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/ / indefinite article HELP The form an is used before a vowel sound. 1 to leave sb / sth that you are responsible for# usually permanently. 2 to stop doing sth without finishing it or without achieving what you wanted to do.
/ / indefinite article HELP The form an is used before a vowel sound. 1 to leave sb / sth that you are responsible for# usually permanently. 2 to stop doing sth without finishing it or without achieving what you wanted to do.
/ / indefinite article HELP The form an is used before a vowel sound. 1 to leave sb / sth that you are responsible for# usually permanently. 2 to stop doing sth without finishing it or without achieving what you wanted to do.
vowel sound. HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 one A cup of coffee, please. We've got an apple, a banana and two oranges. 2 used when you talk about one example of sth for the first time I saw a dog chasing a cat this morning. The cat climbed up a tree. Have you got a dictionary (= any dictionary)? 3 used for saying what kind of person or thing sb/sth is He's a doctor. he's a !uslim. "ou are a clever boy. #Is that an eagle?$ #%o, it's a falcon.$ 4 (used when you are talking about a typical example of sth) any every An elephant can live for up to eighty years. HELP !ou can also use the plural in this sense" &lephants can live for up to eighty years. 5 (used with prices# rates# measurements) each I usually drin' two litres of water a day. twice a wee' He was travelling at about () miles an hour. SYN per 6 used with some expressions of $uantity a lot of money a few cars abandon // verb %transitive& 1 to leave sb/sth that you are responsible for# usually permanently The ban' robbers abandoned the car *ust outside the city. 2 to stop doing sth without finishing it or without achieving what you wanted to do The search for the missing sailors was abandoned after two days. abandonment noun %uncountable& abandoned // adjective 1 left and no longer wanted# used or needed an abandoned car+house The child was found abandoned but unharmed. There was an abandoned supermar'et trolley in the middle of the road. 2 (of people or their behaviour) wild not following accepted standards abiit! // noun %countable# uncountable& (plural abiitie") t#e abiit! to do "t# HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES the mental or physical power or skill that makes it possible to do sth the ability to ma'e decisions students of mi,ed abilities OPP inabiit! abe // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %used as a modal verb& be abe to do "t# to have the ability# power# opportunity# time# etc. to do sth Will you be able to come to a meeting ne,t wee'? I was able to solve the problem -uic'ly. !any men don't feel able to e,press their emotions. OPP $nabe HELP 'n the passive %an&%o$d are used# not be abe" The arrangement can't be changed. 2 clever doing your (ob well one of the ablest+most able students in the class an able politician ab! // adverb 'abe()bodied adjective physically healthy and strong having full use of your body abo$t1 // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (also aro$nd) a little more or less than It's about three miles from here to the city centre. I got home at about half past seven. SYN appro*imate! 2 (informal) almost nearly .inner's *ust about ready. 3 (also aro$nd) in many directions or places I could hear people moving about upstairs. .on't leave your clothes lying about all over the floor. 4 (also aro$nd) %used after certain verbs& without doing anything in particular The 'ids spend most evenings sitting about, bored. 5 (also aro$nd) present in a place existing It was very late and there were few people about. There isn't much good music about these days. +,+OMS be abo$t to do "t# to be going to do sth very soon The film's about to start. I was *ust about to e,plain when she interrupted me. abo$t2 // preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 on the sub(ect of /et's tal' about something else. What's your boo' about? He told me all about his family. I don't li'e it, but there's nothing I can do about it. 2 in the character of sb/sth There's something about him that I don't -uite trust. I li'e the food, the climate, and everything else about this country. 3 (also aro$nd) in many directions or places in different parts of sth We wandered about the town for an hour or two. /ots of old newspapers were scattered about the room. +,+OMS #o-&-#at abo$t./ 1 used when asking for information about sb/sth or for sb)s opinion or wish How about 0uth? Have you heard from her lately? I'm going to have chic'en. What about you? 2 used when making a suggestion What about going to a film tonight? a'bo$t()t$rn (1 a'bo$t()0a%e) noun %countable& a complete change of opinion# plan or behaviour The government did an about2turn over ta,. look at 1(t$rn abo2e // preposition# adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
H+3HER PLA4E 1 in a higher place The people in the flat above ma'e a lot of noise. The coffee is in the cupboard above the sin'. OPP beo- EARL+ER PAR5 2 in an earlier part (of sth written) 3ontact me at the above address+the address above. OPP beo- MORE 5HAN 3 more than a number# an amount# a price# etc. children aged 44 and above A score of 5) and above will get you a grade 6. "ou must get above 7)8 to pass. above2average temperatures OPP beo- look at o2er A5 6ORK 4 with a higher position in an organi*ation# etc. The person above me is the department manager. OPP beo- PRO1, 5 too proud to do sth He seems to thin' he's above helping with the cleaning. +,+OMS abo2e a (used to emphasi*e the main point) most importantly Above all, stay calm9 abo2e board (used especially about a business deal# etc.) honest and open abroad // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES in or to another country or countries They found it difficult to get used to living abroad. !y mother has never been abroad. he often goes abroad on business. ab"en%e // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& a time when sb is away from somewhere the fact of being away from somewhere :re-uent absences due to illness meant he was behind with his wor'. I have to ma'e all the decisions in my boss's absence. 2 %uncountable& the fact of sth/sb not being there lack In the absence of a doctor, try to help the in*ured person yourself. OPP for both meanings pre"en%e ab"ent // adjective 1 ab"ent 70rom "t#8 not present somewhere He was absent from wor' because of illness. OPP pre"ent 2 thinking about sth else not paying attention an absent stare ab"ent! adverb ab"entee // noun %countable& a person who is not in the place where they should be ab"enteei"m // noun %uncountable& the problem of workers or students often not going to work or school 'ab"ent()minded adjective often forgetting or not noticing things# because you are thinking about sth else SYN 0or9et0$ ab"ent(minded! adverb ab"o$te // adjective 1 complete total The whole trip was an absolute disaster. %one of the political parties had an absolute majority (= more votes# etc. than all the other parties together). 2 not measured in comparison with sth else pending on the Health ervice has increased in absolute terms. ab"o$te! adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 // completely It's absolutely free;ing outside9 I absolutely refuse to believe that. He made absolutely no effort (= no effort at all) to help me. SYN tota! 2 // (used when you are agreeing with sb) yes certainly #It is a good idea, isn't it?$ #<h, absolutely9$ ab"orb // verb %transitive& L+:1+,&HEA5 1 ab"orb "t# 7into "t#8 to take in and hold sth (a li$uid# heat# etc.) a drug that is -uic'ly absorbed into the bloodstream 6lac' clothes absorb the sun's heat. +N5O S5H LAR3ER 2 ab"orb "t# 7into "t#8 to take sth into sth larger# so that it becomes part of it <ver the years many villages have been absorbed into the city. +N;ORMA5+ON 3 to take sth into the mind and understand it I found it impossible to absorb so much information so -uic'ly. +N5ERES5 S< 4 to hold sb)s attention completely or interest sb very much History is a sub*ect that absorbs her. A H+5 5 to reduce the effect of a sudden violent knock# hit# etc. The front of the car is designed to absorb most of the impact of a crash. ab"orption // noun %uncountable& ab"orbed // adjective ab"orbed 7in "t#8 giving all your attention to sth He was absorbed in his wor' and didn't hear me come in. ab"orbent // adjective able to take in and hold li$uid an absorbent cloth ab"orbin9 // adjective holding all your interest and attention an absorbing boo' ab$"e1 // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& using sth in a bad or dishonest way an abuse of power the dangers of drug abuse 2 %uncountable& bad# usually violent treatment of sb He sub*ected his children to verbal and physical abuse. a victim of se,ual abuse 3 %uncountable& rude words# used to insult another person The other driver leaned out of the car and hurled abuse at me. racial abuse ab$"e2 // verb %transitive& 1 to use sth in a bad or dishonest way The politician was accused of abusing his position in order to become rich. 2 to treat sb badly# often violently The girl had been se,ually abused. 3 to say rude things to sb The goal'eeper got a red card for abusing the referee. SYN in"$t ab$"i2e // adjective using rude language to insult sb an abusive remar' a%ademi%1 // adjective 1 connected with education# especially in schools and universities The academic year begins in eptember. 2 connected with sub(ects of interest to the mind rather than technical or practical sub(ects academic sub*ects such as History OPP non(a%ademi% 3 not connected with reality not affecting the facts of a situation It's academic which one I prefer because I can't have either of them. a%ademi%a! // adverb a%ademi%2 // noun %countable& a person who teaches and/or does research at a university or college a%adem! // noun %countable& (plural a%ademie") 1 a school for special training a military academy 2 A%adem! an official group of people who are important in art# science or literature the 0oyal Academy of Arts a%%ent // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& a particular way of pronouncing words that is connected with the country# area or social class that you come from He spea's with a strong cottish accent. 2 %countable# usually singular& the particular importance that is given to sth In all our products the accent is on -uality. SYN emp#a"i"# "tre"" 3 %countable& the greater force that you give to a particular word or part of a word when you speak In the word #because$ the accent is on the second syllable. 4 %countable& (in writing) a mark# usually above a letter# that shows that it has to be pronounced in a certain way =ance has an accent on the #e$. a%%ent$ate // verb %transitive& to make sth easier to notice he uses ma'e2up to accentuate her beautiful eyes. a%%ept // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive# transitive& to agree to take sth that sb offers you He as'ed me to marry him and I accepted. .o I have to pay in cash or will you accept a che-ue? Why won't you accept my advice? OPP re0$"e 2 %intransitive# transitive& to say yes to sth or to agree to sth Than' you for your invitation. I am happy to accept. He as'ed her to marry him and she accepted. he has accepted the *ob. OPP re0$"e 3 %intransitive# transitive& to admit or recogni*e that sth unpleasant is true They refused to accept responsibility for the accident. 4 %transitive& to allow sb to (oin a group# etc. The university has accepted me on the course. a%%eptabe // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 that can be allowed <ne or two mista'es are acceptable but no more than that. 2 good enough We hope that you will consider our offer acceptable. SYN "ati"0a%tor! OPP for both meanings $na%%eptabe a%%eptabiit! // noun %uncountable& a%%eptab! // adverb a%%eptan%e // noun %countable# uncountable& the act of accepting or being accepted His ready acceptance of the offer surprised me. He -uic'ly gained acceptance in the group (= the other people thought of him as e$ual to them). The new methods have received widespread acceptance. a%%e""1 // noun %uncountable& 1 a%%e"" 7to "t#8 a way of entering or reaching a place Access to the garden is through the 'itchen. 2 a%%e"" 7to "t#8 the chance or right to use or have sth .o you have access to a personal computer? 3 a%%e"" 7to "b8 permission# especially legal or official# to see sb They are divorced, but he has regular access to the children. a%%e""2 // verb %transitive& to find information on a computer 3lic' on the icon to access a file. a%%e""ibe // adjective 1 possible to be reached or entered The island is only accessible by boat. 2 easy to get# use or understand This T> programme aims to ma'e history more accessible to children. OPP for both meanings ina%%e""ibe a%%e""ibiit! // noun %uncountable&" 3omputers have given people greater accessibility to information. a%%e""ion // noun %uncountable& the act of taking a very high position# especially as ruler of a country or head of sth a%%e""or! // noun %countable& (plural a%%e""orie") 1 an extra item that is added to sth and is useful or attractive but not of great importance The car has accessories such as an electronic alarm. 2 %usually plural& a thing that you wear or carry that matches your clothes# for example a piece of (ewellery# a bag# etc. 3 an a%%e""or! 7to "t#8 (in law) a person who helps sb to do sth illegal a%%ident // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES an unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes damage# in(ury or death I hope they haven't had an accident. a car accident a fatal accident (= when sb is killed) I didn't mean to 'ic' you, it was an accident. +,+OMS b! a%%ident by chance without intending to I 'noc'ed the vase over by accident as I was cleaning. OPP deiberate! a%%identa // adjective happening by chance not planned ?olice do not 'now if the e,plosion was accidental or caused by a bomb. a%%identa! // adverb" As I turned around, I accidentally hit him in the face. 'a%%ident and e)mer9en%! (also %a"$at!) (6rit) noun %uncountable& (abbr A = E) (1 e)mer9en%! room) the part of a hospital where people who have been in(ured in accidents are taken for immediate treatment )a%%ident(prone adjective often having accidents a%%ommodate // verb %transitive& 1 to provide sb with a place to stay# live or work .uring the conference, you will be accommodated in a nearby hotel. 2 to have enough space for sb/sth# especially for a certain number of people &ach apartment can accommodate up to si, people. 3 (formal) to do or provide what sb wants or needs a%%ommodatin9 // adjective (used about a person) agreeing to do or provide what sb wants !y boss is very accommodating when I need time off wor'. a%%ommodation // noun %uncountable& a place for sb to live or stay We lived in rented accommodation before buying this house. The price of the holiday includes flights and accommodation. 3RAMMAR A%%ommodation is uncountable# so you cannot say +an accommodation,. -ometimes it is better to use a different phrase instead" I need to find somewhere to live. I'll help you find a place to stay. a%%ompaniment // noun %countable& something that goes together with another more important thing He only drin's wine as an accompaniment to food. a%%ompan! // verb %transitive& (a%%ompan!in9 a%%ompanie" past tense# past participle a%%ompanied) 1 to go together with sb/sth He went to America accompanied by his wife and three children. !assive publicity accompanied the film's release. 2 a%%ompan! "b 7on "t#8 to play music for a singer or another instrument he accompanied him on the guitar. a%%ord1 // noun %countable& an agreement# especially between countries the Helsin'i accords on human rights +,+OMS in a%%ord in agreement about sth o0 !o$r o-n a%%ord without being forced or asked He wasn't sac'ed from his *ob @ he left of his own accord. a%%ord2 // verb (formal) 1 %transitive& to give sth to sb 2 %intransitive& a%%ord 7-it# "t#8 to match to agree with a%%ordan%e // noun +,+OMS in a%%ordan%e -it# "t# in a way that follows or obeys sth to act in accordance with instructions a%%ordin9! // adverb 1 in a way that is suitable I reali;ed that I was in danger and acted accordingly. 2 (formal) therefore for that reason a%%ordin9 to // preposition 1 as stated by sb as shown by sth According to !ic', it's a brilliant film. tandards of living are improving, according to the statistics. 2 in a way that matches# follows or depends on sth &verything went off according to plan (= as we had planned it). The salary will be fi,ed according to e,perience. a%%o$nt1 // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (abbr a&%) the arrangement by which a bank looks after your money for you a current+deposit account to open+close an account I have an account with+at 6arclays. I paid the che-ue into my ban' account. note at mone! 2 %usually plural& a record of all the money that a person or business has received or paid out If you are self2employed you have to keep your own accounts. 3 an arrangement with a shop# etc. that allows you to pay for goods or services at a later date !ost customers settle/pay their account in full every month. 4 sb)s report or description of sth that has happened he gave the police a full account of the robbery. +,+OMS b! a a%%o$nt" according to what everyone says 6y all accounts, she's a very good doctor. b! !o$r o-n a%%o$nt according to what you say yourself 6y his own account, ?eter was not very good at his *ob. on a%%o$nt o0 because of <ur flight was delayed on account of bad weather. on no a%%o$nt> not on an! a%%o$nt not for any reason <n no account should you wal' home by yourself. ta?e a%%o$nt o0 "t#> ta?e "t# into a%%o$nt to consider sth# especially when deciding or (udging sth We'll ta'e account of your comments. We'll ta'e your comments into account. a%%o$nt2 // verb PHRASAL @ER< a%%o$nt 0or "t# 1 to explain or give a reason for sth How can we account for these changes? 2 to form the amount that is mentioned ales to &urope accounted for ()8 of our total sales last year. a%%o$ntabe // adjective expected to give an explanation of your actions# etc. responsible he is too young to be held accountable for what she did. a%%o$ntabiit! // noun %uncountable& a%%o$ntan%! // noun %uncountable& the work or profession of an a%%o$ntant a%%o$ntant // noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to keep or examine the financial accounts of a business# etc. a%#e1 // verb %intransitive& to feel a continuous pain His legs ached after playing football. he was aching all over. a%#e2 // noun %countable& a pain that lasts for a long time to have toothache+earache+stomach ache note at pain HELP A%#e is often used in compounds. 'n .ritish /nglish it is usually used without +a, or +an," I've got toothache. .ut we always use +a, with +headache," I've got a bad headache. 'n 0- /nglish# a%#e is usually used with +a, or +an,# especially when talking about a particular attack of pain" I have an awful stomach ache. a%#ie2e // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 to gain sth# usually by effort or skill "ou have achieved the success you deserve. 2 to complete sth by hard work and skill They have achieved a lot in a short time. a%#ie2ement // noun %countable# uncountable& something that you have done successfully# especially through hard work or skill he felt that winning the gold medal was her greatest achievement. He en*oys climbing mountains because it gives him a sense of achievement. a%id1 // noun %countable# uncountable& (in chemistry) a li$uid substance that can dissolve metal and may burn your skin or clothes. A%id" have a pH (= a measurement of the level of acid or alkali in sth) value of less than 1 sulphuric acid look at a?ai a%id2 // adjective 1 (also a%idi% //) containing an a%id an acid solution OPP a?aine 2 (used about a fruit# etc.) with a sour taste a%idit! // noun %uncountable& the $uality of being a%id to measure the acidity of soil 'a%id )rain noun %uncountable& rain that has chemicals in it from factories# etc. and that causes damage to trees# buildings and rivers note at en2ironment a%?no-ed9e // verb %transitive& 1 to accept or admit that sth is true or exists He acknowledged (the fact) that he had made a mista'e. He is ac'nowledged to be the country's greatest writer. 2 to show that you have seen or noticed sb/sth or received sth I would be grateful if you could ac'nowledge my letter (= tell me that you have received it). a%?no-ed9ement // noun 1 %uncountable& the act of showing that you have seen or noticed sb/sth The president gave a smile of ac'nowledgement to the photographers. 2 %countable# uncountable& a letter# etc. that says that sth has been received or noticed I haven't received AanB ac'nowledgement of my *ob application yet. 3 %countable& a few words of thanks that an author writes at the beginning or end of a book to the people who have helped them a%A$ire // verb %transitive& (formal) to obtain or buy sth" he ac-uired an American accent while living in %ew "or'. He's ac-uired a reputation for being difficult to wor' with. The company has ac-uired shares in a rival business. a%A$i"ition // noun (formal) 1 %uncountable& the act of obtaining or buying sth a study of language ac-uisition in children 2 %countable& something that you have obtained or bought This sculpture is the museum's latest ac-uisition. a%A$it // verb %transitive& (a%A$ittin9 a%A$itted) 1 a%A$it "b 7o0 "t#8 to state formally that a person is not guilty of a crime The *ury ac-uitted her of murder. OPP %on2i%t 2 (formal) a%A$it !o$r"e0. to behave in the way that is mentioned He acquitted himself well in his first match as a professional. a%A$itta // noun %countable# uncountable& a%ro"" // adverb# preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 from one side of sth to the other The stream was too wide to *ump across. He wal'ed across the field. A smile spread across his face. The river was about C) metres across. The ban' has ()) branches across (= in all parts of) the country. 2 on the other side of sth There's a ban' *ust across the road. The house across the road from us is for sale. HELP A%ro"" or o2er2 3e can use a%ro"" or o2er to mean +on or to the other side," I ran across+over the road. .ut when we talk about crossing something high# we usually use o2er" I can't climb over that wall. 3ith +room, we usually use a%ro""" I wal'ed across the room to the door. +,+OMS a%ro"" t#e board involving or affecting all groups# members# cases# etc. a%t1 // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
S5H YO1 ,O 1 a thing that you do In a typical act of generosity they refused to accept any money. to commit a violent act HELP A%t# a%tion or a%ti2it!2 A%t and a%tion can have the same meaning" It was a brave act+action. A%t# not a%tion can be followed by o0" It was an act of bravery. A%ti2it! is used for something that is done regularly" I li'e outdoor activities such as wal'ing and gardening. LA6 2 often A%t a law made by a government The government passed an act forbidding the possession of guns. <EHA@+O1R 3 behaviour that hides your true feelings he seems very happy but she's *ust putting on an act. +N PLAY 4 often A%t one of the main divisions of a play or an opera (= a musical play) How many scenes are there in Act D? EN5ER5A+NMEN5 5 a short piece of entertainment# especially as part of a show .id you en*oy the clowns' act? +,+OMS be&9et in on t#e a%t become involved in an activity that is becoming popular 9et !o$r a%t to9et#er to organi*e yourself so that you can do sth properly If he doesn't get his act together he's going to lose his *ob. a #ard a%t to 0oo- #ard1 in t#e a%t 7o0 doin9 "t#8 while doing sth# especially sth wrong he caught him in the act of loo'ing through the papers on her des'. a%t2 // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive& a%t 7on "t#8 to do sth to take action The doctor 'new he had to act -uic'ly to save the child. I'm always giving my brother advice but he never acts on (= as a result of) it. 2 %intransitive& to behave in the way that is mentioned top acting like a child9 Although she was trying to act cool, I could see she was really upset. Ali's acting strangely today @ what's wrong with him? 3 %intransitive# transitive& to perform in a play or film I acted in a play at school. He's always wanted to act the part of Hamlet. He hasn't really hurt himself @ he's *ust acting (= pretending)9 4 %intransitive& a%t a" "t# to perform a particular function The man we met on the plane to To'yo was 'ind enough to act as our guide. The elephant's trun' acts as a nose, a hand and an arm. a%tin91 // noun %uncountable& the art or profession of performing in plays or films a%tin92 // adjective %only before a noun& doing the (ob mentioned for a short time Eames will be the acting director while Henry is away. a%tion // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
,O+N3 S5H 1 %uncountable& doing things# often for a particular purpose %ow is the time for action. If we don't take action -uic'ly it'll be too late9 OPP ina%tion 2 %countable& something that you do The doctor's -uic' action saved the child's life. They should be *udged by their actions, not by what they say. note at a%t +N 4O1R5 3 %countable# uncountable& the process of settling an argument in a court of law He is going to take legal action against the hospital. +N 6AR 4 %uncountable& fighting in a war Their son was killed in action. +N S5ORY&;+LM&PLAY 5 %singular& the most important events in a story# film or play The action ta'es place in /ondon. EX4+5+N3 E@EN5S 6 %uncountable& exciting things that happen There's not much action in this boring town. I li'e films with lots of action. an action-packed film E;;E45 B %singular& the effect that one substance has on another They're studying the action of alcohol on the brain. +,+OMS in a%tion in operation while working or doing sth We shall have a chance to see their new team in action ne,t wee'. into a%tion into operation We'll put the plan into action immediately. o$t o0 a%tion not able to do the usual things not working The coffee machine's out of action again. a%ti2ate // verb %transitive& to make sth start working A slight movement can activate the car alarm. a%ti2e // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 involved in activity !y grandfather is very active for his age. I have a very active social life. I was at the meeting but I didn't take an active part in the discussion. SYN i2e! OPP ina%ti2e 2 that produces an effect that is in operation an active volcano (= one that can still explode) 3 used about the form of a verb or a sentence when the sub(ect of the sentence performs the action of the verb In the sentence #The dog bit him$, the verb is active. HELP !ou can also say" +The verb is in the active,. look at pa""i2e a%ti2e! adverb" he is actively loo'ing for a *ob. a%ti2i"t // noun %countable& a person who takes action to cause political or social change# usually as a member of a group a protest by environmental activists a%ti2it! // noun (plural a%ti2itie") HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %uncountable& a situation in which there is a lot of action or movement The house was full of activity on the morning of the wedding. OPP ina%ti2it! 2 %countable& something that you do# usually regularly and for en(oyment The hotel offers a range of leisure activities. note at a%t a%tor // noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to act in a play# film or on T4 note at t#eatre a%tre"" // noun %countable& a woman whose (ob is to act in a play# film or on T4 note at t#eatre a%t$a // adjective %only before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES real that happened The actual damage to the car was not as great as we had feared. They seemed to be good friends but in actual fact they hated each other. a%t$a! // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 really in fact "ou don't actually believe her, do you? I can't believe that I'm actually going to America9 2 although it may seem strange He actually e,pected me to coo' his meal for him9 HELP A%t$a! is often used in conversation to get somebody)s attention or to correct somebody politely" Actually, I wanted to show you something. Have you got a minute? We aren't married, actually. I don't agree about the boo'. I thin' it's rather good, actually. HELP 'n /nglish a%t$a! does not mean +at the present time,. 3e use %$rrent!# at pre"ent or at t#e moment instead" He's currently wor'ing on an article about 3hina. I'm studying for my e,ams at present. adapt // verb 1 %transitive& adapt "t# 70or "t#8 to change sth so that you can use it in a different situation The bus was adapted for disabled people. The teacher adapts the courseboo' to suit the needs of her students. 2 %intransitive# transitive& adapt 7!o$r"e08 7to "t#8 to change your behaviour because the situation you are in has changed He was -uic' to adapt AhimselfB to the new system. adaptabe // adjective able to change to suit new situations adaptation // noun 1 %countable& a play or film that is based on a novel# etc. 2 %uncountable& the state or process of changing to suit a new situation adapted // adjective having all the necessary $ualities to do sth 3hic'ens are poorly adapted for flight. adaptor (also adapter) // noun %countable& 1 a device that allows you to connect more than one piece of electrical e$uipment to a "o%?et (= an electricity supply point) 2 a device for connecting pieces of electrical e$uipment that were not designed to be fitted together add // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive# transitive& add 7"t#8 7to "t#8 to put sth together with sth else# so that you increase the si*e# number# value# etc. I added a couple more items to the shopping list. The noise of the crowd added to the e,citement of the race. 2 %intransitive# transitive& to put numbers or amounts together so that you get a total If you add F and F together, you get G. Add H( to the total, to cover postage and pac'ing. 0onaldo cost more than all the other players added together. .on't as' me to wor' it out @ I can't add. OPP "$btra%t MORE 3e often use the word p$" when we add two numbers" C plus C is D. 3 %transitive& to say sth more #6y the way, please don't tell anyone I phoned you,$ she added. PHRASAL @ER<S add "t# on 7to "t#8 to include sth 4)8 will be added on to your bill as a service charge. add $p to seem to be a true explanation I'm sorry, but your story *ust doesn't add up. add 7"t#8 $p to find the total of several numbers The waiter hadn't added up the bill correctly. add $p to "t# to have as a total How much does all the shopping add up to? added // adjective in addition to what is usual extra mil' with added vitamins )added to preposition in addition to sth as well as adder // noun %countable& a small poisonous snake addi%t // noun %countable& a person who cannot stop taking or doing sth harmful a drug addict addi%ted // adjective addi%ted 7to "t#8" He is addicted to heroin. SYN #oo?ed on addi%tion noun %countable# uncountable&" the problem of teenage drug addiction addi%ti2e // adjective difficult to stop taking or doing a highly addictive drug an addictive game addition // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %uncountable& adding sth# especially two or more numbers children learning addition and subtraction look at "$btra%tion 2 %countable& an addition 7to "t#8 a person or thing that is added to sth They've got a new addition to the family (= another child). +,+OMS in addition 7to "t#8 as well as he spea's five foreign languages in addition to &nglish. additiona // adjective added a small additional charge for the use of the swimming pool SYN e*tra additiona! // adverb additi2e // noun %countable& a substance that is added to sth in small amounts for a special purpose food additives (= to add colour or flavour) addre""1 // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 the number of the building and the name of the street and place where sb lives or works /et me give you my home+business address. he no longer lives at this address. ?lease inform the office of any change of address. an address boo' (= a small book that you keep the addresses of people you know in) 2 a series of words and/or numbers that tells you where you can find sth using a computer What's your email address? 3 a formal speech that is given to an audience tonight's televised presidential address +,+OMS 7o08 no 0i*ed abode&addre"" 0i*ed addre""2 // verb %transitive& 6R+5E ON LE55ER 1 addre"" "t# 7to "b&"t#8 to write the name and address of the person you are sending a letter# etc. to The pac'age was returned because it had been wrongly addressed. MAKE SPEE4H 2 to make an important speech to an audience to address a meeting 4OMM1N+4A5E 3 (formal) addre"" "t# to "b make a comment# etc. to sb Iindly address any complaints you have to the manager. 1SE NAME 4 addre"" "b a" "t# to talk or write to sb using a particular name or title he prefers to be addressed as #!s$. ,EAL 6+5H PRO<LEM 5 (formal) addre"" 7!o$r"e0 to8 "t# to try to deal with a problem# etc. The government is finally addressing the -uestion of corruption. adeA$ate // adjective 1 enough for what you need !a'e sure you ta'e an ade-uate supply of water with you. 2 (ust good enough acceptable "our wor' is ade-uate but I'm sure you could do better. OPP for both meanings inadeA$ate adeA$a%! // noun %uncountable& adeA$ate! adverb" The mystery has never been ade-uately e,plained. adC$"t // verb 1 %transitive& to change sth slightly# especially because it is not in the right position The bra'es on my bicycle need ad*usting. The seat can be ad*usted to different positions. 2 %intransitive& adC$"t 7to "t#8 to get used to new conditions or a new situation he found it hard to ad*ust to wor'ing at night. adC$"tment noun %countable# uncountable&" We'll *ust make a few minor adjustments and the room will loo' perfect. adC$"tabe // adjective that can be adC$"ted an ad*ustable mirror admirabe // adjective (formal) that you admire excellent admirab! // adverb" he dealt with the problem admirably. admiration // noun %uncountable& admiration 70or&o0 "b&"t#8 a feeling of liking and respecting sb/sth very much I have great admiration for what he's done. admire // verb %transitive& admire "b&"t# 70or "t#&doin9 "t#8 to respect or like sb/sth very much to look at sb/sth with pleasure &veryone admired the way he dealt with the problem. I've always admired her for being such a wonderful mother. We stopped at the top of the hill to admire the view. admirin9 // adjective feeling or expressing admiration admirin9! adverb admi""ibe // adjective that can be allowed or accepted# especially in a court of law admissible evidence OPP inadmi""ibe admi""ion // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& admi""ion 7to "t#8 the act of allowing sb to enter a school# club# public place# etc. Admissions to 6ritish universities have increased by 478 this year. look at entran%e 2 %countable& a statement that admits that sth is true 3 %uncountable& the amount of money that you have to pay to enter a place The museum charges half2price admission on !ondays. admit // verb (admittin9 admitted) 1 %intransitive# transitive& admit "t# admit to "t#&doin9 "t# admit 7t#at.8 to agree that sth unpleasant is true or that you have done sth wrong "ou should admit your mista'e. After trying four times to pass the e,am, I finally admitted defeat. he admitted having bro'en the computer. He refused to admit to the theft. I have to admit AthatB I was wrong. OPP den! 2 %transitive& admit "b&"t# 7into&to "t#8 to allow sb/sth to enter to take sb into a place He was admitted to hospital with suspected appendicitis. admittan%e // noun %uncountable& (formal) being allowed to enter a place the right to enter The *ournalist tried to gain admittance to the minister's office. admitted! // adverb it must be admitted (that5) The wor' is very interesting. Admittedly, I do get rather tired. adopt // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& to take a child into your family and treat them as your own child by law They couldn't have children so they adopted. They're hoping to adopt a child. 2 %transitive& to take and use sth What approach did you adopt when dealing with the problem? note at %#id adopted adjective" an adopted child adoption noun %countable# uncountable&" The number of adoptions has risen in the past year (= the number of children being adopted). adopti2e // adjective (used about parents) having legally taken a child to live with them as part of their family the baby's adoptive parents adorabe // adjective (used about children or animals) very attractive SYN o2e! adore // verb %transitive& 1 to love and admire sb/sth very much Iim adores her older sister. 2 to like sth very much he adores children. adoration // noun %uncountable& adorin9 adjective" his adoring fans ad$t // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES a person or an animal that is fully grown This film is suitable for both adults and children. SYN 9ro-n($p ad$t adjective ad$terer // noun %countable& (formal) a person who commits ad$ter! ad$ter! // noun %uncountable& (formal) sex between a married person and sb who is not their wife/husband He was accused of committing adultery. ad$tero$" // adjective" an adulterous relationship ad$t#ood // noun %uncountable& the time in your life when you are an adult ad2an%e1 // noun 1 %countable# usually singular& forward movement the army's advance towards the border OPP retreat 2 %countable# uncountable& progress in sth advances in computer technology 3 %countable& an amount of money that is paid to sb before the time when it is usually paid he as'ed for an advance on her salary. +,+OMS in ad2an%e 7o0 "t#8 before a particular time or event "ou should boo' tic'ets for the concert well in advance. ad2an%e2 // verb 1 %intransitive& to move forward The army advanced towards the city. OPP retreat 2 %intransitive# transitive& to make progress or help sth make progress <ur research has not advanced much recently. ad2an%e3 // adjective %only before a noun& that happens before sth There was no advance warning of the earth-ua'e. ad2an%ed // adjective 1 highly developed a country that is not very advanced industrially 2 of a high level an advanced &nglish class ad)2an%ed e2e (formal) = A e2e ad2an%ement // noun (formal) 1 %uncountable# countable& the process of helping sth to make progress or succeed the progress that is made the advancement of 'nowledge+education+science 2 %uncountable& progress in a (ob# social class# etc. There are good opportunities for advancement if you have the right s'ills. ad2anta9e // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable& an ad2anta9e 7o2er "b8 something that may help you to do better than other people Her e,perience gave her an advantage over the other applicants. /iving abroad means he has the advantage of being fluent in two languages. ome runners try to gain an unfair advantage by ta'ing drugs. 2 %countable# uncountable& something that helps you or that will bring you a good result &ach of these systems has its advantages and disadvantages. The traffic is so bad here that there is no advantage in having a car. look at pro OPP for both meanings di"ad2anta9e +,+OMS ta?e ad2anta9e o0 "b&"t# 1 to make good or full use of sth We should ta'e full advantage of these low prices while they last. 2 to make use of sb/sth in a way that is unfair or dishonest in order to get what you want "ou shouldn't let him ta'e advantage of you li'e this. ad2anta9eo$" // adjective that will help you or bring you a good result ad2ent$re // noun %countable# uncountable& an experience or event that is very unusual# exciting or dangerous he left home to travel, hoping for e,citement and adventure. <ur *ourney through the *ungle was -uite an adventure9 ad2ent$ro$" // adjective 1 (used about a person) liking to try new things or have ad2ent$re" I'm not an adventurous coo' @ I li'e to stic' to recipes I 'now. 2 involving ad2ent$re :or a more adventurous holiday try mountain climbing. ad2ert // ( informal) = ad2erti"ement ad2erti"e // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& ad2erti"e "t# 7a" "t#8 to put information in a newspaper# on T4# on a picture on the wall# etc. in order to persuade people to buy sth# to interest them in a new (ob# etc. a poster advertising a new type of biscuit The *ob was advertised in the local newspapers. It's very e,pensive to advertise on T>. 2 %intransitive& ad2erti"e 70or "b&"t#8 to say publicly in a newspaper# on a sign# etc. that you need sb to do a particular (ob# want to buy sth# etc. The shop is advertising for a part2time sales assistant. ad2erti"er noun %countable& ad2erti"in9 noun %uncountable&" The maga;ine gets a lot of money from advertising. an advertising campaign ad2erti"ement // (also informal ad 6rit also ad2ert) noun %countable& a piece of information in a newspaper# on T4# a picture on a wall# etc. that tries to persuade people to buy sth# to interest them in a new (ob# etc. an advertisement for a new brand of washing powder to put an advertisement in a newspaper ad2i%e // noun %uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES an opinion that you give sb about what they should do he took her doctor's advice and gave up smo'ing. /et me give you some advice J 3RAMMAR Ad2i%e is uncountable. 3e say a pie%e o0 ad2i%e (not +an advice,) and a ot o0 ad2i%e (not +advices,). ad2i"abe // adjective (formal) that is a good thing to do sensible It is advisable to reserve a seat. OPP inad2i"abe ad2i"e // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive# transitive& ad2i"e "b 7to do "t#8 ad2i"e 7"b8 7a9ain"t "t#&a9ain"t doin9 "t#8 to tell sb what you think they should do I would strongly advise you to ta'e the *ob. They advised us not to travel on a :riday. The newspaper article advised against eating too much meat. He did what the doctor advised. he advises the Kovernment on economic affairs. 2 %transitive& (formal) to officially tell sb sth We would li'e to advise you that the goods are now ready for collection. SYN in0orm ad2i"er (1 ad2i"or) // noun %countable& a person who gives advice to a company# government# etc. an adviser on economic affairs ad2i"or! // adjective giving advice only not having the power to make decisions a00air // noun 1 a00air" %plural& important personal# business# national# etc. matters the minister for foreign affairs current affairs (= the political and social events that are happening at the present time) 2 %countable& an event or situation The whole affair has been e,tremely unpleasant. 3 %countable& a sexual relationship between two people# usually when at least one of them is married to sb else he's having an affair with her boss. 4 %singular& something private that you do not want other people to know about What happened between us is my affair. I don't want to discuss it. +,+OMS "tate o0 a00air" "tate1 a00e%t // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 make sb/sth change in a particular way to influence sb/sth Her personal problems seem to be affecting her wor'. This disease affects the brain. note at in0$en%e 2 to make sb feel very sad# angry# etc. The whole community was affected by the tragedy. HELP A00e%t or e00e%t2 6otice that a00e%t is a verb and e00e%t is a noun" mo'ing can affect your health. mo'ing can have a bad effect on your health. a00e%ted // adjective (used about a person or their behaviour) not natural or sincere OPP $na00e%ted a00e%tation // noun %countable# uncountable& a00e%tion // noun %countable# uncountable& 7an8 a00e%tion 70or&to-ard" "b&"t#8 a feeling of loving or liking sb/sth !ar' felt great affection for his sister. a00e%tionate // adjective showing that you love or like sb very much a very affectionate child SYN o2in9 a00e%tionate! adverb a00ord // verb %transitive& %usually after can# could or be able to& a00ord "t#&to do "t# HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 to have enough money or time to be able to do sth We couldn't afford a T> in those days. I've spent more than I can afford. note at oan 2 to not be able to do sth or let sth happen because it would have a bad result for you The other team is very good so we can't afford to ma'e any mista'es. a00ordabe adjective" affordable prices a0raid // adjective %not before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 a0raid 7o0 "b&"t#8 a0raid 7o0 doin9 "t#&to do "t#8 having or showing fear frightened Are you afraid of dogs? 6en is afraid of going out after dar'. I was too afraid to answer the door. 2 a0raid 7t#at.8 a0raid 7o0 doin9 "t#8 worried about sth We were afraid that you would be angry. to be afraid of offending somebody 3 a0raid 0or "b&"t# worried that sb/sth will be harmed# lost# etc. When I saw the gun I was afraid for my life. HELP A0raid or 0ri9#tened2 !ou can only use a0raid after a verb such as +be,# but you can use 0ri9#tened before a noun or after a verb" a frightened animal The animal was afraid+frightened. +,+OMS +)m a0raid 7t#at.8 used for saying politely that you are sorry about sth I'm afraid I can't come on unday. #Is the factory going to close?$ #I'm afraid so.$ #Is this seat free?$ #I'm afraid not+it isn't.$ a0ter // preposition# conjunction# adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 at a later time following sth Ian phoned *ust after G o'cloc'. the wee' after ne,t I hope to arrive some time after lunch. They arrived at the station after the train had left. After we had finished our dinner, we went into the garden. I went out yesterday morning, and after that I was at home all day. That was in April. oon after, I heard that he was ill. HELP 't is more common to use a0ter-ard" at the end of a sentence" We played tennis and went to Angela's house afterwards. 2 .a0ter. repeated many times or continuing for a long time day after day of hot weather I've told the children time after time not to do that. 3 following or behind sb/sth hut the door after you. 3 comes after 6 in the alphabet. 4 as a result of sth After the way he behaved, I won't invite him here again. 5 looking for or trying to catch or get sb/sth The police were after him. %ic'y is after a *ob in advertising. 6 used when sb/sth is given the name of another person or thing We called our son William after his grandfather. +,+OMS a0ter a 1 used when sth is different in reality to what sb expected or thought o you decided to come after all9 (= ' thought you weren)t going to come) 2 used for reminding sb of a certain fact he can't understand. After all, she's only two. a0ternoon // noun %countable# uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES the part of a day between midday and about 7 o)clock I'll see you tomorrow afternoon. What are you doing this afternoon? I studied all afternoon. I usually go for a wal' in the afternoon. He goes swimming every afternoon. he arrived at D o'cloc' in the afternoon. Tom wor's two afternoons a wee'. Are you busy on riday afternoon? note at mornin9 +,+OMS 9ood a0ternoon used when you see sb for the first time in the afternoon HELP 8ften we (ust say A0ternoon" #Kood afternoon, !rs .avies.$ #Afternoon, Eac'.$ a0ter-ard" // (1 also a0ter-ard) adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES at a later time He was ta'en to hospital and died shortly afterwards. Afterwards, I reali;ed I'd made a terrible mista'e. a9ain // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 once more another time 3ould you say that again, please? he's out at the moment, so I'll phone again later. .on't ever do that again9 2 in the place or condition that sb/sth was in before It's great to be home again. I hope you'll soon be well again. 3 in addition to sth #Is that enough?$ #%o, I'd li'e half as much again, please$ (= one9and9a9half times the original amount). +,+OMS a9ain and a9ain many times He said he was sorry again and again, but she wouldn't listen. t#en&t#ere a9ain used to say that sth you have (ust said may not happen or be true he might pass her test, but then again she might not. !et a9ain !et a9ain"t // preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 being an opponent to sb/sth in a game# competition# etc.# or an enemy of sb/sth in a war or fight We played football against a school from another district. 2 not agreeing with or supporting sb/sth Are you for or against the plan? he felt that everybody was against her. OPP 0or 3 what a law# rule# etc. says you must not do It's against the law to buy cigarettes before you are si,teen. 4 in order to protect yourself from sb/sth Ta'e these pills as a precaution against malaria. 5 in the opposite direction to sth We had to cycle against the wind. 6 touching sb/sth for support I put the ladder against the wall. a9e1 // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable# uncountable& the length of time that sb has lived or that sth has existed Ali is seventeen years of age. he left school at the age of si,teen. 3hildren of all ages will en*oy this film. He needs some friends of his own age. HELP 3hen you want to ask about somebody)s age# you usually say" How old is she? and the answer can be" he's eighteen or" he's eighteen years old (but 68T" he's eighteen years). :ere are some examples of other ways of talking about age" I'm nearly nineteen. a girl of eighteen an eighteen2year2old girl The robber is of medium height and aged about 4G or 45. 2 %countable# uncountable& a particular period in sb)s life a problem that often develops in middle age Her sons will loo' after her in her old age. 3 %countable& a particular period of history the computer age the history of art through the ages 4 %uncountable& the state of being old a face lined with age The doctor said she died of old age. look at !o$t# 5 a9e" %plural& (informal) a very long time We had to wait AforB ages at the hospital. It's ages since I've done any e,ercise. +,+OMS at a tender a9e> at t#e tender a9e o0. tender1 t#e a9e o0 %on"ent the age at which sb can legally agree to have sex %ome o0 a9e to become an adult in law !y father gave me a watch when I came of age. 0ee !o$r a9e 0ee1 $nder a9e not old enough by law to do sth a9e2 // verb %intransitive# transitive& (a9ein9 or a9in9 past tense# past participle a9ed //) to become or look old to cause sb to look old !y father seems to have aged a lot recently. I could see her illness had aged her. an ageing aunt a9ed HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 // adjective %not before a noun& of the age mentioned The woman, aged CG, was last seen at >ictoria tation. 2 t#e a9ed // noun %plural& very old people services for the sic' and the aged )a9e 9ro$p noun %countable& people of about the same age This club is very popular with the C)2 F) age group. a9ei"m (1 also a9i"m) // noun %uncountable& unfair treatment of people because they are considered too old" ageism in *ob advertisements a9ei"t // adjective" ageist and se,ist remar's a9ei"t noun %countable& a9en%! // noun %countable& (plural a9en%ie") 1 a business that provides a particular service an advertising agency 2 (1) a government department the 3entral Intelligence Agency (= the ;'<) a9ent // noun %countable& 1 a person whose (ob is to do business for a company or for another person <ur company's agent in 0io will meet you at the airport. !ost actors and musicians have their own agents. a travel agent an estate agent 2 = "e%ret a9ent a99re""ion // noun %uncountable& 1 angry feelings or behaviour that make you want to attack other people ?eople often react to this 'ind of situation with fear or aggression. 2 the act of starting a fight or war without reasonable cause a99re""i2e // adjective 1 ready or likely to fight or argue an aggressive dog ome people get aggressive after drin'ing alcohol. 2 using or showing force or pressure in order to succeed an aggressive salesman a99re""i2e! adverb" The boys responded aggressively when I as'ed them to ma'e less noise. a99re""or // noun %countable& a person or country that attacks sb/sth or starts fighting first a9o // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES in the past back in time from now ?aul left ten minutes ago (= if it is => o)clock now# he left at ten to twelve). That was a long time ago. !ow long ago was that? note at 0or 3RAMMAR A9o is used with the past simple tense and not the present perfect tense" I arrived in 6ritain three months ago. ;ompare a9o and be0ore. A9o means +before now, and be0ore means +before then, (that is before a particular time in the past)" Anne married imon two years ago. he had left her first husband si, months before (= six months before she married -imon). a9ree // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
SHARE OP+N+ON 1 %intransitive& a9ree 7-it# "b&"t#8 a9ree 7t#at.8 to have the same opinion as sb/sth #I thin' we should tal' to the manager about this.$ #"es, I agree.$ I agree with ?aul. .o you agree that we should travel by train? I'm afraid I don't agree. OPP di"a9ree HELP 6ote that we say" I agree and" I don't agree 68T +' am agree, or +' am not agree,. This is incorrect. SAY YES 2 %intransitive& a9ree 7to "t#&to do "t#8 to say yes to sth I as'ed my boss if I could go home early and she agreed. Al'is has agreed to lend me his car for the wee'end. OPP re0$"e ARRAN3E 3 %intransitive# transitive& a9ree 7to do "t#8 a9ree 7on "t#8 to make an arrangement or decide sth with sb They agreed to meet the following day. 3an we agree on a price? We agreed a price of L7)). APPRO@E O; 4 %intransitive& a9ree -it# "t# to think that sth is right I don't agree with e,periments on animals. <E 5HE SAME 5 %intransitive& to be the same as sth The two accounts of the accident do not agree. +,+OMS not a9ree -it# "b (used about food) to make sb feel ill a9reeabe // adjective 1 pleasant nice OPP di"a9reeabe 2 %not before a noun& (formal) ready to agree If you are agreeable, we would li'e to visit your offices on C4 !ay. a9reeab! // adverb" I was agreeably surprised by the film. a9reement // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable& a contract or decision that two or more people have made together ?lease sign the agreement and return it to us. The leaders reached an agreement after five days of tal's. We never break an agreement. 2 %uncountable& the state of agreeing with sb/sth he nodded her head in agreement. We are totally in agreement with what you have said. OPP di"a9reement a9ri%$t$re // noun %uncountable& keeping animals and growing crops for food farming the !inister of Agriculture a9ri%$t$ra // adjective a#ead // adverb a#ead 7o0 "b&"t#8 HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 in front of sb/sth I could see the other car about half a mile ahead of us. The path ahead loo'ed narrow and steep. /oo' straight ahead and don't turn round9 2 before or more advanced than sb/sth Inga and %ils arrived a few minutes ahead of us. /ondon is about five hours ahead of %ew "or'. The Eapanese are way ahead of us in their research. 3 into the future He's got a difficult time ahead of him. We must think ahead and ma'e a plan. 4 winning in a game# competition# etc. The goal put Italy C24 ahead at half2 time. look at be#ind +,+OMS a#ead o0 !o$r time so modern that people do not understand you "treet" a#ead "treet aid1 // noun 1 %uncountable& money# food# etc. that is sent to a country or to people in order to help them We sent aid to the earth-ua'e victims. economic aid 2 %uncountable& help to wal' with the aid of a stic' He had to go to the aid of a child in the river. look at 0ir"t aid 3 %countable& a person or thing that helps you a hearing aid dictionaries and other study aids +,+OMS in aid o0 "b&"t# in order to collect money for sb/sth# especially for a charity a concert in aid of 3hildren in %eed aid2 // verb %transitive& (formal) to help sb/sth leep aids recovery from illness. +,+OMS aid and abet to help sb to do sth that is not allowed by law aiin9 // adjective not in good health weak an ailing economy aiment // noun %countable& (formal) any illness that is not very serious aim1 // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable& something that you intend to do a purpose <ur aim is to open offices in ?aris and 0ome before the end of the year. His only aim in life is to ma'e money. 2 %uncountable& the act of pointing sth at sb/sth before trying to hit them or it with it he pic'ed up the gun, took aim and fired. Eo's aim was good and she hit the target. aim2 // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive& aim to do "t# aim at&0or "t# to intend to do or achieve sth We aim to leave after brea'fast. The company is aiming at a C78 increase in profit. "ou should always aim for perfection in your wor'. 2 %intransitive# transitive& aim 7"t#8 7at "b&"t#8 to point sth at sb/sth before trying to them or it with it he aimed Athe gunB at the target and fired. 3 %transitive& aim "t# at "b&"t# to direct sth at a particular person or group The advertising campaign is aimed at young people. +,+OMS be aimed at "t#&doin9 "t# to be intended to achieve sth The new laws are aimed at reducing heavy traffic in cities. aime"" // adjective having no purpose an aimless discussion aime""! adverb air1 // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %uncountable& the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and that people# animals and plants breathe the pure mountain air <pen a window @ I need some fresh air. The air was polluted by smo'e from the factory. 2 %uncountable& the space around and above things to throw a ball high into the air in the open air (= outside) 3 %uncountable& travel or transport in an aircraft to travel by air an air tic'et 4 %singular& an air 7o0 "t#8 the particular feeling or impression that is given by sb/sth he has a confident air. +,+OMS a breat# o0 0re"# air breat# %ear t#e air %ear2 in t#e air probably going to happen soon A feeling of change was in the air. in t#e open air open1 on 7t#e8 air sending out programmes on the radio or T4 This radio station is on the air CD hours a day. 2ani"#' et%D into t#in air t#in1 air2 // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& to put clothes# etc. in a warm place or outside in the fresh air to make sure they are completely dry to become dry in this way ?ut the sheets on the washing line to air. 2 %intransitive# transitive& to make a room# etc. fresh by letting air into it to become fresh in this way <pen the window to air the room. 3 %transitive& to tell people what you think about sth The discussion gave people a chance to air their views. airba9 // noun %countable& a device in a car that fills with air if there is an accident. 't protects the people sitting in the front. airba"e // noun %countable& an airport for military aircraft airborne // adjective %not before a noun& flying in the air )air %onditionin9 noun %uncountable& the system that keeps the air in a room# building# etc. cool and dry )air(%onditioned adjective" air2conditioned offices air%ra0t // noun %countable& (plural air%ra0t) any vehicle that can fly in the air# for example a plane )air%ra0t %arrier noun %countable& a ship that carries military aircraft and that has a long flat area where they can take off and land air0ied // noun %countable& an area of land where aircraft can land or take off. <n air0ied is smaller than an airport. )air 0or%e noun %countable# with singular or plural verb& the part of a country)s military organi*ation that fights in the air note at -ar look at arm!# na2! )air #o"te"" noun %countable& (old2 fashioned) a woman who looks after the passengers on a plane look at %abin %re-# 0i9#t attendant )airin9 %$pboard noun %countable& a warm cupboard that you put clothes# etc. in to make sure they are completely dry after being washed aire"" // adjective not having enough fresh air The room was hot and airless. airi0t // noun %countable& an operation to take people# soldiers# food# etc. to or from an area by aircraft# especially in an emergency or when roads are closed or dangerous" an airlift of food and medical supplies to the besieged city airi0t verb %transitive&" Two casualties were airlifted to safety. airine // noun %countable& a company that provides regular flights for people or goods in aircraft airiner // noun %countable& a large plane that carries passengers
airmai // noun %uncountable& the system for sending letters# packages# etc. by plane I sent the parcel AbyB airmail. airpane // (1) = aeropane airport // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES a place where aircraft can land and take off and that has buildings for passengers to wait in note at pane )air raid noun %countable& an attack by military aircraft air"i%? // adjective feeling sick or 2omitin9 (= bringing up food from the stomach) as a result of travelling on a plane look at %ar"i%?# "ea"i%?# tra2e("i%? air"pa%e // noun %uncountable& the part of the sky that is above a country and that belongs to that country by law air"trip // (also )andin9 "trip) noun %countable& a narrow piece of land where aircraft can take off and land airti9#t // adjective that air cannot get into or out of airti9#t // adjective that air cannot get into or out of 'air 'tra00i% %on)troer noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to organi*e routes for aircraft# and to tell pilots by radio when they can land and take off air! // adjective (airier airie"t) having a lot of fresh air inside aarm1 // noun 1 %uncountable& a sudden feeling of fear or worry he *umped up in alarm. 2 %singular& a warning of danger A small boy saw the smo'e and raised the alarm. 3 %countable& a machine that warns you of danger# for example by ringing a loud bell The burglars set off the alarm when they bro'e the window. The fire+burglar alarm went off at Da.m. 4 %countable& = aarm %o%?
+,+OMS a 0a"e aarm 0a"e aarm2 // verb %transitive& to make sb/sth feel suddenly frightened or worried a)arm %o%? (also aarm) noun %countable& a clock that you can set to make a noise at a particular time to wake you up he set the alarm cloc' for half past si,. aarmed // adjective %not before a noun& aarmed 7at&b! "t#8 feeling frightened or worried aarmin9 // adjective that makes you frightened or worried
aarmin9! adverb a%o#o // noun %uncountable& 1 drinks such as beer# wine# etc. that can make people drunk He never drin's alcohol. 2 the clear li$uid in drinks such as beer and wine that can make you drunk low2alcohol beer a%o#oi%1 // adjective containing alcohol alcoholic drin's OPP non(a%o#oi% MORE ?rinks without alcohol are also called "o0t drin?". a%o#oi%2 // noun %countable& a person who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking MORE < person who does not drink alcohol at all is a teetotaer. a%o#oi"m // noun %uncountable& a medical condition that is caused by regularly drinking a large amount of alcohol and not being able to stop ai2e // adjective %not before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 not dead living The young woman was still alive when the ambulance reached the hospital. The -uic' action of the doctors kept the child alive. HELP Ai2e or i2in92 Ai2e can only be used after a noun or a verb such as +be,# but you can use i2in9 before a noun" Are her parents still alive? .oes she have any living relatives? 2 continuing to exist !any old traditions are very much alive in this area of the country. 3 full of life In the evening the town really comes alive. a1 // determiner# pronoun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 every one of a group All AofB my children can swim. !y children can all swim. he's read all AofB these boo's. he's read them all. The people at the meeting all voted against the plan. All of them voted against the plan. 2 the whole of a thing or of a period of time All AofB the food has gone. They've eaten all of it. They've eaten it all. This money is all yours. All of it is yours. all wee'+month+year He wor'ed hard all his life. 3 everything that the only thing that I wrote down all I could remember. All I've eaten today is one banana. +,+OMS abo2e a abo2e a0ter a a0ter 0or a 1 in spite of :or all her wealth and beauty, she was never very happy. 2 used to show that sth is not important or of no interest or value to you or all I know, he's probably remarried by now. note at ato9et#er in a in total There were ten of us in all. not a t#at. not very The film wasn't all that good. 7not8 at a in any way I didn't en*oy it at all. MORE 3e can say not at a as a reply when somebody thanks us for something. a2 // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 completely very He has lived all alone since his wife died. I didn't watch that programme @ I forgot all about it. They got all e,cited about it. 2 (in sport) for each side The score was two all. +,+OMS a aon9 from the beginning I 'new you were *o'ing all along. a t#e better' #arder' et%D even better# harder# etc. than before It will be all the more difficult with two people missing. a&C$"t t#e "ame "ame aied adjective 1 // %only before a noun& (used about organi*ations# countries# etc.) having an agreement to work together and support each other allied forces 2 // aied 7to "t#8 connected with existing together with The newspaper is closely allied to the government. ao- // verb %transitive& NO5E
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 ao- "b&"t# to do "t# ao- "t# to give permission for sb/sth to do sth or for sth to happen 3hildren under eighteen are not allowed to buy alcohol. I'm afraid we don't allow people to bring dogs into this restaurant. ?hotography is not allowed inside the cathedral. 2 ao- "b "t# to let sb have sth !y contract allows me four wee's' holiday a year. 3 to give permission for sb/sth to be or go somewhere %o dogs allowed. I'm only allowed out on :riday and aturday nights. 4 to make sth possible Wor'ing part2time would allow me to spend more time with my family. 5 ao- "t# 70or "b&"t#8 to provide money# time# etc. for sb/sth "ou should allow about F) minutes for each -uestion. PHRASAL @ER< ao- 0or "b&"t# to think about possible problems when you are planning sth and include extra time# money# etc. for them The *ourney should ta'e about two hours, allowing for heavy traffic. O5HER 6OR,S ;OR ao- ;ompare ao-# permit and et. Ao- can be used in both formal and informal /nglish. The passive form be ao-ed to is especially common. Permit is a formal word and is usually used only in written /nglish. Let is an informal word# and very common in spoken /nglish. !ou ao- "b to do "t# but et "b do "t# (no +to,). Let cannot be used in the passive" >isitors are not allowed+permitted to smo'e in this area. mo'ing is not allowed+permitted. I'm not allowed to smo'e in my bedroom. !y dad won't let me smo'e in my bedroom. ao-abe // adjective that is allowed# especially by law or by a set of rules" It's not allowable under union rules. What is the ma,imum allowable number of users on the networ'? ao-an%e // noun %countable& 1 an amount of money that you receive regularly to help you pay for sth that you need 2 an amount of sth that you are allowed !ost flights have a C) 'g baggage allowance. 3 (especially 1) = po%?et mone!
+,+OMS ma?e ao-an%e" 0or "b&"t# to (udge a person or their actions in a kinder way than usual because they have a particular problem or disadvantage 'a )ri9#t (also informal ari9#t) adjective# adverb# interjection %not before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 good enough Is everything all right? 2 safe and well I hope the children are all right. .o you feel all right? 3 showing you agree to do what sb has asked #3an you get me some stamps?$ #"es, all right.$ SYN for all meanings OK HELP !ou say +That)s all right#, when sb thanks you for sth or when sb says sorry for sth he/she has done" #Than's for the lift home.$ #That's A-uiteB all right.$ #I'm so sorry I'm late.$ #That's all right. We haven't started yet anyway.$ a! // verb %transitive& (a!in9 aie" past tense# past participle aied) a! 7!o$r"e08 -it# "b&"t# to give your support to another group or country The prince allied himself with the cots. a! // noun %countable& (plural aie") 1 a country that has an agreement to support another country# especially in a war :rance and its &uropean allies look at aian%e 2 a person who helps and supports you# especially when other people are against you the ?rime !inister's political allies amo"t // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES nearly not $uite 6y M o'cloc' almost everybody had arrived. 3areful9 I almost fell into the water then9 The film has almost finished. he almost always cycles to school. There's almost nothing left. Almost all the students passed the e,am. SYN near! aone // adjective %not before a noun& adverb NO5E
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 without any other person The old man lives alone. Are you alone? 3an I spea' to you for a moment? I don't li'e wal'ing home alone after dar'. 2 %after a noun or pronoun& only "ou alone can help us. The rent alone ta'es up most of my salary. +,+OMS 9o it aone to start working on your own without the usual help ea2e "b&"t# aone ea2e1 et aone and certainly not We haven't decided where we're going yet, let alone boo'ed the tic'ets. O5HER 6OR,S ;OR aone Aone and one! both mean that you are not with other people. Lone! (1 one"ome) means that you are unhappy about this# but aone does not usually suggest either happiness or unhappiness. Aone cannot be used before a noun. !ou can also use on !o$r o-n and b! !o$r"e0 to mean +alone,. These expressions are more informal and very common in spoken /nglish. aon9 // preposition# adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 from one end to or towards the other end of sth I wal'ed slowly along the road. .avid loo'ed along the corridor to see if anyone was coming. 2 on or beside sth long Wild flowers grew along both sides of the river. <ur house is about halfway along the street. 3 forward We moved along slowly with the crowd. 4 (informal) with sb We're going for a wal'. Why don't you come along too? +,+OMS a aon9 a2 aon9 -it# "b&"t# together with sb/sth 9o aon9 -it# "b&"t# to agree with sb)s ideas or plans aon9"ide // preposition# adverb 1 next to sb/sth or at the side of sth The boat moored alongside the -uay. %ic' caught up with me and rode alongside. 2 together with sb/sth the opportunity to wor' alongside e,perienced musicians ao$d // (also 'o$t )o$d) adverb in a normal speaking voice that other people can hear to read aloud from a boo' OPP "ient! ap#abet // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES a set of letters in a fixed order that you use when you are writing a language There are CG letters in the &nglish alphabet. ap#abeti%a // adjective arranged in the same order as the letters of the alphabet The names are listed in alphabetical order. ap#abeti%a! // adverb aread! // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 used for talking about sth that has happened before now or before a particular time in the past #Would you li'e some lunch?$ #%o, I've already eaten, than's.$ We got there at G.F) but !arsha had already left. ita was already awa'e when I went into her room. 2 (used in negative sentences and $uestions for expressing surprise) so early as soon as this Have you finished already? urely you're not going already9 a"o // adverb %not with negative verbs& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES in addition too He plays several instruments and also writes music. 6ring summer clothing and also something warm to wear in the evenings. The food is wonderful, and also very cheap. +,+OMS not on!. 7b$t8 a"o not O5HER 6OR,S ;OR a"o 5oo and a" -e are less formal than a"o and are very common in spoken /nglish. A"o usually goes before a main verb or after +is,# +are,# +were,# etc." He also en*oys reading. He has also been to Australia. He is also intelligent. 5oo and a" -e usually go at the end of a phrase or sentence" I really love this song, and I li'ed the first one too+as well. ater // verb %intransitive# transitive& to make sth different in some way# but without changing it completely to become different We've altered our plan, and will now arrive at 5.)) instead of (.)). The village seems to have altered very little in the last twenty years. ateration // noun %countable# uncountable& 7an8 ateration 7to&in "t#8 a small change in sb/sth We want to make a few alterations to the house before we move in. atar // noun %countable& a high table that is the centre of a religious ceremony aternate1 // verb 1 %transitive& aternate A -it# < to cause two types of events or things to happen or follow regularly one after the other He alternated periods of wor' with periods of rest. 2 %intransitive& aternate -it# "t# aternate bet-een A and < (used about two types of events# things# etc.) to happen or follow regularly one after the other 6usy periods in the hospital alternate with times when there is not much to do. he seemed to alternate between hating him and loving him. aternation // noun %countable# uncountable& aternate2 // adjective 1 (used about two types of events# things# etc.) happening or following regularly one after the other There will be alternate periods of sun and showers tomorrow. 2 one of every two He wor's alternate wee's (= he works the first week# he doesn)t work the second week# he works again the third week# etc.). aternate! adverb" The bric's were painted alternately white and red. aternati2e1 // noun %countable& an aternati2e 7to "t#8 one of two or more things that you can choose between What can I eat as an alternative to meat? There are several alternatives open to us at the moment. aternati2e2 // adjective %only before a noun& 1 that you can use# do# etc. instead of sth else The motorway was closed so we had to find an alternative route. 2 different to what is usual or traditional alternative medicine aternati2e! adverb at#o$9# // conjunction HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 in spite of the fact that Although she was tired, she stayed up late watching T>. 2 and yet but I love dogs, although I wouldn't have one as a pet. SYN for both meanings t#o$9# HELP 5#o$9# and at#o$9# are the same but at the end of a sentence it is only possible to use t#o$9#" he 'new all her friends would be at the party. he didn't want to go, though. E2en t#o$9# can be used for emphasis" he didn't want to go, although+though+even though she 'new all her friends would be there. ato9et#er // adverb 1 completely I don't altogether agree with you. At the age of 77 he stopped wor'ing altogether. This time the situation is altogether different. 2 including everything in total How much money will I need altogether? Altogether there were si, of us. 3 when you consider everything generally Altogether, this town is a pleasant place to live. HELP Ato9et#er or a to9et#er2 A to9et#er means +everything or everybody together," ?ut your boo's all together on the table. /et's sing. All together now9 a-a!" // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 at all times regularly I always get up at G.F). Why is the train always late when I'm in a hurry? 2 all through the past until now Tony has always been shy. I've always li'ed music. 3 for ever I shall always remember this moment. 4 %only used with continuous tenses& again and again# usually in an annoying way he's always complaining about something. 5 used with +can, or +could, for suggesting sth that sb could do# especially if nothing else is possible If you haven't got enough money, I could always lend you some. 3RAMMAR A-a!" does not usually go at the beginning of a sentence. 't usually goes before the main verb or after +is,# +are,# +were,# etc." He always wears those shoes. I have always wanted to visit &gypt. :iona is always late. :owever# a-a!" can go at the beginning of a sentence when you are telling somebody to do something" Always stop and loo' before you cross the road. aDmD (1 ADMD) // abbreviation (from @atin)ante meridiem before midday 4) a.m. (= =A o)clock in the morning) look at pDmD amaEe // verb %transitive& to surprise sb very much to be difficult for sb to believe ometimes your behaviour ama;es me9 It ama;es me that anyone could be so stupid9 amaEed // adjective amaEed 7at&b! "b&"t#8 amaEed 7to do "t#&t#at.8 very surprised I was ama;ed by the change in his attitude. he was ama;ed to discover the truth about her husband. amaEement // noun %uncountable& a feeling of great surprise He loo'ed at me in ama"ement. #o my ama"ement, he remembered me. amaEin9 // adjective very surprising and difficult to believe he has shown ama;ing courage. I've got an ama;ing story to tell you. SYN in%redibe amaEin9! adverb ambition // noun 1 %countable& ambition 7to do&be "t#8> ambition 7o0 doin9 "t#8 something that you want to do or achieve very much It has always been her ambition to travel the world. He finally achieved his ambition of becoming a doctor. 2 %uncountable& a strong desire to be successful# to have power# etc. <ne problem of young people today is their lac' of ambition. ambitio$" // adjective 1 ambitio$" 7to be&do "t#8 having a strong desire to be successful# to have power# etc. I'm not particularly ambitious @ I'm content with my life the way it is. We are ambitious to succeed. 2 difficult to achieve or do because it takes a lot of work or effort The company have announced ambitious plans for e,pansion. amb$an%e // noun %countable& a special vehicle for taking ill or in(ured people to and from hospital the ambulance service note at #o"pita ami"" // adjective %not before a noun& adverb wrong not as it should be When I wal'ed into the room I could sense that something was amiss. +,+OMS not %ome&9o ami"" to be useful or pleasant Things are fine, although a bit more money wouldn't come amiss. ta?e "t# ami"" to be upset by sth# perhaps because you have understood it in the wrong way ?lease don't ta'e my remar's amiss. amo? // adverb +,+OMS r$n amo? to suddenly become very angry or excited and start behaving violently# especially in a public place" ome drun'en students had run amo' in the college car par'. SYN r$n riot amon9 // (also amon9"t //) preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 surrounded by in the middle of I often feel nervous when I'm among strangers. I found the missing letter amongst a heap of old newspapers. note at bet-een 2 in or concerning a particular group of people or things .iscuss it amongst yourselves and let me 'now your decision. There is a lot of anger among students about the new law. Among other things, the drug can cause headaches and sweating. 3 to each one (of a group) <n his death, his money will be divided among his children. amo$nt1 // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 total or sum of money "ou are re-uested to pay the full amount within seven days. 2 the amount of sth is how much of it there is $uantity I spent an enormous amount of time preparing for the e,am. I have a certain amount of sympathy with her. a large amount of money amo$nt2 // verb %intransitive& amo$nt to "t# 1 to add up to to total The cost of the repairs amounted to L7 ))). 2 to be the same as Whether I tell her today or tomorrow, it amounts to the same thing. am$"e // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 to make sb laugh or smile to seem funny to sb &verybody laughed but I couldn't understand what had amused them. 2 to make time pass pleasantly for sb to stop sb from getting bored I did some crosswords to amuse myself on the *ourney. I've brought a few toys to amuse the children. am$"ed // adjective thinking that sth is funny and wanting to laugh or smile I was amused to hear his account of what happened. +,+OMS ?eep "b&!o$r"e0 am$"ed to do sth in order to pass time pleasantly and stop sb/yourself getting bored am$"ement // noun 1 %uncountable& the feeling caused by sth that makes you laugh or smile# or by sth that entertains you !uch to the pupils' amusement, the teacher fell off his chair. 2 %countable& something that makes time pass pleasantly an entertainment The holiday centre offers a wide range of amusements, including golf and tennis. a)m$"ement ar%ade = ar%ade (2) a)m$"ement par? noun %countable& a large park which has a lot of things that you can ride and play on and many different activities to en(oy am$"in9 // adjective causing you to laugh or smile He's a very amusing person and he ma'es me laugh a lot. The story was -uite amusing. note at #$mo$r ana!"e (1 ana!Ee) // verb %transitive& to look at or think about the different parts or details of sth carefully in order to understand or explain it The water samples are now being analysed in a laboratory. to analyse statistics he analysed the situation and then decided what to do. ana!"i" // noun (plural ana!"e" //) 1 %countable# uncountable& the careful examination of the different parts or details of sth ome samples of the water were sent to a laboratory for analysis. 2 %countable& the result of a careful examination of sth "our analysis of the situation is different from mine. 3 %uncountable& = p"!%#oana!"i" (c) 8xford 0niversity Bress ana!"t // noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to examine sth carefully as an expert a food analyst a political analyst ana!ti%a // (also ana!ti% //) adjective using careful examination in order to understand or explain sth ana!Ee (1) = ana!"e an%ient // adjective 1 belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past ancient civili;ations an ancient tradition OPP modern 2 very old I can't believe he's only F) @ he loo's ancient9 and // conjunction HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (used to connect words or parts of sentences) also in addition to a boy and a girl .o it slowly and carefully. We were singing and dancing all evening. 3ome in and sit down. HELP 3hen the two things are closely linked# you do not need to repeat the +a,# etc." a 'nife and for' my father and mother 2 (used when you are saying numbers in sums) in addition to Twelve and si, is eighteen. SYN p$" HELP 3hen you are saying large numbers and is used after the word +hundred," We say C CGD as two thousand, two hundred and si,ty2four. 3 used instead of +to, after certain verbs# for example +go,# +come,# +try, Ko and answer the door for me, will you? Why don't you come and stay with us one wee'end? I'll try and find out what's going on. 4 used between repeated words to show that sth is increasing or continuing The situation is getting worse and worse. I shouted and shouted but nobody answered. an9er1 // noun %uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES the strong feeling that you have when sth has happened or sb has done sth that you do not like He could not hide his anger at the news. he was sha'ing with anger. an9er2 // verb %transitive& to make sb become angry an9e1 // noun %countable& 1 the space between two lines or surfaces that meet# measured in degrees a right angle (= an angle of CAD) at an angle of D)N The three angles of a triangle add up to 4()N. 2 the direction from which you look at sth >iewed from this angle, the building loo's bigger than it really is. +,+OMS at an an9e not straight an9e2 // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& to put sth in a position that is not straight to be in this position Angle the lamp towards the des'. 2 %transitive& an9e "t# 7at&to&to-ard" "b8 to show sth from a particular point of view to aim sth at a particular person or group The new maga;ine is angled at young professional people. PHRASAL @ER< an9e 0or "t# to try to make sb give you sth# without asking for it in a direct way he was angling for an invitation to our party. an9er // noun %countable& a person who catches fish as a hobby look at 0i"#erman an9in9 // noun %uncountable& fishing as a sport or hobby He goes angling at wee'ends. look at 0i"#in9 an9r! // adjective (an9rier an9rie"t) an9r! 7-it# "b8 7at&abo$t "t#8 HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES feeling or showing anger 3alm down, there's no need to get angry. !y parents will be angry with me if I get home late. He's always getting angry about something. an9ri! adverb anima // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES a living creature that can move and feel the animal 'ingdom Humans are social animals. farm animals He studied the animals and birds of outhern Africa. HELP Anima is sometimes used to talk about only mammals. an?e // noun %countable& the part of your body where your foot (oins your leg The water only came up to my an'les. anno$n%e // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 to make sth known publicly and officially They announced that our train had been delayed. The winners will be announced in ne,t wee''s paper. 2 to say sth in a firm or serious way he stormed into my office and announced that she was leaving. anni2er"ar! // noun %countable& (plural anni2er"arie") a day that is exactly a year or a number of years after a special or important event the hundredth anniversary of the country's independence a wedding anniversary note at birt#da!# C$biee anno$n%ement // noun 1 %countable& a statement that tells people about sth /adies and gentlemen, I'd li'e to make an announcement. 2 %uncountable& the act of telling people about sth anno$n%er // noun %countable& a person who introduces or gives information about programmes on radio or T4 anno! // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES to make sb angry or slightly angry It really annoys me when you act so selfishly. 3lose the door if the noise is annoying you. SYN irritate anno!an%e // noun 1 %uncountable& the feeling of being annoyed 2 %countable& something that annoys sb anno!ed // adjective anno!ed 7-it# "b8 7at&abo$t "t#8 anno!ed t#at. HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES slightly angry I shall be e,tremely annoyed if he turns up late again. he's annoyed with herself for ma'ing such a stupid mista'e. He's annoyed that nobody believes him. SYN irritated anno!in9 // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES making you feel angry or slightly angry It's so annoying that I can't come with you9 His most annoying habit is always arriving late. ann$a1 // adjective 1 happening or done once a year or every year the company's annual report an annual festival 2 for the period of one year What's the average annual salary for a nurse? the annual sales figures ann$a! // adverb ann$a2 // noun %countable& a book# especially one for children# that is published once each year the 4MMM :ootball Annual ann$it! // noun %countable& (plural ann$itie") a fixed amount of money paid to sb each year# usually for the rest of their life he receives a small annuity. anot#er // determiner# pronoun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 one more person or thing of the same kind Would you li'e another drin'? They've got three children already and they're having another. 2 a different thing or person I'm afraid I can't see you tomorrow. 3ould we arrange another day? If you've already seen that film, we can go and see another. +,+OMS anot#er&a di00erent matter matter1 one a0ter anot#er&t#e ot#er one1 !et anot#er !et an"-er1 // noun %countable& an an"-er 7to "b&"t#8 1 something that you say# write or do as a reply The answer to your -uestion is that I don't 'now. They've made me an offer and I have to give them an answer by :riday. I wrote to them two wee's ago and I'm still waiting for an answer. I 'noc'ed on the door and waited but there was no answer. SYN rep! 2 a solution to a problem I didn't have any money so the only answer was to borrow some. 3 the correct reply to a $uestion in a test or exam What was the answer to -uestion D? 4 a reply to a $uestion in a test or exam !y answer to -uestion 7 was wrong. How many answers did you get right? +,+OMS in an"-er 7to "t#8 as a reply (to sth) an"-er2 // verb %intransitive# transitive& NO5E
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 to say or write sth back to sb who has asked you sth or written to you I as'ed her what the matter was but she didn't answer. I've as'ed you a -uestion, now please answer me. Answer all the -uestions on the form. He hasn't answered my letter yet (= written a letter back to me). When I as'ed him how much he earned, he answered that it was none of my business. #%o9$ he answered angrily. 2 to do sth as a reply to answer the phone (= to pick up the phone when it rings) I rang their doorbell but nobody answered. PHRASAL @ER<S an"-er ba%? to defend yourself against sth bad that has been written or said about you an"-er 7"b8 ba%? to reply rudely to sb an"-er 0or "b&"t# 1 to accept responsibility for sth/sb omebody will have to answer for all the damage that has been caused. 2 to speak in support of sb/sth I can certainly answer for her honesty. O5HER 6OR,S ;OR an"-er An"-er and rep! are the most common verbs used for speaking or writing in reaction to $uestions# letters# etc." I as'ed him a -uestion but he didn't answer. I sent my application but they haven't replied yet. 6ote that you an"-er a person# a $uestion or a letter (no +to,) but you rep! to a letter. Re"pond is less common and more formal with this meaning" Applicants must respond within seven days. 't is more commonly used with the meaning of +reacting in a way that is desired," .espite all the doctor's efforts the patient did not respond to treatment. an"-erabe // adjective %not before a noun& an"-erabe to "b 70or "t#8 having to explain and give good reasons for your actions to sb responsible to sb )an"-erin9 ma%#ine (6rit also an"-erp#one //) noun %countable& a machine that answers the telephone and records messages from the people who call I rang him and left a message on his answering machine. anti( // %in compounds& 1 against anti2tan' weapons look at pro( 2 the opposite of anticlima, 3 preventing antifree;e anti%ipate // verb %transitive& to expect sth to happen and prepare for it to anticipate a problem I anticipate that the situation will get worse. anti%ipation // noun %uncountable& 1 the state of expecting sth to happen (and preparing for it) The government has reduced ta, in anticipation of an early general election. 2 excited feelings about sth that is going to happen happy+eager+e,cited anticipation an*iet! // noun %countable# uncountable& (plural an*ietie") a feeling of worry or fear# especially about the future a feeling+state of an,iety There are an,ieties over the effects of unemployment. an*io$" // adjective 1 an*io$" 7abo$t&0or "b&"t#8 worried and afraid I'm an,ious about my e,am. I began to get an,ious when they still hadn't arrived at M o'cloc'. an an,ious loo'+e,pression 2 causing worry and fear :or a few an,ious moments we thought we'd missed the train. 3 an*io$" to do "t# an*io$" 0or "t# wanting sth very much ?olice are an,ious to find the owner of the white car. an*io$"! adverb an! // determiner# pronoun# adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 used instead of some in negative sentences and in $uestions We didn't have any lunch. I spea' hardly any (= almost no) panish. .o you have any -uestions? I don't li'e any of his boo's. note at "ome 2 used for saying that it does not matter which thing or person you choose Ta'e any boo' you want. 3ome round any time @ I'm usually in. I'll ta'e any that you don't want. 3 %used in negative sentences and $uestions& at all to any degree I can't run any faster. Is your father any better? +,+OMS an! moment' da!' "e%ond' et%D 7no-8 very soon he should be home any minute now. an!bod! // (also an!one) pronoun 1 %usually in $uestions or negative statements& any person I didn't 'now anybody at the party. Is there anybody here who can spea' Eapanese? Would anybody else (= any other person) li'e to come with me? note at "ome# "omebod! HELP The difference between "omebod! and an!bod! is the same as the difference between "ome and an!. 2 any person# it does not matter who Anybody (= all people) can learn to swim. 3an anybody come, or are there special invitations? an!#o- // adverb 1 = an!-a! 2 in a careless way with no order .on't throw your clothes down *ust anyhow9 an! )more (6rit) (also an!more) adverb often used at the end of negative sentences and at the end of $uestions# to mean +any longer, he doesn't live here any more. Why doesn't he spea' to me any more? an!one // = an!bod! an!t#in9 // pronoun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %usually in negative sentences and in $uestions& one thing (of any kind) It was so dar' that I couldn't see anything at all. There isn't anything interesting in the newspaper today. .id you buy anything? #I'd li'e a 'ilo of apples please.$ #Anything else?$ (= any other thing2) note at "ome HELP The difference between "omet#in9 and an!t#in9 is the same as the difference between "ome and an!. 2 any thing or things" it does not matter what I'm very hungry @ I'll eat anything9 I'll do anything you say. +,+OMS an!t#in9 b$t not at all Their e,planation was anything but clear. an!t#in9 i?e "b&"t# at all similar to sb/sth nearly he isn't anything li'e her sister, is she? This car isn't anything li'e as fast as mine. a" #app!' A$i%?' et%D a" an!t#in9 (spo'en) very happy# $uick# etc. do not#in9¬ do an!t#in9 b! #a2e" #a01 i?e an!t#in9 i?e1 not %ome to an!t#in9 %ome an!-a! // (also an!#o-) adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (used to add an extra point or reason) in any case I don't want to go out tonight, and anyway I haven't got any money. SYN be"ide" 2 used when saying or writing sth which contrasts in some way with what has gone before I don't thin' we'll succeed, but anyway we can try. I'm afraid I can't come to your party, but than's anyway. 3 used after a pause in order to change the sub(ect or go back to a sub(ect being discussed before Anyway, that's enough about my problems. How are you? 4 (used for correcting sth you have (ust said and making it more accurate) at least &verybody wants to be rich @ well, most people anyway. an!-#ere // (1 also an!pa%e) adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %usually in negative sentences or in $uestions& in# at or to any place I can't find my 'eys anywhere. Is there a post office anywhere near here? "ou can't buy the boo' anywhere else (= in another place). note at "ome HELP The difference between "ome-#ere and an!-#ere is the same as the difference between "ome and an!. 2 any place it does not matter where "ou can sit anywhere you li'e. apart // adverb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 away from sb/sth or each other not together The doors slowly slid apart. tand with your feet apart. The houses are ten metres apart. I'm afraid our ideas are too far apart. 2 into pieces The material was so old that it *ust fell/came apart in my hands. +,+OMS ta?e "t# apart to separate sth into pieces He too' the whole bicycle apart. te A and < apart te a)part 0rom (especially 1 a)"ide 0rom) preposition 1 except for I've answered all the -uestions apart from the last one. There's nobody here apart from me. 2 as well as in addition to Apart from music, she also loves painting. apartment // noun %countable& 1 (especially 1) = 0at2 (1) 2 a set of rooms rented for a holiday a self2catering apartment a)partment bo%? noun %countable& (especially 1) a large building containing several apartment" apoo9iEe (also (i"e) // verb %intransitive& apoo9iEe 7to "b8 70or "t#8 to say that you are sorry for sth that you have done "ou'll have to apologi;e to your teacher for being late. MORE 3hen you apologi*e# the actual words you use are usually ++)m "orr!,. apparent // adjective 1 apparent 7to "b8 clear easy to see It -uic'ly became apparent to us that our teacher could not spea' :rench. SYN ob2io$" 2 %only before a noun& that seems to be real or true but may not be His apparent interest in the proposal didn't last very long. apparent! // adverb according to what people say or to how sth appears# but perhaps not true Apparently, he's already been married twice. He was apparently undisturbed by the news. appea1 // noun 1 %countable& a formal re$uest to sb in authority to change a decision The *udge turned down the defendant's appeal. 2 %uncountable& the attraction or interesting $uality of sth/sb I can't understand the appeal of stamp collecting. 3 %countable& a serious re$uest for sth you need or want very much The police have made an urgent appeal for witnesses to come forward. 4 %countable& an appea to "t# a suggestion that tries to influence sb)s feelings or thoughts so that they will do what you want an appeal to our sense of national pride appea2 // verb %intransitive& 1 appea 7a9ain"t&0or "t#8 to ask sb in authority to make or change a decision He decided to appeal against his conviction. The player fell down and appealed for a penalty. 2 appea 7to "b8 to be attractive or interesting to sb The idea of living in the country doesn't appeal to me at all. 3 appea to "b 70or "t#8 appea 0or "t# to make a serious re$uest for sth you need or want very much he appealed to the 'idnappers to let her son go. 0elief wor'ers in the disaster area are appealing for more supplies. 4 appea to "t# to influence sb)s feelings or thoughts so that they will do sth you want We aim to appeal to people's generosity. appeain9 // adjective 1 attractive or interesting The idea of a lying on a beach sounds very appealing9 2 showing that you need help# etc. an appealing loo' appeain9! adverb appear // verb %intransitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 appear to be&do "t# appear 7t#at8. to seem he appears to be very happy in her *ob. It appears that you were given the wrong information. ad(ective apparent 2 to suddenly be seen to come into sight The bus appeared from round the corner. OPP di"appear 3 to begin to exist The disease is thought to have appeared in Africa. 4 to be published or printed The article appeared in this morning's paper. 5 to perform or speak where you are seen by a lot of people to appear on T>+in a play appearan%e // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %uncountable& the way that sb/sth looks or seems A different hairstyle can completely change your appearance. He gives the appearance of being e,tremely confident. 2 %singular& the coming of sb/sth the appearance of T> in the home in the 4M7)s 3 %countable& an act of appearing in public# especially on stage# T4# etc. His last appearance before his death was as Eulius 3aesar. appe // noun %countable# uncountable& a hard# round fruit with a smooth green# red or yellow skin apple *uice appi%ant // noun %countable& a person who appie" for sth# especially for a (ob# a place at a college# university# etc. There were over C)) applicants for the *ob. appi%ation // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& 7an8 appi%ation 7to "b8 70or "t#8 a formal written re$uest# especially for a (ob or a place in a school# club# etc. Applications for the *ob should be made to the ?ersonnel !anager. To become a member, fill in the application form. note at Cob 2 %countable# uncountable& the practical use (of sth) the application of technology in the classroom 3 %countable& (abbr app) a computer program designed to do a particular (ob a database application 4 %uncountable& hard work effort uccess as a writer demands great application. appied // adjective (used about a sub(ect) studied in a way that has a practical use OPP p$re app! // verb (app!in9 appie" past tense# past participle appied) HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
;OR FO<&4O1RSE 1 %intransitive& app! 7to "b8 70or "t#8 to ask for sth in writing I've applied to that company for a *ob. he's applying for a place at university. 1SE 2 %transitive& app! "t# 7to "t#8 to make practical use of sth new technology which can be applied to solving problems in industry 4REAM 3 %transitive& app! "t# 7to "t#8 to put or spread sth onto sth Apply the cream to the infected area twice a day. <E RELE@AN5 4 %intransitive& app! 7to "b&"t#8 to concern or involve sb/sth This information applies to all children born after 4MM5. ,ES4R+<E 5 %transitive# usually passive& to use a word# a name# etc. to describe sb/sth I don't thin' the term #music$ can be applied to that awful noise. 6ORK HAR, 6 %transitive& app! !o$r"e0&"t# 7to "t#&doin9 "t#8 to make yourself give all your attention to sth to apply your mind to something appoint // verb %transitive& 1 appoint "b 7to "t#8 to choose sb for a (ob or position The committee have appointed a new chairperson. He's been appointed AasB assistant to .r !c!ullen. 2 (formal) appoint "t# 70or "t#8 to arrange or decide on sth the date appointed for the ne,t meeting appointment // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& an appointment 7-it# "b8 an arrangement to see sb at a particular time I have an appointment with .r ula at F o'cloc'. I'd li'e to make an appointment to see the manager. I reali;ed I wouldn't be able to keep the appointment so I cancelled it. >isits are by appointment only (= at a time that has been arranged in advance). 2 %uncountable& appointment 7to "t#8 the act of choosing sb for a (ob !any people critici;ed the appointment of such a young man to the post. 3 %countable& a (ob or a position of responsibility a temporary+permanent appointment appre%iate // verb 1 %transitive& to en(oy sth or to understand the value of sb/sth !y boss doesn't appreciate me. I don't appreciate good coffee @ it all tastes the same to me. 2 %transitive& to be grateful for sth Than's very much. I really appreciate your help. 3 %transitive& to understand a problem# situation# etc. I appreciate your problem but I'm afraid I can't help you. 4 %intransitive& to increase in value Houses in this area have appreciated faster than elsewhere. appre%iation // noun %uncountable& 1 understanding and en(oyment of the value of sth I'm afraid I have little appreciation of modern architecture. 2 understanding of a situation# problem# etc. 3 the feeling of being grateful for sth We bought him a present to show our appreciation for all the wor' he had done. 4 an increase in value appre%iati2e // adjective 1 appre%iati2e 7o0 "t#8 grateful for sth He was very appreciative of our efforts to help. 2 feeling or showing pleasure or admiration an appreciative audience approa%#1 // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& to come near or nearer to sb/sth The day of the e,am approached. When you approach the village you will see a garage on your left. 2 %transitive& to speak to sb usually in order to ask for sth I'm going to approach my ban' manager about a loan. 3 %transitive& to begin to deal with a problem# a situation# etc. What is the best way to approach this problem? approa%#2 // noun 1 %countable& a way of dealing with sb/sth ?arents don't always 'now what approach to ta'e with teenage children. 2 %singular& the act of coming nearer (to sb/sth) the approach of winter 3 %countable& a re$uest for sth The company has made an approach to us for financial assistance. 4 %countable& a road or path leading to sth the approach to the village approa%#abe // adjective 1 friendly and easy to talk to 2 %not before a noun& that can be reached SYN a%%e""ibe appropriate1 // adjective appropriate 70or&to "t#8 HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES suitable or right for a particular situation# person# use# etc. The matter will be dealt with by the appropriate authorities. I don't thin' this film is appropriate for young children. OPP inappropriate appropriate! adverb appropriate2 // verb %transitive& to take sth to use for yourself# usually without permission appropriation // noun %uncountable# singular& appro2a // noun %uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES feeling# showing or saying that you think sth is good agreement &verybody gave their approval to the proposal. OPP di"appro2a appro2e // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive& appro2e 7o0 "b&"t#8 to be pleased about sth to like sb/sth His father didn't approve of him becoming a dancer. Her parents don't approve of her friends. OPP di"appro2e 2 %transitive& to agree formally to sth or to say that sth is correct We need to get an accountant to approve these figures. appro2in9 // adjective showing support or admiration for sth #I agree entirely,$ he said with an approving smile. appro2in9! adverb appro* abbreviation (written) = appro*imate# appro*imate! appro*imate // adjective (abbr appro*) almost correct but not completely accurate The appro,imate time of arrival is F o'cloc'. I can only give you an appro,imate idea of the cost. OPP e*a%t appro*imate! // adverb (abbr appro*) about It's appro,imately fifty miles from here. SYN ro$9#! appro*imation // noun %countable& a number# answer# etc. which is nearly# but not exactly# right AprD abbreviation = Apri" C Apr. 4MMF Apri // noun %uncountable# countable& (abbr AprD) the Eth month of the year# coming after Farch note at Fan$ar! area // noun NO5E
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable& a part of a town# a country or the world Housing is very e,pensive in the To'yo area. The wettest areas are in the West of the country. built2up areas (= where there are a lot of buildings) :orests cover a large area of the country. 2 %countable& a space used for a particular activity The restaurant has a non2smo'ing area. 3 %countable& a particular part of a sub(ect or an activity Training is one area of the business that we could improve. 4 %countable# uncountable& the si*e of a surface# that you can calculate by multiplying the length by the width The area of the office is F7 s-uare metres. The office is F7 s-uare metres in area. look at 2o$me O5HER 6OR,S ;OR area < di"tri%t may be part of a town or country# and it may have fixed boundaries" the district controlled by a council. < re9ion is larger# usually part of a country only and may not have fixed boundaries" the industrial regions of the country. <n area is the most general term and is used with the same meaning as both di"tri%t and re9ion" the poorer areas of a town an agricultural area of the country . 3e use part more often when we are talking about a section of a town" Which part of ?aris do you live in? ar9$abe // adjective 1 probably true that you can give reasons for It is arguable that all hospital treatment should be free. 2 probably not true that you can give reasons against ar9$ab! // adverb" #Iing /ear$ is arguably ha'espeare's best play. ar9$e // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive& ar9$e 7-it# "b8 7abo$t&o2er "t#8 to say things# often angrily that show that you do not agree with sb about sth The couple ne,t door are always arguing. I never argue with my husband about money. look at 0i9#t# A$arre 2 %intransitive# transitive& ar9$e t#at. ar9$e 70or&a9ain"t "t#8 to give reasons that support your opinion about sth He argued against buying a new computer. ar9$ment // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable# uncountable& an ar9$ment 7-it# "b8 7abo$t&o2er "t#8 an angry discussion between two or more people who disagree with each other ue had an argument with her father about politics. He accepted the decision without argument. MORE < noisy# serious argument is a ro- /ra0/. < A$arre is usually about something less serious. 2 %countable& the reason(s) that you give to support your opinion about sth What are the arguments for/against lower ta,es? ar9$mentati2e // adjective often involved in or en(oying arguments ari"e // verb %intransitive& (past tense aro"e // past participle ari"en //) to begin to exist to appear If any problems arise, let me 'now. arm1 // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 the long part at each side of your body connecting your shoulder to your hand He was carrying a newspaper under his arm. 2 the part of a piece of clothing that covers your arm a sleeve He had a hole in the arm of his *umper. 3 the part of a chair where you rest your arms +,+OMS arm in arm with your arm folded around sb else)s arm The friends wal'ed arm in arm. %ro""&0od !o$r arm" to cross your arms in front of your chest he folded her arms and waited. Eames was sitting with his arms crossed. t-i"t "b)" arm t-i"t1 -it# open arm" open1 arm2 // verb %intransitive# transitive& to prepare sb/yourself to fight by supplying or getting weapons look at armed# arm" armed // adjective carrying a gun or other weapon involving weapons All the terrorists were armed. armed robbery the armed forces (= the army# navy and air force) OPP $narmed arm0$ // noun %countable& the amount that you can carry in your arms arm" // noun %plural& 1 weapons# especially those that are used in war a reduction in nuclear arms 2 = %oat o0 arm"
+,+OMS $p in arm" protesting angrily about sth The wor'ers were up in arms over the news that the factory was going to close. arm! // noun %countable# with singular or plural verb& (plural armie") HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 the military forces of a country which are trained to fight on land the 6ritish Army he joined the army at the age of eighteen. The army is+are advancing towards the border. an army officer note at -ar look at air 0or%e# na2! 2 a large number of people# especially when involved in an activity together An army of children was helping to pic' up the rubbish. aro$nd // adverb# preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (also abo$t ro$nd) in or to various places or directions This is our office @ >ictoria will show you around (= show you the different parts of it). They wandered around the town, loo'ing at the shops. 2 (also ro$nd) moving so as to face in the opposite direction Turn around and go bac' the way you came. 3 (also ro$nd) on all sides forming a circle The par' has a wall all around. Kather around so that you can all see. We sat down around the table. 4 (also ro$nd) near a place Is there a ban' around here? 5 (also abo$t) present or available I went to the house but there was nobody around. 6 (also abo$t) approximately I'll see you around seven (= at about 1 o)clock). B (also abo$t) used for activities with no real purpose #What are you doing?$ #%othing, *ust la;ing around.$ arran9e // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive# transitive& arran9e 70or8 "t# arran9e to do "t# arran9e 7"t#8 -it# "b to make plans and preparations so that sth can happen in the future We're arranging a surprise party for !ar'. he arranged for her mother to loo' after the baby. he arranged to meet tuart after wor'. 2 %transitive& to put sth in order or in a particular pattern The boo's were arranged in alphabetical order. Arrange the chairs in a circle. he arranged the flowers in a vase. arran9ement // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable# usually plural& plans or preparations for sth that will happen in the future 3ome round this evening and we'll make arrangements for the party. 2 %countable# uncountable& an agreement with sb to do sth They have an arrangement to share the cost of the food. We both need to use the computer so we'll have to come to some arrangement. 3 %countable& a group of things that have been placed in a particular pattern a flower arrangement arre"t1 // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES when the police arrest sb# they take them prisoner in order to $uestion them about a crime note at %rime arre"t2 // noun %countable# uncountable& the act of arresting sb The police made ten arrests after the riot. The wanted man is now under arrest (= has been arrested). arri2a // noun 1 %uncountable& reaching the place to which you were travelling <n our arrival we were told that our rooms had not been reserved. OPP depart$re 2 %countable& people or things that have arrived We brought in e,tra chairs for the late arrivals. arri2e // verb %intransitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 arri2e 7at&in.8 to reach the place to which you were travelling We arrived home at about midnight. What time does the train arrive in %ewcastle? They arrived at the station ten minutes late. HELP .e careful. 3e use arri2e in with the name of a town# country# etc. and arri2e at with a place# building# etc. 2 to come or happen The day of the wedding had finally arrived. PHRASAL @ER< arri2e at to reach sth We finally arrived at a decision. arro- // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 a thin piece of wood or metal# with one pointed end and feathers at the other end# that is shot by pulling back the string on a bo- (= a curved piece of wood) and letting go to fire an arrow at a target look at ar%#er 2 the sign () which is used to show direction The arrow is pointing left. art // noun NO5E
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %uncountable& the activity or skill of producing things such as paintings# designs# etc. the ob(ects that are produced an art class modern art I've never been good at art. 2 %countable# uncountable& a skill or sth that needs skill There's an art to writing a good letter. 3 t#e art" %plural& activities which involve creating things such as paintings# literature or music The government has agreed to spend twice as much on the arts ne,t year. 4 art" %plural& sub(ects such as history or languages that you study at school or university an arts degree MORE 3e usually contrast art" (or art" "$bCe%t") with "%ien%e" (or "%ien%e "$bCe%t"). 5OP+4 Art <n arti"t works in a "t$dio. < painter paints pi%t$re"# for example portrait" (= pictures of people)# and"%ape" (= pictures of the countryside) or ab"tra%t paintin9". < picture might be a -ater%oo$r or an oi paintin9. !ou put a picture in a 0rame and hang it on the wall. < "%$ptor makes "%$pt$re" of figures or ob(ects in materials such as marbe (= a type of stone) or bronEe (= a type of metal). <n e*#ibition is a collection of -or?" o0 art which the public can go and see in an art 9aer!. < great work of art is called a ma"terpie%e. art0$ // adjective clever at getting what you want# sometimes by not telling the truth SYN %ra0t! arti%e // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 an ob(ect# especially one of a set articles of clothing 2 a piece of writing in a newspaper or maga*ine There's an article about !e,ico in today's paper. 3 the words a# an (= the indefinite article) or the (= the definite article) arti0i%ia // adjective not genuine or natural but made by people artificial flowers arti0i%ia! // adverb 'arti0i%ia in)tei9en%e noun %uncountable& (the study of) the way in which computers can be made to copy the way humans think arti"t // noun %countable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES a person who produces art# especially paintings or drawings arti"te // (also arti"t) noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to perform# for example a singer or a dancer" Among the artistes appearing on our show tonight we haveJ a mime artiste arti"ti% // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %only before a noun& connected with art the artistic director of the theatre 2 showing a skill in art Helen is very artistic @ her drawings are e,cellent. arti"ti%a! // adverb arti"tr! // noun %uncountable& the skill of an artist art-or? // noun 1 %uncountable& photographs# drawings# etc. that have been prepared for a book or maga*ine a piece of artwor' 2 %countable& a work of art# especially one in a museum or a show art! // adjective (informal) seeming or wanting to be very artistic or interested in the arts He can't really li'e all those boring arty films. a" // preposition# adverb# conjunction HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 used for talking about sb/sth)s (ob# role or function Thin' of me as your friend, not as your boss. HELP A" or i?e2 .efore a noun# a" refers to a (ob or function" he wor's as a scientist. I used the *ar as a vase. Li?e means +similar to," He has blue eyes li'e his father. Li?e (or formally# "$%# a") also means +for example," I love sweet food, li'e chocolate. 2 a".a" used for comparing people or things /en'a's almost as tall as me. /en'a's almost as tall as I am. It's not as cold as it was yesterday. I'd li'e an appointment as soon as possible. he earns twice as much as her husband. I haven't got as many boo's as you have. 3 while sth else is happening The phone rang *ust as I was leaving the house. As she wal'ed along the road, she thought about her father. 4 in a particular way# state# etc. like ?lease do as I tell you. /eave the room as it is. .on't move anything. 5 because I didn't buy the dress, as I decided it was too e,pensive. 6 used at the beginning of a comment about what you are saying As you know, I've decided to leave at the end of the month. +,+OMS a" 0or used when you are starting to talk about a different person or thing Kianni's upstairs. As for Tino, I've no idea where he is. a" i0> a" t#o$9# used for saying how sb/sth appears he loo's as if+though she's *ust got out of bed. a" it -ere used for saying that sth is only true in a certain way he felt, as it were, a stranger in her own house. a" o0> a" 0rom starting from a particular time As from ne,t wee', Tim haw will be managing this department. a" to about a particular thing concerning I was given no instructions as to how to begin. a"#amed // adjective %not before a noun& a"#amed 7o0 "t#&"b&!o$r"e08 a"#amed t#at. a"#amed to do "t# HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES feeling guilty or embarrassed about sb/sth or because of sth you have done he was ashamed of her old clothes. How could you be so rude? I'm ashamed of you9 he felt ashamed that she hadn't helped him. OPP $na"#amed a"ide // adverb 1 on or to one side out of the way We stood aside to let the man go past. 2 to be kept separately# for a special purpose I try to set aside a little money each month. a)"ide 0rom (especially 1) = apart 0rom a"? // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
:1ES5+ON 1 %intransitive# transitive& a"? 7"b8 7abo$t "b&"t#8 a"? "b "t# to put a $uestion to sb in order to find out some information We need to as' about tic'ets. 3an I as' you a -uestion? As' him how old he is. he as'ed if I wanted tea or coffee. #What's the time?$ he as'ed. He as'ed what the time was. He as'ed me the time. RE:1ES5 2 %intransitive# transitive& a"? 7"b8 0or "t# a"? "t# 7o0 "b8 a"? "b to do "t# to re$uest that sb gives you sth or does sth for you he sat down and as'ed for a cup of coffee. .on't as' Eoe for money @ he hasn't got any. "ou are as'ing too much of him @ he can't possibly do all that9 0ing this number and as' for !rs Ihan. I as'ed him if he would drive me home. I as'ed him to drive me home. PERM+SS+ON 3 %intransitive# transitive& to re$uest permission to do sth I'm sure she'll let you go if you as'. Theo as'ed to use our phone. We as'ed if we could go home early. +N@+5E 4 %transitive& a"? "b 7to "t#8 to invite sb They as'ed si, friends to dinner. MONEY 5 %transitive& to say the price that you want for sth How much are they as'ing for their car? +,+OMS a"? 0or tro$be&it to behave in a way that will almost certainly cause you problems .riving when you're tired is *ust as'ing for trouble. i0 !o$ a"? me if you want my opinion PHRASAL @ER<S a"? a0ter "b to ask about sb)s health or to ask for news of sb Tina as'ed after you today. a"? "b o$t to invite sb to go out with you# especially as a way of starting a romantic relationship Harry's too shy to as' her out. a"eep // adjective %not before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES not awake sleeping The baby is fast+sound asleep (= very deeply asleep). It didn't ta'e me long to fall asleep last night. OPP a-a?e note at "eep1 HELP A"eep or "eepin92 6otice that you can only use a"eep after a noun or a verb such as +be,. Seepin9 can be used before the noun" a sleeping child a"pe%t // noun %countable& one of the $ualities or parts of a situation# idea# problem# etc. What are the main aspects of your *ob? a""i"t // verb %intransitive# transitive& (formal) a""i"t 7"b8 in&-it# "t# a""i"t 7"b8 in doin9 "t# to help >olunteers assisted in searching for the boy. a""i"tan%e // noun %uncountable& (formal) help or support financial assistance for poorer families he shouted for help but nobody came to her assistance. a""i"tant // noun %countable& (abbr a""t) 1 a person who helps sb in a more important position The director is away today. Would you li'e to spea' to her assistant? 2 (1 %er?) a person who sells things to people in a shop a shop+sales assistant a""i"tant adjective %only before a noun&" the assistant manager a""o%iate1 // verb 1 %transitive& a""o%iate "b&"t# 7-it# "b&"t#8 to make a connection between people or things in your mind I always associate the smell of the sea with my childhood. 2 %intransitive& a""o%iate -it# "b to spend time with sb I prefer not to associate with colleagues outside wor'. 3 %transitive& a""o%iate !o$r"e0 -it# "t# to say that you support sth or agree with sth I do not wish to associate myself with any organi;ation that promotes violence. OPP for all meanings di""o%iate a""o%iate2 // noun %countable& a person that you meet and get to know through your work a business associate a""o%iation // noun 1 %countable& (abbr A""o%D) a group of people or organi*ations that work together for a particular purpose the %ational Association of /anguage Teachers 2 %uncountable& (oining or working with another person or group We wor' in association with our %ew "or' office. 3 %countable# uncountable& the act of connecting one person or thing with another in your mind The cat soon made the association between human beings and food. a""$me // verb %transitive& 1 to accept or believe that sth is true even though you have no proof to expect sth to be true I assume that you have the necessary documents. &veryone assumed 0alph was guilty. &veryone assumed 0alph to be guilty. 2 to begin to use power or to have a powerful position to assume control of something SYN ta?e 3 to pretend to have or be sb/sth to assume a false name a""$mption // noun 1 %countable& something that you accept is true even though you have no proof We'll wor' on the assumption that guests will be hungry when they arrive. It's unfair to make assumptions about somebody's character before you 'now them. a reasonable+ false assumption 2 %uncountable& t#e a""$mption o0 "t# the act of taking power or of starting an important (ob a""$ran%e // noun 1 %countable& a promise that sth will certainly happen or be true They gave me an assurance that the wor' would be finished by :riday. 2 (also '"e0(a")"$ran%e) %uncountable& the belief that you can do or succeed at sth confidence a""$re // verb %transitive& 1 to promise sb that sth will certainly happen or be true# especially if they are worried I assure you that it is perfectly safe. /et me assure you of my full support. 2 to make sth sure or certain The success of the new product assured the survival of the company. a""$red // (also '"e0(a")"$red) adjective believing that you can do sth or succeed at sth confident The doctor had a calm and assured manner. at // preposition HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 used to show where sb/sth is or where sth happens at the bottom+top of the page He was standing at the door. 3hange trains at 3hester. We were at home all wee'end. Are the children at school? #Where's ?eter?$ #He's at ue's.$ (= at -ue)s house) 2 used to show when sth happens I start wor' at M o'cloc'. at the wee'end at night at &aster he got married at 4( (= when she was =G). 3 in the direction of sb/sth What are you loo'ing at? He pointed a gun at the policeman. .on't shout at me9 4 used to show what sb is doing or what is happening They were hard at work. The two countries were at war. 5 used to show the price# rate# speed# etc. of sth We were travelling at about 7) miles per hour. 6 because of sth I was surprised at her behaviour. We laughed at his *o'es. B used with ad(ectives that show how well sb/sth does sth he's not very good at :rench. G the symbol (H) used in email addresses atmo"p#ere // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 t#e atmo"p#ere %countable# usually singular& the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth or any other star# planet# etc. the earth's atmosphere 2 %singular& the air in a place a smo'y atmosphere 3 %singular& the mood or feeling of a place or situation The atmosphere of the meeting was rela,ed. atmo"p#eri% // adjective 1 %only before a noun& connected with the earth)s atmosphere 2 creating a particular feeling or emotion atmospheric music atom // noun %countable& the smallest part into which an element can be divided look at moe%$e )atom bomb = atomi% bomb atomi% // adjective connected with an atom or atoms atomic physics look at n$%ear a'tomi% )bomb (also )atom bomb) noun %countable& a bomb that explodes using the energy that is produced when an atom or atoms are split a'tomi% )ener9! noun %uncountable& the energy that is produced when an atom or atoms are split. Atomi% energy can be used to produce electricity. atta%# // verb %transitive& 1 atta%# "t# 7to "t#8 to fasten or (oin sth to sth I attached a label to each bag. OPP deta%# 2 atta%# "t# to "b&"t# to think that sth has a particular $uality .on't attach too much importance to what they say. 3 %usually passive& atta%# "b&"t# to "b&"t# to make sb/sth (oin or belong to sb/sth The research centre is attached to the university. +,+OMS 7-it#8 no "trin9" atta%#ed> -it#o$t "trin9" "trin91 atta%#ed // adjective %not before a noun& atta%#ed to "b&"t# liking sb/sth very much atta%#ment // noun 1 %countable# uncountable& atta%#ment 7to&0or "b&"t#8 the feeling of liking sb/sth very much emotional attachment 2 %countable& something that you can fit on sth else to make it do a different (ob an electric drill with a range of attachments 3 %countable& a document that you send to sb using email atta%?1 // noun HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %countable# uncountable& 7an8 atta%? 7on "b&"t#8 trying to hurt or defeat sb/sth by using force The rebel forces launched an attac' on the capital. The town was under attack from all sides. 2 %countable# uncountable& 7an8 atta%? 7on "b&"t#8 an act of saying strongly that you do not like or agree with sb/sth an outspo'en attac' on government policy 3 %countable& a short period when you suffer badly from a disease# medical condition# etc. an attac' of asthma+flu+nerves 4 %countable& the act of trying to score a point in a game of sport The home team went on the attack again.
atta%?2 // verb HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %intransitive# transitive& to try to hurt or defeat sb/sth by using force The child was attac'ed by a dog. 2 %transitive& to say strongly that you do not like or agree with sb/sth teffi attac'ed Kuy's right2wing political views. 3 %transitive& to damage or harm sb/sth a virus that attac's the nervous system 4 %intransitive# transitive& to try to score a point in a game of sport This team attac's better than it defends. atta%?er // noun %countable& a person who tries to hurt sb using force The victim of the assault didn't recogni;e his attac'ers. attempt1 // noun %countable& 1 an attempt 7to do "t#&at doin9 "t#8 an act of trying to do sth The thief made no attempt to run away. I failed the e,am once but passed at the second attempt. They failed in their attempt to reach the %orth ?ole. 2 an attempt 7on "b&"t#8 trying to attack or beat sb/sth an attempt on somebody's life (= to kill sb) +,+OMS a a"t(dit%# attempt a"t1 attempt2 // verb %transitive& attempt 7to do8 "t# to try to do sth that is difficult .on't attempt to ma'e him change his mind. he was accused of attempted murder (= she didn)t succeed). attempted // %only before a noun& (used about a crime# etc.) that sb has tried to do but without success attempted rape+murder+robbery attend // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& to go to or be present at a place The children attend the local school. We'd li'e as many people as possible to attend. .o you attend church regularly? 2 %intransitive& (formal) attend to "b&"t# to give your care# thought or attention to sb/sth or look after sb/sth ?lease attend to this matter immediately. attendan%e // noun 1 %uncountable& being present somewhere Attendance at lectures is compulsory. 2 %countable# uncountable& the number of people who go to or are present at a place There was a poor attendance at the meeting. attendant1 // noun %countable& a person whose (ob is to serve or help people in a public place a car par' attendant attendant2 // adjective %only before a noun& (formal) that goes together with or results from sth unemployment and all its attendant social problems attention1 // noun %uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 watching# listening to or thinking about sb/sth carefully I shouted in order to attract her attention. hy people hate to be the centre of attention (= the person that everyone is watching). to hold somebody's attention (= to keep them interested in sth) 2 special care or action The hole in the roof needs urgent attention. to re-uire medical attention 3 a position in which a soldier stands up straight and still to stand+come to attention +,+OMS %at%# "b)" attention&e!e %at%#1 dra- 7"b)"8 attention to "t# dra-1 9et&#a2e "b)" $ndi2ided attention> 9i2e !o$r $ndi2ided attention 7to "b&"t#8 $ndi2ided pa! attention pa!1 attention2 // interjection used for asking people to listen to sth carefully attenti2e // adjective attenti2e 7to "b&"t#8 watching# listening to or thinking about sb/sth carefully The hotel staff were very attentive to our needs. OPP inattenti2e attenti2e! adverb" to listen attentively to something attit$de // noun %countable& an attit$de 7to&to-ard" "b&"t#8 the way that you think# feel or behave ?eople's attitude to marriage is changing. he has a positive attitude to her wor'. attorne! // (1) = a-!er attra%t // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %usually passive& to cause sb to like sb/sth he's attracted to older men. 2 to cause sb/sth to go to sth or give attention to sth I waved to attract the waiter's attention. !oths are attracted to light. The new film has attracted a lot of publicity. attra%tion // noun 1 %uncountable& a feeling of liking sb/sth se,ual attraction 2 %countable& something that is interesting or en(oyable The city offers all 'inds of tourist attractions. attra%ti2e // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 (used about a person) beautiful or nice to look at He found her very attractive. note at bea$ti0$ 2 that pleases or interests you that you like an attractive part of the country an attractive idea OPP for both meanings $nattra%ti2e attra%ti2e! adverb attra%ti2ene"" noun %uncountable& a$dien%e // noun %countable& 1 %with singular or plural verb& all the people who are watching or listening to a play# concert# speech# the T4# etc. The audience was+were wild with e,citement. There were only about C)) people in the audience. note at t#eatre 2 a formal meeting with a very important person He was granted an audience with the ?resident. A$9$"t // noun %uncountable# countable& (abbr A$9D) the Gth month of the year# coming after Iuly note at Fan$ar! a$nt // (also informal a$ntie a$nt! //) noun %countable& the sister of your father or mother the wife of your uncle Aunt &llen a$t#or // noun %countable& a person who writes a book# play# etc. a well2'nown author of detective novels a$t#or"#ip noun %uncountable& a$t#orit! // noun (plural a$t#oritie") PO6ER 1 %uncountable& the power and right to give orders and make others obey 3hildren often begin to -uestion their parents' authority at a very early age. "ou must get this signed by a person in authority (= who has a position of power). PERM+SS+ON 2 %uncountable& a$t#orit! 7to do "t#8 the right or permission to do sth The police have the authority to -uestion anyone they wish. He was sac'ed for using a company vehicle without authority. O;;+4+AL 3RO1P 3 %countable# usually plural& a person# group or government department that has the power to give orders# make official decisions# etc. I have to report this to the authorities. KNO6LE,3E 4 %uncountable& the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position He spo'e with authority and everybody listened. EXPER5 5 %countable& an a$t#orit! 7on "t#8 a person with special knowledge He's an authority on criminal law. a$t#oriEe (also (i"e) // verb %transitive& to give official permission for sth or for sb to do sth He authori;ed his secretary to sign letters in his absence. a$t#oriEation (also (i"ation) // noun %uncountable& a$tomati%1 // adjective 1 (used about a machine) that can work by itself without direct human control an automatic washing machine 2 done without thinking ?ractise this e,ercise until it becomes automatic. 3 always happening as a result of a particular action or situation All the staff have an automatic right to a space in the car par'. a$tomati%a! // adverb" The lights will come on automatically when it gets dar'. a$tomati%2 // noun %countable& an a$tomati% machine# gun or car This car is an automatic (= has automatic gears). a$tomation // noun %uncountable& the use of machines instead of people to do work a$tomobie // (especially 1) = %ar (1) a$t$mn // (1 usually 0a) noun %countable# uncountable& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES the season of the year that comes between summer and winter In autumn the leaves on the trees begin to fall. a$t$mna // adjective a2aiabiit! // noun %uncountable& the state of being available "ou will receive the colour you order, sub*ect to availability (= if it is available). a2aiabe // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 a2aiabe 7to "b8 (used about things) that you can get# buy# use# etc. This information is easily available to everyone at the local library. 0efreshments are available at the snac' bar. 2 (used about people) free to be seen# talked to# etc. The minister was not available for comment. a2era9e1 // adjective 1 %only before a noun& (used about a number) found by calculating the a2era9e2 (1) What's the average age of your students? 2 normal or typical children of above+below average intelligence a2era9e2 // noun 1 %countable& the number you get when you add two or more figures together and then divide the total by the number of figures you added The average of 4D, F and 4 is G (= =G divided by J is 7). He has scored MF goals at an average of 4.77 per game. 2 %singular# uncountable& the normal standard# amount or $uality $n average, I buy a newspaper about twice a wee'. a2era9e3 // verb %transitive& to do# get# etc. a certain amount as an average If we average 7) miles an hour we should arrive at about D o'cloc'. PHRASAL @ER< a2era9e o$t 7at "t#8 to result in an average (of sth) a2oid // verb %transitive& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 a2oid "t#&doin9 "t# to prevent sth happening or to try not to do sth He always tried to avoid an argument if possible. he has to avoid eating fatty food. 2 to keep away from sb/sth I leave home early to avoid the rush hour. a2oidan%e noun %uncountable& a2oidabe // adjective that can be prevented unnecessary OPP $na2oidabe a-a?e1 // adjective %not before a noun& HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES not sleeping I was sleepy this morning but I'm wide awake now. They were so tired that they found it difficult to stay awake. I hope our singing didn't keep you awake last night. OPP a"eep a-a?e2 // verb %intransitive# transitive& (past tense a-o?e // past participle a-o?en //) to wake up to make sb/sth wake up I awo'e to find that it was already M o'cloc'. A sudden loud noise awo'e us. < more common expression is -a?e $p. a-a?en // verb 1 %intransitive# transitive& (written) to wake up to make sb/sth wake up We were awa'ened by a loud 'noc' at the door. < much more common expression is -a?e $p. 2 %transitive& (formal) to produce a particular feeling# attitude# etc. in sb The film awa'ened memories of her childhood. PHRASAL @ER< a-a?en "b to "t# to make sb notice or reali*e sth for the first time The letter awa'ened me to the seriousness of the situation. a-a?enin9 // noun %countable# usually singular& 1 a moment when sb notices or reali*es sth for the first time It was a rude (= unpleasant) awa'ening when I suddenly found myself unemployed. 2 the act of starting to feel or understand sth the start of a feeling# etc. the awa'ening of an interest in the opposite se, a-ard1 // noun %countable& 1 a pri*e# etc. that sb gets for doing sth well This year the awards for best actor and actress went to two Americans. 2 an amount of money given to sb as the result of a court decision he received an award of L7 ))) for damages. a-ard2 // verb %transitive& a-ard "t# 7to "b8 to give sth to sb as a pri*e# payment# etc. he was awarded first pri;e in the gymnastics competition. The court awarded L4) ))) each to the wor'ers in*ured in the accident. a-are // adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 %not before a noun& a-are 7o0 "b&"t#8 a-are 7t#at8 knowing about or reali*ing sth conscious of sb/sth I am well aware of the problems you face. I suddenly became aware that someone was watching me. There is no other entrance, as far as I am aware. OPP $na-are 2 interested in and knowing about sth !any young people are very politically aware. a-arene"" // noun %uncountable& knowledge or interest ?eople's awareness of healthy eating has increased in recent years. SYN %on"%io$"ne"" a-a! // adverb# adjective HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES 1 a-a! 70rom "t#8 at a particular distance from a place The village is two miles away from the sea. !y parents live five minutes away. 2 in the future <ur summer holiday is only three wee's away. 3 a-a! 70rom "b&"t#8 to a different place or in a different direction Ko away9 I'm busy9 I called his name, but he *ust wal'ed away from me. 4 into a place where sth is usually kept ?ut your boo's away now. They cleared the dishes away (= off the table). I'm going to throw my old clothes away (= put them in the rubbish). 5 a-a! 70rom "t#8 (used about people) not present !y neighbours are away on holiday at the moment. A'i was away from school for two wee's with measles. SYN ab"ent 6 continuously# without stopping They chatted away for hours. B until sth disappears The crash of thunder slowly died away. He's given most of his money away. G (used about a football# etc. match) on the other team)s ground <ur team's playing away on aturday. an away match+game OPP at #ome +N;O Kor special uses with many verbs# for example 9i2e a-a!# look at the verb entries. +,+OMS do a-a! -it# "b&"t# to get rid of sb/sth The government are going to do away with the ta, on fuel. ri9#t&"trai9#t a-a! immediately without any delay I'll phone the doctor right away. a-0$ // adjective 1 very bad or unpleasant We had an awful holiday. It rained every day. I feel awful @ I thin' I'll go to bed. What an awful thing to say9 SYN terribe note at bad 2 %only before a noun& (informal) very great We've got an awful lot of wor' to do. 3 terrible very serious I'm afraid there's been some awful news. a-0$! // adverb (informal) very very much I'm awfully sorry. SYN terrib! a-?-ard // adjective 1 embarrassed or embarrassing I often feel aw'ward in a group of people. There was an aw'ward silence. 2 difficult to deal with That's an aw'ward -uestion. "ou've put me in an aw'ward position. an aw'ward customer The bo, isn't heavy but it's aw'ward to carry. SYN di00i%$t 3 not convenient !y mother always phones at an aw'ward time. This tin2opener is very aw'ward to clean. SYN di00i%$t 4 not using the body in the best way not elegant or comfortable I was sitting with my legs in an aw'ward position. a-?-ard! adverb a-?-ardne"" noun %uncountable&