee declined and
tendered his resignation from the arm. +hen the state of 2irginia seceded on April 13,
arguing that he could not fight against his o+n people. /nstead, he accepted a general4s
commission in the ne+l. formed Confederate Arm..
1ee renamed his command the Arm. of 5orthern 2irginia, and under his direction it
+ould !ecome the most famous and successful of the Confederate armies.
6. Rations of pork or beef were boiled, broiled or fried over open campfires. Army bread was a flour biscuit
called hardtack, re-named "tooth-dullers", "worm castles", and "sheet iron crackers" by the soldiers who ate
them. Hardtack could be eaten plain though most men preferred to toast them over a fire, crumble them into
soups, or crumble and fry them with their pork and bacon fat in a dish called skillygalee. Other food items
included rice, peas, beans, dried fruit, potatoes, molasses, vinegar, and salt. aked beans were a northern
favorite when the time could be taken to prepare them and a cooking pot with a lid could be obtained. !offee
was a most desirable staple and some soldiers considered the issue of coffee and accompanying sugar
more important than anything else
6. After se,eral short7li,ed pursuits, including a !rief episode as a farmer, he mo,ed to
/llinois to !e a cler0 in his famil.8s store. 9hen the Ci,il 9ar !egan in 1861, he )umped at the
chance to ,olunteer for militar. ser,ice in the "nion arm.. is first command +as as the
colonel of the 21st /llinois /nfantr., !ut he +as :uic0l. promoted to !rigadier general in ;ul.
1861, and in $eptem!er +as gi,en command of the <istrict of $outheast (issouri.
In 1862, Grant was promoted to major general and took control of Kentucky and most
of Tennessee. He then led Union forces to victory after initial setbacks in the Battle of Shiloh,
earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. In July 1863, Grant defeated
Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of theMississippi
River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After the Battle of Chattanooga in late 1863,
President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to lieutenant general and commander of all of
the Union armies
7. The Music of the Fife and Drum or!s had three main roles"
#$ Tactical" including signals to march% halt% charge% retreat% march at dou&le
time% 'uic( time% wheel and fire% etc.
)$ am! Duty" the calls to regulate the cam! routine from re*eille and dinner to
tattoo and lights out.
3$ eremonial" used for formal !arades% entertainment of troo!s or dignitaries
and funeral rites.
The &asic o*er*iew of the fife and drum cor!s of the +merican i*il War"
,oth -nion and onfederate com!anies .a!!ro/imately #00 men$ had two
musicians" # drummer and # fifer.
Fifers and drummers !layed only for their own com!anies when on detached duty
or on a guard ser*ice.
1egimental or &attalion le*els had a fife and drum cor!s consisting of #0 fifers
and #0 drummers drawn from each com!any &y the Drum Major.
The Drum Major and Fife Major were noncommissioned officers who were
res!onsi&le for selecting% training and organi2ing the cor!s.
Field musicians were also used as stretcher &earers as well as aides to the medical
staff.
8. A powder boy or powder monkey manned naval artillery guns as a member of a
warship's crew, primarily during the Age of Sail. His chief role was to ferry gunpowderfrom
the powder magazine in the ship's hold to the artillery pieces, either in bulk or as cartridges.
The function was fulfilled by boys ages 12 to 14 years of age. Powder monkeys were usually
boys or young teens selected for the job for their speed and height they were short and
would be hidden behind the ship's gunwale, keeping them from being shot by enemy ships'
sharp shooters. In recent times the term has been applied to a variety of workers who deploy
explosives. The use of the term 'powder monkey' in English dates to the late 17th century.
[1]
=. The Gatling gun saw only limited use in the i*il War% .,en ,utler used two
around Peters&urg and eight on gun&oats3 Porter ac'uired one3 and 4ancoc(
ordered twel*e for his 5 .6eteran$ or!s$% howe*er% the conflict did test this
wea!on% !erha!s the first successful true machine gun used in warfare.
5n*ented &y Dr. 1ichard 7ordan Gatling% the i*il War model ser*ed as the
!recursor of more successful models.
The Gatling gun was a hand8cran(8o!erated wea!on with 9 &arrels
re*ol*ing around a central shaft. The cartridges were fed to the gun &y gra*ity
through a ho!!er mounted on the to! of the gun. 9 cam8o!erated &olts
alternately wedged% fired% and dro!!ed the &ullets% which were contained in
steel cham&ers. Gatling used the 9 &arrels to !artially cool the gun during
firing. :ince the gun was ca!a&le of firing 900 rounds a minute% each &arrel
fired #00 rounds !er minute.
#0. ;n ;cto&er ##% #<94% =. 1. Mc>ean !atented an am&ulance wagon with
litters or &eds sus!ended &y ru&&er rings The following are some of the
!articulars in which it is thought the 5ndia ru&&er s!ring is su!erior to the
ordinary steel s!ring. 5t more !erfectly controls the mo*ements of the &ody of
the am&ulance in e*ery direction% either u!ward% downward% or laterally%
rendering the motion of those seated or lying within steadier and more e'ua&le.
5t is &etter ada!ted to carrying weights in the am&ulance% acting with nearly the
same effect with a light or hea*y load. 5t is &elie*ed to &e more dura&le. +n
am&ulance &uilt u!on this !lan was shown to the ,oard% &elonging to the West
Philadel!hia Fire om!any% which had &een in use for se*eral years% and which
showed &ut little e*idence of wear in the s!rings. 5t is easily re!aira&le% as a
s!are s!ring can &e readily carried in the am&ulance wagon% and can &e
su&stituted for a &ro(en one with &ut little delay and trou&le. The 5ndia ru&&er
s!rings weigh thirty8fi*e and three8'uarter !ounds% which at se*enty8fi*e cents
!er !ound would amount to ?)9.<#. :teel s!rings of the same !ower would
weigh a&out two hundred !ounds and cost a&out ?@0.00.A
11. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, "#eptember $%, $&'(), a decisive
engagement in the American !ivil *ar "$&'$+',) that halted the !onfederate advance on
-aryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies. .he advance was also regarded as
one of the greatest !onfederate threats to *ashington, /.!. .he battle took its name from
Antietam !reek, which flows south from 0ettysburg, 1ennsylvania, to the 1otomac
River near Harpers 2erry, *est 3irginia.
2ollowing the 4nion defeat at the #econd attle of ull Run, !onfederate 0eneral Robert 5.
6ee advanced into -aryland with some hope of capturing the 2ederal capital of *ashington
to the southeast. On #eptember $%, $&'(, his forces were met at Antietam by the
reorgani7ed 2ederal army under 0eneral 0eorge . -c!lellan, who blocked 6ee8s advances
but allowed him to retire to 3irginia. -ost military historians have strongly critici7ed
-c!lellan8s conduct of the battle, which proved to be one of the bloodiest single days of the
war. .he #outh lost $9,%(: troops and the ;orth suffered casualties of $(,:$<.
12. During the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Potomac and Robert E. Lee's Army of
Northern Virginia collide for the last time as the first wave of Union troops attacks Petersburg, a vital
Southern rail center 23 miles south of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. The two massive
armies would not become disentangled until April 9, 1865, when Lee surrendered and his men went home.
Grant had nearly 100,000 at his disposal at Petersburg, but the 20,000 Confederate defenders held on as
Lee hurried the rest of his Army of Northern Virginia into the entrenchments. Knowing that further attacks
would be futile, but satisfied to have bottled up the Army of Northern Virginia, Grant's army dug trenches and
began a prolonged siege of Petersburg.
1&. oth the 4nion and !onfederate armies used balloons for reconnaissance during the American !ivil
*ar, marking the first time that balloons were used in the 4nited #tates for reconnaissance. .he
professional aeronaut =ohn *ise was the first to receive orders to build a balloon for the 4nion army.
However, the balloon never was used because it escaped its tethers and was shot down to prevent it from
falling into !onfederate hands.
On #eptember (:, $&'$, 6owe ascended to more than $,<<< feet "9<, meters) near Arlington, 3irginia,
across the 1otomac River from *ashington, /!, and began telegraphing intelligence on the !onfederate
troops located at 2alls !hurch, 3irginia, more than three miles ":.& kilometers) away. 4nion guns were
aimed and fired accurately at the !onfederate troops without actually being able to see them>a first in the
history of warfare.
$:. #rom ;une > to ;une 12, the da.s +ere filled +ith minor attac0s, artiller. duels, and
sniping. On ;une 3, 1ee and Grant a t+o7hour truce to allo+ the #ederals a chance to retrie,e
their +ounded. o+e,er, !. then fe+ of the +ounded +ere found ali,e as thousands had died
under the summer sun during those fi,e da.s. Grant later +rote, ?/ ha,e al+a.s regretted
that the last assault at Cold ar!or +as e,er made... 5o ad,antage +hate,er +as gained to
compensate for the hea,. loss +e sustained.?
is regrets not+ithstanding, Grant planned his ne-t mo,e. e sent $heridan to destro. the
2irginia Central *ailroad to the +est and on ;une 12 ordered (eade to e,acuate Cold
ar!or, cross the ;ames, and proceed to+ard Peters!urg.
16. 9ith his arm. in high spirits, 1ee intended to collect supplies in the a!undant
Penns.l,ania farmland and ta0e the fighting a+a. from +ar7ra,aged 2irginia. e +anted to
threaten 5orthern cities, +ea0en the 5orth8s appetite for +ar and, especiall., +in a ma)or
!attle on 5orthern soil and strengthen the peace mo,ement in the 5orth.
1ee led his arm. on a torturous retreat !ac0 to 2irginia. As man. as 61,''' soldiers from
!oth armies +ere 0illed, +ounded, captured or missing in the three7da. !attle. #our months
after the !attle, President 1incoln used the dedication ceremon. for Gett.s!urg8s $oldiers
5ational Cemeter. to honor the fallen "nion soldiers and redefine the purpose of the +ar in
his historic Gett.s!urg Address.
16. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and
Confederate sympathizer, fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at a
play at Fords Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five
days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive
army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the
American Civil War.
Learning that Lincoln was to attend Laura Keenes acclaimed
performance of Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre
in Washington, D.C., on April 14, Boothhimself a well-known actor at
the timemasterminded the simultaneous assassination of Lincoln,
Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H.
Seward. By murdering the president and two of his possible successors,
Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to throw the U.S. government into
disarray.