Table of Contents

Introduction -- AMERICAN CALIGULA

1 --- THE HOUSE O !USH" !ORN IN A !AN#
$ --- THE HITLER %RO&ECT
' --- RACE H(GIENE" THREE !USH AMIL(
ALLIANCES
) --- THE CENTER O %O*ER IS IN *ASHINGTON
+ --- %O%%( AN, MOMM(
- --- !USH IN *ORL, *AR II
. --- S#ULL AN, !ONES" THE RACIST NIGHTMARE AT
(ALE
/ --- THE %ERMIAN !ASIN GANG 0-)1$-2 b3tes4
/-b --- THE !A( O %IGS AN, THE #ENNE,(
ASSASSINATION0)-125' b3tes4
2 --- !USH CHALLENGES (AR!OROUGH OR THE
SENATE
15 -- RU!!ERS GOES TO CONGRESS
11 -- UNITE, NATIONS AM!ASSA,OR1 #ISSINGER
CLONE
1$ -- CHAIRMAN GEORGE IN *ATERGATE
1' -- !USH ATTEM%TS THE 6ICE %RESI,ENC(1 12.)
1) -- !USH IN !EI&ING
1+ -- CIA ,IRECTOR
1--- CAM%AIGN 12/5
1. -- THE ATTEM%TE, COU% ,7ETAT O MARCH
'51 12/1
1/ -- IRAN-CONTRA
12 -- THE LE6ERAGE, !U(OUT MO!
$5 -- THE %HON( *AR ON ,RUGS
$1 -- OMAHA
$$ -- !USH TA#ES THE %RESI,ENC(
$' -- THE EN, O HISTOR(
$) -- THE NE* *ORL, OR,ER
$+ -- TH(ROI, STORM
INTRO,UCTION" A8erican Cali9ula
T:e t:esis of t:is boo; is si8<le" if Geor9e !us: =ere to be re- elected in No>e8ber 122$
for a second ter8 as t:e <resident of t:e United States1 t:is countr3 and t:e rest of t:e
=orld =ould face a catastro<:e of 9i9antic <ro<ortions?
T:e necessit3 of =ritin9 t:is boo; beca8e o>er=:el8in9 in t:e 8inds of t:e aut:ors in t:e
=a;e of t:e 9:astl3 slau9:ter of t:e Ira@ =ar of &anuar3-ebruar3 1221? T:at =ar =as an
act of sa>a9e and <re8editated 9enocide on t:e <art of !us:1 underta;en in conni>ance
=it: a cli@ue in London =:ic: :as1 in its :istorical continuit31 re<resented bot: t:e =orst
ene83 of t:e lon9-ter8 interests of t:e A8erican <eo<le1 and t:e 8ost i8<lacable
ad>ersar3 of t:e <ro9ress of t:e :u8an s<ecies?
T:e aut:ors obser>ed Geor9e !us: >er3 carefull3 as t:e Gulf crisis and t:e =ar unfolded1
and :ad no doubt t:at :is enra9ed <ublic outbursts constituted real <s3c:otic e<isodes1
indicati>e of a deran9ed 8ental state t:at =as full of o8inous <ortent for :u8anit3? T:e
aut:ors =ere also :orrified b3 t:e de9ree to =:ic: t:eir fello= citiAens =illfull3 i9nored t:e
s:oc;in9 realit3 of t:ese <ublic fits? A 8aBorit3 of t:e A8erican <eo<le <ro>ed 8ore t:an
=illin9 to lend its su<<ort to a des<icable enter<rise of ;illin9?
!3 t:eir role-call >otes of &anuar3 1$1 12211 t:e Senate and t:e House of Re<resentati>es
9a>e t:eir aut:oriAation for !us:7s <lanned and i88inent =ar 8easures to restore t:e E8ir
of #u=ait1 =:o o=ns and :olds c:attel sla>es? T:at >ote =as a cri8e a9ainst God7s Bustice?
T:is boo; is <art of an atte8<t to :el< t:e8 to sur>i>e an3=a31 bot: for t:e sa;e of t:e
=orld and for t:eir o=n sa;e? It is intended as a contribution to a <rocess of education t:at
8i9:t still sa>e t:e A8erican <eo<le fro8 t:e a=eso8e destruction of a second !us:
<residenc3? It is furt:er intended as a =arnin9 to all citiAens t:at if t:e3 fail to den3 !us: a
second ter81 t:e3 =ill deser>e =:at t:e3 9et after 122'?
As t:is boo; 9oes to <ress in t:e autu8n of 12211 <ublic a=areness of t:e lon9-ter8
de<ression of t:e A8erican econo83 is ra<idl3 9ro=in9? If !us: =ere re-elected1 :e =ould
>ie= :i8self as be3ond t:e reac: of t:e >oters and t:e <o<ular =illC =it: t:e federal deficit
risin9 be3ond a billion dollars a da31 a second !us: ad8inistration =ould dictate suc:
crus:in9 austerit3 as to brin9 t:e countr3 to t:e brin; of ci>il =ar? So8e :arbin9ers of =:at
8i9:t be co8in9 are described in t:e last c:a<ter of t:is boo;? Our 9oal :as been to
asse8ble as 8uc: of t:e trut: about !us: as <ossible =it:in t:e ti8e constraints i8<osed
b3 t:e 122$ election? Ti8e and resources :a>e not <er8itted us 8eticulous attention to
certain 8atters of detailC =e can sa31 ne>ert:eless1 t:at bot: our co88it8ent to t:e trut:
and our final <roduct are better t:an an3t:in9 an3one else :as been able to 8uster1
includin9 ne=s or9aniAations and intelli9ence a9encies =it: ca<abilities t:at far sur<ass our
o=n?
Ho= can =e :o<e to fi9:t t:e 8i9:til3 !us: <o=er cartel =it: a bio9ra<:31 a 8ere boo;D
*e :a>e no illusions of eas3 success1 but =e =ere encoura9ed in our =or; b3 t:e :o<e t:at
a bio9ra<:3 8i9:t sti8ulate o<<osition to !us: and :is <olicies? It =ill certainl31 if onl3 b3
>irtue of its no>elt31 <ose a ne= set of <roble8s to t:ose see;in9 to 9et !us: re- elected?
or alt:ou9: !us: is no= =:at Bournalists call a =orld leader1 no accurate account on :is
actual career eEists in t:e <ublic do8ain?
T:e >olu8e =:ic: =e sub8it :ere=it: to t:e court of =orld <ublic o<inion is1 to t:e best of
our ;no=led9e1 t:e first and onl3 boo;- len9t:1 unaut:oriAed bio9ra<:3 of Geor9e !us:? It
is t:e first a<<roEi8ation of t:e trut: about :is life? T:is is t:e first bio9ra<:3 =ort:3 of t:e
na8e1 a fact t:at sa3s a 9reat deal about t:e sinister <o=er and obsessi>e secrec3 of t:is
<ersona9e? None of t:e ot:er self-announced bio9ra<:ies 0includin9 !us:7s ca8<ai9n
autobio9ra<:34 can be ta;en seriousl3C eac: of t:ese boo;s is a <astic:e of lies1 distortions
and banalities t:at run t:e 9a8ut fro8 ca8<ai9n <ane93ric to t:e Goebbels !i9 Lie to fa;e
but edif3in9 stories for credulous c:ildren? Al8ost =it:out eEce<tion1 t:e a>ailable !us:
literature is =ort:less?
!ut =it: !us:1 t:is is onl3 t:e be9innin9 of t:e <roble8? !us:7s fa8il3 <edi9ree establis:es
:i8 as a net=or; asset of !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an1 one of t:e 8ost <o=erful <olitical
forces in t:e United States durin9 8uc: of t:e t=entiet: centur31 and for 8an3 3ears t:e
lar9est <ri>ate ban; in t:e =orld? It suffices in t:is conteEt to t:in; of A>erell Harri8an
ne9otiatin9 durin9 *orld *ar II in t:e na8e of t:e United States =it: C:urc:ill and Stalin1
or of t:e role of !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an <artner Robert Lo>ett in 9uidin9 &o:n ?
#enned37s c:oice of :is cabinet1 to be9in to see t:e i8<lications of Senator %rescott !us:7s
<ost as 8ana9in9 <artner of t:is ban;? !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an net=or;s <er>ade
9o>ern8ent and t:e 8ass 8edia? A9ain and a9ain in t:e course of t:e follo=in9 <a9es =e
=ill see stories e8barrassin9 to Geor9e !us: refused <ublication1 docu8ents e8barrassin9
to !us: sus<iciousl3 disa<<ear1 and =itnesses incul<ator3 to !us: be o>erta;en b3
83sterious and con>enientl3 ti8ed deat:s? T:e fe= rele>ant facts =:ic: :a>e found t:eir
=a3 :ere and t:ere into t:e <ublic do8ain :a>e necessaril3 been filtered b3 t:is 9i9antic
a<<aratus? T:is <roble8 :as been co8<ounded b3 t:e corru<tion and ser>ilit3 of aut:ors1
Bournalists1 ne=s eEecuti>es and <ublis:ers =:o :a>e functioned 8ore and 8ore as ;e<t
ad>ocates for !us:?
Geor9e !us: =ants ;e3 as<ects of :is life to re8ain co>ert? At t:e sa8e ti8e1 :e senses t:at
:is need for co>eru< is a >ulnerabilit3? T:e need to <rotect t:is =ea; flan; accounts for t:e
stead3 strea8 of fa;e bio9ra<:ical and :istorical 8aterial concernin9 Geor9e1 as =ell as t:e
s<in 9i>en to 8an3 studies of recent :istor3 t:at 8a3 ne>er 8ention Geor9e directl3? O>er
t:e <ast se>eral 8ont:s1 =e :a>e seen a ne= boo; about *ater9ate t:at <retends to tell t:e
<ublic so8et:in9 ne= b3 fin9erin9 Al Hai9 as ,ee< T:roat1 but i9norin9 t:e central role of
Geor9e !us: and :is business <artners in t:e *ater9ate affair? *e :a>e a ne= boo; b3 Lt?
Col? Oli>er Nort: =:ic: alle9es t:at Rea9an ;ne= e>er3t:in9 about t:e Iran-contra affair1
but t:at Geor9e !us: =as not <art of Nort:7s c:ain of co88and? T:e latter <oint 8erel3
<ara<:rases !us:7s o=n la8e eEcuse t:at :e =as Fout of t:e loo<F durin9 all t:ose ille9al
transactions? ,urin9 t:e :earin9s on t:e no8ination of Robert Gates to beco8e ,irector of
Central Intelli9ence1 nobod3 :ad an3t:in9 ne= to add about t:e role of Geor9e !us:1 t:e
boss of t:e National Securit3 Council7s S<ecial Situation Grou< crisis staff t:at =as a
co88and center for t:e =:ole affair? T:ese c:arades are <eddled to a >er3 credulous <ublic
b3 o<erati>es =:ose tas; 9oes be3ond 8ere da8a9e control to 8ind control-- t:e FM#F in
t:e 9o>ern8ent7s M# Ultra o<eration?
%art of t:e free ride enBo3ed b3 Geor9e !us: durin9 t:e 12// elections is reflected in t:e
fact t:at at no <oint in t:e ca8<ai9n =as t:ere an3 serious effort b3 an3 of t:e so-called
ne=s or9aniAations to <ro>ide t:e <ublic =it: so8et:in9 a<<roac:in9 an accurate and
co8<lete account of :is <olitical career? At least t=o bio9ra<:ies of ,u;a;is a<<eared
=:ic:1 alt:ou9: :ardl3 critical1 =ere not unifor8l3 laudator3 eit:er? !ut in t:e case of
!us:1 all t:e <ublic could turn to =as !us:7s old 12/5 ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3 and a ne=er
ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 bot: of t:e8 a tissue of lies?
Earl3 in t:e course of our researc: for t:e <resent >olu8e it beca8e a<<arent t:at all boo;s
and 8ost lon9er articles dealin9 =it: t:e life of Geor9e !us: :ad been 9enerated fro8 a
sin9le <rint-out of t:orou9:l3 sanitiAed1 a<<ro>ed and canonicall3 ad8itted FfactsF about
!us: and :is fa8il3? *e learned t:at durin9 12.2-12/51 !us: aide %ete Roussel atte8<ted
to recruit bio9ra<:ers to <re<are a life of !us: based on a collection of <ress releases1 ne=s
su88aries1 and si8ilar <re-di9ested 8aterial? Most bio9ra<:ical =ritin9 about !us:
consists 8erel3 of t:e <oints fro8 t:is <rintout1 strun9 out c:ronolo9icall3 and 8ade into a
narrati>e t:rou9: t:e inter<retation of co88ents1 anecdotes1 e8bellis:8ents1 or s<ecial
st3listic de>ices?
T:e canonical !us:-a<<ro>ed <rintout is readil3 identified? One dead 9i>ea=a3 t:at
beca8e a Bo;e a8on9 t:e aut:ors of t:e <resent stud3 =as t:e ine>itabilit3 =it: =:ic: t:e
:ac;s out to co>er u< t:e substance of !us:7s life refer to a 12). red Studeba;er =:ic:
Geor9e !us: alle9edl3 dro>e into Odessa1 TeEas in 12)/? T:is is t:e sort of detail =it:
=:ic: suc: :ac;s atte8<t to :u8aniAe t:eir subBect1 in t:e sa8e =a3 t:at :orses:oes1 <or;
rinds1 and countr3 and =estern 8usic :a>e been introduced into !us:7s real life in a
deliberate and dece<ti>e atte8<t to :u8aniAe :is i8a9e? It :as been our eE<erience t:at an3
teEt t:at features a reference to !us:7s red Studeba;er :as <robabl3 been deri>ed fro8
!us:7s list of a<<ro>ed facts1 and is t:erefore <racticall3 =ort:less for serious researc: into
!us:7s life? *e t:erefore assi9n suc: teEts to t:e Fred Studeba;er sc:oolF of co>eru< and
falsification?
So8e eEa8<lesD T:is is fro8 !us:7s ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 Loo;in9 or=ard1 9:ost-
=ritten b3 :is aide 6ic Gold"
Headin9 into TeEas in 83 Studeba;er1 all I ;ne= about t:e state7s landsca<e =as =:at I7d
seen fro8 t:e coc;<it of a 6ultee 6ibrator durin9 83 trainin9 da3s in t:e Na>3? Gfn 1H
Here is t:e sa8e 8o8ent as reca<tured b3 !us:7s cron3 itA:u9: Green1 a friend
of t:e Malt:usian financier Russell Train1 in :is Geor9e !us:" An Inti8ate %ortrait1
<ublis:ed after !us: :ad =on t:e <residenc3" He G!us:H 9assed u< :is 12)/ Studeba;er1
arran9ed for :is =ife and son to follo=1 and :eaded for Odessa1 TeEas? Gfn $H
Harr3 Hurt III =rote t:e follo=in9 lines in a 12/' TeEas 8a9aAine article t:at =as e>en
decorated =it: a dra=in9 of =:at a<<arentl3 is su<<osed to be a Studeba;er1 but =:ic:
does not loo; li;e a Studeba;er of t:at >inta9e at all"
*:en Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us: dro>e :is battered red Studeba;er into Odessa in t:e su88er
of 12)/1 t:e to=n7s <o<ulation1 t:ou9: constantl3 increasin9 =it: ne=l3-arri>ed oil field :ands1
=as still under '51555? Gfn 'H
*e see t:at Harr3 Hurt :as 8ore i8a9ination t:an 8an3 !us: bio9ra<:ers1 and :is article
does <ro>ide a fe= useful facts? More de9raded is t:e >ersion offered b3 Ric:ard !en
#ra8er1 =:ose bio9ra<:3 of !us: is eE<ected to be <ublis:ed durin9 122$1 and is t:us
intended to ser>e as t:e ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3 to <a>e t:e =a3 for !us:7s second election
>ictor3? God :el< us? Cra8er =as 9i>en t:e unen>iable tas; of breat:in9 life once 8ore into
t:e sa8e tired old <rintout? !ut t:e >er3 fact t:at t:e !us: tea8 feels t:at t:e3 re@uire
anot:er bio9ra<:3 indicates t:at t:e3 still feel t:at t:e3 :a>e a <otential >ulnerabilit3 :ere?
Cra8er :as atte8<ted to sol>e :is <roble8 b3 recastin9 t:e sa8e old 9arba9e into a frenetic
and :3<er;inetic1 =e =ould al8ost sa3 :3<ert:3roid st3le? T:e follo=in9 is fro8 an eEcer<t
of t:is fort:co8in9 boo; t:at =as <ublis:ed in Es@uire in &une1 1221"
In &une1 after t:e Colle9e *orld Series and 9raduation da3 in Ne= Ha>en1 %o<<3 <ac;ed u< :is
ne= red Studeba;er 0a 9raduation 9ift fro8 %res41 and started dri>in9 sout:? Gfn )H
*as t:at Studeba;er s:in3 and ne=1 or old and batteredD %er:a<s t:e <rintout is not s<ecific
on t:is <ointC in an3 case1 as =e see1 our aut:orities di>er9e?
&oe H3a8s7s 1221 ro8ance of !us: at =ar1 t:e li9:t of t:e A>en9er1 does not include t:e
obli9ator3 Fred Studeba;erF reference1 but t:is is 8ore t:an co8<ensated b3 t:e 8ost
elaborate fa=nin9 o>er ot:er details of our :ero7s =ar ser>ice Gfn +H? T:e <ublication of
li9:t of t:e A>en9er1 =:ic: concentrates on an :eroic retellin9 of !us:7s =ar record1 and
i9nores all e>idence t:at 8i9:t tend to <uncture t:is 83t:1 =as ti8ed to coincide =it: t:e
Gulf crisis and !us:7s =ar =it: Ira@? T:is is a >ile tract =ritten =it: t:e o<en assistance of
!us:1 !arabara !us:1 and t:e *:ite House staff? li9:t of t:e A>en9er recalls t:e <ractice
of totalitarian states accordin9 to =:ic: a =ar =a9ed b3 t:e re9i8e s:ould be acco8<anied
b3 <ro<a9anda =:ic: de<icts t:e re9i8e7s stron9 8an in an a<<ro<riatel3 8artial <osture?
In an3 case1 t:is boo; deals =it: !us:7s life u< to t:e end of *orld *ar IIC =e ne>er reac:
Odessa?
Onl3 one of t:e full-len9t: accounts <roduced b3 t:e !us: <ro<a9anda 8ac:ine about t:eir
candidate ne9lects t:e red Studeba;er stor3? T:is is Nic:olas #in97s Geor9e !us:" A
!io9ra<:31 t:e first boo;-len9t: >ersion of !us:7s life1 <roduced as a result of %ete
Roussel7s efforts for t:e 12/5 ca8<ai9n? Nic:olas #in9 :ad ser>ed as !us:7s s<o;es8an
=:en :e =as US A8bassador to t:e United Nations? #in9 ad8its at t:e be9innin9 of :is
boo; t:at :e can be i8<u9ned for =ritin9 a =or; of t:e 8ost trans<arent a<olo9etics" FIn
retros<ect1F :e sa3s in :is <reface1 Ft:is boo; 8a3 see8 o<en to t:e c:ar9e of <uffer31 for
t:e >ie= of its subBect is fa>orable all around?F Gfn -H Indeed?
!oo;s about !arbara !us: sla>is:l3 re:earse t:e sa8e details fro8 t:e sa8e <rintout? Here
is t:e rele>ant eEcer<t fro8 t:e =ar8l3 ad8irin9 Si8<l3 !arabara !us:" A %ortrait of
A8erica7s Candid irst Lad31 =ritten b3 ,onnie Radcliffe and <ublis:ed after !us:7s 12//
election >ictor3"
*it: I'1555 left o>er after :e 9raduated in &une1 12)/1 :e :eaded for TeEas in t:e 12). red
Studeba;er :is fat:er :ad 9i>en :i8 for 9raduation after Geor9e7s car died on t:e :i9:=a3? Gfn .H
E>en forei9n Bournalists atte8<tin9 to infor8 t:eir <ublics about conditions in t:e United
States :a>e fallen >icti8 to t:e sa8e old !us: <rintout? T:e Ger8an aut:or and re<orter
Rainer !on:orst1 t:e for8er *as:in9ton corres<ondent of t:e *estdeutsc:e All9e8eine
Jeitun91 in :is 12// boo; Geor9e !us:" ,er neue Mann i8 *eissen Haus1 na8ed a c:a<ter
of t:is !us: <olitical bio9ra<:3 FI8 roten Studeba;er nac: TeEas?F !on:orst =rites as
follo=s"
,ann =ar da noc: die Sac:e 8it de8 roten Studeba;er? Sie s<ielt--9leic: nac: de8
*elt;rie9seinsatA-- eine A=eite Aentrale Rolle in der Lebens9esc:ic:te des Geor9e !us:? Es ist die
Gesc:ic:te seiner Rebellion? ,er Sc:ritt1 der aus de8 steifen Neuen9laender einen laessi9en
TeEaner 8ac:te1 aus de8 reic: 9eborenen %atriAierso:n einen Self8ade8ann? G???H Also <ac;ten
Geor9e und !arbara !us:1 $) und $' &a:re alt1 er 9erade 8it de8 Studiu8 ferti91 sie >orAeiti9aus
i:rer Uni>ersitaet aus9esc:ieden und seit ein <aar Monaten Mutter1 i:r !ab3 und i:re #offer und
luden sie auf i:r ;nallrotes Studeba;er-Cou<e? FEin su<er8oderner1 sc:nitti9er *a9en1 allerdin9s
et=as laut fuer den neuen9lisc:en Gesc:8ac;1F erinnerten sic: die !us:s s<aeter? Aber
sc:liesslic: 9in9 es Ba ab nac: TeEas? Gfn /H
*e see t:at !on:orst is acutel3 a=are of t:e s38bolic i8<ortance assu8ed b3 t:e red
Studeba;er in t:ese :a9io9ra<:ic accounts of !us:7s life?
*:at is finall3 t:e trut: of t:e 8atterD T:ere is 9ood reason to belie>e t:at Geor9e !us:
did not first co8e to Odessa1 TeEas1 in a red Studeba;er? One ;no=led9eable source is t:e
=ell-;no=n TeEas oil 8an and !us: ca8<ai9n contributor Oscar *3att of Houston? In a
recent letter to t:e TeEas Mont:l31 *3att s<ecifies t:at F=:en <eo<le s<ea; of Mr? !us:7s
:u8ble be9innin9s in t:e oil industr31 it s:ould be noted t:at :e rode do=n to TeEas on
,resser7s <ri>ate aircraft? He =as acco8<anied b3 :is fat:er1 =:o at t:at ti8e =as one of
t:e directors of ,resser Industries?F FI :ate it =:en <eo<le 8a;e state8ents about Mr?
!us:7s :u8ble be9innin9s in t:e oil industr3? It Bust didn7t :a<<en t:at =a31F =rites Mr?
*3att? Gfn 2H ,resser =as a Harri8an co8<an31 and !us: 9ot :is start =or;in9 for one of
its subsidiaries? One :istor3 of ,resser Industries contains a <:oto9ra<: of Geor9e !us:
=it: :is <arents1 =ife1 and infant son Fin front of a ,resser co8<an3 air<lane in *est
TeEas?F Gfn 15 trisH Can t:is be a <:oto of !us:7s arri>al in Odessa durin9 t:e su88er of
12)/D In an3 case1 t:is 8ost c:eris:ed 83t: of t:e !us: bio9ra<:ers is >er3 8uc: o<en to
doubt?
a=nin9 bio9ra<:ies of bloodt:irst3 t3rants are not:in9 ne= in =orld literature? T:e red
Studeba;er sc:ool 9oes bac; a lon9 =a3C t:ese =riters of toda3 can be usefull3 co8<ared
=it: a certain Gaius 6elleius %aterculus1 =:o li>ed in t:e Ro8an E8<ire under t:e
e8<erors Au9ustus and Tiberius1 and =:o t:us an a<<roEi8ate conte8<orar3 of &esus
C:rist? 6elleius %aterculus =as an :istorian and bio9ra<:er =:o is ;no=n toda31 if at all1
for :is bio9ra<:ical notes on t:e E8<eror Tiberius1 =:ic: are contained =it:in %aterculus7s
:istor3 of Ro8e fro8 t:e ori9ins do=n to :is o=n ti8e?
%aterculus1 =ritin9 under Tiberius1 9a>e a >er3 fa>orable treat8ent of &ulius Caesar1 and
beca8e fulso8e =:en :e ca8e to =rite of Au9ustus? !ut t:e =orst eEcesses of flatter3
ca8e in 6elleius %aterculus7s treat8ent of Tiberius :i8self? Here is <art of =:at :e =rites
about t:at t3rannical ruler"
Of t:e transactions of t:e last siEteen 3ears1 =:ic: :a>e <assed in t:e >ie=1 and are fres: in t:e
8e8or3 of all1 =:o s:all <resu8e to 9i>e a full accountD G???H credit :as been restored to
8ercantile affairs1 sedition :as been banis:ed fro8 t:e foru81 corru<tion fro8 t:e Ca8<us
Martius1 and discord fro8 t:e senate- :ouseC Bustice1 e@uit3 and industr31 =:ic: :ad lon9 lain
buried in ne9lect1 :a>e been re>i>ed in t:e stateC aut:orit3 :as been 9i>en to t:e 8a9istrates1
8aBest3 to t:e senate1 and sole8nit3 to t:e courts of BusticeC t:e blood3 riots in t:e t:eater :a>e
been su<<ressed1 and all 8en :a>e :ad eit:er a desire eEcited in t:e81 or a necessit3 i8<osed on
t:e81 of actin9 =it: inte9rit3? 6irtuous acts are :onored1 =ic;ed deeds are <unis:ed? T:e :u8ble
res<ects t:e <o=erful1 =it:out dreadin9 :i8C t:e <o=erful ta;es <recedence of t:e :u8ble =it:out
conde8nin9 :i8? *:en =ere <ro>isions 8ore 8oderate in <riceD *:en =ere t:e blessin9s of
<eace for abundantD Au9ustan <eace1 diffused o>er all t:e re9ions of t:e east and t:e =est1 and all
t:at lies bet=een t:e sout: and t:e nort:1 <reser>es e>er3 corner of t:e =orld free fro8 all dread
of <redator3 8olestation? ortuitous losses1 not onl3 of indi>iduals1 but of cities1 t:e 8unificence
of t:e <rince is read3 to relie>e? T:e cities of Asia :a>e been re<airedC t:e <ro>inces :a>e been
secured fro8 t:e o<<ression of t:eir 9o>ernors? Honor <ro8<tl3 re=ards t:e deser>in91 and t:e
<unis:8ent of t:e 9uilt31 if slo=1 is certain? Interest 9i>es <lace to Bustice1 solicitation to 8erit? or
t:e best of <rinces teac:es :is countr38en to act ri9:tl3 b3 :is o=n <racticeC and =:ile :e is t:e
9reatest in <o=er1 :e is still 9reater in eEa8<le?
Ha>in9 eE:ibited a 9eneral >ie= of t:e ad8inistration of Tiberius Caesar1 let us no= enu8erate a fe=
<articulars res<ectin9 it? G???H Ho= for8idable a =ar1 eEcited b3 t:e Gallic c:ief Sacro>ir and &ulius lorius1
did :e su<<ress1 and =it: suc: a8aAin9 eE<edition and ener931 t:at t:e Ro8an <eo<le learned t:at t:e3
=ere con@uerors1 before t:e3 ;ne= t:at t:e3 =ere at =ar1 and t:e ne=s of t:e >ictor3 outstri<<ed t:e ne=s
of t:e dan9erK T:e African =ar too1 <erilous as it =as1 and dail3 increasin9 in stren9t:1 =as @uic;l3
ter8inated under :is aus<ices and direction? G???H *:at structures :as :e erected in :is o=n na8e1 and t:ose
of :is fa8il3K *it: =:at dutiful 8unificence1 e>en eEceedin9 belief1 is :e buildin9 a te8<le to :is fat:erK
G???H *it: =:at <erfect ease to t:e <ublic does :e 8ana9e t:e raisin9 of troo<s1 a business of constant and
eEtre8e a<<re:ension1 =it:out t:e consternation attendant on a le>3K Gfn 11 H
All of t:is =as =ritten in <raise of t:e re9i8e t:at crucified &esus C:rist1 and one of t:e
=orst 9enocidal t3rannies in t:e :istor3 of t:e =orld? %aterculus1 =e 8ust sadl3 conclude1
=as a s3co<:ant of t:e Tiberius ad8inistration? So8e of :is t:e8es are close <arallels to
t:e <ro<a9anda of toda37s !us: 8ac:ine?
In addition to feedin9 t:e <ersonalit3 cult of Tiberius1 %aterculus also la>is:ed <raise on
Lucius Aelius SeBanus1 t:e %refect of t:e %retorian Guard and for 8an3 3ears Tiberius7s
nu8ber one fa>orite1 second in co88and1 and li;el3 successor? In 8an3 res<ects SeBanus
=as not unli;e &a8es !a;er III under t:e !us: re9i8e? *:ile Tiberius s<ent all of :is ti8e
in seclusion on :is island of Ca<ri near Na<les1 SeBanus assu8ed da3 to da3 control of t:e
>ast e8<ire and its 15515551555 subBects? %aterculus =rote of SeBanus t:at :e =as Fa 8ost
eEcellent coadButor in all t:e toils of 9o>ern8ent???a 8an of <leasin9 9ra>it31 and of
unaffected c:eerfulness???assu8in9 not:in9 to :i8self?F T:at =as t:e >oice of t:e red
Studeba;er sc:ool in about '5 A,? %aterculus s:ould :a>e li8ited :is fa=nin9 to Tiberius
:i8selfC so8e=:at later t:e e8<eror1 sus<ectin9 a cou< <lot1 conde8ned SeBanus and :ad
:i8 torn li8b fro8 li8b in 9rueso8e retribution?
!ut =:3 brin9 u< Ro8eD So8e readers1 and not Bust re9istered Re<ublicans1 8a3 be
scandaliAed b3 t:e t:in9s t:at trut: obli9es us to record about a sittin9 <resident of t:e
United States? Are =e not disres<ectful to t:is :i9: officeD No? One of t:e reasons for
9lancin9 bac; at I8<erial Ro8e is to re8ind oursel>es t:at in ti8es of 8oral and cultural
de9radation li;e our o=n1 rulers of 9reat e>il :a>e inflicted incalculable sufferin9 on
:u8anit3? In our 8odern ti8e of =ar and de<ression1 t:is is once a9ain t:e case? If Cali9ula
=as <ossible t:en1 =:o could clai8 t:at t:e A8erica of t:e Ne= *orld Order s:ould be
eEe8<tD Let us t:erefore tarr3 for a 8o8ent =it: t:ese old Ro8ans1 because t:e3 can s:o=
us 8uc: about oursel>es?
In order to find Ro8an =riters =:o tell us an3t:in9 reliable about t:e first doAen e8<erors1
=e 8ust =ait until t:e infa8ous &ulio-Claudian d3nast3 of &ulius Caesar1 Au9ustus1
Tiberius1 Cali9ula1 Claudius1 Nero and t:e rest :ad entirel3 <assed fro8 t:e scene1 to be
su<<lanted b3 ne= rulin9 :ouses? Tiberius rei9ned fro8 1) to '. A,C Cali9ula1 :is
desi9nated successor1 fro8 '. to )1 A,C and Nero fro8 +) to -/ A,? !ut t:e first accurate
account of t:e cri8es of so8e of t:ese e8<erors co8es fro8 %ublius Cornelius Tacitus1 a
>er3 :i9: Ro8an official1 and it a<<eared about 11+-11. A,1 late in t:e rei9n of t:e
e8<eror TraBan? It =as feasible for Tacitus to =rite and <ublis: a 8ore realistic account of
t:e &ulio- Claudian e8<erors because one of t:e constant t:e8es of TraBan7s <ro<a9anda
=as to 9lorif3 :i8self as an enli9:tened e8<eror t:rou9: co8<arison =it: t:e earlier series
of blood3 t3rants?
Tacitus is i8<ortant because :e 8ana9es to con>e3 so8et:in9 of :o= t:e destructi>eness of
t:ese e8<erors in t:eir <ersonal li>es correlated =it: t:eir 8ass eEecutions and t:eir
9enocidal econo8ic <olicies? Tacitus =as fa8iliar =it: t:e 8ac:iner3 of Ro8an I8<erial
<o=er" :e =as of senatorial ran;1 ser>ed as consul in Ital3 in 2. A,1 and =as t:e 9o>ernor
of t:e i8<ortant <ro>ince of =estern Anatolia 0toda37s Tur;e34 =:ic: t:e Ro8ans referred
to si8<l3 as Asia? Tacitus =rites of Tiberius"
???:is cri8inal lusts s:a8ed :i8? T:eir uncontrollable acti>it3 =as =ort:3 of an oriental t3rant?
ree-born c:ildren =ere :is >icti8s? He =as fascinated b3 beaut31 3out:ful innocence1 and
aristocratic birt:? Ne= na8es for t3<es of <er>ersions =ere in>ented? Sla>es =ere c:ar9ed to
locate and <rocure :is re@uire8ents? G???H It =as li;e t:e sac; of a ca<tured cit3?
Tiberius =as able to do8inate t:e le9islati>e branc: of :is 9o>ern8ent1 t:e senate1 b3
sub>ersion and terror"
It =as1 indeed1 a :orrible feature of t:is <eriod t:at leadin9 senators beca8e infor8ers e>en on
tri>ial 8atters-- so8e o<enl31 8an3 secretl3? riends and relati>es =ere as sus<ect as stran9ers1
old stories as da8a9in9 as ne=? In t:e Main S@uare1 at a dinner-<art31 a re8ar; on an3 subBect
8i9:t 8ean <rosecution? E>er3one co8<eted for <riorit3 in 8ar;in9 do=n t:e >icti8?
So8eti8es t:is =as self-defense1 but 8ostl3 it =as a sort of conta9ion1 li;e an e<ide8ic? G???H I
realiAe t:at
8an3 =riters o8it nu8erous trials and conde8nations1 bored b3 re<etition or afraid t:at
catalo9ues t:e3 t:e8sel>es :a>e found o>er-lon9 and dis8al 8a3 e@uall3 de<ress t:eir readers?
!ut nu8erous unrecorded incidents1 =:ic: :a>e co8e to 83 attention1 ou9:t to be ;no=n?
G???H E>en =o8en =ere in dan9er? T:e3 could not be c:ar9ed =it: ai8in9 at su<re8e <o=er? So t:e3 =ere
c:ar9ed =it: =ee<in9" one old lad3 =as eEecuted for la8entin9 :er son7s deat:? T:e senate decided t:is
case? G???H In t:e sa8e 3ear t:e :i9: <rice of corn nearl3 caused riots? G???H
renAied =it: bloods:ed1 GTiberiusH no= ordered t:e eEecution of all t:ose arrested for co8<licit3 =it:
SeBanus? It =as a 8assacre? *it:out discri8ination of seE or a9e1 e8inence or obscurit31 t:ere t:e3 la31
stre=n about-- or in :ea<s? Relati>e and friends =ere forbidden to stand b3 or la8ent t:e81 or e>en 9aAe
for lon9? Guards surrounded t:e81 s<3in9 on t:eir sorro=1 and escorted t:e rottin9 bodies until1 dra99ed to
t:e Tiber1 t:e3 floated a=a3 or 9rounded -- =it: none to cre8ate or touc: t:e8? Terror :ad <aral3Aed
:u8an s38<at:3? T:e risin9 sur9e of brutalit3 dro>e co8<assion a=a3? Gfn 1$H
T:is is t:e sa8e Tiberius ad8inistration so eEtra>a9antl3 <raised b3 6elleius %aterculus?
T:e ot:er Latin aut:or =:o =rites about t:ese &ulio-Claudian e8<erors =as Gaius
Suetonius Tran@uillus1 =:o is far less able t:an Tacitus to fat:o8 t:e 9reat issues of
i8<erial <olic3 =:ic: t:ese de9enerate e8<erors influenced? Suetonius is a tabloid >ersion
of Tacitus1 and :e concentrates on t:e :orrors and <er>ersions of t:e e8<erors in t:eir
<ersonal s<:ere1 as =ell as t:e bloodbat:s t:e3 ordered? Since 8an3 readers o>er t:e
centuries :a>e found t:ese c:ronicles :i9:l3 accessible1 Suetonius :as al=a3s been =idel3
read?
!ecause of lacunae in t:e 8anuscri<ts of Tacitus7s =or; t:at :a>e co8e do=n to us1 8uc:
of =:at =e ;no= of t:e rule of Cali9ula 0Gaius Caesar1 in <o=er fro8 '. to )1 A,4 deri>es
fro8 Suetonius7s boo; ;no=n as T:e Li>es of t:e T=el>e Caesars? T:e c:aracter and
ad8inistration of Cali9ula <resent so8e stri;in9 <arallels =it: t:e subBect of t:e <resent
boo;?
As a stoic1 Cali9ula =as a 9reat ad8irer of :is o=n Fi88o>able ri9or?F His 8otto =as
FRe8e8ber t:at I :a>e t:e ri9:t to do an3t:in9 to an3bod3?F He 8ade no secret of :is
bloodt:irst3 >indicti>eness? Cali9ula =as a fan of t:e 9reen tea8 in t:e Ro8an arena1 and
=:en t:e cro=d a<<lauded a c:arioteer =:o =ore a different color1 Cali9ula cried out1 FI
=is: t:e Ro8an <eo<le :ad but a sin9le nec;?F At one of :is state dinners Cali9ula burst
into a fit of uncontrollable lau9:ter1 and =:en a consul as;ed :i8 =:at =as so funn31 :e
re<lied t:at it =as t:e t:ou9:t t:at as e8<eror Cali9ula :ad t:e <o=er to :a>e t:e t:roats of
t:e to< officials cut at an3 ti8e :e c:ose? Cali9ula carried t:is sa8e attitude into :is
<ersonal life" =:ene>er :e ;issed or caressed t:e nec; of :is =ife or one of :is 8istresses1
:e li;ed to re8ar;" FOff co8es t:is beautiful :ead =:ene>er I 9i>e t:e =ord?F
Abo>e all1 Cali9ula =as >indicti>e? After :is deat:1 t=o noteboo;s =ere found a8on9 :is
<ersonal <a<ers1 one labelled FT:e S=ordF and t:e ot:er labelled FT:e ,a99er?F T:ese =ere
lists of t:e <ersons :e :ad <roscribed and li@uidated1 and =ere t:e forerunners of t:e
ene8ies7 lists and discreditin9 co88ittee of toda3? Suetonius fran;l3 calls Cali9ula Fa
8onster1F and s<eculates on t:e <s3c:olo9ical roots of :is cri8inal dis<osition" FI t:in; I
8a3 attribute to 8ental =ea;ness t:e eEistence of t=o eEactl3 o<<osite faults in t:e sa8e
<erson1 eEtre8e assurance and1 on t:e ot:er :and1 eEcessi>e ti8orousness?F Cali9ula =as
Ffull of t:reatsF a9ainst Ft:e barbarians1F but at t:e sa8e ti8e <rone to <reci<itous retreats
and fli9:ts of <anic? Cali9ula =or;ed on :is Fbod3 lan9ua9eF b3 F<racticin9 all ;inds of
terrible and fearso8e eE<ressions before a 8irror?F
Cali9ula built an eEtension of :is <alace to connect =it: t:e Te8<le of Castor and %olluE1
and often =ent t:ere to eE:ibit :i8self as an obBect of <ublic =ors:i<1 deli9:tin9 in bein9
:ailed as F&u<iter LatiarisF b3 t:e <o<ulace? Later Cali9ula =ould officiall3 o<en te8<les in
:is o=n na8e? Cali9ula =as brutal in :is inti8idation of t:e senate1 =:ose 8e8bers :e
subBected to o<en :u8iliations and co>ert attac;sC 8an3 senators =ere Fsecretl3 <ut to
deat:?F FHe often in>ei9:ed a9ainst all t:e Senators ali;e?F FHe treated t:e ot:er orders
=it: li;e insolence and cruelt3?F Suetonius recites =:ole catalo9ues of Fs<ecial instances of
:is innate brutalit3F to=ards <ersons of all =al;s of life? He enBo3ed inflictin9 torture1 and
re>elled in li@uidatin9 <olitical o<<onents or t:ose =:o :ad insulted or snubbed :i8 in
so8e =a3? He :ad a taste for ca<ital eEecutions as t:e <erfect bac;dro< for <arties and
ban@uets? Cali9ula also did e>er3t:in9 :e could to sull3 and deni9rate t:e 8e8or3 of t:e
9reat 8en of <ast e<oc:s1 so t:at t:eir fa8e could not ecli<se :is o=n" FHe assailed
8an;ind of al8ost e>er3 e<oc: =it: no less en>3 and 8alice t:an insolence and cruelt3? He
t:re= do=n t:e statues of fa8ous 8en???1F and tried to destro3 all t:e teEts of Ho8er?
Cali9ula Fres<ected neit:er :is o=n c:astit3 nor t:at of an3 one else?F He =as rec;less in
:is eEtra>a9ance1 and soon e8<tied out t:e i8<erial treasur3 of all t:e funds t:at old
Tiberius :ad s@uirreled a=a3 t:ere? After t:at1 Cali9ula tried to re<lenis: :is coffers
t:rou9: a s3ste8 of s<ies1 false accusations1 <ro<ert3 seiAures1 and <ublic auctions? He also
Fle>ied ne= and un:eard- of taEes1F to t:e <oint t:at Fno class of co88odities =as eEe8<t
fro8 so8e ;ind of taE or ot:er?F Cali9ula taEed all foodstuffs1 too; a fortiet: of t:e a=ard
in an3 la=suit1 an ei9:t: of t:e dail3 =a9es of t:e <orters1 and de8anded t:at t:e
<rostitutes <a3 :i8 a dail3 fee e@ual to t:e a>era9e <rice c:ar9ed to eac: indi>idual
custo8er? It is ru8ored t:at t:is <art of Cali9ula7s career is under stud3 b3 t:ose <lannin9
Geor9e !us:7s second ter8? Cali9ula also o<ened a brot:el in :is <alace as an additional
source of inco8e1 =:ic: 8a3 <refi9ure toda37s *:ite House staff? A8on9 Cali9ula7s 8ore
sin9ular :obbies Suetonius includes :is lo>e of rollin9 and =allo=in9 in <iles of 9old coins?
Cali9ula ;e<t :is =ife1 Caesonia 0described b3 Suetonius as Fneit:er beautiful nor 3oun9F4
=it: :i8 until t:e >er3 end? !ut :is 9reatest de>otion =as to :is :orse1 =:o8 :e 8ade
consul of t:e Ro8an state? Ulti8atel3 Cali9ula fell >icti8 to a cons<irac3 of t:e %raetorian
Guard1 led b3 t:e tribune Gaius C:aerea1 a 8an =:o8 Cali9ula :ad ta;en s<ecial deli9:t in
:u8iliatin9? Gfn 1'H
T:e aut:ors of t:e <resent stud3 are con>inced t:at t:ese references to t:e de<ra>it3 of t:e
Ro8an E8<erors1 and to t:e records of t:at de<ra>it3 <ro>ided b3 suc: aut:ors as Tacitus
and Suetonius1 are directl3 9er8ane to our <resent tas; of follo=in9 t:e career of a 8e8ber
of t:e senatorial class of t:e An9lo-A8erican elite t:rou9: t:e >arious sta9es of :is
for8ation1 a<<rentices:i<1 intri9ues1 and ulti8ate ascent to i8<erial <o=er? T:e Ro8an
I8<erial 8odel is 9er8ane because t:e A8erican rulin9 elite of toda3 is far closer to t:e
=orld of Tiberius and Cali9ula t:an it is to t:e =orld of t:e A8erican Re>olution or t:e
Constitutional Con>ention of 1./2? T:e leit8oti> of 8odern A8erican <residential <olitics
is un@uestionabl3 an i8<erial t:e8e1 8ost blatantl3 eE<ressed b3 !us: in :is slo9an for
12251 FT:e Ne= *orld Order1F and for 12211 t:e F<aE uni>ersalis?F T:e central <roBect of
t:e !us: <residenc3 is t:e creation and consolidation of a sin9le1 uni>ersal An9lo-
A8erican 0or An9lo-SaEon4 e8<ire >er3 directl3 8odelled on t:e >arious <:ases of t:e
Ro8an E8<ire?
T:ere is one ot:er as<ect of t:e bio9ra<:ical-:istorical 8et:od of t:e Graeco-Ro8an =orld
=:ic: =e :a>e sou9:t to borro=? E>er since T:uc3dides co8<osed :is 8onu8ental =or;
on t:e %elo<onnesian =ar1 t:ose =:o :a>e sou9:t to i8itate :is st3le - -=it: t:e Ro8an
:istorian Titus Li>ius <ro8inent a8on9 t:e8-- :a>e e8<lo3ed t:e de>ice of attributin9
lon9 s<eec:es to :istorical <ersona9es1 e>en =:en it a<<ears >er3 unli;el3 t:at suc: len9t:3
orations could :a>e been 8ade b3 t:e <rota9onists at t:e ti8e? T:is :as not:in9 to do =it:
t:e s3nt:etic dialo9ue of current A8erican <olitical =ritin91 =:ic: atte8<ts to <resent
:istorical e>ents as a series of tri>ial and banal soa<-o<era eEc:an9es =:ic: carr3 on for
suc: inter8inable len9t:s as to su99est t:at t:e aut:ors are 9ettin9 <aid b3 t:e =ord? Our
idea of fidelit3 to t:e classical st3le :as si8<l3 been to let Geor9e !us: s<ea; for :i8self
=:ere>er <ossible1 t:rou9: direct @uotation? *e are con>inced t:at b3 lettin9 !us: eE<ress
:i8self directl3 in t:is =a31 =e afford t:e reader a 8ore fait:ful-- and da8nin9-- account
of !us:7s actions?
Geor9e !us: 8i9:t a9ree t:at F:istor3 is bio9ra<:31F alt:ou9: =e sus<ect t:at :e =ould not
a9ree =it: an3 of our ot:er conclusions? T:ere 8a3 be a fe= <eculiarities of t:e <resent
=or; as bio9ra<:3 t:at are =ort:3 of eE<lanation at t:e outset?
One of our basic t:eses is t:at Geor9e !us: is1 and considers :i8self to be1 an oli9arc:?
T:e notion of oli9arc:3 includes first of all t:e idea of a <atrician and =ealt:3 fa8il3
ca<able of introducin9 its offs<rin9 into suc: elite institutions as Ando>er1 (ale1 and S;ull
and !ones? Oli9arc:3 also subsu8es t:e self- conce<tion of t:e oli9arc: as belon9in9 to a
s<ecial1 eEalted breed of 8an;ind1 one t:at is su<erior to t:e co88on run of 8an;ind as a
8atter of :ereditar3 9enetic su<eriorit3? T:is 8entalit3 9enerall3 9oes to9et:er =it: a
fascination for eu9enics1 race science and Bust <lain racis8 as a 8eans of buildin9 a case
t:at one7s o=n fa8il3 tree and racial stoc; are indeed su<erior? T:ese notions of Fbreedin9F
are a constant in t:e :istor3 of t:e titled feudal aristocrac3 of Euro<e1 es<eciall3 !ritain1
to=ards inclusion in =:ic: an indi>idual li;e !us: 8ust necessaril3 stri>e? At t:e >er3
least1 oli9arc:s li;e !us: see t:e8sel>es as de8i9ods occu<3in9 a 8iddle 9round bet=een
t:e i88ortals abo>e and t:e :oi <oloi belo=? T:e cul8ination of t:is insane delusion1
=:ic: !us: :as de8onstrabl3 lon9 since attained1 is t:e obsessi>e belief t:at t:e <rinci<al
fa8ilies of t:e An9lo-A8erican elite1 asse8bled in t:eir free8asonic orders1 b3 t:e8sel>es
directl3 constitute an Ol38<ian %ant:eon of li>in9 deities =:o :a>e t:e ca<abilit3 of
abro9atin9 and disre9ardin9 t:e la=s of t:e uni>erse accordin9 to t:eir o=n irrational
ca<rice? If =e do not ta;e into account t:is ele8ent of fatal and 8e9alo8aniac :ubris1 t:e
lunatic An9lo-A8erican <olicies in re9ard to t:e Gulf =ar1 international finance1 or t:e
AI,S e<ide8ic 8ust def3 all co8<re:ension?
%art of t:e et:os of oli9arc:is8 as <racticed b3 Geor9e !us: is t:e e8<:asis on one7s o=n
fa8il3 <edi9ree and blood line? T:is accounts for t:e attention =e dedicate in t:e o<enin9
c:a<ters of t:is boo; to !us:7s fa8il3 tree1 reac:in9 bac; to t:e nineteent: centur3 and
be3ond? It is i8<ossible to 9ain insi9:t into !us:7s 8entalit3 unless =e realiAe t:at it is
i8<ortant for :i8 to be considered a cousin1 :o=e>er distant1 of Lueen EliAabet: II of t:e
House of Mountbatten-*indsor1 or t:at :is =ife !arbara does not =is: us for9et t:at s:e is
in so8e sense a descendant of %resident ran;lin %ierce?
or related reasons1 it is our s<ecial dut3 to illustrate t:e role <la3ed in t:e for8ation of
Geor9e !us: as a <ersonalit3 b3 :is 8aternal 9randfat:er and uncle1 Geor9e Herbert
*al;er and Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 &r?1 and b3 Geor9e H?*? !us:7s fat:er1 t:e late Senator
%rescott !us:? In t:e course of t:is tas;1 =e 8ust s<ea; at len9t: about t:e institution to
=:ic: Geor9e !us: o=es t:e 8ost1 t:e *all Street international in>est8ent ban; of !ro=n
!rot:ers1 Harri8an1 t:e <olitical and financial <o=er:ouse 8entioned abo>e? or Geor9e
!us:1 !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an =as and re8ains t:e fa8il3 fir8 in t:e dee<est sense? T:e
for8idable <o=er of t:is ban; and its ubi@uitous net=or;1 =ielded b3 Senator %rescott
!us: u< t:rou9: t:e ti8e of :is deat: in 12.$1 and still acti>e on Geor9e7s be:alf do=n to
t:e <resent da31 is t:e sin9le 8ost i8<ortant ;e3 to e>er3 ste< of Geor9e7s business1 co>ert
o<erations1 and <olitical career?
In t:e case of Geor9e !us:1 as 8an3 =:o :a>e ;no=n :i8 <ersonall3 :a>e noted1 t:e
net=or; loo8s 8uc: lar9er t:an Geor9e7s o=n c:aracter and =ill? T:e reader =ill searc: in
>ain for stron9 <rinci<led co88it8ents in Geor9e !us:7s <ersonalit3C t:e 8ost t:at =ill be
found are a series of c:aracteristic obsessions1 of =:ic: t:e 8ost durable are race1 >anit31
<ersonal a8bition1 and settlin9 scores =it: ad>ersaries? *:at e8er9es b3 contrast is t:e
decisi>e i8<ortance of !us:7s net=or; of connections? His res<onse to t:e Gulf crisis of
1221 =ill be lar9el3 <redeter8ined1 not b3 an3 9reat flas:es of 9eo<olitical insi9:t1 but
rat:er b3 :is connections to t:e !ritis: oli9arc:31 to #issin9er1 to Israeli and Jionist circles1
to TeEas oil8en in :is fundraisin9 base1 to t:e Saudi Arabian and #u=aiti ro3al :ouses? If
t:e @uestion is one of finance1 t:en t:e o<inions of &? Hu9: Liedt;e1 Henr3 #ra>is1 Robert
Mosbac:er1 T? !oone %ic;ens1 Nic:olas !rad31 &a8es !a;er III and t:e Cit3 of London =ill
be decisi>e? If co>ert o<erations and dirt3 tric;s are on t:e a9enda1 t:en t:ere is a =:ole
stable of CIA old bo3s =it: =:o8 :e =ill consult1 and so on do=n t:e line? ,urin9 8uc: of
12/21 des<ite :is control o>er t:e <residenc31 !us: a<<eared as a =ea; and <assi>e
eEecuti>e =aitin9 for :is net=or;s to s:o= :i8 =:at it =as :e =as su<<osed to do? *:en
Ger8an reunification and t:e cru8blin9 of t:e So>iet e8<ire s<urred t:ose --<ri8aril3
!ritis:- net=or;s into action1 !us: =as suddenl3 ca<able of >iolent and darin9 ad>entures?
As :is battle for a second ter8 a<<roac:es1 !us: 8a3 be s:o=in9 increasin9 si9ns of a
ra9e-dri>en self-starter ca<abilit31 es<eciall3 =:en it co8es to startin9 ne= =ars desi9ned
to secure :is re-election?
!io9ra<:3 :as its o=n in:erent disci<line" it 8ust be concerned =it: t:e life of its
<rota9onist1 and cannot stra3 too far a=a3? In no =a3 :as it been our intention to offer an
account of A8erican :istor3 durin9 t:e lifeti8e of Geor9e !us:? T:e <resent stud3
ne>ert:eless reflects 8an3 as<ects of t:at recent :istor3 of US decline? It =ill be noted t:at
!us: :as succeeded in <ro<ortion as t:e countr3 :as failed1 and t:at !us:7s ad>ance8ent
:as <roceeded <ari <assu =it: t:e de9radation of t:e national sta9e u<on =:ic: :e :as
o<erated and =:ic: :e :as co8e to do8inate? At >arious <:ases in :is career1 !us: :as
co8e into conflict =it: <ersons t:at =ere intellectuall3 and 8orall3 su<erior to :i8? One
suc: =as Senator (arborou9:1 and anot:er =as Senator ran; C:urc:? Our stud3 =ill be
found to catalo9ue t:e constant decline in t:e @ualities of !us:7s ad>ersaries as :u8an
t3<es until t:e 12/57s1 b3 =:ic: ti8e :is o<<onents1 as in t:e case of Al Hai91 are no better
t:an !us: :i8self?
As for t:e <olitical rele>ance of our <roBect1 =e t:in; t:at it is >er3 real? ,urin9 t:e Gulf
crisis1 it =ould :a>e been i8<ortant for t:e <ublic to ;no= 8ore about !us:7s business
dealin9s =it: t:e Ro3al a8il3 of #u=ait? ,urin9 t:e 122$ <residential ca8<ai9n1 as *all
Street7s recent cro< of Bun;-bond assisted le>era9ed bu3outs line u< at t:e entrance to
ban;ru<tc3 court1 and state =or;ers all across t:e United States are infor8ed t:at t:e
retire8ent <ensions t:e3 :ad been <ro8ised =ill ne>er be <aid1 t:e relations bet=een
Geor9e !us: and Henr3 #ra>is =ill surel3 constitute an eE<losi>e <olitical issue? Si8ilarl31
once !us:7s !ritis: and #issin9erian <edi9ree is reco9niAed1 t:e 8et:ods :e is li;el3 to
<ursue in re9ard to situations suc: as t:e <lanned Ro8anian-st3le o>ert:ro= of t:e Castro
re9i8e in Cuba1 or t:e <ro>ocation of a s<lendid little nuclear =ar in>ol>in9 Nort: #orea1
or of a ne= Indo-%a;istani =ar1 =ill :ardl3 be 83sterious?
T:e aut:ors :a>e been at so8e <ains to 8a;e t:is =or; intelli9ible to readers around t:e
=orld? *e offer t:is boo; to t:ose =:o s:are our a>ersion to t:e i8<erialist-colonialist
Ne= *orld Order1 and our <rofound :orror at t:e conce<t of a return to a sin9le1 =orld=ide
Ro8an E8<ire as su99ested b3 !us:7s F<aE uni>ersalisF slo9an? T:is =or; is tan9ible
e>idence t:at t:ere is an o<<osition to !us: inside t:e United States1 and t:at t:e ne=
Cali9ula is >er3 >ulnerable indeed on t:e le>el of t:e eE<osure of :is o=n 8isdeeds?
It =ill be ar9ued t:at t:is boo; s:ould :a>e been <ublis:ed before t:e 12// election1 =:en
a !us: <residenc3 8i9:t :a>e been a>oided? T:at is certainl3 true1 but it is an obBection
=:ic: s:ould also be directed to 8an3 institutions and a9encies =:ose resources for
sur<ass our 8odest ca<abilities? *e can onl3 re8ind our fello= citiAens t:at =:en :e as;s
for t:eir >otes for :is re-election1 Geor9e !us: also enters t:at court of <ublic o<inion in
=:ic: :e is obli9ed to ans=er t:eir @uestions? T:e3 s:ould not =aste t:is o<<ortunit3 to
9rill :i8 on all as<ects of :is career and future intentions1 since it is !us: =:o co8es
for=ard a<<ealin9 for t:eir su<<ort?
*e do not delude oursel>es t:at =e :a>e said t:e last =ord about Geor9e !us:? !ut =e
:a>e for t:e first ti8e s;etc:ed out at least so8e of t:e 8ost salient features and 9at:ered
t:e8 into a co8<re:ensible =:ole? *e encoura9e an aroused citiAenr31 as =ell as
s<ecialiAed researc:ers1 to i8<ro>e u<on =:at =e :a>e been able to acco8<lis:? In so
doin91 =e recall t:e =ords of t:e lorentine Gio>anni !occaccio =:en :e reluctantl3
acce<ted t:e order of a <o=erful ;in9 to <roduce an account of t:e old Ro8an %ant:eon"
SI MINUS !ENE ,IMERO SALTEM A, MELIUS ,ICEN,UM %RU,ENTIOREM
ALTERUM EMCITA!O?
!OCCACCIO1 GENEALOGIA ,EORUM GENTILIUM
NOTES"
1? Geor9e !us: and 6ic Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 0Ne= (or;" ,oubleda31 12/.41 <? ).?
$? itA:u9: Green1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 0Ne= (or;" NHi<<ocrene1 12/241 <? +'?
'? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une1 12/'1 <? 1)$?
)? Ric:ard !en Cra8er1 FHo= He Got Here1F Es@uire1 &une1 12211 <? /)?
+? &oe H3a8s1 li9:t of t:e A>en9er 0Ne= (or;1 122141 <? ?
-? Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:" A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;1 ,odd1 Mead1 12/541 <? Ei?
.? ,onnie Radcliffe1 Si8<l3 !arbara !us:1 0Ne= (or;" *arner1 12/241 <? 15'?
/? Rainer !on:orst1Geor9e !us:1 ,er neue Mann i8 *eissen Haus1 0!er9isc: Gladbac:" Gusta> Luebbe
6erla91 12//41 <<? /5- /1?
2? See FT:e Roar of t:e Cro=d1F TeEas Mont:l31 No>e8ber1 1221? See also &an &arboe1 FMeaner T:an a
&un;3ard ,o91F TeEas Mont:l31 A<ril 12211 <? 1$$ ff? Here *3att obser>es" FI ;ne= fro8 t:e be9innin9
Geor9e !us: ca8e to TeEas onl3 because :e =as <oliticall3 a8bitious? He fle= out :ere on an air<lane
o=ned b3 ,resser Industries? His dadd3 =as a 8e8ber of t:e board of ,resser?F
15? ,ar=in %a3ne1 Initiati>e in Ener93 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and S:uster1 12.241 <? $''?
11? &o:n Selb3 *atson 0translator41 Sallust1 lorus1 and 6elleius %aterculus 0London" Geor9e !ell and Son1
1/.241 <<? +)$-+)-?
1$? Cornelius Tacitus1 T:e Annals of I8<erial Ro8e 0%en9uin1 12-$41 <<? 12'-$$1?
1'? Gaius Suetonius Tran@uillus1 T:e Li>es of t:e T=el>e Caesars 0Ne= (or;" Modern Librar31 12'141 <<?
1-+-$5)1 <assi8?
C:ar<ter - I - T:e House of !us:" !orn in a !an;
*:o is Geor9e !us:D Ho= did :e beco8e t:e )1st U?S? %residentD
He is said to be a 8an of t:e Fold establis:8ent1F =:o Fc:ose to see; :is fortune as an
inde<endent oil8an????F
In fact1 !us: =as ne>er Finde<endent?F E>er3 career ste< in :is u<=ard cli8b relied on :is
fa8il37s <o=erful associations? T:e !us: fa8il3 Boined t:e Eastern Establis:8ent
co8<arati>el3 recentl31 and onl3 as ser>itors? T:eir =ealt: and influence resulted fro8 t:eir
lo3alt3 to anot:er1 8ore <o=erful fa8il31 and t:eir =illin9ness to do an3t:in9 to 9et a:ead?
or =:at t:e3 did1 !us:7s forebears s:ould :a>e beco8e >er3 fa8ous1 or infa8ous? T:e3
re8ained obscure fi9ures1 8ana9ers fro8 be:ind t:e scenes? !ut t:eir actions--includin9
:is fat:er7s role as ban;er for Adolf Hitler--:ad tra9ic effects for t:e =:ole <lanet?
It =as t:ese ser>ices to :is fa8il37s benefactors1 =:ic: <ro<elled Geor9e !us: to t:e to<?
%rescott Goes to *ar
%resident Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us: =as born in 12$)1 t:e son of %rescott S? !us: and
,orot:3 *al;er !us:? *e =ill be9in t:e Geor9e !us: stor3 about a decade before :is birt:1
on t:e e>e of *orld *ar I? *e =ill follo= t:e career of :is fat:er1 %rescott !us:1 t:rou9:
:is 8arria9e =it: ,orot:3 *al;er1 on t:e <at: to fortune1 ele9ance and <o=er?
%rescott !us: entered (ale Uni>ersit3 in 121'? A nati>e of Colu8bus1 O:io1 %rescott :ad
s<ent t:e last fi>e 3ears before colle9e in St? Geor9e7s E<isco<al <re<arator3 sc:ool in
Ne=<ort1 R:ode Island?
%rescott !us:7s first colle9e 3ear1 121'1 =as also t:e fres:8an 3ear at (ale for E? Roland
0 F!unn3F 4 Harri8an1 =:ose older brot:er 0*8?4 A>erell Harri8an :ad Bust 9raduated
fro8 (ale? T:is is t:e A>erell Harri8an =:o =ent on to fa8e as t:e U?S? a8bassador to t:e
So>iet Union durin9 *orld *ar II1 as a 9o>ernor of Ne= (or; State1 and as a <residential
ad>isor =:o =as 9reatl3 res<onsible for startin9 t:e 6ietna8 *ar?
T:e Harri8ans =ould beco8e t:e s<onsors of t:e !us:es1 to lift t:e8 onto t:e sta9e of
=orld :istor3?
In t:e s<rin9 of 121-1 %rescott !us: and F!unn3F Harri8an =ere c:osen for 8e8bers:i< in
an elite (ale senior-3ear secret societ3 ;no=n as S;ull and !ones? T:is unusuall3 8orbid1
deat:-celebratin9 9rou< :el<ed *all Street financiers find acti>e 3oun9 8en of F9ood birt:F
to for8 a ;ind of i8itation !ritis: aristocrac3 in A8erica?
*orld *ar I =as t:en ra9in9 in Euro<e? *it: t:e <ros<ect t:at t:e U?S?A? =ould soon Boin
t:e =ar1 t=o S;ull and !ones F%atriarc:sF 1 A>erell Harri8an 0class of 121'4 and %erc3 A?
Roc;efeller 0class of 125541 <aid s<ecial attention to %rescott7s class of 121.? T:e3 =anted
reliable cadres to :el< t:e8 <la3 t:e Great Ga8e1 in t:e lucrati>e ne= i8<erial era t:at t:e
=ar =as o<enin9 u< for London and Ne= (or; 8one3crats? %rescott !us:1 b3 t:en a close
friend of F!unn3F Harri8an1 and se>eral ot:er !ones8en fro8 t:eir class of 121. =ould
later co8<rise t:e core <artners in !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1 t:e =orld7s lar9est <ri>ate
in>est8ent ban;?
*orld *ar I did 8a;e an i88ense a8ount of 8one3 for t:e clan of stoc; s<eculators and
!ritis: ban;ers =:o :ad Bust ta;en o>er U?S? industr3? T:e Harri8ans =ere stars of t:is
ne= An9lo-A8erican elite?
A>erell7s fat:er1 stoc; bro;er E?H? Harri8an1 :ad 9ained control of t:e Union %acific
Railroad in 1/2/ =it: credit arran9ed b3 *illia8 Roc;efeller1 %erc37s fat:er1 and b3 #u:n
Loeb N Co?7s !ritis:-affiliated <ri>ate ban;ers1 Otto #a:n1 &acob Sc:iff and eliE *arbur9?
*illia8 Roc;efeller1 treasurer of Standard Oil and brot:er of Standard founder &o:n ,?
Roc;efeller1 o=ned National Cit3 !an; 0later FCitiban;F 4 to9et:er =it: TeEas-based &a8es
Still8an? In return for t:eir bac;in91 E?H? Harri8an de<osited in Cit3 !an; t:e >ast recei<ts
fro8 :is railroad lines? *:en :e issued tens of 8illions of dollars of F=ateredF 0fraudulent4
railroad stoc;1 Harri8an sold 8ost of t:e s:ares t:rou9: t:e #u:n Loeb co8<an3?
T:e irst *orld *ar ele>ated %rescott !us: and :is fat:er1 Sa8uel %? !us:1 into t:e lo=er
ran;s of t:e Eastern Establis:8ent?
As =ar loo8ed in 121)1 National Cit3 !an; be9an reor9aniAin9 t:e U?S? ar8s industr3?
%erc3 A? Roc;efeller too; direct control of t:e Re8in9ton Ar8s co8<an31 a<<ointin9 :is
o=n 8an1 Sa8uel ? %r3or1 as t:e ne= c:ief eEecuti>e of Re8in9ton?
T:e U?S entered *orld *ar I in 121.? In t:e s<rin9 of 121/1 %rescott7s fat:er1 Sa8uel %?
!us:1 beca8e c:ief of t:e Ordnance1 S8all Ar8s and A88unition Section of t:e *ar
Industries !oard? T:e senior !us: too; national res<onsibilit3 for 9o>ern8ent assistance to
and relations =it: Re8in9ton and ot:er =ea<ons co8<anies?
T:is =as an unusual a<<oint8ent1 as %rescott7s fat:er see8ed to :a>e no bac;9round in
8unitions? Sa8uel !us: :ad been <resident of t:e !uc;e3e Steel Castin9s Co? in
Colu8bus1 O:io1 8a;ers of railcar <arts? His entire career :ad been in t:e railroad
business-- su<<l3in9 e@ui<8ent to t:e *all Street-o=ned railroad s3ste8s?
T:e *ar Industries !oard =as run b3 !ernard !aruc:1 a *all Street s<eculator =it: close
<ersonal and business ties to old E?H? Harri8an? !aruc:7s bro;era9e fir8 :ad :andled
Harri8an s<eculations of all ;inds?
In 121/1 Sa8uel !us: beca8e director of t:e acilities ,i>ision of t:e *ar Industries
!oard? %rescott7s fat:er re<orted to t:e !oard7s C:air8an1 !ernard !aruc:1 and to !aruc:7s
assistant1 *all Street <ri>ate ban;er Clarence ,illon?
Robert S? Lo>ett1 %resident of Union %acific Railroad1 c:ief counsel to E?H? Harri8an and
eEecutor of :is =ill1 =as in c:ar9e of national <roduction and <urc:ase F<rioritiesF for
!aruc:7s board?
*it: t:e =ar 8obiliAation conducted under t:e su<er>ision of t:e *ar Industries !oard1
U?S? consu8ers and taE<a3ers s:o=ered un<recedented fortunes on =ar <roducers and
certain :olders of ra= 8aterials and <atents? Hearin9s in 12') b3 t:e co88ittee of U?S?
Senator Gerald N3e attac;ed t:e FMerc:ants of ,eat:F -- =ar <rofiteers suc: as Re8in9ton
Ar8s and t:e !ritis: 6ic;ers co8<an3 --=:ose sales8en :ad 8ani<ulated 8an3 nations
into =ars1 and t:en su<<lied all sides =it: t:e =ea<ons to fi9:t t:e8?
%erc3 Roc;efeller and Sa8uel %r3or7s Re8in9ton Ar8s su<<lied 8ac:ine 9uns and Colt
auto8atic <istolsC 8illions of rifles to CAarist RussiaC o>er :alf of t:e s8all-ar8s
a88unition used b3 t:e An9lo-A8erican allies in *orld *ar IC and -2 <ercent of t:e rifles
used b3 t:e United States in t:at conflict?
Sa8uel !us:7s =arti8e relations:i< to t:ese business8en =ould continue after t:e =ar1 and
=ould es<eciall3 aid :is son %rescott7s career of ser>ice to t:e Harri8ans?
Most of t:e records and corres<ondence of Sa8uel !us:7s ar8s- related section of t:e
9o>ern8ent :a>e been burned1 Fto sa>e s<aceF in t:e National Arc:i>es? T:is 8atter of
destro3ed or 8is<laced records s:ould be of concern to citiAens of a constitutional re<ublic?
Unfortunatel31 it is a rat:er constant i8<edi8ent =it: re9ard to researc:in9 Geor9e !us:7s
bac;9round" He is certainl3 t:e 8ost Fco>ertF A8erican c:ief eEecuti>e?
No=1 ar8s <roduction in =arti8e is b3 necessit3 carried on =it: 9reat securit3 <recautions?
T:e <ublic need not ;no= details of t:e <ri>ate li>es of t:e 9o>ern8ent or industr3
eEecuti>es in>ol>ed1 and a broad interrelations:i< bet=een 9o>ern8ent and <ri>ate-sector
<ersonnel is nor8al and useful?
!ut durin9 t:e <eriod <recedin9 *orld *ar I1 and in t:e =ar 3ears 121)-121. =:en t:e
U?S? =as still neutral1 interloc;in9 *all Street financiers subser>ient to !ritis: strate93
lobbied :ea>il31 and t=isted U?S? 9o>ern8ent and do8estic <olice functions? Led b3 t:e
&?%? Mor9an concern1 !ritain7s o>erall <urc:asin9 a9ent in A8erica1 t:ese financiers =anted
a =orld =ar and t:e3 =anted t:e United States in it as !ritain7s all3? T:e U?S? and !ritis:
ar8s co8<anies1 o=ned b3 t:ese international financiers1 <oured out =ea<ons abroad in
deals not subBect to t:e scrutin3 of an3 electorate bac; :o8e? T:e sa8e 9entle8en1 as =e
s:all see1 later su<<lied =ea<ons and 8one3 to Hitler7s NaAis?
T:at t:is <roble8 <ersists toda31 is in so8e res<ect due to t:e FcontrolF o>er t:e
docu8entation and t:e :istor3 of t:e ar8s traffic;ers?
*orld *ar I =as a disaster for ci>iliAed :u8anit3? It :ad terrible1 un<recedented casualties1
and s:atterin9 effects on t:e 8oral <:iloso<:3 of Euro<eans and A8ericans?
!ut for a brief <eriod1 t:e =ar treated %rescott !us: rat:er =ell?
In &une1 121/1 Bust as :is fat:er too; o>er res<onsibilit3 for relations of t:e 9o>ern8ent
=it: t:e <ri>ate ar8s <roducers1 %rescott =ent to Euro<e =it: t:e U?S? Ar83? His unit did
not co8e near an3 fire until Se<te8ber? !ut on Au9ust /1 121/1 t:e follo=in9 ite8 a<<eared
on t:e front <a9e of !us:7s :o8e-to=n ne=s<a<er"
Hi9: Militar3 Honors Conferred on Ca<t? !us:
or Notable Gallantr31 *:en Leadin9 Allied Co88anders *ere Endan9ered1 Local Man is
A=arded renc:1 En9lis: and U?S? Crosses?
International Honors1 <er:a<s un<recedented in t:e life of an A8erican soldier1 :a>e been
conferred u<on Ca<tain %rescott S:eldon !us:1 son of Mr? and Mrs? S?%? !us: of
Colu8bus?
U<on 3oun9 !us: ??? =ere conferred" Cross of t:e Le9ion of Honor1 ??? 6ictoria Cross1 ???
,istin9uis:ed Ser>ice Cross????
Conferrin9 of t:e t:ree decorations u<on one 8an at one ti8e i8<lies reco9nition of a deed
of rare >alor and <robabl3 of 9reat 8ilitar3 i8<ortance as =ell?
ro8 =ord =:ic: :as reac:ed Colu8bus durin9 t:e last fe= da3s1 it a<<ears as if t:e
ac:ie>e8ent of Ca<tain !us: =ell 8easures u< to t:ese re@uire8ents?
T:e incident occurred on t:e =estern front about t:e ti8e t:e Ger8ans =ere launc:in9 t:eir
9reat offensi>e of &ul3 1+???? T:e :istor3 of t:e re8ar;able >ictor3 scored later b3 t:e allies
8i9:t :a>e been =ritten in anot:er >ein1 but for t:e :eroic and @uic; action of Ca<tain
!us:?
T:e ??? t:ree allied leaders1 Gen? GerdinandH oc:1 Sir ,ou9las Hai9 and Gen? G&o:n &?H
%ers:in9 ??? =ere 8a;in9 an ins<ection of A8erican <ositions? Gen? %ers:in9 :ad sent for
Ca<tain !us: to 9uide t:e8 about one sector???? Suddenl3 Ca<tain !us: noticed a s:ell
co8in9 directl3 for t:e8? He s:outed a =arnin91 suddenl3 dre= :is bolo ;nife1 stuc; it u<
as :e =ould a ball bat1 and <arried t:e blo=1 causin9 t:e s:ell to 9lance off to t:e ri9:t????
*it:in $) :ours 3oun9 !us: =as notified ??? Gt:atH t:e t:ree allied co88anders :ad
reco88ended :i8 for <racticall3 t:e :i9:est :onors =it:in t:eir 9ift???? Ca<tain !us: is $'
3ears old1 a 9raduate of (ale in t:e class of 121.? He =as one of (ale7s best- ;no=n at:letes
??? =as leader of t:e 9lee club ??? and in :is senior 3ear =as elected to t:e fa8ous S;ull and
!ones Societ3????
T:e da3 after t:is astonis:in9 stor3 a<<eared1 t:ere =as a lar9e cartoon on t:e editorial
<a9e? It de<icted %rescott !us: as a s8all bo31 readin9 a stor3-boo; about 8ilitar3 :erois81
and sa3in9" FGeeK I =onder if an3t:in9 li;e t:at could e>er trul3 :a<<en to a bo3?F T:e
ca<tion belo= =as a re:as: of t:e battin9- a=a3- t:e-deadl3-s:ell eE<loit1 =ritten in
stor3boo; st3le?
Local eEcite8ent about t:e 8ilitar3 F!abe Rut:F lasted Bust four =ee;s? T:en t:is so8ber
little boE a<<eared on t:e front <a9e"
Editor State &ournal"
A cable recei>ed fro8 83 son1 %rescott S? !us:1 brin9s =ord t:at :e :as not been
decorated1 as <ublis:ed in t:e <a<ers a 8ont: a9o? He feels dreadfull3 troubled t:at a letter1
=ritten in a s<irit of fun1 s:ould :a>e been 8isinter<reted? He sa3s :e is no :ero and as;s
8e to 8a;e eE<lanations? I =ill a<<reciate 3our ;indness in <ublis:in9 t:is letter????
lora S:eldon !us:? Colu8bus1 Se<t? +? %rescott !us: later clai8ed t:at :e s<ent Fabout 15
or 11 =ee;sF in t:e area of co8bat in rance? F*e =ere under fire t:ere???? It =as @uite
eEcitin91 and of course a =onderful eE<erience?F
%rescott !us: =as disc:ar9ed in 8id-12121 and returned for a s:ort ti8e to Colu8bus1
O:io? !ut :is :u8iliation in :is :o8e to=n =as so intense t:at :e could no lon9er li>e
t:ere? T:e F=ar :eroF stor3 =as :encefort: not s<o;en of in :is <resence? ,ecades later1
=:en :e =as an i8<ortant1 ric: U?S? Senator1 t:e stor3 =as =:is<ered and <uAAled o>er
a8on9 t:e Con9ress8en?
Loo;in9 to be rescued fro8 t:is u9l3 situation1 Ca<tain !us: =ent to t:e 1212 reunion of
:is (ale class in Ne= Ha>en1 Connecticut? S;ull and !ones %atriarc: *allace Si88ons1
closel3 tied to t:e ar8s 8anufacturers1 offered %rescott !us: a Bob in :is St? Louis railroad
e@ui<8ent co8<an3? !us: too; t:e offer and 8o>ed to St? Louis--and :is destin3?
A T:orou9:bred Marria9e
%rescott !us: =ent to St? Louis to re<air :is troubled life? So8eti8e t:at sa8e 3ear1 A>erell
Harri8an 8ade a tri< t:ere on a <roBect =:ic: =ould :a>e 9reat conse@uences for %rescott?
T:e $/- 3ear-old Harri8an1 until t:en so8et:in9 of a <la3bo31 =anted to brin9 :is in:erited
8one3 and contacts into action in t:e arena of =orld affairs?
%resident T:eodore Roose>elt :ad denounced Harri8an7s fat:er for Fc3nicis8 and dee<-
seated corru<tionF and called :i8 an Fundesirable citiAen?F or t:e still- s8artin9 A>erell to
ta;e :is <lace a8on9 t:e 8a;ers and brea;ers of nations1 :e needed a financial and
intelli9ence-9at:erin9 or9aniAation of :is o=n? T:e 8an Harri8an sou9:t to create suc: an
institution for :i8 =as !ert *al;er1 a Missouri stoc; bro;er and cor<orate =:eeler- dealer?
Geor9e Herbert 0 F!ertF 4 *al;er1 for =:o8 %resident Geor9e H?*? !us: =as na8ed1 did
not i88ediatel3 acce<t Harri8an7s <ro<osal? *ould *al;er lea>e :is little St? Louis
e8<ire1 to tr3 :is influence in Ne= (or; and Euro<eD
!ert =as t:e son of a dr3 9oods =:olesaler =:o :ad t:ri>ed on i8<orts fro8 En9land? T:e
!ritis: connection :ad <aid for *al;er su88er :ouses in Santa !arbara1 California1 and in
Maine-- F*al;er7s %ointF at #ennebun;<ort? !ert *al;er :ad been sent to En9land for :is
<re< sc:ool and colle9e education?
!3 1212 !ert *al;er :ad stron9 ties to t:e Guarant3 Trust Co8<an3 in Ne= (or; and to
t:e !ritis:-A8erican ban;in9 :ouse &?%? Mor9an and Co? T:ese *all Street concerns
re<resented all t:e i8<ortant o=ners of A8erican railroads" t:e Mor9an <artners and t:eir
associates or cousins in t:e inter8arried Roc;efeller1 *:itne31 Harri8an and 6anderbilt
fa8ilies?
!ert *al;er =as ;no=n as t:e 8id=est7s <re8ier deal-arran9er1 a=ardin9 t:e in>est8ent
ca<ital of :is international-ban;er contacts to t:e 8an3 railroads1 utilities and ot:er
8id=estern industries of =:ic: :e and :is St? Louis friends =ere eEecuti>es or board
8e8bers?
*al;er7s o<erations =ere al=a3s @uiet1 or 83sterious1 =:et:er in local or 9lobal affairs? He
:ad lon9 been t:e F<o=er be:ind t:e t:roneF in t:e St? Louis ,e8ocratic %art31 alon9 =it:
:is cron31 for8er Missouri Go>ernor ,a>id R? rancis? *al;er and rancis to9et:er :ad
sufficient influence to select t:e <art37s candidates?
!ac; in 125)1 !ert *al;er1 ,a>id rancis1 *as:in9ton Uni>ersit3 %resident Robert
!roo;in9s and t:eir ban;erObro;er circle :ad or9aniAed a =orld7s fair in St? Louis1 t:e
Louisiana %urc:ase EE<osition? In line =it: t:e old Sout:ern Confederac3 fa8il3
bac;9rounds of 8an3 of t:ese s<onsors1 t:e fair featured a FHu8an JooF " li>e nati>es fro8
bac;=ard Bun9le re9ions =ere eE:ibited in s<ecial ca9es under t:e su<er>ision of
ant:ro<olo9ist *illia8 &? McGee?
So A>erell Harri8an =as a natural <atron for !ert *al;er? !ert s:ared A>erell7s <assion for
:orse breedin9 and :orse racin91 and easil3 acco88odated t:e Harri8an fa8il37s related
social <:iloso<:3? T:e3 belie>ed t:at t:e :orses and racin9 stables t:e3 o=ned s:o=ed t:e
=a3 to=ard a s:ar< u<9radin9 of t:e :u8an stoc;--Bust select and 8ate t:orou9:breds1 and
s<urn or eli8inate inferior ani8als?
T:e irst *orld *ar :ad brou9:t t:e little St? Louis oli9arc:3 into t:e Confederate-
sla>eo=ner-oriented ad8inistration of %resident *oodro= *ilson and :is ad>isors1 Col?
Ed=ard House and !ernard !aruc:?
*al;er7s friend Robert !roo;in9s 9ot into !ernard !aruc:7s *ar Industries !oard as
director of national %rice iEin9 0sic4? ,a>id R? rancis beca8e U?S? a8bassador to Russia
in 121-? As t:e !ols:e>i; Re>olution bro;e out1 =e find !ert *al;er bus3 a<<ointin9
<eo<le to rancis7s staff in %etro9rad?
*al;er7s earliest acti>ities in relation to t:e So>iet state are of si9nificant interest to
:istorians1 9i>en t:e acti>ist role :e =as to <la3 t:ere to9et:er =it: Harri8an? !ut *al;er7s
life is as co>ert as t:e rest of t:e !us: clan7s1 and t:e sur>i>in9 <ublic record is eEtre8el3
t:in?
T:e 1212 6ersailles <eace conference brou9:t to9et:er !ritis: i8<erial strate9ists and t:eir
A8erican friends to 8a;e <ost=ar 9lobal arran9e8ents? or :is o=n intended international
ad>entures1 Harri8an needed !ert *al;er t:e seasoned intri9uer1 =:o @uietl3 re<resented
8an3 of t:e !ritis:-desi9nated rulers of A8erican <olitics and finance?
After t=o <ersuasion tri<s =est b3 Harri8an1 *al;er at len9t: a9reed to 8o>e to Ne=
(or;? !ut :e ;e<t :is fat:er7s su88er :ouse in #ennebun;<ort1 Maine?
!ert *al;er for8all3 or9aniAed t:e *?A? Harri8an N Co? <ri>ate ban; in No>e8ber 1212?
*al;er beca8e t:e ban;7s <resident and c:ief eEecuti>eC A>erell Harri8an =as c:air8an
and controllin9 co-o=ner =it: :is brot:er Roland 0 F!unn3F 41 %rescott !us:7s close friend
fro8 (aleC and %erc3 Roc;efeller =as a director and a foundin9 financial s<onsor?
In t:e autu8n of 12121 %rescott !us: 8ade t:e ac@uaintance of !ert *al;er7s dau9:ter
,orot:3? T:e3 =ere en9a9ed t:e follo=in9 3ear1 and =ere 8arried in Au9ust1 12$1? A8on9
t:e us:ers and 9roo8s at t:e elaborate =eddin9 =ere Eller3 S? &a8es1 #ni9:t *oolle3 and
four ot:er fello= S;ull and !ones8en fro8 t:e (ale Class of 121.? T:e !us:-*al;er
eEtended fa8il3 :as 9at:ered eac: su88er at t:e F*al;er countr3 :o8eF in
#ennebun;<ort1 fro8 t:is 8arria9e of %resident !us:7s <arents do=n to t:e <resent da3?
*:en %rescott 8arried ,orot:31 :e =as onl3 a 8inor eEecuti>e of t:e Si88ons Co?1
railroad e@ui<8ent su<<liers1 =:ile :is =ife7s fat:er =as buildin9 one of t:e 8ost 9i9antic
businesses in t:e =orld? T:e follo=in9 3ear t:e cou<le tried to 8o>e bac; to Colu8bus1
O:ioC t:ere %rescott =or;ed for a s:ort ti8e in a rubber <roducts co8<an3 o=ned b3 :is
fat:er? !ut t:e3 soon 8o>ed a9ain to Milton1 Mass?1 after outsiders bou9:t t:e little fa8il3
business and 8o>ed it near t:ere?
T:us %rescott !us: =as 9oin9 no=:ere fast1 =:en :is son Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us:--
t:e future U?S? %resident--=as born in Milton1 Mass?1 on &une 1$1 12$)?
%er:a<s it =as as a birt:da3 9ift for Geor9e1 t:at F!unn3F Harri8an ste<<ed in to rescue
:is fat:er %rescott fro8 obli>ion1 brin9in9 :i8 into t:e Harri8an-controlled U?S? Rubber
Co? in Ne= (or; Cit3? In 12$+ t:e 3oun9 fa8il3 8o>ed to t:e to=n =:ere Geor9e =as to
9ro= u<" Green=ic:1 Connecticut1 a suburb bot: of Ne= (or; and of Ne= Ha>enO(ale?
T:en on Ma3 11 12$-1 %rescott !us: Boined *?A? Harri8an N Co? as its >ice <resident1
under t:e ban;7s <resident1 !ert *al;er1 :is fat:er-in-la= and Geor9e7s 8aternal
9randfat:er--t:e :ead of t:e fa8il3?
T:e Great Ga8e
%rescott !us: =ould de8onstrate stron9 lo3alt3 to t:e fir8 :e Boined in 12$-? And t:e
ban;1 =it: t:e sco<e and <o=er of 8an3 ordinar3 nations1 could a8<l3 re=ard its a9ents?
Geor9e !us:7s Grandfat:er *al;er :ad <ut t:e enter<rise to9et:er1 @uietl31 secretl31 usin9
all t:e international connections at :is dis<osal? Let us briefl3 loo; bac; at t:e be9innin9 of
t:e Harri8an fir8--t:e !us: fa8il3 enter<rise--and follo= its course into one of :istor37s
dar;est <roBects?
T:e fir87s first 9lobal le>er =as its successful arran9e8ent to 9et into Ger8an3 b3
do8inatin9 t:at countr37s s:i<<in9? A>erell Harri8an announced in 12$5 t:at :e =ould re-
start Ger8an37s Ha8bur9- A8eri;a Line1 after 8an3 8ont:s of sc:e8in9 and ar8-
t=istin9? Ha8bur9-A8eri;a7s co88ercial stea8s:i<s :ad been confiscated b3 t:e United
States at t:e end of t:e irst *orld *ar? T:ese s:i<s :ad t:en beco8e t:e <ro<ert3 of t:e
Harri8an enter<rise1 b3 so8e arran9e8ents =it: t:e U?S? aut:orities t:at =ere ne>er 8ade
<ublic?
T:e deal =as breat:ta;in9C it =ould create t:e =orld7s lar9est <ri>ate s:i<<in9 line?
Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line re9ained its confiscated >essels1 for a :ea>3 <rice? T:e Harri8an
enter<rise too; Ft:e ri9:t to <artici<ate in +5 <ercent of all business ori9inated in Ha8bur9F
C and for t:e neEt t=ent3 3ears 012$5-12)541 t:e Harri8an enter<rise :ad Fco8<lete control
of all acti>ities of t:e Ha8bur9 line in t:e United States?F
Harri8an beca8e co-o=ner of Ha8bur9-A8eri;a? T:e Harri8an-*al;er fir8 9ained a
ti9:t :old on its 8ana9e8ent1 =it: t:e not-so-subtle bac;in9 of t:e <ost-*orld *ar I
occu<ation of Ger8an3 b3 t:e ar8ies of En9land and A8erica?
&ust after Harri8an7s <ublic state8ent1 t:e St? Louis <ress celebrated !ert *al;er7s role in
asse8blin9 t:e 8one3 to consu88ate t:e deal"
FEE-St? Louisan or8s Giant S:i< Mer9erF FG? H? *al;er is Mo>in9 %o=er !e:ind
Harri8an-Morton S:i<<in9 Co8bine????F T:e stor3 celebrated a F8er9er of t=o bi9
financial :ouses in Ne= (or;1 =:ic: =ill <lace <racticall3 unli8ited ca<ital at t:e dis<osal
of t:e ne= A8erican-Ger8an s:i<<in9 co8bine????F !ert *al;er :ad arran9ed a F8arria9eF
of &?%? Mor9an credit and Harri8an fa8il3 in:erited =ealt:?
*?A? Harri8an N Co?1 of =:ic: *al;er =as <resident and founder1 =as 8er9in9 =it: t:e
Morton N Co? <ri>ate ban;--and *al;er =as FG<Hro8inent in t:e affairs of Morton N Co?1F
=:ic: =as interloc;ed =it: t:e Mor9an-controlled Guarant3 Trust Co?
T:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a ta;eo>er created an effecti>e instru8ent for t:e 8ani<ulation and
fatal sub>ersion of Ger8an3? One of t:e 9reat F8erc:ants of deat:1F Sa8uel %r3or1 =as in it
fro8 t:e be9innin9? %r3or1 t:en c:air8an of t:e eEecuti>e co88ittee of Re8in9ton Ar8s1
:el<ed arran9e t:e deal and ser>ed =it: *al;er on t:e board of Harri8an7s s:i<<in9 front
or9aniAation1 t:e A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Co?
*al;er and Harri8an too; t:e neEt 9iant ste< in 12$$1 settin9 u< t:eir Euro<ean
:ead@uarters office in !erlin? *it: t:e aid of t:e Ha8bur9-based *arbur9 ban;1 *?A?
Harri8an N Co? be9an s<readin9 an in>est8ent net o>er Ger8an industr3 and ra=
8aterials?
ro8 t:e !erlin base1 *al;er and Harri8an t:en <lun9ed into deals =it: t:e ne=
dictators:i< of t:e So>iet Union? T:e3 led a select 9rou< of *all Street and !ritis: E8<ire
s<eculators =:o re-started t:e Russian oil industr31 =:ic: :ad been de>astated b3 t:e
!ols:e>i; Re>olution? T:e3 contracted to 8ine So>iet 8an9anese1 an ele8ent essential to
8odern steel8a;in9? T:ese concessions =ere arran9ed directl3 =it: Leon Trots;31 t:en
=it: eli;s ,AerA:ins;31 founder of t:e So>iet dictators:i<7s secret intelli9ence ser>ice
0#?G?!41 =:ose :u9e statue =as finall3 <ulled do=n b3 <ro- de8ocrac3 de8onstrators in
1221?
T:ese s<eculations created bot: c:annels of co88unication1 and t:e st3le of acco8odation1
=it: t:e co88unist dictators:i<1 t:at :a>e continued in t:e fa8il3 do=n to %resident !us:?
*it: t:e ban; launc:ed1 !ert *al;er found Ne= (or; t:e ideal <lace to satisf3 :is <assion
for s<orts1 9a8es and 9a8blin9? *al;er =as elected <resident of t:e U?S? Golf Association
in 12$5? He ne9otiated ne= international rules for t:e 9a8e =it: t:e Ro3al and Ancient
Golf Club of St? Andre=s1 Scotland? After t:ese tal;s :e contributed t:e t:ree-foot-:i9:
sil>er *al;er Cu<1 for =:ic: !ritis: and A8erican tea8s :a>e since co8<eted e>er3 t=o
3ears?
!ert7s son-in-la= %rescott !us: =as later secretar3 of t:e U?S? Golf Association1 durin9 t:e
9ra>e <olitical and econo8ic crises of t:e earl3 12'5s? %rescott beca8e USGA %resident in
12'+1 =:ile :e =as ot:er=ise e8broiled in t:e fa8il3 fir87s =or; =it: NaAi Ger8an3?
*:en Geor9e =as one 3ear old1 in 12$+1 !ert *al;er and A>erell Harri8an :eaded a
s3ndicate =:ic: rebuilt Madison S@uare Garden as t:e 8odern %alace of S<ort? *al;er =as
at t:e center of Ne= (or;7s 9a8blin9 scene in its :e3da31 in t:at %ro:ibition era of colorful
and blood3 9an9sters? T:e Garden bloo8ed =it: 8illion-dollar <riAe fi9:tsC boo;ies and
t:eir clients <ooled 8ore 8illions1 tr3in9 to 8atc: t:e <ace of t:e s<eculation-craAed stoc;
and bond 8en? T:is =as t:e era of For9aniAedF cri8e--t:e national 9a8blin9 and bootle9
s3ndicate structured on t:e Ne= (or; cor<orate 8odel?
!3 12'51 =:en Geor9e =as a bo3 of siE1 Grand<a *al;er =as Ne= (or; State Racin9
Co88issioner? T:e >i>id colors and sounds of t:e racin9 scene 8ust :a>e i8<ressed little
Geor9e as 8uc: as :is 9randfat:er? !ert *al;er bred race :orses at :is o=n stable1 t:e Lo9
Cabin Stud? He =as <resident of t:e !el8ont %ar; race trac;? !ert also <ersonall3 8ana9ed
8ost as<ects of A>erell7s racin9 interests-- do=n to <ic;in9 t:e colors and fabrics for t:e
Harri8an racin9 9ear?
ro8 12$-1 Geor9e7s fat:er %rescott !us: s:o=ed a fierce lo3alt3 to t:e Harri8ans and a
do99ed deter8ination to ad>ance :i8selfC :e 9raduall3 ca8e to run t:e da3-to-da3
o<erations of *?A? Harri8an N Co? After t:e fir87s 12'1 8er9er =it: t:e !ritis:-
A8erican ban;in9 :ouse !ro=n !rot:ers1 %rescott !us: beca8e 8ana9in9 <artner of t:e
resultin9 co8<an3" !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an? T:is =as ulti8atel3 t:e lar9est and
<oliticall3 t:e 8ost i8<ortant <ri>ate ban;in9 :ouse in A8erica?
inancial colla<se1 =orld de<ression and social u<:ea>al follo=ed t:e fe>ered s<eculation
of t:e 12$5s? T:e 12$2-'1 cras: of securities >alues =i<ed out t:e s8all fortune %rescott
!us: :ad 9ained since 12$-? !ut because of :is de>otion to t:e Harri8ans1 t:e3 Fdid a >er3
9enerous t:in91F as !us: later <ut it? T:e3 sta;ed :i8 to =:at :e :ad lost and <ut :i8 bac;
on :is feet?
%rescott !us: described :is o=n role1 fro8 12'1 t:rou9: t:e 12)5s1 in a confidential
inter>ie="
I e8<:asiAe ??? t:at t:e Harri8ans s:o=ed 9reat coura9e and lo3alt3 and confidence in us1 because
t:ree or four of us =ere reall3 runnin9 t:e business1 t:e da3 to da3 business? A>erell =as all o>er
t:e <lace in t:ose da3s ??? and Roland =as in>ol>ed in a lot of directors:i<s1 and :e didn7t 9et do=n
into t:e Flift- u<-and-bear-do=nF acti>it3 of t:e ban;1 3ou see-- t:e da3- to-da3 decisions ??? =e
=ere reall3 runnin9 t:e business1 t:e da3 to da3 business1 all t:e ad8inistrati>e decisions and t:e
eEecuti>e decisions? *e =ere t:e ones t:at did it? *e =ere t:e 8ana9in9 <artners1 let7s sa3?
!ut of t:e Ft:ree or fourF <artners in c:ar9e1 %rescott =as effecti>el3 at t:e :ead of t:e
fir81 because :e :ad ta;en o>er 8ana9e8ent of t:e 9i9antic <ersonal in>est8ent funds of
A>erell and E? Roland F!unn3F Harri8an?
In t:ose inter=ar 3ears1 %rescott !us: 8ade t:e fa8il3 fortune =:ic: Geor9e !us:
in:erited? He <iled u< t:e 8one3 fro8 an international <roBect =:ic: continued until a ne=
=orld =ar1 and t:e action of t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent1 inter>ened to sto< :i8?
Notes for C:a<ter I
1? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9? 1-1 12211 <? A1?
$? Gen? Hu9: S? &o:nson to MaBor &?H?#? ,a>is1 &une -1 121/1 file no? '')?/O1-/ or '')?/O)+1 in U?S? National Arc:i>es1 Suitland1 Mar3land?
'? !ernard M? !aruc:1 M3 O=n Stor3 0Ne= (or;" Henr3 Holt and Co?1 12+.41 <<? 1'/-'2? !aruc: related t:at Four fir8 did a lar9e business for
Mr? Harri8an???? In 125- Harri8an :ad GusH <lace :ea>3 bets on C:arles E>ans Hu9:es in :is race for Go>ernor of Ne= (or; a9ainst *illia8
Randol<: Hearst? After se>eral :undred t:ousand dollars :ad been =a9ered1 Gour fir8H sto<<ed? Hearin9 of t:is1 Harri8an called ??? u<? P,idn7t I
tell 3ou to betD7 :e de8anded? PNo= 9o on?7QF
)? Alden Hatc:1 Re8in9ton Ar8s" An A8erican Histor31 12+-1 co<3ri9:t b3 t:e Re8in9ton Ar8s Co?1 <<? $$)-$+?
+? T:e O:io State &ournal1 Colu8bus1 O:io1 T:ursda31 Au9? /1 121/?
-? T:e O:io State &ournal1 rida31 Au9? 21 121/?
.? T:e O:io State &ournal1 rida31 Se<t? -1 121/?
/? Inter>ie= =it: %rescott !us: in t:e Oral Histor3 Researc: %roBect conducted b3 Colu8bia Uni>ersit3 in 12--1 Eisen:o=er Ad8inistration
%art IIC <<? +--? T:e inter>ie= =as su<<osed to be ;e<t confidential and =as ne>er <ublis:ed1 but Colu8bia later sold 8icrofil8s of t:e
transcri<t to certain libraries1 includin9 AriAona State Uni>ersit3?
2? T:eodore Roose>elt to &a8es S? S:er8an1 Oct? -1 125-1 8ade <ublic b3 Roose>elt at a <ress conference A<ril $1 125.? Luoted in Henr3 ?
%rin9le1 T:eodore Roose>elt 0Ne= (or;" Harcourt1 !race and Co8<an31 12'141 <? )+$? Roose>elt later confided to Harri8an la=3er Robert S?
Lo>ett t:at :is >ie=s on Harri8an =ere based on =:at &?%? Mor9an :ad told :i8?
15? See T:e Industries of St? Louis1 <ublis:ed 1//+ b3 &?M? Elstner N Co?1 <<? -1--$ for Cro=1 Ha9ardine N Co?1 ,a>id *al;er7s first businessC
and <? /- for El3 N *al;er?
11? See Letter of G?H? *al;er to ,?R? rancis1 Marc: $51 125+1 in t:e rancis collection of t:e Missouri Historical Societ31 St? Louis1
Missouri1 on t:e or9aniAation of t:e Re<ublicans and ,e8ocrats to run t:e election of t:e 8a3or1 a ,e8ocrat acce<table to t:e sociall3
<ro8inent? T:e neEt da3 *al;er beca8e t:e treasurer and rancis t:e <resident of t:is FCo88ittee of 1555?F See also Geor9e H? *al;er
obituar31 St? Louis Globe-,e8ocrat1 &une $+1 12+'?
1$? Letter of %err3 rancis to :is fat:er1 A8bassador ,a>id R? rancis1 Oct? 1+1 121.1 rancis collection of t:e Missouri Historical Societ3? F???
&oe Miller left for San rancisco last Tuesda3 ni9:t1 =:ere :e =ill recei>e orders to continue to %etro9rad? I =as told b3 Mildred #otan3
G*al;er7s sister-in-la=H t:at !ert *al;er 9ot :i8 :is a<<oint8ent t:rou9: !rec; Lon9? I didn7t ;no= &oe =as after it1 or could :a>e :el<ed :i8
83self? He =ill be 9ood co8<an3 for 3ou =:en :e 9ets t:ere????F
1'? %ri>ate inter>ie= =it: a *al;er fa8il3 8e8ber1 cousin of %resident !us:?
1)? %rescott !us:1 Colu8bia Uni>ersit31 o<? cit?1 <? .?
1+? St? Louis Globe ,e8ocrat1 Au9? .1 12$1? 1-? T:is is t:e se@uence of e>ents1 fro8 Si88ons to U?S? Rubber1 =:ic: %rescott !us: 9a>e in
:is Colu8bia Uni>ersit3 inter>ie=1 o<? cit?14 <<? .-/?
1.? %ublic state8ent of A>erell Harri8an1 Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Oct? -1 12$51 <? 1?
1/? St? Louis Globe-,e8ocrat1 Oct? 1$1 12$51 <? 1?
12? S<orts-as-business :as continued in t:e fa8il3 u< t:rou9: Geor9e !us:7s adult life? !ert7s son Geor9e *al;er1 &r?--%resident !us:7s uncle
and financial an9el in TeEas--co-founded t:e Ne= (or; Mets and =as t:e baseball club7s >ice <resident and treasurer for 1. 3ears until :is
deat: in 12..? T:e %resident7s son1 Geor9e *al;er !us:1 =as co-o=ner of t:e TeEas Ran9ers baseball club durin9 :is fat:er7s <residenc3?
$5? %rescott !us:1 Colu8bia Uni>ersit31 o<? cit?1 <<? 1--$$?
C:a<ter - II - T:e Hitler %roBect
!us: %ro<ert3 SeiAed--Tradin9 =it: t:e Ene83
In October 12)$1 ten 8ont:s after enterin9 *orld *ar II1 A8erica =as <re<arin9 its first
assault a9ainst NaAi 8ilitar3 forces? %rescott !us: =as 8ana9in9 <artner of !ro=n
!rot:ers Harri8an? His 1/-3ear-old son Geor9e1 t:e future U?S? %resident1 :ad Bust be9un
trainin9 to beco8e a na>al <ilot? On Oct? $51 12)$1 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent ordered t:e seiAure
of NaAi Ger8an ban;in9 o<erations in Ne= (or; Cit3 =:ic: =ere bein9 conducted b3
%rescott !us:?
Under t:e Tradin9 =it: t:e Ene83 Act1 t:e 9o>ern8ent too; o>er t:e Union !an;in9
Cor<oration1 in =:ic: !us: =as a director? T:e U?S? Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian seiAed
Union !an;in9 Cor<?7s stoc; s:ares1 all of =:ic: =ere o=ned b3 %rescott !us:1 E? Roland
F !unn3 77 Harri8an1 t:ree NaAi eEecuti>es1 and t=o ot:er associates of !us:?
T:e order seiAin9 t:e ban; F >ests 77 0seiAes4 F all of t:e ca<ital stoc; of Union !an;in9
Cor<oration1 a Ne= (or; cor<oration1 77 and na8es t:e :olders of its s:ares as"
F E? Roland Harri8an--'221 s:ares 77 Gc:air8an and director of Union !an;in9 Cor<?
0U!C4C t:is is F !unn3 77 Harri8an1 described b3
%rescott !us: as a <lace :older =:o didn7t 9et 8uc: into ban;in9 affairsC %rescott 8ana9ed :is
<ersonal in>est8entsH
F Cornelis Lie>ense--) s:ares 77 G<resident and director of U!CC Ne= (or; resident ban;in9
functionar3 for t:e NaAisH
F Harold ,? %ennin9ton--1 s:are 77 Gtreasurer and director of U!CC an office 8ana9er
e8<lo3ed b3 !us: at !ro=n !rot:ers
Harri8anH
F Ra3 Morris--1 s:are 77
Gdirector of U!CC <artner of !us: and t:e Harri8ansH
F %rescott S? !us:--1 s:are 77 Gdirector of U!C1 =:ic: =as co-founded and s<onsored b3 :is
fat:er-in-la= Geor9e *al;erC
senior 8ana9in9 <artner for E? Roland Harri8an and A>erell Harri8anH
F H?&? #ou=en:o>en--1 s:are 77 Gdirector of U!CC or9aniAed U!C as t:e e8issar3 of ritA
T:3ssen in ne9otiations =it: Geor9e
*al;er and A>erell Harri8anC 8ana9in9 director of U!C7s Net:erlands affiliate under NaAi
occu<ationC industrial eEecuti>e in NaAi Ger8an3C director and c:ief forei9n financial eEecuti>e of
t:e Ger8an Steel TrustH
F &o:ann G? Groenin9er--1 s:are 77 Gdirector of U!C and of its Net:erlands affiliateC
industrial eEecuti>e in NaAi Ger8an3H
F all of =:ic: s:ares are :eld for t:e benefit of ??? 8e8bers of t:e T:3ssen fa8il31 GandH is
<ro<ert3 of nationals ??? of a desi9nated ene83 countr3???? 77
!3 Oct? $-1 12)$1 U?S? troo<s =ere under =a3 for Nort: Africa? On Oct? $/1 t:e
9o>ern8ent issued orders seiAin9 t=o NaAi front or9aniAations run b3 t:e !us:-Harri8an
ban;" t:e Holland-A8erican Tradin9 Cor<oration and t:e Sea8less Steel E@ui<8ent
Cor<oration?
U?S? forces landed under fire near Al9iers on No>? /1 12)$C :ea>3 co8bat ra9ed t:rou9:out
No>e8ber? NaAi interests in t:e Silesian-A8erican Cor<oration1 lon9 8ana9ed b3 %rescott
!us: and :is fat:er-in-la= Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 =ere seiAed under t:e Tradin9 =it: t:e
Ene83 Act on No>? 1.1 12)$? In t:is action1 t:e 9o>ern8ent announced t:at it =as seiAin9
onl3 t:e NaAi interests1 lea>in9 t:e NaAis7 U?S? <artners to carr3 on t:e business?
T:ese and ot:er actions ta;en b3 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent in =arti8e =ere1 tra9icall31 too little
and too late? %resident !us:7s fa8il3 :ad alread3 <la3ed a central role in financin9 and
ar8in9 Adolf Hitler for :is ta;eo>er of Ger8an3C in financin9 and 8ana9in9 t:e buildu< of
NaAi =ar industries for t:e con@uest of Euro<e and =ar a9ainst t:e U?S?A?C and in t:e
de>elo<8ent of NaAi 9enocide t:eories and racial <ro<a9anda1 =it: t:eir =ell- ;no=n
results?
T:e facts <resented :ere 8ust be ;no=n1 and t:eir i8<lications reflected u<on1 for a <ro<er
understandin9 of %resident Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us: and of t:e dan9er to 8an;ind t:at
:e re<resents? T:e %resident7s fa8il3 fortune =as lar9el3 a result of t:e Hitler <roBect? T:e
<o=erful An9lo-A8erican fa8il3 associations1 =:ic: later boosted :i8 into t:e Central
Intelli9ence A9enc3 and u< to t:e *:ite House1 =ere :is fat:er7s <artners in t:e Hitler
<roBect?
%resident ran;lin Roose>elt7s Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 Leo T? Cro=le31 si9ned 6estin9
Order Nu8ber $)/ seiAin9 t:e <ro<ert3 of %rescott !us: under t:e Tradin9 =it: t:e Ene83
Act? T:e order1 <ublis:ed in obscure 9o>ern8ent record boo;s and ;e<t out of t:e ne=s1
eE<lained not:in9 about t:e NaAis in>ol>edC onl3 t:at t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<oration =as
run for t:e F T:3ssen fa8il3 77 of F Ger8an3 andOor Hun9ar3 77--F nationals ??? of a
desi9nated ene83 countr3? 77
!3 decidin9 t:at %rescott !us: and t:e ot:er directors of t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<? =ere
le9all3 front 8en for t:e NaAis1 t:e 9o>ern8ent a>oided t:e 8ore i8<ortant :istorical
issue" In =:at =a3 =ere Hitler7s NaAis t:e8sel>es :ired1 ar8ed and instructed b3 t:e Ne=
(or; and London cli@ue of =:ic: %rescott !us: =as an eEecuti>e 8ana9erD Let us
eEa8ine t:e Harri8an-!us: Hitler <roBect fro8 t:e 12$5s until it =as <artiall3 bro;en u<1
to see; an ans=er for t:at @uestion?
Ori9in and EEtent of t:e %roBect
ritA T:3ssen and :is business <artners are uni>ersall3 reco9niAed as t:e 8ost i8<ortant
Ger8an financiers of Adolf Hitler7s ta;eo>er of Ger8an3? At t:e ti8e of t:e order seiAin9
t:e T:3ssen fa8il37s Union !an;in9 Cor<?1 Mr? ritA T:3ssen :ad alread3 <ublis:ed :is
fa8ous boo;1 I %aid Hitler1 ad8ittin9 t:at :e :ad financed Adolf Hitler and t:e NaAi
8o>e8ent since October 12$'? T:3ssen7s role as t:e leadin9 earl3 bac;er of Hitler7s 9rab
for <o=er in Ger8an3 :ad been noted b3 U?S? di<lo8ats in !erlin in 12'$? T:e order
seiAin9 t:e !us:-T:3ssen ban; =as curiousl3 @uiet and 8odest about t:e identit3 of t:e
<er<etrators =:o :ad been nailed?
!ut t=o =ee;s before t:e official order1 9o>ern8ent in>esti9ators :ad re<orted secretl3 t:at
F *? A>erell Harri8an =as in Euro<e so8eti8e <rior to 12$) and at t:at ti8e beca8e
ac@uainted =it: ritA T:3ssen1 t:e Ger8an industrialist? 77 Harri8an and T:3ssen a9reed to
set u< a ban; for T:3ssen in Ne= (or;? F GCHertain of GHarri8an7sH associates =ould ser>e
as directors???? 77 T:3ssen a9ent F H? &? #ou=en:o>en ??? ca8e to t:e United States ??? <rior to
12$) for conferences =it: t:e Harri8an Co8<an3 in t:is connection????
77
*:en eEactl3 =as F Harri8an in Euro<e so8eti8e <rior to 12$) 77D In fact1 :e =as in !erlin
in 12$$ to set u< t:e !erlin branc: of *?A? Harri8an N Co? under Geor9e *al;er7s
<residenc3?
T:e Union !an;in9 Cor<oration =as establis:ed for8all3 in 12$)1 as a unit in t:e
Man:attan offices of *?A? Harri8an N Co?1 interloc;in9 =it: t:e T:3ssen-o=ned !an;
>oor Handel en Sc:ee<>aart 0!HS4 in t:e Net:erlands? T:e in>esti9ators concluded t:at F
t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<oration :as since its ince<tion :andled funds c:iefl3 su<<lied to it
t:rou9: t:e ,utc: ban; b3 t:e T:3ssen interests for A8erican in>est8ent? 77
T:us b3 <ersonal a9ree8ent bet=een A>erell Harri8an and ritA T:3ssen in 12$$1 *?A?
Harri8an N Co? 0alias Union !an;in9 Cor<oration4 =ould be transferrin9 funds bac; and
fort: bet=een Ne= (or; and t:e F T:3ssen interests 77 in Ger8an3? !3 <uttin9 u< about
I)5515551 t:e Harri8an or9aniAation =ould be Boint o=ner and 8ana9er of T:3ssen7s
ban;in9 o<erations outside of Ger8an3?
Ho= i8<ortant =as t:e NaAi enter<rise for =:ic: %resident !us:7s fat:er =as t:e Ne= (or;
ban;erD
T:e 12)$ U?S? 9o>ern8ent in>esti9ati>e re<ort said t:at !us:7s NaAi-front ban; =as an
interloc;in9 concern =it: t:e 6ereini9te Sta:l=er;e 0United Steel *or;s Cor<oration or
Ger8an Steel Trust4 led b3 ritA T:3ssen and :is t=o brot:ers? After t:e =ar1
Con9ressional in>esti9ators <robed t:e T:3ssen interests1 Union !an;in9 Cor<? and related
NaAi units? T:e in>esti9ation s:o=ed t:at t:e 6ereini9te Sta:l=er;e :ad <roduced t:e
follo=in9 a<<roEi8ate <ro<ortions of total Ger8an national out<ut" +5?/R of NaAi
Ger8an37s <i9 iron )1?)R of NaAi Ger8an37s uni>ersal <late '-?5R of NaAi Ger8an37s
:ea>3 <late '/?+R of NaAi Ger8an37s 9al>aniAed s:eet )+?+R of NaAi Ger8an37s <i<es and
tubes $$?1R of NaAi Ger8an37s =ire '+?5R of NaAi Ger8an37s eE<losi>es?
%rescott !us: beca8e >ice <resident of *?A? Harri8an N Co? in 12$-? T:at sa8e 3ear1 a
friend of Harri8an and !us: set u< a 9iant ne= or9aniAation for t:eir client ritA T:3ssen1
<ri8e s<onsor of <olitician Adolf Hitler? T:e ne= Ger8an Steel Trust1 Ger8an37s lar9est
industrial cor<oration1 =as or9aniAed in 12$- b3 *all Street ban;er Clarence ,illon? ,illon
=as t:e old co8rade of %rescott !us:7s fat:er Sa8 !us: fro8 t:e F Merc:ants of ,eat: 77
bureau in *orld *ar I?
In return for <uttin9 u< I.5 8illion to create :is or9aniAation1 8aBorit3 o=ner T:3ssen 9a>e
t:e ,illon Read co8<an3 t=o or 8ore re<resentati>es on t:e board of t:e ne= Steel Trust?
T:us t:ere is a di>ision of labor" T:3ssen7s o=n confidential accounts1 for <olitical and
related <ur<oses1 =ere run t:rou9: t:e *al;er-!us: or9aniAationC t:e Ger8an Steel Trust
did its cor<orate ban;in9 t:rou9: ,illon Read?
T:e *al;er-!us: fir87s ban;in9 acti>ities =ere not Bust <oliticall3 neutral 8one3- 8a;in9
>entures =:ic: :a<<ened to coincide =it: t:e ai8s of Ger8an NaAis? All of t:e fir87s
Euro<ean business in t:ose da3s =as or9aniAed around anti-de8ocratic <olitical forces?
In 12$.1 criticis8 of t:eir su<<ort for totalitarianis8 dre= t:is retort fro8 !ert *al;er1
=ritten fro8 #ennebun;<ort to A>erell Harri8an" F It see8s to 8e t:at t:e su99estion in
connection =it: Lord !earsted7s >ie=s t:at =e =it:dra= fro8 Russia s8ac;s so8e=:at of
t:e i8<ertinent???? I t:in; t:at =e :a>e dra=n our line and s:ould :e= to it? 77
A>erell Harri8an 8et =it: Ital37s fascist dictator1 !enito Mussolini? A re<resentati>e of t:e
fir8 subse@uentl3 tele9ra<:ed 9ood ne=s bac; to :is c:ief eEecuti>e !ert *al;er" F ???
,urin9 t:ese last da3s ??? Mussolini ??? :as eEa8ined and a<<ro>ed our cGoHntract 1+ &une? 77
T:e 9reat financial colla<se of 12$2-'1 s:oo; A8erica1 Ger8an3 and !ritain1 =ea;enin9
all 9o>ern8ents? It also 8ade t:e :ard-<ressed %rescott !us: e>en 8ore =illin9 to do
=:ate>er =as necessar3 to retain :is ne= <lace in t:e =orld? It =as in t:is crisis t:at certain
An9lo-A8ericans deter8ined on t:e installation of a Hitler re9i8e in Ger8an3?
*?A? Harri8an N Co?1 =ell-<ositioned for t:is enter<rise and ric: in assets fro8 t:eir
Ger8an and Russian business1 8er9ed =it: t:e !ritis:-A8erican in>est8ent :ouse1 !ro=n
!rot:ers1 on &anuar3 11 12'1? !ert *al;er retired to :is o=n G?H? *al;er N Co?
T:is left t:e Harri8an brot:ers1 %rescott !us: and T:atc:er M? !ro=n as t:e senior
<artners of t:e ne= !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an fir8? 0T:e London1 En9land branc: of t:e
!ro=n fa8il3 fir8 continued o<eratin9 under its :istoric na8e--!ro=n1 S:i<le3?4
Robert A? Lo>ett also ca8e o>er as a <artner fro8 !ro=n !rot:ers? His fat:er1 E?H?
Harri8an7s la=3er and railroad c:ief1 :ad been on t:e *ar Industries !oard =it: %rescott7s
fat:er? T:ou9: :e re8ained a <artner in !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1 t:e Bunior Lo>ett soon
re<laced :is fat:er as c:ief eEecuti>e of Union %acific Railroad?
!ro=n !rot:ers :ad a racial tradition t:at fitted it =ell for t:e Hitler <roBectK A8erican
<atriots :ad cursed its na8e bac; in U?S? Ci>il *ar da3s? !ro=n !rot:ers1 =it: offices in
t:e U?S?A? and in En9land1 :ad carried on t:eir s:i<s full3 .+ <ercent of t:e sla>e cotton
fro8 t:e A8erican Sout: o>er to !ritis: 8ill o=ners? No= in 12'11 t:e >irtual dictator of
=orld finance1 !an; of En9land Go>ernor Monta9u Collet Nor8an1 =as a for8er !ro=n
!rot:ers <artner1 =:ose 9randfat:er :ad been boss of !ro=n !rot:ers durin9 t:e U?S? Ci>il
*ar? Monta9u Nor8an =as ;no=n as t:e 8ost a>id of Hitler7s su<<orters =it:in !ritis:
rulin9 circles1 and Nor8an7s inti8ac3 =it: t:is fir8 =as essential to :is 8ana9e8ent of t:e
Hitler <roBect?
In 12'11 =:ile %rescott !us: ran t:e Ne= (or; office of !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1
%rescott7s <artner =as Monta9u Nor8an7s inti8ate friend T:atc:er !ro=n? T:e !an; of
En9land c:ief al=a3s sta3ed at t:e :o8e of %rescott7s <artner on :is :us:-:us: tri<s to Ne=
(or;? %rescott !us: concentrated on t:e fir87s Ger8an acti>ities1 and T:atc:er !ro=n sa=
to t:eir business in old En9land1 under t:e 9uidance of :is 8entor Monta9u Nor8an?
Hitler7s Ladder to %o=er
Adolf Hitler beca8e C:ancellor of Ger8an3 &anuar3 '51 12''1 and absolute dictator in
Marc: 12''1 after t=o 3ears of eE<ensi>e and >iolent lobb3in9 and electioneerin9? T=o
affiliates of t:e !us:-Harri8an or9aniAation <la3ed 9reat <arts in t:is cri8inal underta;in9"
T:3ssen7s Ger8an Steel TrustC and t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line and se>eral of its
eEecuti>es?
Let us loo; 8ore closel3 at t:e !us: fa8il37s Ger8an <artners?
ritA T:3ssen told Allied interro9ators after t:e =ar about so8e of :is financial su<<ort for
t:e NaAi %art3" F In 12'5 or 12'1 ??? I told GHitler7s de<ut3 Rudol<:H Hess ??? I =ould
arran9e a credit for :i8 =it: a ,utc: ban; in Rotterda81 t:e !an; fur Handel und Sc:iff
Gi?e? !an; >oor Handel en Sc:ee<>aart 0!HS41 t:e Harri8an-!us: affiliateH? I arran9ed t:e
credit ??? :e =ould <a3 it bac; in t:ree 3ears???? I c:ose a ,utc: ban; because I did not =ant
to be 8iEed u< =it: Ger8an ban;s in 83 <osition1 and because I t:ou9:t it =as better to do
business =it: a ,utc: ban;1 and I t:ou9:t I =ould :a>e t:e NaAis a little 8ore in 83
:ands??? ?
F T:e credit =as about $+5-'551555 G9oldH 8ar;s--about t:e su8 I :ad 9i>en before? T:e
loan :as been re<aid in <art to t:e ,utc: ban;1 but I t:in; so8e 8one3 is still o=in9 on
it???? 77
T:e o>erall total of T:3ssen7s <olitical donations and loans to t:e NaAis =as =ell o>er a
8illion dollars1 includin9 funds :e raised fro8 ot:ers--in a <eriod of terrible 8one3
s:orta9e in Ger8an3?
riedric: lic; =as t:e 8aBor co-o=ner of t:e Ger8an Steel Trust =it: ritA T:3ssen1
T:3ssen7s lon9-ti8e collaborator and occasional co8<etitor? In <re<aration for t:e =ar
cri8es tribunal at Nure8ber91 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent said t:at lic; =as F one of leadin9
financiers and industrialists =:o fro8 12'$ contributed lar9e su8s to t:e NaAi %art3 ???
8e8ber of PCircle of riends7 of Hi88ler =:o contributed lar9e su8s to t:e SS?
77
lic;1 li;e T:3ssen1 financed t:e NaAis to 8aintain t:eir <ri>ate ar8ies called Sc:utAstaffel
0S?S? or !lac; S:irts4 and Stur8abteilun9 0S?A?1 stor8 troo<s or !ro=n S:irts4?
T:e lic;-Harri8an <artners:i< =as directl3 su<er>ised b3 %rescott !us:1 %resident !us:7s
fat:er1 and b3 Geor9e *al;er1 %resident !us:7s 9randfat:er?
T:e Harri8an-*al;er Union !an;in9 Cor<? arran9e8ents for t:e Ger8an Steel Trust :ad
8ade t:e8 ban;ers for lic; and :is >ast o<erations in Ger8an3 b3 no later t:an 12$-?
T:e Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration 0Geor9e *al;er1 <resident1 %rescott !us: and A>erell
Harri8an1 sole directors4 :eld a substantial sta;e in t:e Silesian Holdin9 Co? at t:e ti8e of
t:e 8er9er =it: !ro=n !rot:ers1 &an? 11 12'1? T:is :oldin9 correlated to A>erell
Harri8an7s c:air8ans:i< of t:e Consolidated Silesian Steel Cor<oration1 t:e A8erican
9rou< o=nin9 one-t:ird of a co8<leE of steel-8a;in91 coal-8inin9 and Ainc-8inin9
acti>ities in Ger8an3 and %oland1 in =:ic: riedric: lic; o=ned t=o-t:irds?
T:e Nure8ber9 <rosecutor c:aracteriAed lic; as follo=s"
F %ro<rietor and :ead of a lar9e 9rou< of industrial enter<rises 0coal and iron 8ines1 steel
<roducin9 and fabricatin9 <lants4 ??? P*e:r=irtsc:aftsfu:rer71 12'/ Gtitle a=arded to
<ro8inent industrialists for 8erit in ar8a8ents dri>e--PMilitar3 Econo83 Leader7H????
77
or t:is buildu< of t:e Hitler =ar 8ac:ine =it: coal1 steel and ar8s <roduction1 usin9 sla>e
laborers1 t:e NaAi lic; =as conde8ned to se>en 3ears in <rison at t:e Nure8ber9 trialsC :e
ser>ed t:ree 3ears? *it: friends in Ne= (or; and London1 :o=e>er1 lic; li>ed into t:e
12.5s and died a billionaire?
On Marc: 121 12')1 %rescott !us:--t:en director of t:e Ger8an Steel Trust7s Union
!an;in9 Cor<oration--initiated an alert to t:e absent A>erell Harri8an about a <roble8
=:ic: :ad de>elo<ed in t:e lic; <artners:i<? !us: sent Harri8an a cli<<in9 fro8 t:e Ne=
(or; Ti8es of t:at da31 =:ic: re<orted t:at t:e %olis: 9o>ern8ent =as fi9:tin9 bac;
a9ainst A8erican and Ger8an stoc;:olders =:o controlled F %oland7s lar9est industrial
unit1 t:e U<<er Silesian Coal and Steel Co8<an3???? 77
T:e Ti8es article continued" F T:e co8<an3 :as lon9 been accused of 8is8ana9e8ent1
eEcessi>e borro=in91 fictitious boo;;ee<in9 and 9a8blin9 in securities? *arrants =ere
issued in ,ece8ber for se>eral directors accused of taE e>asions? T:e3 =ere Ger8an
citiAens and t:e3 fled? T:e3 =ere re<laced b3 %oles? Herr lic;1 re9ardin9 t:is as an atte8<t
to 8a;e t:e co8<an37s board entirel3 %olis:1 retaliated b3 restrictin9 credits until t:e ne=
%olis: directors =ere unable to <a3 t:e =or;8en re9ularl3? 77
T:e Ti8es noted t:at t:e co8<an37s 8ines and 8ills F e8<lo3 $+1555 8en and account for
)+ <ercent of %oland7s total steel out<ut and 1$ <ercent of :er coal <roduction? T=o- t:irds
of t:e co8<an37s stoc; is o=ned b3 riedric: lic;1 a leadin9 Ger8an steel industrialist1
and t:e re8ainder is o=ned b3 interests in t:e United States? 77
In >ie= of t:e fact t:at a 9reat deal of %olis: out<ut =as bein9 eE<orted to Hitler Ger8an3
under de<ression conditions1 t:e %olis: 9o>ern8ent t:ou9:t t:at %rescott !us:1 Harri8an
and t:eir NaAi <artners s:ould at least <a3 full taEes on t:eir %olis: :oldin9s? T:e U?S? and
NaAi o=ners res<onded =it: a loc;out? T:e letter to Harri8an in *as:in9ton re<orted a
cable fro8 t:eir Euro<ean re<resentati>e" F Ha>e underta;en ne= ste<s London !erlin ???
<lease establis: friendl3 relations =it: %olis: A8bassador Gin *as:in9tonH? 77
A 12'+ Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration 8e8o fro8 Geor9e *al;er announced an a9ree8ent
:ad been 8ade F in !erlin 77 to sell an /1555 bloc; of t:eir s:ares in Consolidated Silesian
Steel? !ut t:e dis<ute =it: %oland did not deter t:e !us: fa8il3 fro8 continuin9 its
<artners:i< =it: lic;?
NaAi tan;s and bo8bs F settled 77 t:is dis<ute in Se<te8ber1 12'2 =it: t:e in>asion of
%oland1 be9innin9 *orld *ar II? T:e NaAi ar83 :ad been e@ui<<ed b3 lic;1 Harri8an1
*al;er and !us:1 =it: 8aterials essentiall3 stolen fro8 %oland?
T:ere =ere <robabl3 fe= <eo<le at t:e ti8e =:o could a<<reciate t:e iron31 t:at =:en t:e
So>iets also attac;ed and in>aded %oland fro8 t:e East1 t:eir >e:icles =ere fueled b3 oil
<u8<ed fro8 !a;u =ells re>i>ed b3 t:e Harri8anO*al;erO!us: enter<rise?
T:ree 3ears later1 nearl3 a 3ear after t:e &a<anese attac; on %earl Harbor1 t:e U?S?
9o>ern8ent ordered t:e seiAure of t:e NaAis7 s:are in t:e Silesian-A8erican Cor<oration
under t:e Tradin9 =it: t:e Ene83 Act? Ene83 nationals =ere said to o=n )2 <ercent of t:e
co88on stoc; and )1?-. <ercent of t:e <referred stoc; of t:e co8<an3?
T:e order c:aracteriAed t:e co8<an3 as a F business enter<rise =it:in t:e United States1
o=ned b3 Ga front co8<an3 inH Juric:1 S=itAerland1 and :eld for t:e benefit of
!er9=er;s9esellsc:aft Geor9e >on Giesc:e7s Erben1 a Ger8an cor<oration???? 77
!ert *al;er =as still t:e senior director of t:e co8<an31 =:ic: :e :ad founded bac; in
12$- si8ultaneousl3 =it: t:e creation of t:e Ger8an Steel Trust? Ra3 Morris1 %rescott7s
<artner fro8 Union !an;in9 Cor<? and !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1 =as also a director?
T:e in>esti9ati>e re<ort <rior to t:e 9o>ern8ent crac;do=n eE<lained t:e F NATURE O
!USINESS" T:e subBect cor<oration is an A8erican :oldin9 co8<an3 for Ger8an and
%olis: subsidiaries1 =:ic: o=n lar9e and >aluable coal and Ainc 8ines in Silesia1 %oland
and Ger8an3? Since Se<te8ber 12'21 t:ese <ro<erties :a>e been in t:e <ossession of and
:a>e been o<erated b3 t:e Ger8an 9o>ern8ent and :a>e undoubtedl3 been of considerable
assistance to t:at countr3 in its =ar effort? 77
T:e re<ort noted t:at t:e A8erican stoc;:olders :o<ed to re9ain control of t:e Euro<ean
<ro<erties after t:e =ar?
Control of NaAi Co88erce
!ert *al;er :ad arran9ed t:e credits Harri8an needed to ta;e control of t:e Ha8bur9-
A8eri;a Line bac; in 12$5? *al;er :ad or9aniAed t:e A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<?
as a unit of t:e *?A? Harri8an N Co?1 =it: contractual <o=er o>er Ha8bur9- A8eri;a7s
affairs?
As t:e Hitler <roBect =ent into :i9: 9ear1 Harri8an-!us: s:ares in A8erican S:i< and
Co88erce Cor<? =ere :eld b3 t:e Harri8an ifteen Cor<?1 run b3 %rescott !us: and !ert
*al;er?
It =as a con>enient stroll for t:e =ell-tanned1 at:letic1 :andso8e %rescott !us:" ro8 t:e
!ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an s;3scra<er at +2 *all Street--=:ere :e =as senior 8ana9in9
<artner1 confidential in>est8ents 8ana9er and ad>iser to A>erell and :is brot:er F !unn3
77--:e =al;ed across to t:e Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration at One *all Street1 ot:er=ise
;no=n as G?H? *al;er N Co?--and around t:e corner to :is subsidiar3 offices at '2
!road=a31 for8er :o8e of t:e old *?A? Harri8an N Co?1 and still t:e offices for A8erican
S:i< and Co88erce Cor<?1 and of t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<oration?
In 8an3 =a3s1 !us:7s Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line =as t:e <i>ot for t:e entire Hitler <roBect?
A>erell Harri8an and !ert *al;er :ad 9ained control o>er t:e stea8s:i< co8<an3 in 12$5
in ne9otiations =it: its <ost-*orld *ar I c:ief eEecuti>e1 *il:el8 Cuno1 and =it: t:e line7s
ban;ers1 M?M? *arbur9? Cuno =as t:ereafter co8<letel3 de<endent on t:e An9lo-
A8ericans1 and beca8e a 8e8ber of t:e An9lo-Ger8an riends:i< Societ3? In t:e 12'5-'$
dri>e for a Hitler dictators:i<1 *il:el8 Cuno contributed i8<ortant su8s to t:e NaAi %art3?
Albert 6oe9ler =as c:ief eEecuti>e of t:e T:3ssen-lic; Ger8an Steel Trust for =:ic:
!us:7s Union !an;in9 Cor<? =as t:e Ne= (or; office? He =as a director of t:e !us:-
affiliate !HS !an; in Rotterda81 and a director of t:e Harri8an-!us: Ha8bur9- A8eri;a
Line? 6oe9ler Boined T:3ssen and lic; in t:eir :ea>3 12'5-'' NaAi contributions1 and
:el<ed or9aniAe t:e final NaAi lea< into national <o=er?
T:e Sc:roeder fa8il3 of ban;ers =as a linc:<in for t:e NaAi acti>ities of Harri8an and
%rescott !us:1 closel3 tied to t:eir la=3ers Allen and &o:n oster ,ulles?
!aron #urt >on Sc:roeder =as co-director of t:e 8assi>e T:3ssen-Hutte foundr3 alon9
=it: &o:ann Groenin9er1 %rescott !us:7s Ne= (or; ban; <artner? #urt >on Sc:roeder =as
treasurer of t:e su<<ort or9aniAation for t:e NaAi %art37s <ri>ate ar8ies1 to =:ic: riedric:
lic; contributed? #urt >on Sc:roeder and Monta9u Nor8an7s <rote@aa9e@aa HBal8ar
Sc:ac:t to9et:er 8ade t:e final arran9e8ents for Hitler to enter t:e 9o>ern8ent?
!aron Rudol<: >on Sc:roeder =as >ice <resident and director of t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a
Line? Lon9 an inti8ate contact of A>erell Harri8an7s in Ger8an31 !aron Rudol<: sent :is
9randson !aron &o:ann Rudol<: for a tour of %rescott !us:7s !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an
offices in Ne= (or; Cit3 in ,ece8ber 12'$--on t:e e>e of t:eir Hitler- triu8<:?
Certain actions ta;en directl3 b3 t:e Harri8an-!us: s:i<<in9 line in 12'$ 8ust be ran;ed
a8on9 t:e 9ra>est acts of treason in t:is centur3?
T:e U?S? e8bass3 in !erlin re<orted bac; to *as:in9ton t:at t:e F costl3 election
ca8<ai9ns 77 and F t:e cost of 8aintainin9 a <ri>ate ar83 of '551555 to )551555 8en 77 :ad
raised @uestions as to t:e NaAis7 financial bac;ers? T:e constitutional 9o>ern8ent of t:e
Ger8an re<ublic 8o>ed to defend national freedo8 b3 orderin9 t:e NaAi %art3 <ri>ate
ar8ies disbanded? T:e U?S? e8bass3 re<orted t:at t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line =as
<urc:asin9 and distributin9 <ro<a9anda attac;s a9ainst t:e Ger8an 9o>ern8ent1 for
atte8<tin9 t:is last-8inute crac;do=n on Hitler7s forces?
T:ousands of Ger8an o<<onents of Hitleris8 =ere s:ot or inti8idated b3 <ri>atel3 ar8ed
NaAi !ro=n S:irts? In t:is connection =e note t:at t:e ori9inal F Merc:ant of ,eat:1 77
Sa8uel %r3or1 =as a foundin9 director of bot: t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<? and t:e A8erican
S:i< and Co88erce Cor<? Since Mr? %r3or =as eEecuti>e co88ittee c:air8an of
Re8in9ton Ar8s and a central fi9ure in t:e =orld7s <ri>ate ar8s traffic1 :is use to t:e Hitler
<roBect =as en:anced as t:e !us: fa8il37s <artner in NaAi %art3 ban;in9 and trans- Atlantic
s:i<<in9?
T:e U?S? Senate ar8s-traffic in>esti9ators <robed Re8in9ton after it =as Boined in a cartel
a9ree8ent on eE<losi>es to t:e NaAi fir8 I?G? arben? Loo;in9 at t:e <eriod leadin9 u< to
Hitler7s seiAure of <o=er1 t:e Senators found t:at F Ger8an <olitical associations1 li;e t:e
NaAi and ot:ers1 are nearl3 all ar8ed =it: A8erican ??? 9uns???? Ar8s of all ;inds co8in9
fro8 A8erica are transs:i<<ed in t:e Sc:eldt to ri>er bar9es before t:e >essels arri>e in
Ant=er<? T:e3 t:en can be carried t:rou9: Holland =it:out <olice ins<ection or
interference? T:e Hitlerists and Co88unists are <resu8ed to 9et ar8s in t:is 8anner? T:e
<rinci<al ar8s co8in9 fro8 A8erica are T:o8<son sub8ac:ine 9uns and re>ol>ers? T:e
nu8ber is 9reat? 77
T:e be9innin9 of t:e Hitler re9i8e brou9:t so8e biAarre c:an9es to t:e Ha8bur9- A8eri;a
Line--and 8ore betra3als?
%rescott !us:7s A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<? notified MaE *arbur9 of Ha8bur91
Ger8an31 on Marc: .1 12''1 t:at *arbur9 =as to be t:e cor<oration7s official1 desi9nated
re<resentati>e on t:e board of Ha8bur9-A8eri;a?
MaE *arbur9 re<lied on Marc: $.1 12''1 assurin9 :is A8erican s<onsors t:at t:e Hitler
9o>ern8ent =as 9ood for Ger8an3" F or t:e last fe= 3ears business =as considerabl3
better t:an =e :ad antici<ated1 but a reaction is 8a;in9 itself felt for so8e 8ont:s? *e are
actuall3 sufferin9 also under t:e >er3 acti>e <ro<a9anda a9ainst Ger8an31 caused b3 so8e
un<leasant circu8stances? T:ese occurrences =ere t:e natural conse@uence of t:e >er3
eEcited election ca8<ai9n1 but =ere eEtraordinaril3 eEa99erated in t:e forei9n <ress? T:e
Go>ern8ent is fir8l3 resol>ed to 8aintain <ublic <eace and order in Ger8an31 and I feel
<erfectl3 con>inced in t:is res<ect t:at t:ere is no cause for an3 alar8 =:atsoe>er?
77
T:is seal of a<<ro>al for Hitler1 co8in9 fro8 a fa8ous &e=1 =as Bust =:at Harri8an and
!us: re@uired1 for t:e3 antici<ated rat:er serious F alar8 77 inside t:e U?S?A? a9ainst t:eir
NaAi o<erations?
On Marc: $21 12''1 t=o da3s after MaE7s letter to Harri8an1 MaE7s son1 Eric: *arbur91
sent a cable to :is cousin rederic; M? *arbur91 a director of t:e Harri8an railroad s3ste8?
He as;ed rederic; to F use all 3our influence 77 to sto< all anti-NaAi acti>it3 in A8erica1
includin9 F atrocit3 ne=s and unfriendl3 <ro<a9anda in forei9n <ress1 8ass 8eetin9s1 etc? 77
rederic; cabled bac; to Eric:" F No res<onsible 9rou<s :ere GareH ur9in9 GaH bo3cott GofH
Ger8an 9oodsG1H 8erel3 eEcited indi>iduals? 77 T=o da3s after t:at1 On Marc: '11 12''1 t:e
A8erican-&e=is: Co88ittee1 controlled b3 t:e *arbur9s1 and t:e !7nai !7rit:1 :ea>il3
influenced b3 t:e SulAber9ers 0Ne= (or; Ti8es41 issued a for8al1 official Boint state8ent of
t:e t=o or9aniAations1 counselin9 F t:at no A8erican bo3cott a9ainst Ger8an3 be
encoura9ed1 77 and ad>isin9 F t:at no furt:er 8ass 8eetin9s be :eld or si8ilar for8s of
a9itation be e8<lo3ed? 77
T:e A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee and t:e !7nai !7rit: 08ot:er of t:e F Anti-,efa8ation
Lea9ue 774 continued =it: t:is :ardline1 no-attac;-on-Hitler stance all t:rou9: t:e 12'5s1
bluntin9 t:e fi9:t 8ounted b3 8an3 &e=s and ot:er anti-fascists?
T:us t:e decisi>e interc:an9e re<roduced abo>e1 ta;in9 <lace entirel3 =it:in t:e orbit of
t:e Harri8anO!us: fir81 8a3 eE<lain so8et:in9 of t:e relations:i< of Geor9e !us: to
A8erican &e=is: and Jionist leaders? So8e of t:e81 in close coo<eration =it: :is fa8il31
<la3ed an u9l3 <art in t:e dra8a of NaAiis8? Is t:is =:3 F <rofessional NaAi-:unters 77 :a>e
ne>er disco>ered :o= t:e !us: fa8il3 8ade its 8one3D
T:e eEecuti>e board of t:e Ha8bur9 A8eri;a Line 0Ha<a94 8et Bointl3 =it: t:e Nort:
Ger8an Llo3d Co8<an3 board in Ha8bur9 on Se<t? +1 12''? Under official NaAi
su<er>ision1 t:e t=o fir8s =ere 8er9ed? %rescott !us:7s A8erican S:i< and Co88erce
Cor<? installed C:ristian &? !ec;1 a lon9-ti8e Harri8an eEecuti>e1 as 8ana9er of frei9:t
and o<erations in Nort: A8erica for t:e ne= Boint NaAi s:i<<in9 lines 0Ha<a9-Llo3d4 on
No>? )1 12''?
Accordin9 to testi8on3 of officials of t:e co8<anies before Con9ress in 12')1 a su<er>isor
fro8 t:e NaAi Labor ront rode =it: e>er3 s:i< of t:e Harri8an-!us: lineC e8<lo3ees of
t:e Ne= (or; offices =ere directl3 or9aniAed into t:e NaAi Labor ront or9aniAationC
Ha8bur9-A8eri;a <ro>ided free <assa9e to indi>iduals 9oin9 abroad for NaAi <ro<a9anda
<ur<osesC and t:e line subsidiAed <ro-NaAi ne=s<a<ers in t:e U?S?A?1 as it :ad done in
Ger8an3 a9ainst t:e constitutional Ger8an 9o>ern8ent?
In 8id-12'-1 %rescott !us:7s A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<? cabled M?M? *arbur91
as;in9 *arbur9 to re<resent t:e co8<an37s :ea>3 s:are interest at t:e fort:co8in9
Ha8bur9-A8eri;a stoc;:olders 8eetin9? T:e *arbur9 office re<lied =it: t:e infor8ation
t:at F =e re<resented 3ou 77 at t:e stoc;:olders 8eetin9 and F eEercised on 3our be:alf 3our
>otin9 <o=er for R8 G9old 8ar;sH '1+521-55 Ha<a9 stoc; de<osited =it: us? 77
T:e *arbur9s trans8itted a letter recei>ed fro8 E8il Helfferic:1 Ger8an c:ief eEecuti>e
of bot: Ha<a9-Llo3d and of t:e Standard Oil subsidiar3 in NaAi Ger8an3" F It is t:e
intention to continue t:e relations =it: Mr? Harri8an on t:e sa8e basis as :eretofore???? 77 In
a colorful 9esture1 Ha<a97s NaAi c:air8an Helfferic: sent t:e line7s <resident across t:e
Atlantic on a Je<<elin to confer =it: t:eir Ne= (or; strin9-<ullers?
After t:e 8eetin9 =it: t:e Je<<elin <assen9er1 t:e Harri8an-!us: office re<lied" F I a8
9lad to learn t:at Mr? Hellferic: GsicH :as stated t:at relations bet=een t:e Ha8bur9
A8erican Line and oursel>es =ill be continued on t:e sa8e basis as :eretofore?
77
T=o 8ont:s before 8o>in9 a9ainst %rescott !us:7s Union !an;in9 Cor<oration1 t:e U? S?
9o>ern8ent ordered t:e seiAure of all <ro<ert3 of t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line and Nort:
Ger8an Llo3d1 under t:e Tradin9 =it: t:e Ene83 Act? T:e in>esti9ators noted in t:e <re-
seiAure re<ort t:at C:ristian &? !ec; =as still actin9 as an attorne3 re<resentin9 t:e NaAi
fir8?
In Ma3 12''1 Bust after t:e Hitler re9i8e =as consolidated1 an a9ree8ent =as reac:ed in
!erlin for t:e coordination of all NaAi co88erce =it: t:e U?S?A? T:e Harri8an
International Co?1 led b3 A>erell Harri8an7s first cousin Oli>er1 =as to :ead a s3ndicate of
1+5 fir8s and indi>iduals1 to conduct all eE<orts fro8 Hitler Ger8an3 to t:e United States?
T:is <act :ad been ne9otiated in !erlin bet=een Hitler7s econo8ics 8inister1 HBal8ar
Sc:ac:t1 and &o:n oster ,ulles1 international attorne3 for doAens of NaAi enter<rises1 =it:
t:e counsel of MaE *arbur9 and #urt >on Sc:roeder?
&o:n oster ,ulles =ould later be U?S? Secretar3 of State1 and t:e 9reat <o=er in t:e
Re<ublican %art3 of t:e 12+5s? oster7s friends:i< and t:at of :is brot:er Allen 0:ead of t:e
Central Intelli9ence A9enc341 9reatl3 aided %rescott !us: to beco8e t:e Re<ublican U?S?
Senator fro8 Connecticut? And it =as to be of inesti8able >alue to Geor9e !us:1 in :is
ascent to t:e :ei9:ts of F co>ert action 9o>ern8ent1 77 t:at bot: of t:ese ,ulles brot:ers
=ere t:e la=3ers for t:e !us: fa8il37s far-flun9 enter<rise?
T:rou9:out t:e 12'5s1 &o:n oster ,ulles arran9ed debt restructurin9 for Ger8an fir8s
under a series of decrees issued b3 Adolf Hitler? In t:ese deals1 ,ulles struc; a balance
bet=een t:e interest o=ed to selected1 lar9er in>estors1 and t:e needs of t:e 9ro=in9 NaAi
=ar-8a;in9 a<<aratus for <roducin9 tan;s1 <oison 9as1 etc?
,ulles =rote to %rescott !us: in 12'. concernin9 one suc: arran9e8ent? T:e Ger8an-
Atlantic Cable Co8<an31 o=nin9 NaAi Ger8an37s onl3 tele9ra<: c:annel to t:e United
States1 :ad 8ade debt and 8ana9e8ent a9ree8ents =it: t:e *al;er-Harri8an ban; durin9
t:e 12$5s? A ne= decree =ould no= >oid t:ose a9ree8ents1 =:ic: :ad ori9inall3 been
reac:ed =it: non-NaAi cor<orate officials? ,ulles as;ed !us:1 =:o 8ana9ed t:ese affairs
for A>erell Harri8an1 to 9et A>erell7s si9nature on a letter to NaAi officials1 a9reein9 to t:e
c:an9es? ,ulles =rote"
Se<t? $$1 12'.
Mr? %rescott S? !us:
+2 *all Street1 Ne= (or;1 N?(? ,ear %ress1 I :a>e loo;ed o>er t:e letter of t:e Ger8an-
A8erican GsicH Cable Co8<an3 to A>erell Harri8an???? It =ould a<<ear t:at t:e onl3 ri9:ts
in t:e 8atter are t:ose =:ic: inure in t:e ban;ers and t:at no le9al e8barrass8ent =ould
result1 so far as t:e bond:olders are concerned1 b3 3our ac@uiescence in t:e 8odification of
t:e ban;ers7 a9ree8ent?
Sincerel3 3ours1 &o:n oster ,ulles ,ulles enclosed a <ro<osed draft re<l31 !us: 9ot
Harri8an7s si9nature1 and t:e c:an9es =ent t:rou9:? In conBunction =it: t:ese
arran9e8ents1 t:e Ger8an Atlantic Cable Co8<an3 atte8<ted to sto< <a38ent on its debts
to s8aller A8erican bond:olders? T:e 8one3 =as to be used instead for ar8in9 t:e NaAi
state1 under a decree of t:e Hitler 9o>ern8ent?
,es<ite t:e bus3 efforts of !us: and ,ulles1 a Ne= (or; court decided t:at t:is <articular
Hitler F la= 77 =as in>alid in t:e United StatesC s8all bond:olders1 not <arties to deals
bet=een t:e ban;ers and t:e NaAis1 =ere entitled to 9et <aid?
In t:is and a fe= ot:er of t:e atte8<ted s=indles1 t:e intended >icti8s ca8e out =it: t:eir
8one3? !ut t:e NaAi financial and <olitical reor9aniAation =ent a:ead to its tra9ic cli8aE?
or :is <art in t:e Hitler re>olution1 %rescott !us: =as <aid a fortune? T:is is t:e le9ac3 :e
left to :is son1 %resident Geor9e !us:?
An I8<ortant Historical Note"
Ho= t:e Harri8ans Hired Hitler
It =as not ine>itable t:at 8illions =ould be slau9:tered under fascis8 and in *orld *ar II?
At certain 8o8ents of crisis1 crucial <ro-NaAi decisions =ere 8ade outside of Ger8an3?
T:ese decisions for <ro-NaAi actions =ere 8ore a99ressi>e t:an t:e 8ere F a<<ease8ent 77
=:ic: An9lo-A8erican :istorians later <referred to discuss?
%ri>ate ar8ies of '551555 to )551555 terrorists aided t:e NaAis7 rise to <o=er? *?A?
Harri8an7s Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line inter>ened a9ainst Ger8an37s 12'$ atte8<t to brea;
t:e8 u<?
T:e 12$2-'1 econo8ic colla<se ban;ru<ted t:e *all-Street-bac;ed Ger8an Steel Trust?
*:en t:e Ger8an 9o>ern8ent too; o>er t:e Trust7s stoc; s:ares1 interests associated =it:
#onrad Adenauer and t:e anti-NaAi Cat:olic Center %art3 atte8<ted to ac@uire t:e s:ares?
!ut t:e An9lo-A8ericans--Monta9u Nor8an1 and t:e Harri8an-!us: ban;-- 8ade sure
t:at t:eir NaAi <u<<et ritA T:3ssen re9ained control o>er t:e s:ares and t:e Trust?
T:3ssen7s ban;rollin9 of Hitler could t:en continue un:indered?
Un<a3able debts crus:ed Ger8an3 in t:e 12$5s1 re<arations re@uired b3 t:e 6ersailles
a9ree8ents? Ger8an3 =as looted b3 t:e London-Ne= (or; ban;in9 s3ste81 and Hitler7s
<ro<a9anda eE<loited t:is Ger8an debt burden?
!ut i88ediatel3 after Ger8an3 ca8e under Hitler7s dictators:i<1 t:e An9lo-A8erican
financiers 9ranted debt relief1 =:ic: freed funds to be used for ar8in9 t:e NaAi state?
T:e Nort: Ger8an Llo3d stea8s:i< line1 =:ic: =as 8er9ed =it: Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line1
=as one of t:e co8<anies =:ic: sto<<ed debt <a38ents under a Hitler decree arran9ed b3
&o:n oster ,ulles and HBal8ar Sc:ac:t?
#u:n Loeb and Co?7s eliE *arbur9 carried out t:e Hitler finance <lan in Ne= (or;? #u:n
Loeb as;ed Nort: Ger8an Llo3d bond:olders to acce<t ne= lo=er interest stea8s:i<
bonds1 issued b3 #u:n Loeb1 in <lace of t:e better <re-Hitler bonds?
T:e O<<osition
Ne= (or; attorne3 &acob C:ait;in1 fat:er of coaut:or Anton C:ait;in1 too; t:e cases of
8an3 different bond:olders =:o reBected t:e s=indle b3 Harri8an1 !us:1 *arbur91 and
Hitler? Re<resentin9 a =o8en =:o =as o=ed I'5 on an old stea8s:i< bond--and o<<osin9
&o:n oster ,ulles in Ne= (or; 8unici<al court--C:ait;in t:reatened a =rit fro8 t:e
s:eriff1 t3in9 u< t:e '51555 ton transatlantic liner Euro<a until t:e client recei>ed :er I'5?
0Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &anuar3 151 12')1 <? '1 col? '4?
T:e A8erican &e=is: Con9ress :ired &acob C:ait;in as t:e le9al director of t:e bo3cott
a9ainst NaAi Ger8an3? T:e A8erican ederation of Labor coo<erated =it: &e=is: and
ot:er 9rou<s in t:e anti-i8<ort bo3cott? On t:e ot:er side1 >irtuall3 all t:e NaAi trade =it:
t:e United States =as under t:e su<er>ision of t:e Harri8an interests and functionaries
suc: as %rescott !us:1 fat:er of %resident Geor9e !us:?
Mean=:ile1 t:e *arbur9s de8anded t:at A8erican &e=s not F a9itate 77 a9ainst t:e Hitler
9o>ern8ent1 or Boin t:e or9aniAed bo3cott? T:e *arbur9s7 decision =as carried out b3 t:e
A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee and t:e !7nai !7rit:1 =:o o<<osed t:e bo3cott as t:e NaAi
8ilitar3 state 9re= increasin9l3 <o=erful?
T:e :istorical co>eru< on t:ese e>ents is so ti9:t t:at >irtuall3 t:e onl3 eE<ose@aa of t:e
*arbur9s ca8e in Bournalist &o:n L? S<i>a;7s F *all Street7s ascist Cons<irac31 77 in t:e
<ro-co88unist Ne= Masses <eriodical 0&an? $2 and eb? +1 12')4? S<i>a; <ointed out t:at
t:e *arbur9s controlled t:e A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee1 =:ic: o<<osed t:e anti- NaAi
bo3cott1 =:ile t:eir #u:n Loeb and Co? :ad under=ritten NaAi s:i<<in9C and :e eE<osed
t:e financin9 of <ro-fascist <olitical acti>ities b3 t:e *arbur9s and t:eir <artners and allies1
8an3 of =:o8 =ere bi9=i9s in t:e A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee and !7nai !7rit:?
Gi>en =:ere t:e S<i>a; <iece a<<eared1 it is not sur<risin9 t:at S<i>a; called *arbur9 an
all3 of t:e Mor9an !an;1 but 8ade no 8ention of A>erell Harri8an? Mr? Harri8an1 after
all1 =as a <er8anent :ero of t:e So>iet Union?
&o:n L? S<i>a; later under=ent a curious transfor8ation1 :i8self Boinin9 t:e co>eru<? In
12-.1 :e =rote an autobio9ra<:3 0A Man in His Ti8e1 Ne= (or;" HoriAon %ress41 =:ic:
<raises t:e A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee? T:e <ro-fascis8 of t:e *arbur9s does not a<<ear
in t:e boo;? T:e for8er F rebel 77 S<i>a; also <raises t:e action ar8 of t:e !7nai !7rit:1 t:e
Anti-,efa8ation Lea9ue? %at:eticall31 :e co88ents fa>orabl3 t:at t:e Lea9ue :as s<3 files
on t:e A8erican <o<ulace =:ic: it s:ares =it: 9o>ern8ent a9encies?
T:us is :istor3 erasedC and t:ose decisions1 =:ic: direct :istor3 into one course or anot:er1
are lost to t:e ;no=led9e of t:e current 9eneration?
NOTES"
1? Office of Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 6estin9 Order No? $)/? T:e order =as si9ned b3 Leo T? Cro=le31
Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 eEecuted October $51 12)$C ?R? ,oc? )$-11+-/C iled1 No>e8ber -1 12)$1
11"'1 A?M?C . ed? Re9? 252. 0No>? .1 12)$4? See also t:e Ne= (or; Cit3 ,irector3 of ,irectors 0a>ailable
at t:e Librar3 of Con9ress4? T:e >olu8es for t:e 12'5s and 12)5s list %rescott !us: as a director of Union
!an;in9 Cor<oration for t:e 3ears 12') t:rou9: 12)'?
$? Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian 6estin9 Order No? $+2" Sea8less Steel E@ui<8ent Cor<orationC 6estin9 Order
No? $-1" Holland-A8erican Tradin9 Cor<?
'? Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian 6estin9 Order No? '.5" Silesian-A8erican Cor<?
)? T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es on ,ece8ber 1-1 12))1 ran a fi>e-<ara9ra<: <a9e $+ article on actions of t:e Ne=
(or; State !an;in9 ,e<art8ent? Onl3 t:e last sentence refers to t:e NaAi ban;1 as follo=s" F T:e Union
!an;in9 Cor<oration1 '2 !road=a31 Ne= (or;1 :as recei>ed aut:orit3 to c:an9e its <rinci<al <lace of
business to 1$5 !road=a3? 77
T:e Ti8es o8itted t:e fact t:at t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<oration :ad been seiAed b3 t:e 9o>ern8ent for
tradin9 =it: t:e ene831 and e>en t:e fact t:at 1$5 !road=a3 =as t:e address of t:e 9o>ern8ent7s Alien
%ro<ert3 Custodian?
+? ritA T:3ssen1 I %aid Hitler1 12)11 re<rinted in 0%ort *as:in9ton1 N?(?" #enni;at %ress1 12.$41 <? 1''?
T:3ssen sa3s :is contributions be9an =it: 1551555 8ar;s 9i>en in October 12$'1 for Hitler7s atte8<ted F
<utsc: 77 a9ainst t:e constitutional 9o>ern8ent?
-? Confidential 8e8orandu8 fro8 U?S? e8bass31 !erlin1 to t:e U?S? Secretar3 of State1 A<ril $51 12'$1 on
8icrofil8 in Confidential Re<orts of U?S? State ,e<t?1 12'5s1 Ger8an31 at 8aBor U?S? libraries?
.? Oct? +1 12)$1 Me8orandu8 to t:e EEecuti>e Co88ittee of t:e Office of Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1
sta8<ed CONI,ENTIAL1 fro8 t:e ,i>ision of In>esti9ation and Researc:1 Ho8er &ones1 C:ief? No=
declassified in United States National Arc:i>es1 Suitland1 Mar3land anneE? See Record Grou< 1'11 Alien
%ro<ert3 Custodian1 in>esti9ati>e re<orts1 in file boE relatin9 to 6estin9 Order No? $)/?
/? Eli8ination of Ger8an Resources for *ar" Hearin9s !efore a Subco88ittee of t:e Co88ittee on
Militar3 Affairs1 United States Senate1 Se>ent3-Nint: Con9ressC %art +1 Testi8on3 of Gt:e United StatesH
Treasur3 ,e<art8ent1 &ul3 $1 12)+? %? +5." Table of 6ereini9te Sta:l=er;e out<ut1 fi9ures are <ercent of
Ger8an total as of 12'/C T:3ssen or9aniAation includin9 Union !an;in9 Cor<oration <<? .$.-'1?
2? Robert Sobel1 T:e Life and Ti8es of ,illon Read 0Ne= (or;" ,utton-%en9uin1 122141 <<? 2$-111? T:e
,illon Read fir8 coo<erated in t:e de>elo<8ent of Sobel7s boo;?
15? Geor9e *al;er to A>erell Harri8an1 Au9? 111 12$.1 in t:e *? A>erell Harri8an <a<ers at t:e Librar3
of Con9ress 0desi9nated :ereafter *AH <a<ers4?
11? F Iaccarino 77 to G? H? *al;er1 RCA Radio9ra8 Se<t? 1$1 12$.? T:e s<ecific nature of t:eir business
=it: Mussolini is not eE<lained in corres<ondence a>ailable for <ublic access?
1$? Andre= !o3le1 Monta9u Nor8an 0London" Cassell1 12-.4?
Sir Henr3 Cla31 Lord Nor8an 0London1 MacMillan N Co?1 12+.41 <<? 1/1 +.1 .5-.1?
&o:n A? #ou=en:ou>en1 %artners in !an;in9 ??? !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an 0Garden Cit3" ,oubleda3 N
Co?1 12-24?
1'? Coordination of 8uc: of t:e Hitler <roBect too; <lace at a sin9le Ne= (or; address? T:e Union
!an;in9 Cor<oration :ad been set u< b3 Geor9e *al;er at '2 !road=a3? Mana9e8ent of t:e Ha8bur9-
A8eri;a Line1 carried out t:rou9: Harri8an7s A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<?1 =as also set u< b3
Geor9e *al;er at '2 !road=a3?
1)? Interro9ation of ritA T:3ssen1 EOMeO1 of Se<t? )1 12)+ in U?S? Control Council records1 <:otostat on
<a9e 1-. in Ant:on3 Sutton1 An Introduction to T:e Order 0!illin9s1 Mt?" Libert3 House %ress1 12/-4?
1+? NaAi Cons<irac3 and A99ression--Su<<le8ent !1 b3 t:e Office of United States C:ief of Counsel for
%rosecution of AEis Cri8inalit31 United States Go>ern8ent %rintin9 Office1 0*as:in9ton" 12)/41 <<? 1+2.1
1-/-?
1-? F Consolidated Silesian Steel Cor<oration - G8inutes of t:eH Meetin9 of !oard of ,irectors1 77 Oct? '11
12'5 0Harri8an <a<ers1 Librar3 of Con9ress41 s:o=s A>erell Harri8an as C:air8an of t:e !oard?
%rescott !us: to *?A? Harri8an1 Me8orandu8 ,ec? 121 12'5 on t:eir Harri8an ifteen Cor<?
Annual Re<ort of United #oni9s and Laura Steel and Iron *or;s for t:e 3ear 12'5 0Harri8an <a<ers1
Librar3 of Con9ress4 lists F ,r? riedric: lic; ??? !erlin 77 and F *illia8 A>erell Harri8an ??? Ne= (or; 77
on t:e !oard of ,irectors?
F Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration Securities %osition ebruar3 $/1 12'11 77 Harri8an <a<ers1 Librar3 of
Con9ress? T:is re<ort s:o=s Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration :oldin9 '$1+.- s:ares in Silesian Holdin9 Co?
6?T?C? =ort: 0in scarce de<ression dollars4 I11-$/1/551 Bust o>er :alf t:e >alue of t:e Harri8an ifteen
Cor<oration7s total :oldin9s?
T:e Ne= (or; Cit3 ,irector3 of ,irectors >olu8es for t:e 12'5s 0a>ailable at t:e Librar3 of Con9ress4
s:o= %rescott S:eldon !us: and *? A>erell Harri8an as t:e directors of Harri8an ifteen Cor<?
F A<<oint8ents1 77 0t:ree t3<ed <a9es4 8ar;ed F Noted Ma3 1/ 12'1 *?A?H?1 77 0a8on9 t:e <a<ers fro8
%rescott !us:7s Ne= (or; Office of !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1 Harri8an <a<ers1 Librar3 of Con9ress41
lists a 8eetin9 bet=een A>erell Harri8an and riedric: lic; in !erlin at )"55 %?M?1 *ednesda3 A<ril $$1
12'1? T:is =as follo=ed i88ediatel3 b3 a 8eetin9 =it: *il:el8 Cuno1 c:ief eEecuti>e of t:e Ha8bur9-
A8eri;a Line?
T:e F Re<ort To t:e Stoc;:olders of t:e Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration1 77 Oct? 121 12'' 0in t:e Harri8an
<a<ers1 Librar3 of Con9ress4 na8es G?H? *al;er as <resident of t:e cor<oration? It s:o=s t:e Harri8an
ifteen Cor<oration7s address as 1 *all Street--t:e location of G?H? *al;er and Co?
1.? NaAi Cons<irac3 and A99ression--Su<<le8ent !1 o<? cit?1 <? 1-/-?
1/? &i8 la:ert3 0a !!H 8ana9er1 %rescott !us:7s e8<lo3ee41 Marc: 121 12') to *?A? Harri8an?
F ,ear A>erell"
In Roland7s absence %resGcottH t:ou9:t it ad>isable for 8e to let 3ou ;no= t:at =e recei>ed t:e follo=in9 cable fro8 Gour
Euro<ean re<resentati>eH Rossi dated Marc: 1.t: Grelatin9 to conflict =it: t:e %olis: 9o>ern8entH????77
12? Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration notice to stoc;:olders &an? .1 12'+1 under t:e na8e of Geor9e *al;er1
%resident?
$5? Order No? '.5" Silesian-A8erican Cor<? EEecuted No>? 1.1 12)$? Si9ned b3 Leo T? Cro=le31 Alien
%ro<ert3 Custodian? ?R? ,oc? )$-1)1/'C iled ,ec? '11 12)$1 11"$/ A?M?C / ed? Re9? '' 0&an? 11 12)'4?
T:e order confiscated t:e NaAis7 :oldin9s of 2/1555 s:ares of co88on and +51555 s:ares of <referred stoc;
in Silesian-A8erican?
T:e NaAi <arent co8<an3 in !reslau1 Ger8an3 =rote directl3 to A>erell Harri8an at +2 *all St? on Au9?
+1 12)51 =it: F an in>itation to ta;e <art in t:e re9ular 8eetin9 of t:e 8e8bers of t:e
!er9=er;s9esellscG:Haft Geor9 >on Giesc:e7s Erben???? 77 *AH <a<ers?
$1? Se<t? $+1 12)$1 Me8orandu8 To t:e EEecuti>e Co88ittee of t:e Office of Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1
sta8<ed CONI,ENTIAL1 fro8 t:e ,i>ision of In>esti9ation and Researc:1 Ho8er &ones1 C:ief? No=
declassified in United States National Arc:i>es1 Suitland1 Mar3land anneE? See Record Grou< 1'11 Alien
%ro<ert3 Custodian1 in>esti9ati>e re<orts1 in file boE relatin9 to 6estin9 Order No? '.5?
$$? Geor9e *al;er =as a director of A8erican S:i< and Co88erce fro8 its or9aniAation t:rou9: 12$/?
Consult Ne= (or; Cit3 ,irector3 of ,irectors?
F Harri8an ifteen Cor<oration Securities %osition ebruar3 $/1 12'11 77 o<? cit? T:e re<ort lists )-1/-1
s:ares in t:e A8erican S:i< N Co88erce Cor<?
See F Messa9e fro8 Mr? !ullfin1 77 Au9? '51 12') 0Harri8an ifteen section1 Harri8an <a<ers1 Librar3 of
Con9ress4 for t:e Boint su<er>ision of !us: and *al;er1 res<ecti>el3 director and <resident of t:e
cor<oration?
$'? Cuno =as later eE<osed b3 *alter un;1 T:ird Reic: %ress C:ief and Under Secretar3 of %ro<a9anda1
in un;7s <ost=ar Bail cell at Nure8ber9C but Cuno :ad died Bust as Hitler =as ta;in9 <o=er? *illia8 L?
S:irer1 T:e Rise and all of t:e T:ird Reic: 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12-541 <? 1))? NaAi
Cons<irac3 and A99ression--Su<<le8ent !1 o<? cit?1 <? 1-//?
$)? See F Eli8ination of Ger8an Resources for *ar1 77 o<? cit?1 <<? //1-/$ on 6oe9ler?
See Annual Re<ort of t:e 0Ha8bur9-A8eri;anisc:e-%ac;etfa:rt-A;tien-Gesellsc:aft 0Ha<a9 or Ha8bur9-
A8eri;a Line41 Marc: 12'11 for t:e board of directors? A co<3 is in t:e Ne= (or; %ublic Librar3 AnneE at
11t: A>enue1 Man:attan?
$+? NaAi Cons<irac3 and A99ression--Su<<le8ent !1 o<? cit?1 <<? 11./1 1)+'-+)1 1+2.1 1+22?
See F Eli8ination of Ger8an Resources for *ar1 77 o<? cit?1 <<? /.5-.$ on Sc:roederC <? .'5 on
Groenin9er?
$-? Annual Re<ort of Ha8bur9-A8eri;a1 o<? cit?
!aron Rudol<: Sc:roeder1 Sr? to A>erell Harri8an1 No>? 1)1 12'$? #Gni9:tH *Goole3H :and=ritten note
and draft re<l3 letter1 ,ec? 21 12'$?
In :is letter1 !aron Rudol<: refers to t:e fa8il37s A8erican affiliate1 &? Henr3 Sc:roder Gna8e an9liciAedH1
of =:ic: Allen ,ulles =as a director1 and :is brot:er &o:n oster ,ulles =as t:e <rinci<al attorne3?
!aron !runo Sc:roder of t:e !ritis: branc: =as ad>iser to !an; of En9land Go>ernor Monta9u Nor8an1
and !aron !runo7s <artner ran; C3ril Tiar;s =as Nor8an7s co-director of t:e !an; of En9land t:rou9:out
Nor8an7s career? #urt >on Sc:roeder =as HBal8ar Sc:ac:t7s dele9ate to t:e !an; for International
Settle8ents in Gene>a1 =:ere 8an3 of t:e financial arran9e8ents for t:e NaAi re9i8e =ere 8ade b3
Monta9u Nor8an1 Sc:ac:t and t:e Sc:roeders for se>eral 3ears of t:e Hitler re9i8e ri9:t u< to t:e
outbrea; of *orld *ar II?
$.? Confidential 8e8orandu8 fro8 U?S? e8bass31 !erlin1 o<? cit?
$/? U?S? Senate F N3e Co88ittee 77 :earin9s1 Se<t? 1)1 12')1 <<? 112.-2/1 eEtracts fro8 letters of Col?
*illia8 N? Ta3lor1 dated &une $.1 12'$ and &an? 21 12''?
$2? A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<oration to ,r? MaE *arbur91 Marc: .1 12''?
MaE *arbur9 :ad bro;ered t:e sale of Ha8bur9-A8eri;a to Harri8an and *al;er in 12$5? MaE7s brot:ers
controlled t:e #u:n Loeb in>est8ent ban;in9 :ouse in Ne= (or;1 t:e fir8 =:ic: :ad sta;ed old E?H?
Harri8an to :is 1/25s bu3out of t:e 9iant Union %acific Railroad?
MaE *arbur9 :ad lon9 =or;ed =it: Lord Milner and ot:ers of t:e racialist !ritis: Round Table
concernin9 Boint <roBects in Africa and Eastern Euro<e? He =as an ad>isor to HBal8ar Sc:ac:t for se>eral
decades and =as a to< eEecuti>e of Hitler7s Reic:sban;? T:e reader 8a3 consult ,a>id arrer1 T:e
*arbur9s" T:e Stor3 of A a8il3 0Ne= (or;" Stein and ,a31 12.+4?
'5? MaE *arbur91 at M?M? *arbur9 and Co?1 Ha8bur91 to A>erill GsicH Harri8an1 cOo Messrs? !ro=n
!rot:ers Harri8an N Co?1 +2 *all Street1 Ne= (or;1 N?(?1 Marc: $.1 12''?
'1? T:is corres<ondence1 and t:e Boint state8ent of t:e &e=is: or9aniAations1 are re<roduced in Mos:e R?
Gottlieb1 A8erican Anti-NaAi Resistance1 12''-)1" An Historical Anal3sis 0Ne= (or;" #ta> %ublis:in9
House1 12/$4?
'$? In>esti9ation of NaAi %ro<a9anda Acti>ities and In>esti9ation of Certain Ot:er %ro<a9anda Acti>ities"
%ublic Hearin9s before A Subco88ittee of t:e S<ecial Co88ittee on Un-A8erican Acti>ities1 United
States House of Re<resentati>es1 Se>ent3 T:ird Con9ress1 Ne= (or; Cit31 &ul3 2-1$1 12')--Hearin9s No?
.'-N(-. 0*as:in9ton" U?S? Go>t? %rintin9 Office1 12')4? See testi8on3 of Ca<t? rederic; C? Mensin91
&o:n Sc:roeder1 %aul >on Lilienfeld-Toal1 and su88aries b3 Co88ittee 8e8bers?
See Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 1-1 12''1 <? 1$1 for or9aniAin9 of NaAi Labor ront at Nort: Ger8an Llo3d1
leadin9 to Ha8bur9-A8eri;a after 8er9er?
''? A8erican S:i< and Co88erce Cor<oration tele9ra8 to Rudol<: !rinc;8ann at M?M? *arbur91 &une
1$1 12'-?
Rudol<: !rinc;8ann to A>erell Harri8an at +2 *all St?1 &une $51 12'-1 =it: enclosed note trans8ittin9
Helfferic:7s letter?
Re<l3 to ,r? Rudol<: !rinc;8ann cOo M?M? *arbur9 and Co1 &ul3 -1 12'-1 in t:e Harri8an <a<ers at t:e
Librar3 of Con9ress? T:e file co<3 of t:is letter carries no si9nature1 but is <resu8abl3 fro8 A>erell
Harri8an?
')? Office of Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 6estin9 Order No? 1$-? Si9ned b3 Leo T? Cro=le31 Alien %ro<ert3
Custodian1 eEecuted Au9ust $/1 12)$? ?R? ,oc? )$-/..)C iled Se<te8ber )1 12)$1 15"++ A?M?C . ?R?
.5-1 0No? 1.-1 Se<t? +1 12)$?4 &ul3 1/1 12)$1 Me8orandu8 To t:e EEecuti>e Co88ittee of t:e Office of
Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 sta8<ed CONI,ENTIAL1 fro8 t:e ,i>ision of In>esti9ation and Researc:1
Ho8er &ones1 C:ief? No= declassified in United States National Arc:i>es1 Suitland1 Mar3land anneE?
See Record Grou< 1'11 Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian1 in>esti9ati>e re<orts1 in file boE relatin9 to 6estin9
Order No? 1$-?
'+? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 $51 12''? Leadin9 u< to t:is a9ree8ent is a tele9ra8 =:ic: so8e:o= esca<ed
t:e s:redder and 8a3 be seen in t:e Harri8an <a<ers in t:e Librar3 of Con9ress? It is addressed to NaAi
official HBal8ar Sc:ac:t at t:e Ma3flo=er Hotel1 *as:in9ton1 dated Ma3 111 12''" F Muc: disa<<ointed
to :a>e 8issed seein9 3ou Tuesda3 afternoon???? I :o<e to see 3ou eit:er in *as:in9ton or Ne= (or;
before 3ou sail?
=it: 83 re9ards *?A? Harri8an 77
'-? ,ulles to !us: letter and draft re<l3 in *AH <a<ers?
'.? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &an? 121 12'/?
C:a<ter -III- Race H39iene" T:ree !us: a8il3
Alliances
FT:e G9o>ern8entH 8ust <ut t:e 8ost 8odern 8edical 8eans in t:e ser>ice of t:is ;no=led9e????
T:ose =:o are <:3sicall3 and 8entall3 un:ealt:3 and un=ort:3 8ust not <er<etuate t:eir
sufferin9 in t:e bod3 of t:eir c:ildren???? T:e <re>ention of t:e facult3 and o<<ortunit3 to <rocreate
on t:e <art of t:e <:3sicall3 de9enerate and 8entall3 sic;1 o>er a <eriod of onl3 -55 3ears1 =ould
??? free :u8anit3 fro8 an i88easurable 8isfortune?77
FT:e <er ca<ita inco8e 9a< bet=een t:e de>elo<ed and t:e de>elo<in9 countries is increasin91 in
lar9e <art t:e result of :i9:er birt: rates in t:e <oorer countries???? a8ine in India1 un=anted
babies in t:e United States1 <o>ert3 t:at see8ed to for8 an unbrea;able c:ain for 8illions of
<eo<le--:o= s:ould =e tac;le t:ese <roble8sD???? It is @uite clear t:at one of t:e 8aBor c:allen9es
of t:e 12.5s ??? =ill be to curb t:e =orld7s fertilit3?77
T:ese t=o @uotations are ali;e in t:eir 8oc; s:o= of concern for :u8an sufferin91 and in
t:eir c3nical re8ed3 for it" !i9 !rot:er 8ust <re>ent t:e F un=ort:3 77 or F un=anted 77
<eo<le fro8 li>in9?
Let us no= furt:er in@uire into t:e fa8il3 bac;9round of our %resident1 so as to :el<
illustrate :o= t:e second @uoted aut:or1 Geor9e !us: ca8e to s:are t:e outloo; of t:e first1
Adolf Hitler?
*e s:all eEa8ine :ere t:e alliance of t:e !us: fa8il3 =it: t:ree ot:er fa8ilies" aris:1
,ra<er and Gra3?
T:e <ri>ate associations a8on9 t:ese fa8ilies :a>e led to t:e %resident7s relations:i< to :is
closest1 8ost confidential ad>isers? T:ese alliances =ere for9ed in t:e earlier Hitler <roBect
and its i88ediate after8at:? Understandin9 t:e8 =ill :el< us to eE<lain Geor9e !us:7s
obsession =it: t:e su<<osed o>er<o<ulation of t:e =orld7s non-An9lo-SaEons1 and t:e
dan9erous 8eans :e :as ado<ted to deal =it: t:is F <roble8? 77
!us: and aris:
*:en Geor9e !us: =as elected 6ice %resident in 12/51 TeEas 83ster3 8an *illia8 0F *ill
774 Sta8<s aris: III too; o>er 8ana9e8ent of all of Geor9e !us:7s <ersonal =ealt: in a F
blind trust? 77 #no=n as one of t:e ric:est 8en in TeEas1 *ill aris: ;ee<s :is business
affairs under t:e 8ost intense secrec3? Onl3 t:e source of :is i88ense =ealt: is ;no=n1 not
its e8<lo38ent?
*ill aris: :as lon9 been !us:7s closest friend and confidante? He is also t:e uni@ue <ri>ate
:ost to !ritain7s Lueen EliAabet: II" aris: o=ns and boards t:e studs =:ic: 8ate =it: t:e
Lueen7s 8ares? T:at is :er <ublic rationale =:en s:e co8es to A8erica and sta3s in aris:7s
:ouse? It is a >ital lin; in t:e 8ind of our An9lo<:ile %resident?
%resident !us: can count on *ill aris: not to betra3 t:e >iolent secrets surroundin9 t:e
!us: fa8il3 8one3? or aris:7s o=n fa8il3 fortune =as 8ade in t:e sa8e Hitler <roBect1
in a ni9:t8aris: <artners:i< =it: Geor9e !us:7s fat:er?
On Marc: $+1 12)$1 U?S? Assistant Attorne3 General T:ur8an Arnold announced t:at
*illia8 Sta8<s aris: 09randfat:er of t:e %resident7s 8one3 8ana9er4 :ad <led F no
contest 77 to c:ar9es of cri8inal cons<irac3 =it: t:e NaAis? aris: =as t:e <rinci<al 8ana9er
of a =orld=ide cartel bet=een Standard Oil Co? of Ne= &erse3 and t:e I?G? arben concern?
T:e 8er9ed enter<rise :ad o<ened t:e Ausc:=itA sla>e labor ca8< on &une 1)1 12)51 to
<roduce artificial rubber and 9asoline fro8 coal? T:e Hitler 9o>ern8ent su<<lied <olitical
o<<onents and &e=s as t:e sla>es1 =:o =ere =or;ed to near deat: and t:en 8urdered?
Arnold disclosed t:at Standard Oil of N?&? 0later ;no=n as EEEon41 of =:ic: aris: =as
<resident and c:ief eEecuti>e1 :ad a9reed to sto< :idin9 fro8 t:e United States <atents for
artificial rubber =:ic: t:e co8<an3 :ad <ro>ided to t:e NaAis?
A Senate in>esti9atin9 co88ittee under Senator 0later U?S? %resident4 Harr3 Tru8an of
Missouri :ad called Arnold to testif3 at :earin9s on U?S? cor<orations7 collaboration =it:
t:e NaAis? T:e Senators eE<ressed outra9e at t:e c3nical =a3 aris: =as continuin9 an
alliance =it: t:e Hitler re9i8e t:at :ad be9un bac; in 12''1 =:en aris: beca8e c:ief of
&erse3 Standard? ,idn7t :e ;no= t:ere =as a =ar onD
T:e &ustice ,e<art8ent laid before t:e co88ittee a letter1 =ritten to Standard <resident
aris: b3 :is >ice <resident1 s:ortl3 after t:e be9innin9 of *orld *ar II 0Se<t? 11 12'24 in
Euro<e? T:e letter concerned a rene=al of t:eir earlier a9ree8ents =it: t:e NaAis"
Re<ort on Euro<ean Tri<
Oct? 1$1 12'2
Mr? *?S? aris:
'5 Roc;efeller %laAa
,ear Mr? aris:" ??? I sta3ed in rance until Se<t? 1.t:???? In En9land I 8et b3 a<<oint8ent t:e
Ro3al ,utc: GS:ell Oil Co?H 9entle8en fro8 Holland1 and ??? a 9eneral a9ree8ent =as reac:ed on
t:e necessar3 c:an9es in our relations =it: t:e I?G? GarbenH1 in >ie= of t:e state of =ar???? GTH:e
Ro3al ,utc: S:ell 9rou< is essentiall3 !ritis:???? I also :ad se>eral 8eetin9s =it: ??? t:e G!ritis:H
Air Ministr3????
I re@uired :el< to obtain t:e necessar3 <er8ission to 9o to Holland???? After discussions =it: t:e
GA8ericanH A8bassador G&ose<: #enned3H ??? t:e situation =as cleared co8<letel3???? T:e
9entle8en in t:e Air Ministr3 ??? >er3 ;indl3 offered to assist 8e GlaterH in reenterin9 En9land????
%ursuant to t:ese arran9e8ents1 I =as able to ;ee< 83 a<<oint8ents in Holland G:a>in9 flo=n
t:ere on a !ritis: Ro3al Air orce bo8berH1 =:ere I :ad t:ree da3s of discussion =it: t:e
re<resentati>es of I?G? T:e3 deli>ered to 8e assi9n8ents of so8e $1555 forei9n <atents and =e
did our best to =or; out co8<lete <lans for a 8odus >i>endi =:ic: could o<erate t:rou9: t:e
ter8 of t:e =ar1 =:et:er or not t:e U?S? ca8e in???? Ge8<:asis addedH
6er3 trul3 3ours1 Gran;H A? Ho=ard
Here are so8e cold realities be:ind t:e tra9ed3 of *orld *ar II1 =:ic: :el< eE<lain t:e
!us:-aris: fa8il3 alliance--and t:eir <eculiar closeness to t:e Lueen of En9land"
S:ell Oil is <rinci<all3 o=ned b3 t:e !ritis: ro3al fa8il3? S:ell7s c:air8an1 Sir Henri
,eterdin91 :el<ed s<onsor Hitler7s rise to <o=er1 b3 arran9e8ent =it: t:e ro3al fa8il37s
!an; of En9land Go>ernor1 Monta9u Nor8an? T:eir all3 Standard Oil =ould ta;e <art in
t:e Hitler <roBect ri9:t u< to t:e blood31 9rueso8e end?
*:en 9randfat:er aris: si9ned t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent7s consent decree in Marc: 12)$1
t:e 9o>ern8ent :ad alread3 started <ic;in9 its =a3 t:rou9: t:e tan9led =eb of =orld-
8ono<ol3 oil and c:e8ical a9ree8ents bet=een Standard Oil and t:e NaAis? Man3 <atents
and ot:er NaAi-o=ned as<ects of t:e <artners:i< :ad been seiAed b3 t:e U?S?
Alien %ro<ert3 Custodian?
Uncle Sa8 =ould not seiAe %rescott !us:7s Union !an;in9 Cor<oration for anot:er se>en
8ont:s?
T:e !us:-aris: aEis :ad be9un bac; in 12$2? In t:at 3ear t:e Harri8an ban; bou9:t
,resser Industries1 su<<lier of oil-<i<eline cou<lers to Standard and ot:er co8<anies?
%rescott !us: beca8e a director and financial cAar of ,resser1 installin9 :is (ale class8ate
Neil Ma:lon as c:air8an? Geor9e !us: =ould later na8e one of :is sons after t:e ,resser
eEecuti>e?
*illia8 S? aris: =as t:e 8ain or9aniAer of t:e Hu8ble Oil Co? of TeEas1 =:ic: aris:
8er9ed into t:e Standard Oil Co8<an3 of Ne= &erse3? aris: built u< t:e Hu8ble-
Standard e8<ire of <i<elines and refineries in TeEas?
T:e stoc; 8ar;et cras:ed Bust after t:e !us: fa8il3 9ot into t:e oil business? T:e =orld
financial crisis led to t:e 8er9er of t:e *al;er-Harri8an ban; =it: !ro=n !rot:ers in
12'1? or8er !ro=n <artner Monta9u Nor8an and :is <rote@aa9e@aa HBal8ar Sc:ac:t
<aid frantic >isits to Ne= (or; t:at 3ear and t:e neEt1 <re<arin9 t:e ne= Hitler re9i8e for
Ger8an3?
T:e 8ost i8<ortant A8erican <olitical e>ent in t:ose <re<arations for Hitler =as t:e
infa8ous F T:ird International Con9ress on Eu9enics1 77 :eld at Ne= (or;7s A8erican
Museu8 of Natural Histor3 Au9ust $1-$'1 12'$1 su<er>ised b3 t:e International ederation
of Eu9enics Societies? T:is 8eetin9 too; u< t:e stubborn <ersistence of African-A8ericans
and ot:er alle9edl3 F inferior 77 and F sociall3 inade@uate 77 9rou<s in re<roducin91 eE<andin9
t:eir nu8bers1 and a8al9a8atin9 =it: ot:ers? It =as reco88ended t:at t:ese F dan9ers 77 to
t:e F better 77 et:nic 9rou<s and to t:e F =ell- born1 77 could be dealt =it: b3 steriliAation or F
cuttin9 off t:e bad stoc; 77 of t:e F unfit? 77 Ital37s fascist 9o>ern8ent sent an official
re<resentati>e? A>erell Harri8an7s sister Mar31 director of F Entertain8ent 77 for t:e
Con9ress1 li>ed do=n in 6ir9inia foE-:untin9 countr3C :er state su<<lied t:e s<ea;er on F
racial <urit31 77 *?A? %lec;er1 6ir9inia co88issioner of >ital statistics? %lec;er re<ortedl3
:eld t:e dele9ates s<ellbound =it: :is account of t:e stru99le to sto< race-8iEin9 and inter-
racial seE in 6ir9inia?
T:e Con9ress <roceedin9s =ere dedicated to A>erell Harri8an7s 8ot:erC s:e :ad <aid for
t:e foundin9 of t:e race-science 8o>e8ent in A8erica bac; in 12151 buildin9 t:e Eu9enics
Record Office as a branc: of t:e Galton National Laborator3 in London? S:e and ot:er
Harri8ans =ere usuall3 escorted to t:e :orse races b3 old Geor9e Herbert *al;er--t:e3
s:ared =it: t:e !us:es and t:e aris:es a fascination =it: F breedin9 t:orou9:breds 77
a8on9 :orses and :u8ans?
A>erell Harri8an <ersonall3 arran9ed =it: t:e *al;erO!us: Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line to
trans<ort NaAi ideolo9ues fro8 Ger8an3 to Ne= (or; for t:is 8eetin9? T:e 8ost fa8ous
a8on9 t:ose trans<orted =as ,r? Ernst Rudin1 <s3c:iatrist at t:e #aiser *il:el8 Institute
for Genealo93 and ,e8o9ra<:3 in !erlin1 =:ere t:e Roc;efeller fa8il3 <aid for ,r? Rudin
to occu<3 an entire floor =it: :is eu9enics F researc:? 77 ,r? Rudin :ad addressed t:e
International ederation7s 12$/ Munic: 8eetin91 s<ea;in9 on F Mental Aberration and Race
H39iene1 77 =:ile ot:ers 0Ger8ans and A8ericans4 s<o;e on race-8iEin9 and steriliAation of
t:e unfit? Rudin :ad also led t:e Ger8an dele9ation to t:e 12'5 Mental H39iene Con9ress
in *as:in9ton1 ,?C?
At t:e Harri8ans7 12'$ Ne= (or; Eu9enics Con9ress1 Ernst Rudin =as unani8ousl3
elected <resident of t:e International ederation of Eu9enics Societies? T:is =as
reco9nition of Rudin as founder of t:e Ger8an Societ3 for Race H39iene1 =it: :is co-
founder1 Eu9enics ederation >ice <resident Alfred %lotA?
As de<ression-8addened financiers sc:e8ed in !erlin and Ne= (or;1 Rudin =as no=
official leader of t:e =orld eu9enics 8o>e8ent? Co8<onents of :is 8o>e8ent included
9rou<s =it: o>erla<<in9 leaders:i<1 dedicated to"
steriliAation of 8ental <atients 0F 8ental :39iene societies 774C eEecution of t:e insane1
cri8inals and t:e ter8inall3 ill 0F eut:anasia societies 774C and eu9enical race-<urification
b3 <re>ention of birt:s to <arents fro8 F inferior 77 blood stoc;s 0F birt: control societies 774?
!efore t:e Ausc:=itA deat: ca8< beca8e a :ouse:old =ord1 t:ese !ritis:-A8erican-
Euro<ean 9rou<s called o<enl3 for t:e eli8ination of t:e F unfit 77 b3 8eans includin9 force
and >iolence?
Ten 8ont:s later1 in &une 12''1 Hitler7s interior 8inister *il:el8 ric; s<o;e to a eu9enics
8eetin9 in t:e ne= T:ird Reic:? ric; called t:e Ger8ans a F de9enerate 77 race1
denouncin9 one-fift: of Ger8an37s <arents for <roducin9 F feeble-8inded 77 and F defecti>e
77 c:ildren? T:e follo=in9 8ont:1 on a co88ission b3 ric;1 ,r? Ernst Rudin =rote t:e F
La= for t:e %re>ention of Hereditar3 ,iseases in %osterit31 77 t:e steriliAation la= 8odeled
on <re>ious U?S? statutes in 6ir9inia and ot:er states?
S<ecial courts =ere soon establis:ed for t:e steriliAation of Ger8an 8ental <atients1 t:e
blind1 t:e deaf and alco:olics? A @uarter 8illion <eo<le in t:ese cate9ories =ere steriliAed?
Rudin1 %lotA and t:eir collea9ues trained a =:ole 9eneration of <:3sicians and
<s3c:iatrists--as steriliAers and as ;illers?
*:en t:e =ar started1 t:e eu9enicists1 doctors and <s3c:iatrists staffed t:e ne= F T) 77
a9enc31 =:ic: <lanned and su<er>ised t:e 8ass ;illin9s" first at F eut:anasia centers1 77
=:ere t:e sa8e cate9ories =:ic: :ad first been subBect to steriliAation =ere no= to be
8urdered1 t:eir brains sent in lots of $55 to eE<eri8ental <s3c:iatristsC t:en at sla>e ca8<s
suc: as Ausc:=itAC and finall31 for &e=s and ot:er race >icti8s1 at strai9:t eEter8ination
ca8<s in %oland1 suc: as Treblin;a and !elsen?
In 12''1 as =:at Hitler called :is F Ne= Order 77 a<<eared1 &o:n ,? Roc;efeller1 &r?
a<<ointed *illia8 S? aris: t:e c:air8an of Standard Oil Co? of Ne= &erse3 0in 12'. :e
=as 8ade <resident and c:ief eEecuti>e4? aris: 8o>ed :is offices to Roc;efeller Center1
Ne= (or;1 =:ere :e s<ent a 9ood deal of ti8e =it: Her8ann Sc:8itA1 c:air8an of I?G?
arbenC :is co8<an3 <aid a <ublicit3 8an1 I>3 Lee1 to =rite <ro-I?G? arben and <ro-NaAi
<ro<a9anda and 9et it into t:e U?S? <ress?
No= t:at :e =as outside of TeEas1 aris: found :i8self in t:e s:i<<in9 business--li;e t:e
!us: fa8il3? He :ired NaAi Ger8an cre=s for Standard Oil tan;ers? And :e :ired E8il
Helfferic:1 c:air8an of t:e *al;erO!us:OHarri8an Ha8bur9-A8eri;a Line1 as c:air8an
also of t:e Standard Oil Co8<an3 subsidiar3 in Ger8an3? #arl Linde8ann1 board 8e8ber
of Ha8bur9-A8eri;a1 also beca8e a to< aris:-Standard eEecuti>e in Ger8an3?
T:is interloc; bet=een t:eir NaAi Ger8an o<erations <ut aris: to9et:er =it: %rescott
!us: in a s8all1 select 9rou< of 8en o<eratin9 fro8 abroad t:rou9: Hitler7s F re>olution1 77
and calculatin9 t:at t:e3 =ould ne>er be <unis:ed?
In 12'21 aris:7s dau9:ter Mart:a 8arried A>erell Harri8an7s ne<:e=1 Ed=ard Harri8an
Gerr31 and aris: in-la=s beca8e %rescott !us:7s <artners at +2 !road=a3?
!ot: E8il Helfferic: and #arl Linde8ann =ere aut:oriAed to =rite c:ec;s to Heinric:
Hi88ler1 c:ief of t:e NaAi S?S?1 on a s<ecial Standard Oil account? T:is account =as
8ana9ed b3 t:e Ger8an-!ritis:-A8erican ban;er1 #urt >on Sc:roeder? Accordin9 to U?S?
intelli9ence docu8ents re>ie=ed b3 aut:or Ant:on3 Sutton1 E8il Helfferic: continued :is
<a38ents to t:e S?S? into 12))1 =:en t:e S?S? =as su<er>isin9 t:e 8ass 8urder at t:e
Standard-I?G? arben Ausc:=itA and ot:er deat: ca8<s? Helfferic: told Allied interro9ators
after t:e =ar t:at t:ese =ere not :is <ersonal contributions--t:e3 =ere cor<orate Standard
Oil funds? After <leadin9 F no contest 77 to c:ar9es of cri8inal cons<irac3 =it: t:e NaAis1
*illia8 Sta8<s aris: =as fined I+1555? 0Si8ilar fines =ere le>ied a9ainst Standard Oil--
I+1555 eac: for t:e <arent co8<an3 and for se>eral subsidiaries?4 T:is of course did not
interfere =it: t:e 8illions of dollars t:at aris: :ad ac@uired in conBunction =it: Hitler7s
Ne= Order1 as a lar9e stoc;:older1 c:air8an and <resident of Standard Oil? All t:e
9o>ern8ent sou9:t =as t:e use of <atents =:ic: :is co8<an3 :ad 9i>en to t:e NaAis--t:e
Ausc:=itA <atents--but :ad =it::eld fro8 t:e U?S? 8ilitar3 and industr3?
!ut a =ar =as on1 and if 3oun9 8en =ere to be as;ed to die fi9:tin9 Hitler ??? so8et:in9
8ore =as needed? aris: =as :auled before t:e Senate co88ittee in>esti9atin9 t:e national
defense <ro9ra8? T:e co88ittee c:air8an1 Senator Harr3 Tru8an1 told ne=s8en before
aris: testified" F I t:in; t:is a<<roac:es treason? 77
aris: be9an brea;in9 a<art at t:ese :earin9s? He s:outed :is F indi9nation 77 at t:e
Senators1 and clai8ed :e =as not F dislo3al? 77
After t:e Marc:-A<ril :earin9s ended1 8ore dirt ca8e 9us:in9 out of t:e &ustice
,e<art8ent and t:e Con9ress on aris: and Standard Oil? aris: :ad decei>ed t:e U?S?
Na>3 to <re>ent t:e Na>3 fro8 ac@uirin9 certain <atents1 =:ile su<<l3in9 t:e8 to t:e NaAi
=ar 8ac:ineC 8ean=:ile1 :e =as su<<l3in9 9asoline and tetraet:3l lead to Ger8an37s
sub8arines and air force? Co88unications bet=een Standard and I?G? arben fro8 t:e
outbrea; of *orld *ar II =ere released to t:e Senate1 s:o=in9 t:at aris:7s or9aniAation
:ad arran9ed to decei>e t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent into <assin9 o>er NaAi-o=ned assets" T:e3
=ould no8inall3 bu3 I?G?7s s:are in certain <atents because F in t:e e>ent of =ar bet=een
oursel>es and Ger8an3 ??? it =ould certainl3 be >er3 undesirable to :a>e t:is $5 <ercent
Standard-I?G? <ass to an alien <ro<ert3 custodian of t:e U?S? =:o 8i9:t sell it to an
unfriendl3 interest? 77
&o:n ,? Roc;efeller1 &r? 0fat:er of ,a>id1 Nelson and &o:n ,? Roc;efeller III41 controllin9
o=ner of Standard Oil1 told t:e Roose>elt ad8inistration t:at :e ;ne= not:in9 of t:e da3-
to-da3 affairs of :is co8<an31 t:at all t:ese 8atters =ere :andled b3 aris: and ot:er
eEecuti>es?
In Au9ust1 aris: =as brou9:t bac; for 8ore testi8on3? He =as no= fre@uentl3 accused of
l3in9? aris: =as crus:ed under t:e intense1 <ublic 9rillin9C :e beca8e 8orose1 as:en?
*:ile %rescott !us: esca<ed <ublicit3 =:en t:e 9o>ern8ent seiAed :is NaAi ban;in9
or9aniAation in October1 aris: :ad been nailed? He colla<sed and died of a :eart attac; on
No>? $21 12)$?
T:e aris: fa8il3 =as de>astated b3 t:e eE<osure? Son *illia8 Sta8<s aris:1 &r?1 a
lieutenant in t:e Ar83 Air orce1 =as :u8iliated b3 t:e <ublic ;no=led9e t:at :is fat:er
=as fuelin9 t:e ene837s aircraftC :e died in a trainin9 accident in TeEas siE 8ont:s later?
*it: t:is double deat:1 t:e fortune co8<risin9 8uc: of Standard Oil7s <rofits fro8 TeEas
and NaAi Ger8an3 =as no= to be settled u<on t:e little four-3ear-old 9randson1 *illia8 0F
*ill 774 Sta8<s aris: III? *ill aris: 9re= u< a recluse1 t:e 8ost secreti>e 8ulti-
8illionaire in TeEas1 =it: in>est8ents of F t:at 8one3 77 in a 8ultitude of forei9n countries1
and a :ost of eEotic contacts o>erla<<in9 t:e intelli9ence and financial =orlds- -<articularl3
in !ritain?
T:e !us:-aris: aEis started Geor9e !us:7s career? After :is 12)/ 9raduation fro8 (ale
0and S;ull and !ones41 Geor9e !us: fle= do=n to TeEas on a cor<orate air<lane and =as
e8<lo3ed b3 :is fat:er7s ,resser Industries? In a cou<le of 3ears :e 9ot :el< fro8 :is uncle1
Geor9e *al;er1 &r?1 and aris:7s !ritis: ban;er friends1 to set :i8 u< in t:e oil <ro<ert3
s<eculation business? Soon t:ereafter1 Geor9e !us: founded t:e Ja<ata Oil Co8<an31
=:ic: <ut oil drillin9 ri9s into certain locations of 9reat strate9ic interest to t:e An9lo-
A8erican intelli9ence co88unit3?
*ill aris: at $+ 3ears old =as a <ersonal aide to Ja<ata c:air8an Geor9e !us: in !us:7s
unsuccessful 12-) ca8<ai9n for Senate? *ill aris: used F t:at Ausc:=itA 8one3 77 to bac;
Geor9e !us: financiall31 in>estin9 in Ja<ata? *:en !us: =as elected to Con9ress in 12--1
aris: Boined t:e Ja<ata board?
*:en Geor9e !us: beca8e U?S? 6ice %resident in 12/51 t:e aris: and !us: fa8il3
fortunes =ere a9ain co8<letel31 secretl3 co88in9led? As =e s:all see1 t:e old <roBects
=ere no= bein9 re>i>ed on a breat:ta;in9 scale?
!us: and ,ra<er
T=ent3 3ears before :e =as U?S? %resident1 Geor9e !us: brou9:t t=o F race-science 77
<rofessors in front of t:e Re<ublican Tas; orce on Eart: Resources and %o<ulation? As
c:air8an of t:e Tas; orce1 t:en-Con9ress8an !us: in>ited %rofessors *illia8 S:oc;le3
and Art:ur &ensen to eE<lain to t:e co88ittee :o= alle9edl3 runa=a3 birt:- rates for
African-A8ericans =ere F do=n-breedin9 77 t:e A8erican <o<ulation?
After=ards !us: <ersonall3 su88ed u< for t:e Con9ress t:e testi8on3 :is blac;-
inferiorit3 ad>ocates :ad 9i>en to t:e Tas; orce? Geor9e !us: :eld :is :earin9s on t:e
t:reat <osed b3 blac; babies on Au9ust +1 12-21 =:ile 8uc: of t:e =orld =as in a better
fra8e of 8ind--celebratin9 8an;ind7s <ro9ress fro8 t:e first 8oon landin9 1- da3s earlier?
!us:7s obsessi>e t:in;in9 on t:is subBect =as 9uided b3 :is fa8il37s friend1 Gen? *illia8
H? ,ra<er1 &r?1 t:e founder and c:air8an of t:e %o<ulation Crisis Co88ittee1 and >ice
c:air8an of t:e %lanned %arent:ood ederation? ,ra<er :ad lon9 been steerin9 U?S? <ublic
discussion about t:e so-called F <o<ulation bo8b 77 in t:e non-=:ite areas of t:e =orld?
If Con9ress8an !us: :ad eE<lained to :is collea9ues :o= :is fa8il3 :ad co8e to ;no=
General ,ra<er1 t:e3 =ould <er:a<s :a>e felt so8e alar81 or e>en <anic1 and <aid 8ore
:ealt:3 attention to !us:7s <resentation? Unfortunatel31 t:e ,ra<er-!us: <o<ulation
doctrine is no= official U?S? forei9n <olic3?
*illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r? :ad Boined t:e !us: tea8 in 12$.1 =:en :e =as :ired b3 ,illon
Read N Co?1 Ne= (or; in>est8ent ban;ers? ,ra<er =as <ut into a ne= Bob slot at t:e fir8"
:andlin9 t:e T:3ssen account?
*e recall t:at in 12$)1 ritA T:3ssen set u< :is Union !an;in9 Cor<oration in Geor9e
Herbert *al;er7s ban; at '2 !road=a31 Man:attan? ,illon Read N Co?7s boss1 Clarence
,illon1 :ad be9un =or;in9 =it: ritA T:3ssen so8eti8e after A>erell Harri8an first 8et
=it: T:3ssen--at about t:e ti8e T:3ssen be9an financin9 Adolf Hitler7s <olitical career?
In &anuar3 12$-1 ,illon Read created t:e Ger8an Credit and In>est8ent Cor<oration in
Ne=ar;1 Ne= &erse3 and !erlin1 Ger8an31 as T:3ssen7s s:ort-ter8 ban;er? T:at sa8e 3ear
,illon Read created t:e 6ereini9te Sta:l=er;e 0Ger8an Steel Trust41 incor<oratin9 t:e
T:3ssen fa8il3 interests under t:e direction of Ne= (or; and London finance?
*illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r? =as 8ade director1 >ice <resident and assistant treasurer of t:e
Ger8an Credit and In>est8ent Cor<? His business =as s:ort-ter8 loans and financial
8ana9e8ent tric;s for T:3ssen and t:e Ger8an Steel Trust? ,ra<er7s clients s<onsored
Hitler7s terroristic ta;eo>erC :is clients led t:e buildu< of t:e NaAi =ar industr3C :is clients
8ade =ar a9ainst t:e United States? T:e NaAis =ere ,ra<er7s direct <artners in !erlin and
Ne= &erse3" AleEander #reuter1 residin9 in !erlin1 =as <residentC rederic !randi1 =:ose
fat:er =as a to< coal eEecuti>e in t:e Ger8an Steel Trust1 8o>ed to t:e U?S? in 12$- and
ser>ed as ,ra<er7s co-director in Ne=ar;?
,ra<er7s role =as crucial for ,illon Read N Co?1 for =:o8 ,ra<er =as a <artner and
e>entuall3 >ice <resident? T:e Ger8an Credit and In>est8ent Cor<? 0GCI4 =as a F front 77
for ,illon Read" It :ad t:e sa8e Ne= &erse3 address as U?S? N International Securities
Cor<? 0USIS41 and t:e sa8e 8an ser>ed as treasurer of bot: fir8s?
Clarence ,illon and :is son C? ,ou9las ,illon =ere directors of USIS1 =:ic: =as
s<otli9:ted =:en Clarence ,illon =as :auled before t:e Senate !an;in9 Co88ittee7s
fa8ous F %ecora 77 :earin9s in 12''? USIS =as s:o=n to be one of t:e 9reat s<eculati>e
<3ra8id sc:e8es =:ic: :ad s=indled stoc;:olders of :undreds of 8illions of dollars?
T:ese in>est8ent <olicies :ad rotted t:e U?S? econo83 to t:e core1 and led to t:e Great
,e<ression of t:e 12'5s?
!ut *illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r?7s GCI F front 77 =as not a<<arentl3 affiliated =it: t:e USIS F
front 77 or =it: ,illon1 and t:e GCI esca<ed t:e Con9ress8en7s li8ited scrutin3? T:is
o>ersi9:t =as to <ro>e 8ost unfortunate1 <articularl3 to t:e +5 8illion <eo<le =:o
subse@uentl3 died in *orld *ar II?
,illon Read :ired <ublic relations 8an I>3 Lee to <re<are t:eir eEecuti>es for t:eir
testi8on3 and to confuse and furt:er baffle t:e Con9ress8en? Lee a<<arentl3 too; enou9:
ti8e out fro8 :is duties as i8a9e-8a;er for *illia8 S? aris: and t:e NaAi I?G? arben
Co?C :e 8ana9ed t:e con9ressional t:in;in9 so t:at t:e Con9ress8en did not disturb t:e
,ra<er o<eration in Ger8an3--and did not 8eddle =it: T:3ssen1 or interfere =it: Hitler7s
U?S? 8one38en?
T:us in 12'$1 *illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r? =as free to finance t:e International Eu9enics
Con9ress as a F Su<<ortin9 Me8ber 77? *as :e usin9 :is o=n inco8e as a T:3ssen trust
ban;erD Or did t:e funds co8e fro8 ,illon Read cor<orate accounts1 <er:a<s to be =ritten
off inco8e taE as F eE<enses for Ger8an <roBect" race <urification 77D ,ra<er :el<ed select
Ernst Rudin as c:ief of t:e =orld eu9enics 8o>e8ent1 =:o used :is office to <ro8ote =:at
:e called Adolf Hitler7s F :ol31 national and international racial :39ienic 8ission? 77
*?S? aris:1 as =e :a>e seen1 =as <ublicl3 eE<osed in 12)$1 :u8iliated and destro3ed? &ust
before aris: died1 %rescott !us:7s NaAi ban;in9 office =as @uietl3 seiAed and s:ut do=n?
!ut %rescott7s close friend and <artner in t:e T:3ssen-Hitler business1 *illia8 H? ,ra<er1
&r?1 neit:er died nor 8o>ed out of Ger8an affairs? ,ra<er listed :i8self as a director of t:e
Ger8an Credit and In>est8ent Cor<? t:rou9: 12)$1 and t:e fir8 =as not li@uidated until
No>e8ber 12)'? !ut a =ar =as onC ,ra<er1 a colonel fro8 <re>ious 8ilitar3 ser>ice1 =ent
off to t:e %acific t:eater and beca8e a 9eneral?
General ,ra<er a<<arentl3 :ad a :obb3" 8a9ic--illusions1 slei9:t of :and1 etc?--and :e =as
a 8e8ber of t:e Societ3 of A8erican Ma9icians? T:is is not irrele>ant to :is subse@uent
career?
T:e NaAi re9i8e surrendered in Ma3 12)+? In &ul3 12)+1 General ,ra<er =as called to
Euro<e b3 t:e A8erican 8ilitar3 9o>ern8ent aut:orities in Ger8an3? ,ra<er =as
a<<ointed :ead of t:e Econo8ics ,i>ision of t:e U?S? Control Co88ission? He =as
assi9ned to ta;e a<art t:e NaAi cor<orate cartels? T:ere is an astonis:in9 but <erfectl3
lo9ical rationale to t:is--,ra<er ;ne= a lot about t:e subBectK General ,ra<er1 =:o :ad
s<ent about 1+ 3ears financin9 and 8ana9in9 t:e dirtiest of t:e NaAi enter<rises1 =as no=
aut:oriAed to decide =:o =as eE<osed1 =:o lost and =:o ;e<t :is business1 and in <ractical
effect1 =:o =as <rosecuted for =ar cri8es?
0,ra<er =as not uni@ue =it:in t:e <ost=ar occu<ation 9o>ern8ent? Consider t:e case of
&o:n &? McClo31 U?S? Militar3 Go>ernor and Hi9: Co88issioner of Ger8an31 12)2- 12+$?
Under instructions fro8 :is *all Street la= fir81 McClo3 :ad li>ed for a 3ear in Ital31
ser>in9 as an ad>isor to t:e fascist 9o>ern8ent of !enito Mussolini? An inti8ate
collaborator of t:e Harri8anO!us: ban;1 McClo3 :ad sat in Adolf Hitler7s boE at t:e 12'-
Ol38<ic 9a8es in !erlin1 at t:e in>itation of NaAi c:ieftains Rudolf Hess and Her8ann
Gorin9?4
*illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r?1 as a F conser>ati>e1 77 =as <aired =it: t:e F liberal 77 U?S? Treasur3
Secretar3 Henr3 Mor9ent:au in a >icious 9a8e? Mor9ent:au de8anded t:at Ger8an3 be
utterl3 destro3ed as a nation1 t:at its industr3 be dis8antled and it be reduced to a <urel3
rural countr3? As t:e econo8ic boss in 12)+ and 12)-1 ,ra<er F <rotected 77 Ger8an3 fro8
t:e Mor9ent:au %lan ??? but at a <rice?
,ra<er and :is collea9ues de8anded t:at Ger8an3 and t:e =orld acce<t t:e collecti>e
9uilt of t:e Ger8an <eo<le as t:e eE<lanation for t:e rise of Hitler7s Ne= Order1 and t:e
NaAi =ar cri8es? T:is1 of course1 =as rat:er con>enient for General ,ra<er :i8self1 as it
=as for t:e !us: fa8il3? It is still con>enient decades later1 allo=in9 %rescott7s son1
%resident !us:1 to lecture Ger8an3 on t:e dan9er of Hitleris8? Ger8ans are too slo=1 it
see8s1 to acce<t :is Ne= *orld Order?
After se>eral 3ears of 9o>ern8ent ser>ice 0often =or;in9 directl3 for A>erell Harri8an in
t:e Nort: Atlantic Alliance41 General ,ra<er =as a<<ointed in 12+/ c:air8an of a
co88ittee =:ic: =as to ad>ise %resident ,=i9:t Eisen:o=er on t:e <ro<er course for U?S?
8ilitar3 aid to ot:er countries? At t:at ti8e1 %rescott !us: =as a U?S? Senator fro8
Connecticut1 a confidential friend and 9olf <artner =it: National Securit3 ,irector Gordon
Gra31 and an i8<ortant 9olf <artner =it: ,=i9:t Eisen:o=er as =ell? %rescott7s old la=3er
fro8 t:e NaAi da3s1 &o:n oster ,ulles1 =as Secretar3 of State1 and :is brot:er Allen
,ulles1 for8erl3 of t:e Sc:roder ban;1 =as :ead of t:e CIA?
T:is friendl3 en>iron8ent e8boldened General ,ra<er to <ull off a stunt =it: :is 8ilitar3
aid ad>isor3 co88ittee? He c:an9ed t:e subBect under stud3? T:e follo=in9 3ear t:e ,ra<er
co88ittee reco88ended t:at t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent react to t:e su<<osed t:reat of t:e F
<o<ulation eE<losion 77 b3 for8ulatin9 <lans to de<o<ulate t:e <oorer countries? T:e 9ro=t:
of t:e =orld7s non-=:ite <o<ulation1 :e <ro<osed1 s:ould be re9arded as dan9erous to t:e
national securit3 of t:e United StatesK
%resident Eisen:o=er reBected t:e reco88endation? !ut in t:e neEt decade1 General ,ra<er
founded t:e F %o<ulation Crisis Co88ittee 77 and t:e F ,ra<er und1 77 Boinin9 =it: t:e
Roc;efeller and ,u %ont fa8ilies to <ro8ote eu9enics as F <o<ulation control? 77 T:e
ad8inistration of %resident L3ndon &o:nson1 ad>ised b3 General ,ra<er on t:e subBect1
be9an financin9 birt: control in t:e tro<ical countries t:rou9: t:e U?S? A9enc3 for
International ,e>elo<8ent 0USAI,4?
General ,ra<er =as Geor9e !us:7s 9uru on t:e <o<ulation @uestion? !ut t:ere =as also
,ra<er7s 8one3--fro8 t:at uni@uel3 :orrible source--and ,ra<er7s connections on *all
Street and abroad? ,ra<er7s son and :eir1 *illia8 H? ,ra<er III1 =as co-c:air8an for
finance 0c:ief of fundraisin94 of t:e !us:-for-%resident national ca8<ai9n or9aniAation in
12/5? *it: Geor9e !us: in t:e *:ite House1 t:e 3oun9er ,ra<er :eads u< t:e
de<o<ulation acti>ities of t:e United Nations t:rou9:out t:e =orld?
General ,ra<er =as >ice <resident of ,illon Read until 12+'? ,urin9 t:e 12+5s and 12-5s1
t:e c:ief eEecuti>e t:ere =as rederic !randi1 t:e Ger8an =:o =as ,ra<er7s co- director
for t:e NaAi in>est8ents and :is <ersonal contact 8an =it: t:e NaAi Ger8an Steel Trust?
Nic:olas !rad3 =as !randi7s <artner fro8 12+)1 and re<laced :i8 as t:e fir87s c:ief
eEecuti>e in 12.1? Nic:olas !rad31 =:o ;no=s =:ere all t:e bodies are buried1 =as
c:air8an of :is friend Geor9e !us:7s 12/5 election ca8<ai9n in Ne= &erse31 and :as been
United States Treasur3 Secretar3 t:rou9:out !us:7s <residenc3?
!us: and Gra3
T:e U?S? A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent sa3s t:at sur9ical steriliAation is t:e !us:
ad8inistration7s F first c:oice 77 8et:od of <o<ulation reduction in t:e T:ird *orld?
T:e United Nations %o<ulation und clai8s t:at '. <ercent of contrace<tion users in Ibero-
A8erica and t:e Caribbean :a>e alread3 been sur9icall3 steriliAed? In a 1221 re<ort1
*illia8 H? ,ra<er III7s a9enc3 asserts t:at $+) 8illion cou<les =ill be sur9icall3 steriliAed
o>er t:e course of t:e 1225sC and t:at if <resent trends continue1 /5 <ercent of t:e =o8en
in %uerto Rico and %ana8a =ill be sur9icall3 steriliAed?
T:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent <a3s directl3 for t:ese steriliAations?
MeEico is first a8on9 tar9eted nations1 on a list =:ic: =as dra=n u< in &ul3 12211 at a
USAI, strate93 session? India and !raAil are second and t:ird <riorities1 res<ecti>el3?
On contract =it: t:e !us: ad8inistration1 U?S? <ersonnel are =or;in9 fro8 bases in
MeEico to <erfor8 sur9er3 on 8illions of MeEican 8en and =o8en? T:e ac;no=led9ed
strate93 in t:is <ro9ra8 is to steriliAe t:ose 3oun9 adults =:o :a>e not alread3 co8<leted
t:eir fa8ilies?
Geor9e !us: :as a rat:er dee<-seated <ersonal feelin9 about t:is <roBect1 in <articular as it
<its :i8 a9ainst %o<e &o:n %aul II in Cat:olic countries suc: as MeEico? 0See C:a<ter )
belo=1 on t:e ori9in of a !us: fa8il3 9rud9e in t:is re9ard?4
T:e s<endin9 for birt: control in t:e non-=:ite countries is one of t:e fe= ite8s t:at is
:eaded u<=ards in t:e !us: ad8inistration bud9et? As its 122$ bud9et =as bein9 set1
USAI, said its %o<ulation Account =ould recei>e I'55 8illion1 a $5 <ercent increase o>er
t:e <re>ious 3ear? *it:in t:is <roBect1 a si9nificant su8 is s<ent on <olitical and
<s3c:olo9ical 8ani<ulations of tar9et nations1 and rat:er blatant sub>ersion of t:eir
reli9ions and 9o>ern8ents?
T:ese acti>ities 8i9:t be eE<ected to cause serious obBections fro8 t:e >icti8iAed
nationalities1 or fro8 U?S? taE<a3ers1 es<eciall3 if t:e <ro9ra8 is so8e:o= 9i>en
=ides<read <ublicit3?
Luite aside fro8 8oral considerations1 le9al @uestions =ould naturall3 arise1 =:ic: could
be su88ed u<" Ho= does Geor9e !us: t:in; :e can 9et a=a3 =it: t:isD
In t:is 8atter t:e %resident :as eE<ert ad>ice? Mr? 0Cla3land4 !o3den Gra3 :as been
counsel to Geor9e !us: since t:e 12/5 election? As c:ief le9al officer in t:e *:ite House1
!o3den Gra3 can =al; t:e %resident t:rou9: t:e dan9ers and co8<leEities of =a9in9 suc:
unusual =arfare a9ainst T:ird *orld <o<ulations? Gra3 ;no=s :o= t:ese t:in9s are done?
*:en !o3den Gra3 =as four and fi>e 3ears old1 :is fat:er or9aniAed t:e <ilot <roBect for
t:e <resent =orld=ide steriliAation <ro9ra81 fro8 t:e Gra3 fa8il3 :ouse:old in Nort:
Carolina?
It started in 12)-? T:e eu9enics 8o>e8ent =as loo;in9 for a =a3 to be9in a9ain in
A8erica?
NaAi deat: ca8<s suc: as Ausc:=itA :ad Bust t:en seared t:e conscience of t:e =orld? T:e
SteriliAation Lea9ue of A8erica1 =:ic: :ad c:an9ed its na8e durin9 t:e =ar to F
!irt:ri9:t1 Inc?1 77 =anted to start u< a9ain? irst t:e3 :ad to o>erco8e <ublic ner>ousness
about crac;<ots <ro<osin9 to eli8inate F inferior 77 and F defecti>e 77 <eo<le? T:e Lea9ue
tried to surface in Io=a1 but :ad to bac; off because of ne9ati>e <ublicit3" A little bo3 :ad
recentl3 been steriliAed t:ere and :ad died fro8 t:e o<eration?
T:e3 decided on Nort: Carolina1 =:ere t:e Gra3 fa8il3 could <la3 t:e <erfect :ost?
T:rou9: !ritis: i8<erial contacts1 !o3den Gra37s 9randfat:er1 !o=8an Gra31 :ad beco8e
<rinci<al o=ner of t:e R?&? Re3nolds Tobacco Co? !o3den7s fat:er1 Gordon Gra31 :ad
recentl3 founded t:e !o=8an Gra3 08e8orial4 Medical Sc:ool in *inston-Sale81 usin9
:is in:erited ci9arette stoc; s:ares? T:e 8edical sc:ool =as alread3 a eu9enics center?
As t:e eE<eri8ent be9an1 Gordon Gra37s 9reat aunt1 Alice S:elton Gra31 =:o :ad raised
:i8 fro8 c:ild:ood1 =as li>in9 in :is :ouse:old? Aunt Alice :ad founded t:e F Hu8an
!etter8ent Lea9ue1 77 t:e Nort: Carolina branc: of t:e national eu9enical steriliAation
8o>e8ent?
Aunt Alice =as t:e official su<er>isor of t:e 12)--). eE<eri8ent? *or;in9 under Miss
Gra3 =as ,r? Claude Nas: Herndon1 =:o8 Gordon Gra3 :ad 8ade assistant <rofessor of F
8edical 9enetics 77 at !o=8an Gra3 Medical Sc:ool?
,r? Clarence Ga8ble1 :eir to t:e %roctor and Ga8ble soa< fortune1 =as t:e steriliAers7
national field o<erations c:ief?
T:e eE<eri8ent =or;ed as follo=s? All c:ildren enrolled in t:e sc:ool district of *inston-
Sale81 N?C?1 =ere 9i>en a s<ecial F intelli9ence test? 77 T:ose c:ildren =:o scored belo= a
certain arbitrar3 lo= 8ar; =ere t:en cut o<en and sur9icall3 steriliAed?
*e @uote no= fro8 t:e official stor3 of t:e <roBect"
In *inston-Sale8 and in Gnearb3H Oran9e Count31 Nort: Carolina1 t:e GSteriliAation Lea9ue7sH
field co88ittee :ad <artici<ated in testin9 <roBects to identif3 sc:ool a9e c:ildren =:o s:ould be
considered for steriliAation? T:e <roBect in Oran9e Count3 =as conducted b3 t:e Uni>ersit3 of
Nort: Carolina and =as financed b3 a PMr? Hanes17 a friend of Clarence Ga8ble and su<<orter of
t:e field =or; <roBect in Nort: Carolina? T:e *inston-Sale8 <roBect =as also financed b3 Hanes?
77 GF Hanes 77 =as under=ear 8o9ul &a8es Gordon Hanes1 a trustee of !o=8an Gra3 Medical
Sc:ool and treasurer of Alice Gra37s 9rou<H????
T:e 8edical sc:ool :ad a lon9 :istor3 of interest in eu9enics and :ad co8<iled eEtensi>e
:istories of fa8ilies carr3in9 in:eritable disease? In 12)-1 ,r? C? Nas: Herndon ??? 8ade a
state8ent to t:e <ress on t:e use of steriliAation to <re>ent t:e s<read of in:eritable diseases????
T:e first ste< after 9i>in9 t:e 8ental tests to 9rade sc:ool c:ildren =as to inter<ret and 8a;e
<ublic t:e results? In Oran9e Count3 t:e results indicated t:at t:ree <ercent of t:e sc:ool a9e
c:ildren =ere eit:er insane or feeble8inded???? GT:enH t:e field co88ittee :ired a social =or;er to
re>ie= eac: case ??? and to <resent an3 cases in =:ic: steriliAation =as indicated to t:e State
Eu9enics !oard1 =:ic: under Nort: Carolina la= :ad t:e aut:orit3 to order steriliAation????
Race science eE<eri8enter ,r? Claude Nas: Herndon <ro>ided 8ore details in an inter>ie=
in 1225?
Alice Gra3 =as t:e 9eneral su<er>isor of t:e <roBect? S:e and Hanes sent out letters <ro8otin9 t:e
<ro9ra8 to t:e co88issioners of all 155 counties in Nort: Carolina???? *:at did I doD Not:in9
besides ridin9 :erd on t:e =:ole t:in9K T:e social =or;ers o<erated out of 83 office? I =as at t:e
ti8e also director of out<atient ser>ices at Nort: Carolina !a<tist Hos<ital? *e =ould see t:e
Gtar9etedH <arents and c:ildren t:ere???? I?L? tests =ere run on all t:e c:ildren in t:e *inston-Sale8
<ublic sc:ool s3ste8? Onl3 t:e ones =:o scored reall3 lo= G=ere tar9eted for steriliAationH1 t:e
real botto8 of t:e barrel1 li;e belo= .5?
,id =e do steriliAations on 3oun9 c:ildrenD (es? T:is =as a relati>el3 8inor o<eration???? It =as
usuall3 not until t:e c:ild =as ei9:t or ten 3ears old? or t:e bo3s1 3ou Bust 8a;e an incision and
tie t:e tube???? *e 8ore often <erfor8ed t:e o<eration on 9irls t:an =it: bo3s? Of course1 3ou :a>e
to cut o<en t:e abdo8en1 but a9ain1 it is relati>el3 8inor?
,r? Herndon re8ar;ed cooll3 t:at F =e :ad a >er3 9ood relations:i< =it: t:e <ress 77 for t:e
<roBect? T:is is not sur<risin91 since Gordon Gra3 o=ned t:e *inston-Sale8 &ournal1 t:e
T=in Cit3 Sentinel and radio station *S&S?
In 12+5 and 12+11 &o:n oster ,ulles1 t:en c:air8an of t:e Roc;efeller oundation1 led
&o:n ,? Roc;efeller III on a series of =orld tours1 focusin9 on t:e need to sto< t:e
eE<ansion of t:e non-=:ite <o<ulations? In No>e8ber 12+$1 ,ulles and Roc;efeller set u<
t:e %o<ulation Council1 =it: tens of 8illions of dollars fro8 t:e Roc;efeller fa8il3?
At t:at <oint1 t:e A8erican Eu9enics Societ31 still cautious fro8 t:e recent bad <ublicit3
>is-a->is Hitler1 left its old :ead@uarters at (ale Uni>ersit3? T:e Societ3 8o>ed its
:ead@uarters into t:e office of t:e %o<ulation Council1 and t:e t=o 9rou<s 8elded to9et:er?
T:e lon9-ti8e secretar3 of t:e A8erican Eu9enics Societ31 rederic; Osborne1 beca8e t:e
first <resident of t:e %o<ulation Council? T:e Gra3 fa8il37s c:ild-steriliAer1 ,r? Claude
Nas: Herndon1 beca8e <resident of t:e A8erican Eu9enics Societ3 in 12+'1 as its =or;
eE<anded under Roc;efeller <atrona9e?
Mean=:ile1 t:e International %lanned %arent:ood ederation =as founded in London1 in
t:e offices of t:e !ritis: Eu9enics Societ3?
T:e undead ene83 fro8 *orld *ar II1 rena8ed F %o<ulation Control1 77 :ad no= been
re>i>ed?
Geor9e !us: =as U?S? a8bassador to t:e United Nations in 12.$1 =:en =it: <roddin9
fro8 !us: and :is friends1 t:e U?S? A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent first 8ade an
official contract =it: t:e old SteriliAation Lea9ue of A8erica? T:e Lea9ue :ad c:an9ed its
na8e t=ice a9ain1 and =as no= called t:e F Association for 6oluntar3 Sur9ical
Contrace<tion? 77 T:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent be9an <a3in9 t:e old fascist 9rou< to steriliAe non-
=:ites in forei9n countries?
T:e Gra3 fa8il3 eE<eri8ent :ad succeeded?
In 12//1 t:e U?S? A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent si9ned its latest contract =it: t:e
old SteriliAation Lea9ue 0a?;?a? Association for 6oluntar3 Sur9ical Contrace<tion41
co88ittin9 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent to s<end I/5 8illion o>er fi>e 3ears?
Ha>in9 9otten a=a3 =it: steriliAin9 se>eral :undred Nort: Carolina sc:ool c:ildren1 F not
usuall3 less t:an ei9:t to ten 3ears old1 77 t:e identical 9rou< is no= aut:oriAed b3 %resident
!us: to do it to +/ countries in Asia1 Africa and Ibero-A8erica? T:e 9rou< 8odestl3 clai8s
it :as directl3 steriliAed F onl3 77 t=o 8illion <eo<le1 =it: /. <ercent of t:e bill <aid b3 U?S?
taE<a3ers?
Mean=:ile1 ,r? Clarence Ga8ble1 !o3den Gra37s fa>orite soa< 8anufacturer1 for8ed :is
o=n F %at:finder und 77 as a s<lit-off fro8 t:e SteriliAation Lea9ue? Ga8ble7s %at:finder
und1 =it: additional 8illions fro8 USAI,1 concentrates on <enetration of local social
9rou<s in t:e non-=:ite countries1 to brea; do=n <s3c:olo9ical resistance to t:e sur9ical
steriliAation tea8s?
NOTES"
1? %:3llis Tilson %iotro=1 *orld %o<ulation Crisis" T:e United States Res<onse 0Ne= (or;" %rae9er
%ublis:ers1 12.'41 F or=ard 77 b3 Geor9e H?*? !us:1 <<? >ii->iii?
$?Adolf Hitler1 Mein #a8<f 0!oston1 Hou9:ton Mifflin Co8<an31 12.141 <? )5)?
'?F T:e Ten Ric:est %eo<le in Houston1 77 in Houston %ost Ma9aAine1 Marc: 111 12/)? F I1+5 8illion to
I$+5 8illion fro8 ??? in:eritance1 <lus subse@uent in>est8ents ??? c:ief :eir to a fa8il3 fortune in oil
stoc;???? As to :is financial interests1 :e is ??? co3? He once described one of :is businesses as a co8<an3
t:at Pin>ests in and o>ersees a lot of s8aller co8<anies ??? in a lot of forei9n countries?777
)? T:e announce8ents =ere 8ade in testi8on3 before a S<ecial Co88ittee of t:e U?S? Senate
In>esti9atin9 t:e National ,efense %ro9ra8? T:e :earin9s on Standard Oil =ere :eld Marc: +1 $)1 $-1 $.1
'11 and A<ril 11 $1 ' and .1 12)$? A>ailable on 8icrofic:e1 la= section1 Librar3 of Con9ress? See also Ne=
(or; Ti8es1 Marc: $- and Marc: $.1 12)$1 and *as:in9ton E>enin9 Star1 Marc: $- and Marc: $.1 12)$?
+? Ibid?1 EE:ibit No? '-/1 <rinted on <<? )+/)-/. of t:e :earin9 record? See also C:arles Hi9:a81 Tradin9
*it: T:e Ene83 0Ne= (or;" ,elacorte %ress1 12/'41 <? '-?
-? Confidential 8e8orandu8 fro8 U?S? e8bass31 !erlin1 o<? cit?1 c:a<ter $? Sir Henri ,eterdin9
=as a8on9 t:e 8ost notorious <ro-NaAis of t:e earl3 =ar <eriod?
.? See sections on %rescott !us: in ,ar=in %a3ne1 Initiati>e in Ener93" ,resser Industries1 Inc? 0Ne=
(or;" ,istributed b3 Si8on and Sc:uster1 12.24 0<ublis:ed b3 t:e ,resser Co8<an34?
/? *illia8 Sta8<s aris: obituar31 Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>? '51 12)$?
2? A ,ecade of %ro9ress in Eu9enics" Scientific %a<ers of t:e T:ird International Con9ress of Eu9enics
:eld at A8erican Museu8 of Natural Histor3 Ne= (or;1 Au9? $1-$'1 12'$? 0!alti8ore" *illia8s N
*il;ins Co8<an31 Se<t?1 12')4?
T:e ter8 F eu9enics 77 is ta;en fro8 t:e Gree; to si9nif3 F 9ood birt: 77 or F =ell-born1 77 as in aristocrat? Its
basic assu8<tion is t:at t:ose =:o are not F =ell-born 77 s:ould not eEist?
15? See a8on9 ot:er suc: letters1 Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 '2 !road=a31 N?(?1 to *? A? Harri8an1 London1
eb? $11 12$+1 in *AH <a<ers?
11? A>erell Harri8an to ,r? C:arles !? ,a>en<ort1 %resident1 T:e International Con9ress of Eu9enics1 Cold
S<rin9 Harbor1 L?I?1 N?(?
&anuar3 $11 12'$
,ear ,r? ,a>en<ort"
I =ill be onl3 too 9lad to <ut 3ou in touc: =it: t:e Ha8bur9-A8erican Line ??? t:e3 8a3 be able to co-o<erate in 8a;in9
su99estions =:ic: =ill ;ee< t:e eE<enses to a 8ini8u8? I :a>e referred 3our letter to Mr? E8il Lederer Gof t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a
eEecuti>e board in Ne= (or;H =it: t:e re@uest t:at :e co88unicate =it: 3ou?
,a>en<ort to Mr? *?A? Harri8an1
+2 *all Street1 Ne= (or;1 N?(?
&anuar3 $'1 12'$
,ear Mr? Harri8an"
T:an; 3ou >er3 8uc: for 3our ;ind letter of &anuar3 $1st and t:e action 3ou too; =:ic: :as resulted at once in a letter fro8 Mr?
E8il Lederer? T:is letter =ill ser>e as a startin9 <oint for corres<ondence1 =:ic: I :o<e =ill enable 8ore of our Ger8an collea9ues
to co8e to A8erica on t:e occasion of t:e con9resses of eu9enics and 9enetics1 t:an ot:er=ise?
Con9ressional :earin9s in 12') establis:ed t:at Ha8bur9-A8eri;a routinel3 <ro>ided free transatlantic
<assa9e for t:ose carr3in9 out NaAi <ro<a9anda c:ores? See In>esti9ation of NaAi %ro<a9anda Acti>ities
and In>esti9ation of Certain Ot:er %ro<a9anda Acti>ities1 o<? cit?1 c:a<ter $?
1$? AleEis Carrel1 Man t:e Un;no=n 0Ne= (or;" Halc3on House1 <ublis:ed b3 arran9e8ent =it: Har<er
N !rot:ers1 12'+41 <<? '1/-12?
T:e battle cr3 of t:e Ne= Order =as sounded in 12'+ =it: t:e <ublication of Man t:e Un;no=n1 b3 ,r?
AleEis Carrel of t:e Roc;efeller Institute in Ne= (or;? T:is Nobel %riAe-=inner said F enor8ous su8s are
no= re@uired to 8aintain <risons and insane as3lu8s???? *:3 do =e <reser>e t:ese useless and :ar8ful
bein9sD T:is fact 8ust be s@uarel3 faced? *:3 s:ould societ3 not dis<ose of t:e cri8inals and t:e insane
in a 8ore econo8ical 8annerD ??? T:e co88unit3 8ust be <rotected a9ainst troubleso8e and dan9erous
ele8ents???? %er:a<s <risons s:ould be abolis:ed???? T:e conditionin9 of t:e <ett3 cri8inal =it: t:e =:i<1 or
so8e 8ore scientific <rocedure1 follo=ed b3 a s:ort sta3 in :os<ital1 =ould <robabl3 suffice to insure
order? GCri8inals includin9 t:oseH =:o :a>e ??? 8isled t:e <ublic on i8<ortant 8atters1 s:ould be
:u8anel3 and econo8icall3 dis<osed of in s8all eut:anasic institutions su<<lied =it: <ro<er 9ases? A
si8ilar treat8ent could be ad>anta9eousl3 a<<lied to t:e insane1 9uilt3 of cri8inal acts? 77
Carrel clai8ed to :a>e trans<lanted t:e :ead of a do9 to anot:er do9 and ;e<t it ali>e for @uite so8e ti8e?
1'? !ern:ard Sc:reiber1 T:e Men !e:ind Hitler" A Ger8an *arnin9 to t:e *orld1 rance" La Ha3-
MureauE1 ca? 12.+41 En9lis: lan9ua9e edition su<<lied b3 H N %? TadeusA1 '-2 Ed9e=ere Road1 London
*$? A co<3 of t:is boo; is no= :eld b3 Union Colle9e Librar31 S3racuse1 N?(?
1)? Hi9:a81 o<? cit?1 <? '+?
1+? En9a9e8ent announced eb? 151 12'21 Ne= (or; Ti8es1 <? $5? See also ,irector3 of ,irectors for Ne=
(or; Cit31 12'5s and 12)5s?
1-? Hi9:a81 o<? cit?1 <<? $51 $$ and ot:er references to Sc:roeder and Linde8ann?
Ant:on3 Sutton1 *all Street and t:e Rise of Hitler 0Seal !eac:" 7.- %ress1 12.-4? Sutton is also a 9ood
source on t:e Harri8ans?
1.? *as:in9ton E>enin9 Star1 Marc: $.1 12)$1 <? 1?
1/? Hi9:a81 o<? cit? <? +5?
12? Ibid?1 <? )/?
$5? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril $21 12251 <? )? Hi9:a81 o<? cit?1 <<? +$-+'?
$1? Ja<ata annual re<orts1 12+5s--5s1 Librar3 of Con9ress 8icrofor8s?
$$? See Con9ressional Record for !us: s<eec: in t:e House of Re<resentati>es1 Se<t? )1 12-2? !us:
inserted in t:e record t:e testi8on3 9i>en before :is Tas; orce on Au9? +1 12-2?
$'? Sobel1 o<? cit?1 <<? 2$-111? See also !o3le1 o<? cit?1 c:a<ter 11 concernin9 t:e Mor9an-led ,a=es
Co88ittee of Ger8an37s forei9n creditors?
Li;e Harri8an1 ,illon used t:e Sc:roeder and *arbur9 ban;s to stri;e :is Ger8an bar9ains? All ,illon
Read N Co? affairs in Ger8an3 =ere su<er>ised b3 &?%? Mor9an N Co? <artner T:o8as La8ont1 and =ere
aut:oriAed b3 !an; of En9land Go>ernor Monta9u Nor8an?
$)? See %oor7s Re9ister of ,irectors and EEecuti>es1 0Ne= (or;" %oor7s %ublis:in9 Co8<an31 late 12$5s1
7'5s and 7)5s4? See also Standard Cor<oration Records 0Ne= (or;" Standard N %oor41 12'+ edition <<?
$+.1-$+1 and 12'/ edition <<? .)'--'/1 for descri<tion and :istor3 of t:e Ger8an Credit and In>est8ent
Cor<oration? or rederic !randi1 See also Sobel1 o<? cit?1 <<? $1'-1)?
$+? Sobel1 o<? cit?1 <<? 1/51 1/-? I>3 Lee :ad been :ired to i8<ro>e t:e Roc;efeller fa8il3 i8a9e1
<articularl3 difficult after t:eir 121) 8assacre of stri;in9 8iners and <re9nant =o8en in Ludlo=1
Colorado? Lee 9ot old &o:n ,? Roc;efeller to <ass out di8es to <oor <eo<le lined u< at :is <orc:?
$-? T:ird International Eu9enics Con9ress <a<ers o<? cit?1 footnote .1 <? +1$1 F Su<<ortin9 Me8bers? 77
$.? Sc:reiber1 o<? cit?1 <? 1-5? T:e T:ird Int? Eu9enics Con9ress <a<ers1 <? +$-1 lists t:e officers of t:e
International ederation as of <ublication date in Se<te8ber1 12')? Rudin is listed as <resident--a 3ear
after :e :as =ritten t:e steriliAation la= for Hitler?
$/? ,irector3 of ,irectors for Ne= (or; Cit31 12)$? Inter>ie= =it: Nanc3 !o=les1 librarian of ,illon Read
N Co?
$2? Hi9:a81 o<? cit?1 <? 1$21 $1$-1+1 $12-$'?
'5? *alter Isaacson and E>an T:o8as1 T:e *ise Men" SiE riends and t:e *orld T:e3 Made--Ac:eson1
!o:len1 Harri8an1 #ennan1 Lo>ett1 McClo3 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12/-41 <<? 1$$1 '5+?
'1? %iotro=1 o<? cit?1 <<? '--)$?
'$? Ibid?1 <? >iii? F As c:air8an of t:e s<ecial Re<ublican Tas; orce on %o<ulation and Eart: Resources1 I
=as i8<ressed b3 t:e ar9u8ents of *illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r???? Gen? ,ra<er continues to lead t:rou9: :is
tireless =or; for t:e U?N? %o<ulation und? 77
''? Sobel1 o<? cit?1 <<? $2/1 '+)?
')? Inter>ie= &ul3 1-1 12211 =it: &oanne Grossi1 an official =it: t:e USAI,7s %o<ulation Office?
'+? ,r? Nafis Sadi;1 F T:e State of *orld %o<ulation1 77 12211 Ne= (or;1 United Nations %o<ulation und?
'-? See User7s Guide to t:e Office of %o<ulation1 12211 Office of %o<ulation1 !ureau for Science and
Tec:nolo931 United States A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent? A>ailable fro8 SNTO%O%1 Roo8 /11
SA-1/1 USAI,1 *as:in9ton ,?C? $5+$'-1/12?
'.? F Histor3 of t:e Association for 6oluntar3 SteriliAation Gfor8erl3 SteriliAation Lea9ue of A8ericaH1
12'+--)1 77 t:esis sub8itted to t:e facult3 of t:e 9raduate sc:ool of t:e Uni>ersit3 of Minnesota b3 *illia8
Ra3 6an Essendelft1 Marc:1 12./1 a>ailable on 8icrofil81 Librar3 of Con9ress? T:is is t:e official :istor31
=ritten =it: full coo<eration of t:e SteriliAation Lea9ue?
'/? Inter>ie= =it: ,r? C? Nas: Herndon1 &une $51 1225?
C:a<ter - I6 -PT:e Center of %o=er is in *as:in9ton7
!ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an N Co?
+2 *all Street1 Ne= (or;
Cable Address FS:i<le3-Ne= (or;77
!usiness Establis:ed 1/1/
%ri>ate !an;ers
Se<te8ber +1 12))
T:e Honorable *?A? Harri8an
A8erican A8bassador to t:e U?S?S?R?
A8erican E8bass31
Mosco=1 Russia
,ear A>erell"
T:in;in9 t:at <ossibl3 !ullitt7s article in t:e recent issue
of FLIE77 8a3 not :a>e co8e to 3our attention1 I :a>e cli<<ed
it and a8 sendin9 it to 3ou1 feelin9 t:at it =ill interest 3ou?
At <resent =ritin9 all =ell :ere?
*it: =ar8 re9ards1 I a81
Sincerel3 3ours1
%res----
F At <resent =ritin9 all is =ell :ere? 77 T:us t:e a8bassador to Russia =as reassured b3 t:e
8ana9in9 <artner of :is fir81 %rescott !us:? Onl3 $$-1O$ 8ont:s before1 t:e U?S?
9o>ern8ent :ad seiAed and s:ut do=n t:e Union !an;in9 Cor<?1 =:ic: :ad been o<erated
on be:alf of NaAi Ger8an3 b3 !us: and t:e Harri8ans 0see C:a<ter $4? !ut t:at =as
be:ind t:e8 no= and t:e3 =ere safe? T:ere =ould be no <ublicit3 on t:e Harri8an- !us:
s<onsors:i< of Hitleris8?
%rescott7s son Geor9e1 t:e future U?S? %resident1 =as also safe? T:ree da3s before t:is note
to Mosco= =as =ritten1 Geor9e !us: :ad <arac:uted fro8 a Na>3 bo8ber air<lane o>er
t:e %acific Ocean1 ;illin9 :is t=o cre= 8e8bers =:en t:e un<iloted <lane cras:ed?
i>e 8ont:s later1 in ebruar3 12)+1 %rescott7s boss1 A>erell Harri8an1 escorted %resident
ran;lin Roose>elt to t:e fateful su88it 8eetin9 =it: So>iet leader &ose<: Stalin at (alta?
In A<ril Roose>elt died? T:e a9ree8ent reac:ed at (alta1 callin9 for free elections in %oland
once t:e =ar ended1 =as ne>er enforced?
O>er t:e neEt ei9:t 3ears 012)+ t:rou9: 12+$41 %rescott !us: =as Harri8an7s anc:or in t:e
Ne= (or; financial =orld? T:e increasin9l3 <o=erful Mr? Harri8an and :is allies 9a>e
Eastern Euro<e o>er to So>iet dictators:i<? A Cold *ar =as t:en underta;en1 to F
counterbalance 77 t:e So>iets?
T:is !ritis:-ins<ired strate93 <aid se>eral ni9:t8aris: di>idends? Eastern Euro<e =as to
re8ain ensla>ed? Ger8an3 =as F <er8anentl3 77 di>ided? An9lo-A8erican <o=er =as
Bointl3 eEercised o>er t:e non-So>iet F ree *orld? 77 T:e confidential functions of t:e
!ritis: and A8erican 9o>ern8ents =ere 8er9ed? T:e Harri8an cli@ue too; <ossession of
t:e U?S? national securit3 a<<aratus1 and in doin9 so1 t:e3 o<ened t:e 9ate and let t:e !us:
fa8il3 in?
ollo=in9 :is ser>ices to Ger8an37s NaAi %art31 A>erell Harri8an s<ent se>eral 3ears
8ediatin9 bet=een t:e !ritis:1 A8erican and So>iet 9o>ern8ents in t:e =ar to sto< t:e
NaAis? He =as a8bassador to Mosco= fro8 12)' to 12)-?
%resident Harr3 Tru8an1 =:o8 Harri8an and :is friends :eld in a8used conte8<t1
a<<ointed Harri8an U?S? a8bassador to !ritain in 12)-?
Harri8an =as at lunc: =it: for8er !ritis: %ri8e Minister *inston C:urc:ill one da3 in
12)-1 =:en Tru8an tele<:oned? Harri8an as;ed C:urc:ill if :e s:ould acce<t Tru8an7s
offer to co8e bac; to t:e U?S? as Secretar3 of Co88erce? Accordin9 to Harri8an7s account1
C:urc:ill told :i8" F Absolutel3? T:e center of <o=er is in *as:in9ton? 77
&u<iter Island
T:e reor9aniAation of t:e A8erican 9o>ern8ent after *orld *ar II--t:e creation of t:e U?S?
Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 alon9 !ritis: lines1 for eEa8<le--:ad de>astatin9
conse@uences? *e are concerned :ere =it: onl3 certain as<ects of t:at o>erall
transfor8ation1 t:ose 8atters of <olic3 and fa8il3 =:ic: 9a>e s:a<e to t:e life and 8ind of
Geor9e !us:1 and 9a>e :i8 access to <o=er?
It =as in t:ese <ost=ar 3ears t:at Geor9e !us: attended (ale Uni>ersit31 and =as inducted
into t:e S;ull and !ones societ3? T:e !us: fa8il37s :o8e at t:at ti8e =as in Green=ic:1
Connecticut? !ut it =as Bust t:en t:at Geor9e7s <arents1 %rescott and ,orot:3 *al;er !us:1
=ere =interin9 in a <eculiar s<ot in lorida1 a <lace t:at is eEcluded fro8 8ention in
literature ori9inatin9 fro8 !us: circles?
Certain national ne=s accounts earl3 in 1221 featured t:e obser>ations on %resident !us:7s
c:ild:ood b3 :is elderl3 8ot:er ,orot:3? S:e =as said to be a resident of Hobe Sound1
lorida? More <recisel31 t:e %resident7s 8ot:er li>ed in a :3<er-securit3 arran9e8ent
created a :alf-centur3 earlier b3 A>erell Harri8an1 adBacent to Hobe Sound? Its correct
na8e is &u<iter Island?
,urin9 :is <olitical career1 Geor9e !us: :as clai8ed 8an3 different F :o8e 77 states1
includin9 TeEas1 Maine1 Massac:usetts and Connecticut? It :as not been eE<edient for :i8
to clai8 lorida1 t:ou9: t:at state :as a >ital lin; to :is role in t:e =orld1 as =e s:all see?
And Geor9e !us:7s :o8e base in lorida1 t:rou9:out :is adult life1 :as been &u<iter Island?
T:e uni@ue1 biAarre setu< on &u<iter Island be9an in 12'11 follo=in9 t:e 8er9er of *?A?
Harri8an N Co? =it: t:e !ritis:-A8erican fir8 !ro=n !rot:ers?
T:e reader =ill recall Mr? Sa8uel %r3or1 t:e F Merc:ant of ,eat:? 77 A <artner =it: t:e
Harri8ans1 %rescott !us:1 Geor9e *al;er and NaAi boss ritA T:3ssen in ban;in9 and
s:i<<in9 enter<rises1 Sa8 %r3or re8ained eEecuti>e co88ittee c:air8an of Re8in9ton
Ar8s? In t:is <eriod1 t:e NaAi <ri>ate ar8ies 0S?A? and S?S?4 =ere su<<lied =it: A8erican
ar8s--8ost li;el3 b3 %r3or and :is co8<an3--as t:e3 8o>ed to o>ert:ro= t:e Ger8an
re<ublic? Suc: 9un-runnin9 as an instru8ent of national <olic3 =ould later beco8e
notorious in t:e F Iran-Contra 77 affair?
Sa8uel %r3or7s dau9:ter %er8elia 8arried (ale 9raduate &ose<: 6? Reed on t:e last da3 of
12$.? Reed i88ediatel3 =ent to =or; for %rescott !us: and Geor9e *al;er as an
a<<rentice at *?A? Harri8an N Co?
,urin9 *orld *ar II1 &ose<: 6? Reed :ad ser>ed in t:e F s<ecial ser>ices 77 section of t:e
U?S? Ar83 Si9nal Cor<s? A s<ecialist in securit31 codes and es<iona9e1 Reed later =rote a
boo; entitled un =it: Cr3<to9ra8s?
No=1 Sa8 %r3or :ad :ad <ro<ert3 around Hobe Sound1 lorida1 for so8e ti8e? In 12'11
&ose<: and %er8elia %r3or Reed bou9:t t:e entiret3 of &u<iter Island?
T:is is a t3<icall3 beautiful Atlantic coast F barrier island1 77 a :alf-8ile =ide and nine 8iles
lon9? T:e 8iddle of &u<iter Island lies Bust off Hobe Sound? T:e sout: brid9e connects t:e
island =it: t:e to=n of &u<iter1 to t:e nort: of %al8 !eac:? It is about 25 8inutes b3 auto
fro8 Mia8i--toda31 a fe= 8inutes b3 :elico<ter?
Earl3 in 12211 a ne=s<a<er re<orter as;ed a friend of t:e !us: fa8il3 about securit3
arran9e8ents on &u<iter Island? He res<onded1 F If 3ou called u< t:e *:ite House1 =ould
t:e3 tell 3ou :o= 8an3 securit3 <eo<le t:e3 :adD It7s not t:at &u<iter Island is t:e *:ite
House1 alt:ou9: :e GGeor9e !us:H does co8e do=n fre@uentl3? 77
!ut for se>eral decades before !us: =as %resident1 &u<iter Island :ad an ordinance
re@uirin9 t:e re9istration and fin9er<rintin9 of all :ouse;ee<ers1 9ardeners and ot:er non-
residents =or;in9 on t:e island? T:e &u<iter Island <olice de<art8ent sa3s t:at t:ere are
sensors in t:e t=o 8ain roads t:at can trac; e>er3 auto8obile on t:e island? If a car sto<s in
t:e street1 t:e <olice =ill be t:ere =it:in one or t=o 8inutes? Sur>eillance is a dut3 of all
e8<lo3ees of t:e to=n of &u<iter Island? Ne=s re<orters are to be <re>ented fro8 >isitin9
t:e island?
To create t:is astonis:in9 <ri>ate club1 &ose<: and %er8elia %r3or Reed sold land onl3 to
t:ose =:o =ould fit in? %er8elia Reed =as still t:e 9rande da8e of t:e island =:en Geor9e
!us: =as inau9urated %resident in 12/2? In reco9nition of t:e fact t:at t:e Reeds ;no=
=:ere all t:e bodies are buried1 %resident !us: a<<ointed %er8elia7s son1 &ose<: 6? Reed1
&r?1 c:ief of <rotocol for t:e U?S? State ,e<art8ent1 in c:ar9e of <ri>ate arran9e8ents =it:
forei9n di9nitaries?
A>erell Harri8an 8ade &u<iter Island a sta9in9 9round for :is 12)5s ta;eo>er of t:e U?S?
national securit3 a<<aratus? It =as in t:at connection t:at t:e island beca8e <ossibl3 t:e
8ost secreti>e <ri>ate <lace in A8erica?
Let us briefl3 sur>e3 t:e nei9:bor:ood1 bac; t:en in 12)--)/1 to see so8e of t:e uses
>arious of t:e residents :ad for t:e Harri8an cli@ue?
Residents on &u<iter Island
&u<iter Islander Robert A? Lo>ett1 %rescott !us:7s <artner at !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1
:ad been Assistant Secretar3 of *ar for Air fro8 12)1 to 12)+? Lo>ett =as t:e leadin9
A8erican ad>ocate of t:e <olic3 of terror-bo8bin9 of ci>ilians? He or9aniAed t:e Strate9ic
!o8bin9 Sur>e31 carried out for t:e A8erican and !ritis: 9o>ern8ents b3 t:e staff of t:e
%rudential Insurance Co8<an31 9uided b3 London7s Ta>istoc; %s3c:iatric Clinic?
In t:e <ost=ar <eriod1 %rescott !us: =as associated =it: %rudential Insurance1 one of
Lo>ett7s intelli9ence c:annels to t:e !ritis: secret ser>ices? %rescott =as listed b3
%rudential as a director of t:e co8<an3 for about t=o 3ears in t:e earl3 12+5s?
T:eir Strate9ic !o8bin9 Sur>e3 failed to de8onstrate an3 real 8ilitar3 ad>anta9e accruin9
fro8 suc: outra9es as t:e fire-bo8bin9 of ,resden1 Ger8an3? !ut t:e Harri8anites
ne>ert:eless <ersisted in t:e ad>ocac3 of terror fro8 t:e air? T:e3 9lorified t:is as F
<s3c:olo9ical =arfare1 77 a <art of t:e uto<ian 8ilitar3 doctrine o<<osed to t:e >ie=s of
8ilitar3 traditionalists suc: as Gen? ,ou9las MacArt:ur?
Robert Lo>ett later ad>ised %resident L3ndon &o:nson to terror-bo8b 6ietna8? %resident
Geor9e !us: re>i>ed t:e doctrine =it: t:e bo8bin9 of ci>ilian areas in %ana8a1 and t:e
destruction of !a9:dad?
On Oct? $$1 12)+1 Secretar3 of *ar Robert %atterson created t:e Lo>ett Co88ittee1 c:aired
b3 Robert A? Lo>ett1 to ad>ise t:e 9o>ern8ent on t:e <ost-*orld *ar II or9aniAation of
U?S? intelli9ence acti>ities? T:e eEistence of t:is co88ittee =as un;no=n to t:e <ublic
until an official CIA :istor3 =as released fro8 secrec3 in 12/2? !ut t:e CIA7s aut:or 0=:o
=as %resident !us:7s <re< sc:ool :istor3 teac:erC see c:a<ter +4 9i>es no real details of t:e
Lo>ett Co88ittee7s functionin91 clai8in9" F T:e record of t:e testi8on3 of t:e Lo>ett
Co88ittee1 unfortunatel31 =as not in t:e arc:i>es of t:e a9enc3 =:en t:is account =as
=ritten? 77
T:e CIA7s self-:istor3 does infor8 us of t:e ad>ice t:at Lo>ett <ro>ided to t:e Tru8an
cabinet1 as t:e official *ar ,e<art8ent intelli9ence <ro<osal?
Lo>ett decided t:at t:ere s:ould be a se<arate Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? T:e ne= a9enc3
=ould F consult 77 =it: t:e ar8ed forces1 but it 8ust be t:e sole collectin9 a9enc3 in t:e
field of forei9n es<iona9e and counteres<iona9e? T:e ne= a9enc3 s:ould :a>e an
inde<endent bud9et1 and its a<<ro<riations s:ould be 9ranted b3 Con9ress =it:out <ublic
:earin9s?
Lo>ett a<<eared before t:e Secretaries of State1 *ar and Na>3 on No>e8ber 1)1 12)+? He
s<o;e :i9:l3 of t:e !I7s =or; because it :ad F t:e best <ersonalit3 file in t:e =orld?
77 Lo>ett said t:e !I =as eE<ert at <roducin9 false docu8ents1 an art F =:ic: =e de>elo<ed
so successfull3 durin9 t:e =ar and at =:ic: =e beca8e outstandin9l3 ade<t? 77 Lo>ett
<ressed for a >irtual resu8<tion of t:e =arti8e Office of Strate9ic Ser>ices 0OSS4 in a ne=
CIA?
U?S? 8ilitar3 traditionalists centered around Gen? ,ou9las MacArt:ur o<<osed Lo>ett7s
<ro<osal?
T:e continuation of t:e OSS :ad been attac;ed at t:e end of t:e =ar on t:e 9rounds t:at t:e
OSS =as entirel3 under !ritis: control1 and t:at it =ould constitute an A8erican Gesta<o?
!ut t:e CIA =as establis:ed in 12). accordin9 to t:e <rescri<tion of Robert Lo>ett1 of
&u<iter Island?
C:arles %a3son and :is =ife1 &oan *:itne3 %a3son1 =ere eEtended fa8il3 8e8bers of
Harri8an7s and business associates of t:e !us: fa8il3?
&oan7s aunt1 Gertrude 6anderbilt *:itne31 =as a relati>e of t:e Harri8ans? Gertrude7s son1
Cornelius 6anderbilt 0F Sonn3 774 *:itne31 lon9-ti8e c:air8an of %an A8erican Air=a3s
0%rescott =as a %an A8 director41 beca8e Assistant Secretar3 of t:e U?S? Air orce in 12).?
Sonn37s =ife Marie :ad di>orced :i8 and 8arried A>erell Harri8an in 12'5? &oan and
Sonn37s uncle1 Air Mars:all Sir T:o8as El8:irst1 =as director of intelli9ence for t:e
!ritis: Air orce fro8 12)+ to 12).?
&oan7s brot:er1 &o:n Ha3 0F &oc; 774 *:itne31 =as to be a8bassador to Great !ritain fro8
12++ to 12-1--=:en it =ould be >ital for %rescott and Geor9e !us: to :a>e suc: a friend?
&oan7s fat:er1 9randfat:er and uncle =ere 8e8bers of t:e S;ull and !ones secret societ3?
C:arles %a3son or9aniAed a uraniu8 refiner3 in 12)/? Later :e =as c:air8an of 6itro
Cor<?1 8a;ers of <arts for sub8arine-launc:ed ballistic 8issiles1 e@ui<8ent for fre@uenc3
sur>eillance and tor<edo 9uidance1 and ot:er subsurface =ea<onr3?
Na>al =arfare :as lon9 been a <reoccu<ation of t:e !ritis: E8<ire? !ritis: <enetration of
t:e U?S? Na>al Intelli9ence ser>ice :as been <articularl3 :ea>3 since t:e tenure of &oan7s
An9lo<:ile 9randfat:er1 *illia8 C? *:itne31 as Secretar3 of t:e Na>3 for %resident Gro>er
Cle>eland? T:is traditional co>ert !ritis: orientation in t:e U?S? Na>31 Na>al Intelli9ence
and t:e Na>37s included ser>ice1 t:e Marine Cor<s1 for8s a bac;dro< to t:e career of
Geor9e !us:--and to t:e =:ole nei9:bor:ood on &u<iter Island? Na>al Intelli9ence
8aintained direct relations =it: 9an9ster boss Me3er Lans;3 for An9lo- A8erican <olitical
o<erations in Cuba durin9 *orld *ar II1 =ell before t:e establis:8ent of t:e CIA? Lans;3
officiall3 8o>ed to lorida in 12+'?
Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 &r? 0S;ull and !ones 12$.41 =as eEtre8el3 close to :is ne<:e=
Geor9e !us:1 :el<in9 to s<onsor :is entr3 into t:e oil business in t:e 12+5s? F Uncle Herbie
77 =as also a <artner of &oan *:itne3 %a3son =:en t:e3 co-founded t:e Ne= (or; Mets
baseball tea8 in 12-5? His son1 G?H? *al;er III1 =as a (ale class8ate of Nic:olas !rad3
and Moreau ,? !ro=n 0T:atc:er !ro=n7s 9randson41 for8in9 =:at =as called t:e F (ale
Mafia 77 on *all Street?
*alter S? Car<enter1 &r? :ad been c:air8an of t:e finance co88ittee of t:e ,u %ont
Cor<oration 012'5-)54? In 12''1 Car<enter o>ersa= ,u %ont7s <urc:ase of Re8in9ton Ar8s
fro8 Sa8 %r3or and t:e Roc;efellers1 and led ,u %ont into <artners:i< =it: t:e NaAi I?G?
arben Co8<an3 for t:e 8anufacture of eE<losi>es? Car<enter beca8e ,u %ont7s <resident
in 12)5? His cartel =it: t:e NaAis =as bro;en u< b3 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent? Ne>ert:eless1
Car<enter re8ained ,u %ont7s <resident as t:e co8<an37s tec:nicians <artici<ated
8assi>el3 in t:e Man:attan %roBect to <roduce t:e first ato8ic bo8b? He =as c:air8an of
,u %ont fro8 12)/ to 12-$1 retainin9 :i9:-le>el access to U?S? strate9ic acti>ities?
*alter Car<enter and %rescott !us: =ere fello= acti>ists in t:e Mental H39iene Societ3?
Ori9inatin9 at (ale Uni>ersit3 in 125/1 t:e 8o>e8ent :ad been or9aniAed into t:e *orld
ederation of Mental Healt: b3 Monta9u Nor8an1 :i8self a fre@uent 8ental <atient1
for8er !ro=n !rot:ers <artner and !an; of En9land Go>ernor? Nor8an :ad a<<ointed as
t:e federation7s c:air8an1 !ri9adier &o:n Ra=lin9s Rees1 director of t:e Ta>istoc;
%s3c:iatric Clinic1 c:ief <s3c:iatrist and <s3c:olo9ical =arfare eE<ert for t:e !ritis:
intelli9ence ser>ices? %rescott =as a director of t:e societ3 in ConnecticutC Car<enter =as a
director in ,ela=are?
%aul Mellon =as t:e leadin9 :eir to t:e Mellon fortune1 and a lon9-ti8e nei9:bor of
A>erell Harri8an7s in Middlebur91 6ir9inia1 as =ell as &u<iter Island1 lorida? %aul7s fat:er1
Andre= Mellon1 U?S? Treasur3 Secretar3 12$1-'$1 :ad a<<ro>ed t:e transactions of
Harri8an1 %r3or and !us: =it: t:e *arbur9s and t:e NaAis? %aul Mellon7s son-in-la=1
,a>id #?E? !ruce1 =or;ed in %rescott !us:7s *?A? Harri8an N Co? durin9 t:e late 12$5sC
=as :ead of t:e London branc: of U?S? intelli9ence durin9 *orld *ar IIC and =as A>erell
Harri8an7s Assistant Secretar3 of Co88erce in 12).-)/? Mellon fa8il3 8one3 and
<artici<ation =ould be instru8ental in 8an3 do8estic U?S? <roBects of t:e ne= Central
Intelli9ence A9enc3?
Carl Tuc;er 8anufactured electronic 9uidance e@ui<8ent for t:e Na>3? *it: t:e Mellons1
Tuc;er =as an o=ner of Sout: A8erican oil <ro<erties? Mrs? Tuc;er =as t:e 9reat aunt of
Nic:olas !rad31 later Geor9e !us:7s Iran-Contra <artner and U?S? Treasur3 Secretar3? T:eir
son Carll Tuc;er1 &r? 0S;ull and !ones 12).41 =as a8on9 t:e 1+ !ones8en =:o selected
Geor9e !us: for induction in t:e class of 12)/?
C?,ou9las ,illon =as t:e boss of *illia8 H? ,ra<er1 &r? in t:e ,ra<er-%rescott !us:-
ritA T:3ssen NaAi ban;in9 sc:e8e of t:e 12'5s and )5s? His fat:er1 Clarence ,illon1
created t:e 6ereini9te Sta:l=er;e 0T:3ssen7s Ger8an Steel Trust4 in 12$-? C? ,ou9las
,illon 8ade Nic:olas !rad3 t:e c:air8an of t:e ,illon Read fir8 in 12.1 and :i8self
continued as c:air8an of t:e eEecuti>e co88ittee? C? ,ou9las ,illon =ould be a >ital all3
of :is nei9:bor %rescott !us: durin9 t:e Eisen:o=er ad8inistration?
%ublis:er Nelson ,oubleda3 :eaded :is fa8il37s <ublis:in9 fir81 founded under t:e
aus<ices of &?%? Mor9an and ot:er !ritis: E8<ire re<resentati>es? *:en Geor9e !us:7s F
Uncle Herbie 77 died1 ,oubleda3 too; o>er as 8aBorit3 o=ner and c:ief eEecuti>e of t:e
Ne= (or; Mets baseball tea8?
Geor9e *? Merc;1 c:air8an of Merc; N Co?1 dru9 and c:e8ical 8anufacturers1 =as
director of t:e *ar Researc: Ser>ice" Merc; =as t:e official c:ief of all U?S? researc: into
biolo9ical =arfare fro8 12)$ until at least t:e end of *orld *ar II? After 12))1 Merc;7s
or9aniAation =as <laced under t:e U?S? C:e8ical *arfare Ser>ice? His fa8il3 fir8 in
Ger8an3 and t:e U?S? =as fa8ous for its 8anufacture of 8or<:ine?
A?L? Cole =as useful to t:e &u<iter Islanders as an eEecuti>e of Readers ,i9est? In 12-+1
Bust after <erfor8in9 a rat:er dirt3 fa>or for Geor9e !us: 0see C:a<ter 241 Cole beca8e
c:air8an of t:e eEecuti>e co88ittee of t:e ,i9est1 t:e =orld7s lar9est-circulation
<eriodical?
ro8 t:e late 12)5s1 &u<iter Island :as ser>ed as a center for t:e direction of co>ert action
b3 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent and1 indeed1 for t:e co>ert 8ana9e8ent of t:e 9o>ern8ent? &u<iter
Island =ill rea<<ear later on1 in our account of Geor9e !us: in t:e Iran-Contra affair?
Tar9et" *as:in9ton
Geor9e !us: 9raduated fro8 (ale in 12)/? He soon entered t:e fa8il37s ,resser oil su<<l3
concern in TeEas? *e s:all no= briefl3 describe t:e forces t:at descended on *as:in9ton1
,?C? durin9 t:ose 3ears =:en !us:1 =it: t:e assistance of fa8il3 and <o=erful friends1 =as
beco8in9 F establis:ed in business on :is o=n? 77
ro8 12)/ to 12+51 %rescott !us:7s boss A>erell Harri8an =as U?S? F a8bassador-at- lar9e
77 to Euro<e? He =as a non-8ilitar3 F t:eater co88ander1 77 t:e ad8inistrator of t:e 8ulti-
billion-dollar Mars:all %lan1 <artici<atin9 in all 8ilitar3Ostrate9ic decision-8a;in9 b3 t:e
An9lo-A8erican alliance?
T:e U?S? Secretar3 of ,efense1 &a8es orrestal1 :ad beco8e a <roble8 to t:e Harri8anites?
orrestal :ad lon9 been an eEecuti>e at ,illon Read on *all Street? !ut in recent 3ears :e
:ad 9one astra3? As Secretar3 of t:e Na>3 in 12))1 orrestal <ro<osed t:e racial inte9ration
of t:e Na>3? As ,efense Secretar3 :e <ressed for inte9ration in t:e ar8ed forces and t:is
e>entuall3 beca8e t:e U?S? <olic3?
orrestal o<<osed t:e uto<ians7 strate93 of a<<ease8ent cou<led =it: brin;8ans:i<? He
=as si8<l3 o<<osed to co88unis8? On Marc: $/1 12)21 orrestal =as forced out of office
and flo=n on an Air orce <lane to lorida? He =as ta;en to F Hobe Sound 77 0&u<iter
Island41 =:ere Robert Lo>ett and an ar83 <s3c:iatrist dealt =it: :i8?
He =as flo=n bac; to *as:in9ton1 loc;ed in *alter Reed Ar83 Hos<ital and 9i>en insulin
s:oc; treat8ents for alle9ed F 8ental eE:austion? 77 He =as denied all >isitors eEce<t :is
estran9ed =ife and c:ildren--:is son :ad been A>erell Harri8an7s aide in Mosco=? On Ma3
$$1 &a8es orrestal7s bod3 =as found1 :is bat:robe cord tied ti9:tl3 around :is nec;1 after
:e :ad <lun9ed fro8 a siEteent:-stor3 :os<ital =indo=? T:e c:ief <s3c:iatrist called t:e
deat: a suicide e>en before an3 in>esti9ation =as started? T:e results of t:e Ar837s in@uest
=ere ;e<t secret? orrestal7s diaries =ere <ublis:ed1 /5 <ercent deleted1 after a 3ear of direct
9o>ern8ent censors:i< and re=ritin9?
Nort: #orean troo<s in>aded Sout: #orea in &une 12+51 after U?S? Secretar3 of State ,ean
Ac:eson 0Harri8an7s >er3 close friend4 <ublicl3 s<ecified t:at #orea =ould not be
defended? *it: a ne= =ar on1 Harri8an ca8e bac; to ser>e as %resident Tru8an7s ad>iser1
to F o>ersee national securit3 affairs? 77
Harri8an re<laced Clar; Clifford1 =:o :ad been s<ecial counsel to Tru8an? Clifford1
:o=e>er1 re8ained close to Harri8an and :is <artners as t:e3 9ained 8ore and 8ore
<o=er? Clifford later =rote about :is cordial relations =it: %rescott !us:"
%rescott !us: ??? :ad beco8e one of 83 fre@uent 9olfin9 <artners in t:e fifties1 and I :ad
bot: li;ed and res<ected :i8???? !us: :ad a s<lendid sin9in9 >oice1 and <articularl3 lo>ed
@uartet sin9in9? In t:e fifties1 :e or9aniAed a @uartet t:at included 83 dau9:ter &o3ce????
T:e3 =ould sin9 in *as:in9ton1 and1 on occasion1 :e in>ited t:e 9rou< to Hobe Sound in
lorida to <erfor8? His son GGeor9eH1 t:ou9:1 :ad ne>er struc; 8e as a stron9 or forceful
<erson? In 12//1 :e <resented :i8self successfull3 to t:e >oters as an outsider--no s8all
tric; for a 8an =:ose roots =ound t:rou9: Connecticut1 (ale1 TeEas oil1 t:e CIA1 a
<atrician bac;9round1 =ealt:1 and t:e 6ice-%residenc3?
*it: &a8es orrestal out of t:e =a31 A>erell Harri8an and ,ean Ac:eson dro>e to
Leesbur91 6ir9inia1 on &ul3 11 12+51 to :ire t:e !ritis:-bac;ed U?S? Gen? Geor9e C?
Mars:all as Secretar3 of ,efense? At t:e sa8e ti8e1 %rescott7s <artner1 Robert Lo>ett1
:i8self beca8e Assistant Secretar3 of ,efense?
Lo>ett1 Mars:all1 Harri8an and Ac:eson =ent to =or; to un:orse Gen? ,ou9las
MacArt:ur1 co88ander of U?S? forces in Asia? MacArt:ur ;e<t *all Street7s intelli9ence
a9encies a=a3 fro8 :is co88and1 and fa>ored real inde<endence for t:e non-=:ite
nations? Lo>ett called for MacArt:ur7s firin9 on Marc: $'1 12+11 citin9 MacArt:ur7s
insistence on defeatin9 t:e Co88unist C:inese in>aders in #orea? MacArt:ur7s fa8ous
8essa9e1 t:at t:ere =as F no substitute for >ictor31 77 =as read in Con9ress on A<ril +C
MacArt:ur =as fired on A<ril 151 12+1?
T:at Se<te8ber1 Robert Lo>ett re<laced Mars:all as Secretar3 of ,efense? Mean=:ile1
Harri8an =as na8ed director of t:e Mutual Securit3 A9enc31 8a;in9 :i8 t:e U?S? c:ief of
t:e An9lo-A8erican 8ilitar3 alliance? !3 no=1 !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an =as e>er3t:in9
but Co88ander-in-C:ief?
T:ese =ere1 of course eEcitin9 ti8es for t:e !us: fa8il31 =:ose =a9on =as
:itc:ed to t:e financial 9ods of Ol38<us--to &u<iter1 t:at is?
!ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an N Co?
+2 *all Street1 Ne= (or; +1 N?(?
!usiness Establis:ed 1/1/
Cable Address FS:i<le3-Ne= (or;77
%ri>ate !an;ers
A<ril $1 12+1
T:e Honorable *?A? Harri8an1
T:e *:ite House1
*as:in9ton1 ,?C?
,ear A>erell"
I =as sorr3 to 8iss 3ou in *as:in9ton but a<<reciate 3our cordial note?
I s:all :o<e for better luc; anot:er ti8e? I :o<e 3ou :ad a 9ood rest at Hobe Sound?
*it: affectionate re9ard1 I a81
Sincerel3 3ours1
%res Gsi9nedH
%rescott S? !us:?
A central focus of t:e Harri8an securit3 re9i8e in *as:in9ton 012+5-+'4 =as t:e
or9aniAation of co>ert o<erations1 and F <s3c:olo9ical =arfare? 77 Harri8an1 to9et:er =it:
:is la=3ers and business <artners1 Allen ,ulles and &o:n oster ,ulles1 =anted t:e
9o>ern8ent7s secret ser>ices to conduct eEtensi>e <ro<a9anda ca8<ai9ns and 8ass-
<s3c:olo93 eE<eri8ents =it:in t:e U?S?A?1 and <ara8ilitar3 ca8<ai9ns abroad? T:is =ould
su<<osedl3 ensure a stable =orld-=ide en>iron8ent fa>orable to An9lo-A8erican financial
and <olitical interests?
T:e Harri8an securit3 re9i8e created t:e %s3c:olo9ical Strate93 !oard 0%S!4 in 12+1? T:e
8an a<<ointed director of t:e %S!1 Gordon Gra31 is fa8iliar to t:e reader as t:e s<onsor of
t:e c:ild steriliAation eE<eri8ents1 carried out b3 t:e Harri8anite eu9enics 8o>e8ent in
Nort: Carolina follo=in9 *orld *ar II 0see C:a<ter '4?
Gordon Gra3 =as an a>id An9lo<:ile1 =:ose fat:er :ad 9otten controllin9 o=ners:i< of t:e
R?&? Re3nolds Tobacco Co8<an3 t:rou9: alliance =it: t:e !ritis: I8<erial Tobacco cartel7s
U?S? re<resentati>es1 t:e ,u;e fa8il3 of Nort: Carolina? Gordon7s brot:er1 R?&? Re3nolds
c:air8an !o=8an Gra31 &r?1 =as also a Na>al Intelli9ence officer1 ;no=n around
*as:in9ton as t:e F founder of o<erational intelli9ence? 77 Gordon Gra3 beca8e a close
friend and <olitical all3 of %rescott !us:C and Gra37s son beca8e for %rescott7s son1 Geor9e1
:is la=3er and t:e s:ield of :is co>ert <olic3?
!ut %resident Harr3 Tru8an1 as 8alleable as :e =as1 constituted an obstacle to t:e co>ert
=arriors? An insular Missouri <olitician >a9uel3 fa>orable to t:e U?S? Constitution1 :e
re8ained s;e<tical about secret ser>ice acti>ities t:at re8inded :i8 of t:e NaAi Gesta<o?
So1 F co>ert o<erations 77 could not full3 ta;e off =it:out a c:an9e of t:e *as:in9ton
re9i8e? And it =as =it: t:e Re<ublican %art3 t:at %rescott !us: =as to 9et :is turn?
%rescott :ad 8ade :is first atte8<t to enter national <olitics in 12+51 as :is <artners too;
control of t:e le>ers of 9o>ern8ental <o=er? Re8ainin9 in c:ar9e of !ro=n !rot:ers
Harri8an1 :e ran a9ainst Connecticut7s *illia8 !enton for a seat in t:e U?S? Senate? 0T:e
race =as for a t=o-3ear uneE<ired ter81 left e8<t3 b3 t:e deat: of t:e <re>ious Senator?4
In t:ose da3s1 *isconsin7s drun;en Senator &ose<: R? McCart:3 =as 8a;in9 a circus- li;e
crusade a9ainst co88unist influence in *as:in9ton? McCart:3 attac;ed liberals and
leftists1 State ,e<art8ent <ersonnel1 <oliticians and Holl3=ood fi9ures? He 9enerall3 left
unscat:ed t:e *all Street and London strate9ists =:o donated Eastern Euro<e and C:ina to
co88unist dictators:i<--li;e Geor9e !us:1 t:eir 9eo<olitics =as be3ond left and ri9:t?
%rescott !us: :ad no <ublic ties to t:e notorious &oe McCart:31 and a<<eared to be neutral
about :is crusade? !ut t:e *isconsin Senator :ad :is uses? &oe McCart:3 ca8e into
Connecticut t:ree ti8es t:at 3ear to ca8<ai9n for !us: and a9ainst t:e ,e8ocrats? !us:
:i8self 8ade c:ar9es of F #orea1 Co88unis8 and Corru<tion 77 into a slic; ca8<ai9n
<:rase a9ainst !enton1 =:ic: t:en turned u< as a national Re<ublican slo9an?
T:e res<onse =as disa<<ointin9? Onl3 s8all cro=ds turned out to :ear &oe McCart:31 and
!enton =as not :urt? McCart:37s <ro-!us: rall3 in Ne= Ha>en1 in a :all t:at seated -15551
dre= onl3 '.- <eo<le? !enton Bo;ed on t:e radio t:at F $55 of t:e8 =ere 83 s<ies? 77
%rescott !us: resi9ned fro8 t:e (ale !oard of ello=s for :is ca8<ai9n1 and t:e board
<ublis:ed a state8ent to t:e effect t:at t:e F (ale >ote 77 s:ould su<<ort !us:--des<ite t:e
fact t:at *illia8 !enton =as a (ale 8an1 and in 8an3 =a3s identical in outloo; to !us:?
(ale7s *:iffen<oof sin9ers a<<eared re9ularl3 for %rescott7s ca8<ai9n? None of t:is =as
<articularl3 effecti>e1 :o=e>er1 =it: t:e >otin9 <o<ulation?
T:en %rescott !us: ran into a co8<letel3 uneE<ected <roble8? At t:at ti8e1 t:e old
Harri8an eu9enics 8o>e8ent =as centered at (ale Uni>ersit3? %rescott !us: =as a (ale
trustee1 and :is for8er !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an <artner1 La=rence Ti9:e1 =as (ale7s
treasurer? In t:at connection1 a sli9:t 9li88er of t:e trut: about t:e !us:-Harri8an fir87s
NaAi acti>ities no= 8ade its =a3 into t:e ca8<ai9n?
Not onl3 =as t:e A8erican Eu9enics Societ3 itself :ead@uartered at (ale1 but all <arts of
t:is undead fascist 8o>e8ent :ad a bus3 :o8e at (ale? T:e coerci>e <s3c:iatr3 and
steriliAation ad>ocates :ad 8ade t:e (aleONe= Ha>en Hos<ital and (ale Medical Sc:ool
t:eir laboratories for :ands-on <ractice in brain sur9er3 and <s3c:olo9ical eE<eri8entation?
And t:e !irt: Control Lea9ue =as t:ere1 =:ic: :ad lon9 tru8<eted t:e need for eu9enical
birt:s--fe=er birt:s for <arents =it: F inferior 77 bloodlines? %rescott7s <artner Ti9:e =as a
Connecticut director of t:e lea9ue1 and t:e Connecticut lea9ue7s 8edical ad>isor =as
eu9enics ad>ocate ,r? *internitA of (ale Medical Sc:ool?
No= in 12+51 <eo<le =:o ;ne= so8et:in9 about %rescott !us: ;ne= t:at :e :ad >er3
unsa>or3 roots in t:e eu9enics 8o>e8ent? T:ere =ere t:en1 Bust after t:e anti-Hitler =ar1
fe= o<en ad>ocates of steriliAation of F unfit 77 or F unnecessar3 77 <eo<le? 0T:at =ould be
re>i>ed later1 =it: t:e :el< of General ,ra<er and :is friend Geor9e !us:?4 !ut t:e !irt:
Control Lea9ue =as <ublic--Bust about t:en it =as c:an9in9 its na8e to t:e eu<:e8istic F
%lanned %arent:ood? 77
T:en1 >er3 late in t:e 12+5 senatorial ca8<ai9n1 %rescott !us: =as <ublicl3 eE<osed for
bein9 an acti>ist in t:at section of t:e old fascist eu9enics 8o>e8ent? %rescott !us: lost t:e
election b3 about 11555 out of /-$1555 >otes? He and :is fa8il3 bla8ed t:e defeat on t:e
eE<ose@aa? T:e defeat =as burned into t:e fa8il37s 8e8or31 lea>in9 a bitterness and
<er:a<s a desire for re>en9e?
In :is fore=ord to a <o<ulation control <ro<a9anda boo;1 Geor9e !us: =rote about t:at
12+5 election" F M3 o=n first a=areness of birt: control as a <ublic <olic3 issue ca8e =it:
a Bolt in 12+5 =:en 83 fat:er =as runnin9 for United States Senate in Connecticut? ,re=
%earson1 on t:e Sunda3 before Election da31 Pre>ealed7 t:at 83 fat:er =as in>ol>ed =it:
%lanned %arent:ood???? Man3 <olitical obser>ers felt a sufficient nu8ber of >oters =ere
s=a3ed b3 :is alle9ed contacts =it: t:e birt: controllers to cost :i8 t:e election????
77
%rescott !us: =as defeated1 =:ile t:e ot:er Re<ublican candidates fared =ell in
Connecticut? *:en :e tried a9ain1 %rescott !us: =ould not lea>e t:e outco8e to t:e blind
=:i8s of t:e <ublic?
%rescott !us: 8o>ed into action a9ain in 12+$ as a national leader of t:e <us: to 9i>e t:e
Re<ublican <residential no8ination to Gen? ,=i9:t ,? 0F I;e 774 Eisen:o=er? A8on9 t:e
ot:er tea8 8e8bers =ere !us:7s Hitler-era la=3er &o:n oster ,ulles1 and &u<iter Islander
C? ,ou9las ,illon?
,illon and :is fat:er =ere t:e <i>ots as t:e Harri8an-,ulles co8bination readied I;e for
t:e <residenc3? As a friend <ut it" F *:en t:e ,illons ??? in>ited GEisen:o=erH to dinner it
=as to introduce :i8 to *all Street ban;ers and la=3ers? 77
I;e7s :i9:er-le>el bac;ers belie>ed1 correctl31 t:at I;e =ould not interfere =it: e>en t:e
dirtiest of t:eir co>ert action <ro9ra8s? T:e bland1 <leasant %rescott !us: =as in fro8 t:e
be9innin9" a friend to I;e1 and an ori9inal bac;er of :is <residenc3?
On &ul3 $/1 12+$1 as t:e election a<<roac:ed1 Connecticut7s senior U?S? Senator1 &a8es
O7!rien McMa:on1 died at t:e a9e of )/?S
T:is =as eEtre8el3 con>enient for %rescott? He 9ot t:e Re<ublican no8ination for U?S?
Senator at a s<ecial dele9ated 8eetin91 =it: bac;in9 b3 t:e (ale-do8inated state <art3
leaders:i<? No= :e =ould run in a s<ecial election for t:e suddenl3 >acant Senate seat? He
could eE<ect to be s=e<t into office1 since :e =ould be on t:e sa8e electoral tic;et as t:e
<o<ular =ar :ero1 General I;e? !3 a tec:nicalit31 :e =ould instantl3 beco8e Connecticut7s
senior Senator1 =it: eEtra <o=er in Con9ress? And t:e neEt re9ularl3 sc:eduled senatorial
race =ould be in 12+- 0=:en McMa:on7s ter8 =ould :a>e ended41 so %rescott could run
a9ain in t:at <residential election 3ear--once a9ain on I;e7s coattailsK
*it: t:is arran9e8ent1 t:in9s =or;ed out >er3 s8oot:l3? In Eisen:o=er7s 12+$ election
>ictor31 I;e =on Connecticut b3 a 8ar9in of 1$21+5. >otes out of 1152$1).1? %rescott !us:
ca8e in last a8on9 t:e state=ide Re<ublicans1 but 8ana9ed to =in b3 '51'.' out of
115//1.22 >otes case1 :is 8ar9in nearl3 1551555 be:ind Eisen:o=er? He too; t:e
traditionall3 Re<ublican to=ns?
In Eisen:o=er7s 12+- reelection1 I;e =on Connecticut b3 '5'15'- out of 1111)12+) >otes1
t:e lar9est <residential 8ar9in in Connecticut7s :istor3? %rescott !us: 8ana9ed to =in
a9ain1 b3 1$21+)) >otes out of 115/+1$5---:is 8ar9in t:is ti8e $2515/$ s8aller t:an
Eisen:o=er7s?
In &anuar3 12-'1 =:en t:is electoral strate93 :ad been <la3ed out and :is second ter8
eE<ired1 %rescott !us: retired fro8 9o>ern8ent and returned to !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an?
T:e 12+$ Eisen:o=er >ictor3 8ade &o:n oster ,ulles Secretar3 of State1 and :is brot:er
Allen ,ulles :ead of t:e CIA? T:e rei9nin9 ,ulles brot:ers =ere t:e F Re<ublican 77
re<lace8ents for t:eir client and business <artner1 F ,e8ocrat 77 A>erell Harri8an?
Occasional <ublic <osturin9s aside1 t:eir strate9ic co88it8ents =ere identical to :is?
Undoubtedl3 t:e 8ost i8<ortant =or; acco8<lis:ed b3 %rescott !us: in t:e ne= re9i8e
=as on t:e 9olf lin;s1 =:ere :e =as I;e7s fa>orite <artner?
To=ard t:e FNational Securit3 State77
%rescott !us: =as a 8ost elusi>e1 secreti>e Senator? !3 dili9ent researc:1 :is >ie=s on
so8e issues 8a3 be traced" He =as o<<osed to t:e de>elo<8ent of <ublic <o=er <roBects
li;e t:e Tennessee 6alle3 Aut:orit3C :e o<<osed t:e constitutional a8end8ent introduced
b3 O:io Senator &o:n *? !ric;er1 =:ic: =ould :a>e re@uired con9ressional a<<ro>al of
international a9ree8ents b3 t:e eEecuti>e branc:?
!ut %rescott !us: =as essentiall3 a co>ert o<erati>e in *as:in9ton?
On &une 151 12+)1 !us: recei>ed a letter fro8 Connecticut resident H? S8it: Ric:ardson1
o=ner of 6ic; C:e8ical Co8<an3 0cou9: dro<s1 6a<o-Rub4"
F ??? At so8e ti8e before all1 Senator1 I =ant to 9et 3our ad>ice and counsel on a Gne=H
subBect--na8el3 =:at s:ould be done =it: t:e inco8e fro8 a foundation =:ic: 83 brot:er
and I set u<1 and =:ic: =ill be9in its o<eration in 12+-????
77 T:is letter <resa9es t:e establis:8ent of t:e H? S8it: Ric:ardson oundation1 a !us:
fa8il3-dictated <ri>ate slus: fund =:ic: =as to be utiliAed b3 t:e Central Intelli9ence
A9enc31 and b3 6ice %resident !us:1 for t:e conduct of :is Iran-Contra ad>entures?
T:e !us: fa8il3 ;ne= Ric:ardson and :is =ife t:rou9: t:eir 8utual friends:i< =it: Sears
Roebuc;7s c:air8an1 Gen? Robert E? *ood? General *ood :ad been <resident of t:e
A8erica irst or9aniAation1 =:ic: :ad lobbied a9ainst =ar =it: Hitler Ger8an3? H? S8it:
Ric:ardson :ad contributed t:e start-u< 8one3 for A8erica irst and :ad s<o;en out
a9ainst t:e U?S? F Boinin9 t:e Co88unists 77 b3 fi9:tin9 Hitler? Ric:ardson7s =ife =as a
<roud relati>e of Nanc3 Lan9e:orne fro8 6ir9inia1 =:o 8arried Lord Astor and bac;ed t:e
NaAis fro8 t:eir Cli>eden Estate?
General *ood7s dau9:ter Mar3 :ad 8arried t:e son of Standard Oil <resident *illia8
Sta8<s aris:? T:e !us:es :ad stuc; =it: t:e aris:es t:rou9: t:eir disastrous eE<osure
durin9 *orld *ar II 0see C:a<ter '4? (oun9 Geor9e !us: and :is bride !arbara =ere
es<eciall3 close to Mar3 aris:1 and to :er son *?S? aris: III1 =:o =ould be t:e 9reat
confidante of Geor9e7s <residenc3?
T:e H? S8it: Ric:ardson oundation =as or9aniAed b3 Eu9ene Stetson1 &r?1 Ric:ardson7s
son-in-la=? Stetson 0S;ull and !ones1 12')4 :ad =or;ed for %rescott !us: as assistant
8ana9er of t:e Ne= (or; branc: of !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an?
In t:e late 12+5s1 t:e H? S8it: Ric:ardson oundation too; <art in t:e F <s3c:olo9ical
=arfare 77 of t:e CIA? T:is =as not a forei9n1 but a do8estic1 co>ert o<eration1 carried out
8ainl3 a9ainst un=ittin9 U?S? citiAens? CIA ,irector Allen ,ulles and :is !ritis: allies
or9aniAed F M#-Ultra1 77 t:e testin9 of <s3c:otro<ic dru9s includin9 LS, on a >er3 lar9e
scale1 alle9edl3 to e>aluate F c:e8ical =arfare 77 <ossibilities? In t:is <eriod1 t:e Ric:ardson
oundation :el<ed finance eE<eri8ents at !rid9e=ater Hos<ital in Massac:usetts1 t:e
center of so8e of t:e 8ost brutal M#-Ultra tortures? T:ese outra9es :a>e been 9ra<:icall3
<ortra3ed in t:e 8o>ie1 Titticut ollies?
,urin9 12251 an in>esti9ator for t:is boo; toured H? S8it: Ric:ardson7s Center for
Creati>e Leaders:i< Bust nort: of Greensboro1 Nort: Carolina? T:e tour 9uide said t:at in
t:ese roo8s1 a9ents of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 and t:e Secret Ser>ice are trained?
He de8onstrated t:e t=o-=a3 8irrors t:rou9: =:ic: t:e 9o>ern8ent e8<lo3ees are
=atc:ed1 =:ile t:e3 are <ut t:rou9: 8ind-bendin9 <s3c:odra8as? T:e 9uide eE<lained t:at
F >irtuall3 e>er3one =:o beco8es a 9eneral 77 in t:e U?S? ar8ed forces also 9oes t:rou9:
t:is F trainin9 77 at t:e Ric:ardson Center?
Anot:er office of t:e Center for Creati>e Leaders:i< is in Lan9le31 6ir9inia1 at t:e
:ead@uarters of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? Here also1 Ric:ardson7s Center trains
leaders of t:e CIA?
%rescott !us: =or;ed t:rou9:out t:e Eisen:o=er 3ears as a confidential all3 of t:e ,ulles
brot:ers? In &ul3 12+-1 E93<t7s %resident Ga8el Abdul Nasser announced :e =ould acce<t
t:e U?S? offer of a loan for t:e construction of t:e As=an ,a8 <roBect?
&o:n oster ,ulles t:en <re<ared a state8ent tellin9 t:e E93<tian a8bassador t:at t:e
U?S?A? :ad decided to retract its offer? ,ulles 9a>e t:e eE<losi>e state8ent in ad>ance to
%rescott !us: for :is a<<ro>al? ,ulles also 9a>e t:e state8ent to %resident Eisen:o=er1 and
to t:e !ritis: 9o>ern8ent?
Nasser reacted to t:e ,ulles brus:-off b3 nationaliAin9 t:e SueA Canal to <a3 for t:e da8?
Israel1 t:en !ritain and rance1 in>aded E93<t to tr3 to o>ert:ro= Nasser1 leader of t:e anti-
i8<erial Arab nationalists? Ho=e>er1 Eisen:o=er refused 0for once4 to <la3 t:e ,ulles-
!ritis: 9a8e1 and t:e in>aders :ad to lea>e E93<t =:en !ritain =as t:reatened =it: U?S?
econo8ic sanctions?
,urin9 12+-1 Senator %rescott !us:7s >alue to t:e Harri8an-,ulles <olitical 9rou<
increased =:en :e =as <ut on t:e Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee? !us: toured U?S? and
allied 8ilitar3 bases t:rou9:out t:e =orld1 and :ad increased access to t:e national securit3
decision-8a;in9 <rocess?
In t:e later 3ears of t:e Eisen:o=er <residenc31 Gordon Gra3 reBoined t:e 9o>ern8ent? As
an inti8ate friend and 9olfin9 <artner of %rescott !us:1 Gra3 co8<le8ented t:e !us:
influence on I;e? T:e !us:-Gra3 fa8il3 <artners:i< in t:e F secret 9o>ern8ent 77 continues
u< t:rou9: t:e Geor9e !us: <residenc3?
Gordon Gra3 :ad been a<<ointed :ead of t:e ne= %s3c:olo9ical Strate93 !oard in 12+1
under A>erell Harri8an7s rule as assistant to %resident Tru8an for national securit3 affairs?
ro8 12+/ to 12-11 Gordon Gra3 =as national securit3 c:ief under %resident Eisen:o=er?
Gra3 acted as I;e7s inter8ediar31 strate9ist and :and-:older1 in t:e %resident7s relations =it:
t:e CIA and t:e U?S? and allied 8ilitar3 forces?
Eisen:o=er did not o<<ose t:e CIA7s co>ert action <roBectsC :e onl3 =anted to be <rotected
fro8 t:e conse@uences of t:eir failure or eE<osure? Gra37s <ri8ar3 tas;1 in t:e 9uise of F
o>ersi9:t 77 on all U?S? co>ert action1 =as to <rotect and :ide t:e 9ro=in9 8ass of CIA and
related secret 9o>ern8ent acti>ities?
It =as not onl3 co>ert <roBects =:ic: =ere de>elo<ed b3 t:e Gra3-!us:-,ulles
co8binationC it =as also ne=1 :idden structures of t:e United States 9o>ern8ent?
Senator Henr3 &ac;son c:allen9ed t:ese arran9e8ents in 12+2 and 12-5? &ac;son created a
Subco88ittee on National %olic3 Mac:iner3 of t:e Senate Co88ittee on Go>ern8ental
O<erations1 =:ic: in>esti9ated Gordon Gra37s rei9n at t:e National Securit3 Council? On
&anuar3 $-1 12-51 Gordon Gra3 =arned %resident Eisen:o=er t:at a docu8ent re>ealin9
t:e eEistence of a secret <art of t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent :ad so8e:o= 9otten into t:e
biblio9ra<:3 bein9 used b3 Senator &ac;son? T:e unit =as Gra37s F +)1$ Grou< 77 =it:in t:e
ad8inistration1 officiall3 but secretl3 in c:ar9e of a<<ro>in9 co>ert action? Under Gra37s
9uidance1 I;e F QP=as clear and fir8 in :is res<onse7 t:at &ac;son7s staff not be infor8ed of
t:e eEistence of t:is unit Ge8<:asis in t:e ori9inalH? 77 Se>eral fi9ures of t:e Eisen:o=er
ad8inistration 8ust be considered t:e fat:ers of t:is <er8anent co>ert action 8onolit:1
8en =:o continued s:e<:erdin9 t:e 8onster after its birt: in t:e Eisen:o=er era"
Gordon Gra31 t:e s:ado=3 assistant to t:e %resident for national securit3 affairs1 %rescott
!us:7s closest eEecuti>e branc: cron3 and 9olf <artner alon9 =it: Eisen:o=er? !3 12+2--51
Gra3 :ad I;e7s total confidence and ser>ed as t:e Harri8anites7 8onitor on all U?S? 8ilitar3
and non-8ilitar3 <roBects?
!ritis: intelli9ence a9ent #i8 %:ilb3 defected to t:e Russians in 12-'? %:ilb3 :ad 9ained
>irtuall3 total access to U?S? intelli9ence acti>ities be9innin9 in 12)21 as t:e !ritis: secret
ser>ices7 liaison to t:e Harri8an-do8inated CIA? After %:ilb37s defection1 it see8ed
ob>ious t:at t:e aristocratic !ritis: intelli9ence ser>ice =as in fact a 8enace to t:e =estern
cause? In t:e 12-5s1 a s8all tea8 of U?S? counterintelli9ence s<ecialists =ent to En9land to
in>esti9ate t:e situation? T:e3 re<orted bac; t:at t:e !ritis: secret ser>ice could be
t:orou9:l3 trusted? T:e leader of t:is F eE<ert 77 tea81 Gordon Gra31 =as t:e :ead of t:e
counteres<iona9e section of t:e %resident7s orei9n Intelli9ence Ad>isor3 !oard for
%residents &o:n #enned3 t:rou9: Gerald ord?
Robert Lo>ett1 !us:7s &u<iter Island nei9:bor and !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an <artner1 fro8
12+- on a 8e8ber of t:e %resident7s orei9n Intelli9ence Ad>isor3 !oard? Lo>ett later
clai8ed to :a>e criticiAed--fro8 t:e F inside 77--t:e <lan to in>ade Cuba at t:e !a3 of %i9s?
Lo>ett =as as;ed to c:oose t:e cabinet for &o:n #enned3 in 12-1?
CIA ,irector Allen ,ulles1 !us:7s for8er international attorne3? #enned3 fired ,ulles
after t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion1 but ,ulles ser>ed on t:e *arren Co88ission1 =:ic:
=:ite=as:ed %resident #enned37s 8urder?
C? ,ou9las ,illon1 nei9:bor of !us: on &u<iter Island1 beca8e Undersecretar3 of State in
12+/ after t:e deat: of &o:n oster ,ulles? ,illon :ad been &o:n oster ,ulles7s
a8bassador to rance 012+'-+.41 coordinatin9 t:e ori9inal U?S? co>ert bac;in9 for t:e
renc: i8<erial effort in 6ietna81 =it: catastro<:ic results for t:e =orld? ,illon =as
Treasur3 Secretar3 for bot: &o:n #enned3 and L3ndon &o:nson?
A8bassador to !ritain &oc; *:itne31 eEtended fa8il3 8e8ber of t:e Harri8ans and
nei9:bor of %rescott !us: on &u<iter Island? *:itne3 set u< a <ress ser>ice in London
called oru8 *orld eatures1 =:ic: <ublis:ed <ro<a9anda furnis:ed directl3 b3 t:e CIA
and t:e !ritis: intelli9ence ser>ices? !e9innin9 in 12-11 *:itne3 =as c:air8an of t:e
!ritis: E8<ire7s F En9lis: S<ea;in9 Union? 77 Senator %rescott !us:1 friend and counselor
of %resident Eisen:o=er?
!us:7s ter8 continued on in t:e Senate after t:e Eisen:o=er 3ears1 t:rou9:out 8ost of t:e
aborted #enned3 <residenc3?
In 12-$1 t:e National Strate93 Infor8ation Center =as founded b3 %rescott !us: and :is
son %rescott1 &r?1 *illia8 Case3 0t:e future CIA c:ief4 and Leo C:erne? T:e center ca8e to
be directed b3 ran; !arnett1 for8er <ro9ra8 officer of t:e !us: fa8il37s H? S8it:
Ric:ardson oundation? T:e center conduited funds to t:e London-!ased oru8 *orld
eatures1 for t:e circulation of CIA-aut:ored F ne=s stories 77 to so8e '55 ne=s<a<ers
internationall3?
F ,e8ocrat 77 A>erell Harri8an rotated bac; into official 9o>ern8ent in t:e #enned3
ad8inistration? As Assistant Secretar3 and Undersecretar3 of State1 Harri8an :el<ed <us:
t:e United States into t:e 6ietna8 *ar? Harri8an :ad no <ost in t:e Eisen:o=er
ad8inistration? (et :e =as <er:a<s 8ore t:an an3one t:e leader and t:e 9lue for t:e
incredible e>il t:at =as :atc:ed b3 t:e CIA in t:e final Eisen:o=er 3ears" a :alf-<ublic1
:alf-<ri>ate Harri8anite ar831 ne>er since de8obiliAed1 and increasin9l3 associated =it:
t:e na8e of !us:?
ollo=in9 t:e rise of Castro1 t:e U?S? Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 contracted =it: t:e
or9aniAation of Mafia boss Me3er Lans;3 to or9aniAe and train assassination s@uads for use
a9ainst t:e Cuban 9o>ern8ent? A8on9 t:ose e8<lo3ed =ere &o:n Rosselli1 Santos
Trafficante and Sa8 Giancana? Uncontested <ublic docu8entation of t:ese facts :as been
<ublis:ed b3 con9ressional bodies and b3 leadin9 Establis:8ent acade8ics?
!ut t:e disturbin9 i8<lications and later conse@uences of t:is en9a9e8ent are a crucial
8atter for furt:er stud3 b3 t:e citiAens of e>er3 nation? T:is 8uc: is establis:ed"
On Au9? 1/1 12-51 %resident Eisen:o=er a<<ro>ed a I1' 8illion official bud9et for a secret
CIA-run 9uerrilla =ar a9ainst Castro? It is ;no=n t:at 6ice %resident Ric:ard M? NiEon
too; a :and in t:e <ro8otion of t:is initiati>e? T:e U?S? 8ilitar3 =as ;e<t out of t:e co>ert
action <lans until >er3 late in t:e 9a8e?
T:e first of ei9:t ad8itted assassination atte8<ts a9ainst Castro too; <lace in 12-5?
T:e <ro9ra8 =as1 of course1 a failure1 if not a circus? T:e in>asion of Cuba b3 t:e CIA7s
anti-Castro eEiles =as <ut off until after &o:n #enned3 too; o>er t:e <residenc3? T:e
in>asion at t:e !a3 of %i9s =as a fiasco1 and Castro7s forces easil3 <re>ailed? !ut t:e
<ro9ra8 continued?
In 12-51 eliE Rodri9ueA1 Luis %osada Carriles1 Rafael F C:i C:i 77 Luintero1 ran; Stur9is
0or F ran; iorini 774 and ot:er lorida-based Cuban eEiles =ere trained as ;illers and dru9-
traffic;ers in t:e Cuban initiati>eC t:eir su<er>isor =as E? Ho=ard Hunt? T:eir o>erall CIA
boss =as Mia8i station c:ief T:eodore G? S:ac;le31 seconded b3 T:o8as Clines? In later
c:a<ters =e =ill follo= t:e subse@uent careers of t:ese c:aracters-- increasin9l3 identified
=it: Geor9e !us:--t:rou9: t:e *ater9ate cou<1 and t:e Iran- Contra scandal?
NOTE"
1? *alter Isaacson and E>an T:o8as1 T:e *ise Men" SiE riends and t:e *orld T:e3 Made--
Ac:eson1 !o:len1 Harri8an1 #ennan1 Lo>ett1 McClo3 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12/-41 <? '..?
$? Reed =as better ;no=n in :i9: societ3 as a 8inor di<lo8at1 t:e founder of t:e Triton %ress and t:e
<resident of t:e A8erican S:a;es<eare T:eater?
'? %al8 !eac: %ost1 &an? 1'1 1221?
)? or Lo>ett7s residenc3 t:ere see Isaacson and T:o8as1 o<? cit?1 <? )1.? So8e &u<iter Island residencies
=ere >erified b3 t:eir inclusion in t:e 12). 8e8bers:i< list of t:e Hobe Sound (ac:t Club1 in t:e
Harri8an <a<ers1 Librar3 of Con9ressC ot:ers =ere establis:ed fro8 inter>ie=s =it: lon9-ti8e &u<iter
Islanders?
+? Art:ur !urr ,arlin91 T:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3" An Instru8ent of Go>ern8ent1 to 12+5 0Colle9e
Station" %enns3l>ania State Uni>ersit31 122541 <? +2?
-? T:e C:ica9o Tribune1 eb? 21 12)+1 for eEa8<le1 =arned of F Creation of an all-<o=erful intelli9ence
ser>ice to s<3 on t:e <ost=ar =orld and to <r3 into t:e li>es of citiAens at :o8e? 77 Cf? Ant:on3 Ca>e
!ro=n1 *ild !ill ,ono>an" T:e Last Hero 0Ne= (or;" Ti8es !oo;s1 12/$41 <? -$+1 on =arnin9s to ,R
about t:e !ritis: control of U?S? intelli9ence?
.? ,ennis Eisenber91 Uri ,an1 Eli Landau1 Me3er Lans;3" Mo9ul of t:e Mob 0Ne= (or;" %addin9ton %ress1
12.24 <<? $$.-$/?
/? See &o:n Ranela9:1 T:e A9enc3" T:e Rise and ,ecline of t:e CIA 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1
12/.41 <<? 1'1-'$?
2? Clar; Clifford1 Counsel to t:e %resident 0Ne= (or;" Rando8 House1 12214?
15? Sidne3 H38an1 T:e Li>es of *illia8 !enton 0C:ica9o" T:e Uni>ersit3 of C:ica9o %ress1 12-241 <<?
)'/-)1?
11? %:3llis Tilson %iotro=1 *orld %o<ulation Crisis" T:e United States Res<onse 0Ne= (or;" %rae9er
%ublis:ers1 12.'41 F ore=ard1 77 b3 Geor9e H?*? !us:1 <? >ii?
1$? Herbert S? %ar8et1 Eisen:o=er and t:e A8erican Crusades 0Ne= (or;" T:e Mac8illan Co8<an31
12.$41 <? 1)?
1'? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Se<t? -1 12+$1 No>? +1 12+$1 No>? .1 12+-?
1)? Ric:ardson to %rescott !us:1 H? S8it: Ric:ardson %a<ers1 Uni>ersit3 of Nort: Carolina1 C:a<el Hill?
1+? *a3ne S? Cole1 A8erica irst" T:e !attle A9ainst Inter>ention1 12)5-12)1 0Madison" t:e Uni>ersit3 of
*isconsin %ress1 12+'4C inter>ie=s =it: Ric:ardson fa8il3 e8<lo3eesC H? S8it: Ric:ardson oundation
annual re<ortsC Ric:ardson to %rescott !us:1 Marc: $-1 12+)1 Ric:ardson %a<ers? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril
$21 1225?
1-? %ar8et1 o<? cit?1 <? )/1?
1.? &o:n %rados1 #ee<ers of t:e #e3s" A Histor3 of t:e National Securit3 Council fro8 Tru8an to !us:
0Ne= (or;" *illia8 Morro=1 12214 <<? 2$-2+?
1/? Robert Calla9:an in Co>ert Action1 No? ''1 *inter 1225? %rescott1 &r? =as a board 8e8ber of t:e
National Strate93 Infor8ation Center as of 1221? !ot: %rescott Sr? and &r? =ere dee<l3 in>ol>ed alon9 =it:
Case3 in t:e circles of %an A8erican Airlines1 %an A87s o=ners t:e Grace fa8il31 and t:e CIA7s Latin
A8erican affairs? T:e center1 based in *as:in9ton1 ,?C?1 declines <ublic in@uiries about its foundin9?
See also EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F A8erican Le>iat:an" Ad8inistrati>e ascis8 under t:e !us: Re9i8e 77
0*iesbaden1 Ger8an3" EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= Nac:ric:tena9entur1 A<ril 122541 <? 12$?
12? or eEa8<le1 see Tru8bull Hi99ins1 T:e %erfect ailure" #enned31 Eisen:o=er1 and t:e CIA at t:e !a3
of %i9s 0Ne= (or;" *?*? Norton and Co?1 12/.41 <<? ++-+-1 /2-25?
Un>erified infor8ation on t:e s@uads is <ro>ided in t:e affida>it of ,aniel %? S:ee:an1 attorne3 for t:e
C:ristic Institute1 re<roduced in EIR S<ecial Re<ort"1 F %roBect ,e8ocrac3" T:e P%arallel Go>ern8ent7
be:ind t:e Iran-Contra Affair 77 0*as:in9ton1 ,?C?" EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 12/.41 <<? $)2-+5?
So8e of t:e :ired assassins :a>e <ublis:ed t:eir 8e8oirs? See1 for eEa8<le1 eliE Rodri9ueA and &o:n
*eis8an1 Secret *arrior 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12/24C and E? Ho=ard Hunt1 Underco>er"
Me8oirs of an A8erican Secret A9ent 0Ne= (or;" G?%? %utna87s Sons1 12.)4?
S McMa:on :ad been Assistant U?S? Attorne3 General1 in c:ar9e of t:e Cri8inal ,i>ision1 fro8 12'+ to 12'2? *as t:ere a c:ance :e 8i9:t
so8eda3 s<ea; out about t:e un<unis:ed NaAi-era cri8es of t:e =ealt:3 and <o=erfulD
C:a<ter - 6 - %o<<3 and Mo883
FO: Mot:er1 Mot:erK *:at :a>e 3ou doneD !e:oldK t:e :ea>ens do o<e? T:e 9ods loo;
do=n1 and t:is unnatural scene t:e3 lau9: at? 77
Coriolanus1 S:a;es<eare?
T:e Sil>er S<oon
Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us: =as born in Milton1 Massac:usetts1 on &une 1$1 12$)? ,urin9
t:e neEt 3ear t:e fa8il3 8o>ed to Green=ic:1 Connecticut1 and establis:ed t:eir <er8anent
residenc3?
%rescott and ,orot:3 *al;er !us: :ad :ad a son1 %rescott1 &r?1 before Geor9e? Later t:ere
=as a little sister1 Nanc31 and anot:er brot:er1 &onat:anC a fourt: son1 *illia8 0F !uc;3 7741
=as born 1) 3ears after Geor9e1 in 12'2?
Geor9e =as na8ed after :is 9randfat:er1 Geor9e Herbert *al;er? Since Geor9e7s 8ot:er
called Grandfat:er *al;er F %o<1 77 s:e be9an callin9 :er son1 :is na8esa;e1 F little %o<1 77
or F %o<<3? 77 Hence1 %o<<3 !us: is t:e na8e t:e %resident7s fa8il3 friends :a>e called :i8
since :is 3out:?
%rescott1 Sr? Boined *?A? Harri8an N Co? Ma3 11 12$-? *it: :is fa8il37s lucrati>e
totalitarian <roBects1 Geor9e !us:7s c:ild:ood be9an in co8fort and ad>anced dra8aticall3
to luEur3 and ele9ance?
T:e !us:es :ad a lar9e1 dar;-s:in9led :ouse =it: F broad >erandas and a <ortecoc:ere 77
0ori9inall3 a roofed structure eEtendin9 out to t:e dri>e=a3 to <rotect t:e 9entr3 =:o
arri>ed in coac:es4 on Gro>e Lane in t:e ,eer %ar; section of Green=ic:?
Here t:e3 =ere attended b3 four ser>ants--t:ree 8aids 0one of =:o8 coo;ed4 and a
c:auffeur?
T:e U?S?A? =as <lun9ed into t:e Great ,e<ression be9innin9 =it: t:e 12$2-'1 financial
colla<se? !ut Geor9e !us: and :is fa8il3 =ere totall3 insulated fro8 t:is crisis? !efore and
after t:e cras:1 t:eir li>es =ere a frolic1 sealed off fro8 t:e concerns of t:e <o<ulation at
lar9e?
,urin9 t:e su88ers1 t:e !us:es sta3ed in a second :o8e on t:e fa8il37s ten-acre s<read at
*al;er7s %oint at #ennebun;<ort1 Maine? lus: fro8 t:e So>iet oil deals and t:e T:3ssen-
NaAi %art3 arran9e8ents1 Grandfat:er *al;er :ad built a :ouse t:ere for %rescott and
,orot:3? T:e3 and ot:er =ell-to-do su88er colonists used #ennebun;<ort7s Ri>er Club for
tennis and 3ac:tin9? In t:e =inter season1 t:e3 too; t:e train to Grandfat:er *al;er7s
<lantation1 called F ,uncannon1 77 near !arn=ell1 Sout: Carolina? T:e no>ices =ere
instructed in s;eet s:ootin91 t:en =ent out on :orsebac;1 follo=in9 t:e :ounds in <ursuit of
@uail and do>e? Geor9e7s sister Nanc3 recalled F t:e care ta;en 77 b3 t:e ser>ants F o>er t:e
sli9:test t:in9s1 li;e t:e tri88ed ed9es of t:e 9ra<efruit? *e =ere =aited on b3 t:e 8ost
=onderful blac; ser>ants =:o =ould co8e into t:e bedroo8s earl3 in t:e 8ornin9 and li9:t
t:ose crac;lin9 <ine-=ood fires???? 77
T:e 8one3 <oured in fro8 t:e Ha8bur9-A8eri;a stea8s:i< line1 its =or;force cris<l3
re9ulated b3 t:e NaAi Labor ront? T:e fa8il3 too; 3et anot:er :ouse at Ai;en1 Sout:
Carolina? T:ere t:e !us: c:ildren :ad sociall3 acce<table F tennis and ridin9 <artners?
Ai;en =as a Sout:ern ca<ital of <olo in t:ose da3s1 a =inter resort of considerable
distinction and serenit3 t:at attracted 8an3 Nort:erners1 es<eciall3 t:e e@uestrian oriented?
T:e !us: c:ildren naturall3 rode t:ere1 too???? 77 A>erell Harri8an1 a =orld- class <olo
<la3er1 also fre@uented Ai;en?
%o<<3 !us:7s fat:er and 8ot:er anEiousl3 <ro8oted t:e fa8il37s distin9uis:ed linea9e1 and
its 9ro=in9 i8<ortance in t:e =orld? %rescott !us: clai8ed t:at :e F could trace :is
fa8il37s roots bac; to En9land7s #in9 Henr3 III1 8a;in9 Geor9e a t:irteent: cousin1 t=ice
re8o>ed of Lueen EliAabet:? 77
T:is <articular conceit 8a3 be a bad o8en for %resident !us:? T:e co=ardl31 acid- ton9ued
Henr3 III =as defeated b3 rance7s Louis IM 0Saint Louis4 in Henr37s 9rab for <o=er o>er
rance and 8uc: of Euro<e? Henr37s o=n barons at len9t: re>olted a9ainst :is blunderin9
arro9ance1 and :is <o=er =as curbed?
As t:e 12'5s econo8ic crisis dee<ened1 A8ericans eE<erienced un<recedented :ards:i<
and fear? T:e !us: c:ildren =ere tau9:t t:at t:ose =:o suffered t:ese <roble8s :ad no one
to bla8e but t:e8sel>es?
A :ac; =riter1 :ired to <uff %resident !us:7s F :eroic 8ilitar3 bac;9round1 77 =rote t:ese
lines fro8 8aterial su<<lied b3 t:e *:ite House"
F %rescott !us: =as a t:rift3 8an???? He :ad no s38<at:3 for t:e nou>eau ric:es =:o
flaunted t:eir =ealt:--t:e3 =ere =it:out class1 :e said? As a sa9e and strictl3 :onest
business8an1 :e :ad often turned failin9 co8<anies around1 8a;in9 t:e8 <rofitable a9ain1
and :e :ad scorn for <eo<le =:o =ent ban;ru<t because t:e3 8is8ana9ed t:eir 8one3?
%rescott7s lessons =ere absorbed b3 3oun9 Geor9e????
77
*:en :e reac:ed t:e a9e of fi>e1 Geor9e !us: Boined :is older brot:er %res in attendin9 t:e
Green=ic: Countr3 ,a3 Sc:ool? T:e brot:ers7 F li>es =ere c:arted fro8 birt:? T:eir fat:er
:ad deter8ined t:at :is sons =ould be ??? educated and trained to be 8e8bers of A8erica7s
elite???? Green=ic: Countr3 ,a3 Sc:ool G=asH an eEclusi>e all-8ale acade83 for
3oun9sters slated for <ri>ate secondar3 sc:ools????
FAlec1 t:e fa8il3 c:auffeur1 dro>e t:e t=o bo3s to sc:ool e>er3 8ornin9 after dro<<in9
%rescott1 Sr? at t:e railroad station for t:e 8ornin9 co88ute to Man:attan? T:e ,e<ression
=as no=:ere in e>idence as t:e bo3s 9lided in t:e fa8il37s blac; Olds8obile <ast t:e stone
fences1 stables1 and s=i88in9 <ools of one of t:e =ealt:iest co88unities in A8erica? 77
!ut t:ou9: t:e 3oun9 Geor9e !us: :ad no concerns about :is 8aterial eEistence1 one 8ust
not o>erloo; t:e i8<ortant1 <ri>ate anEiet3 9na=in9 at :i8 fro8 t:e direction of :is
8ot:er?
T:e %resident7s =ife1 !arbara1 :as <ut 8ost succinctl3 t:e @uestion of ,orot:3 !us: and
:er effect on Geor9e" F His 8ot:er =as t:e 8ost co8<etiti>e li>in9 :u8an? 77
If =e loo; :ere in :is 8ot:er7s s:ado=1 =e 8a3 find so8et:in9 be3ond t:e routine 8edical
eE<lanations for %resident !us:7s F dri>en 77 states of ra9e1 or :3<eracti>it3?
Mot:er !us: =as t:e best at:lete in t:e fa8il31 t:e fastest runner? S:e =as :ard? S:e
eE<ected ot:ers to be :ard? T:e3 8ust =in1 but t:e3 8ust al=a3s a<<ear not to care about
=innin9?
T:is is <ut <olitel31 delicatel31 in a F bio9ra<:3 77 =ritten b3 an ad8irin9 friend of t:e
%resident" F S:e =as =it: t:e8 da3 after da31 ??? often curbin9 t:eir e9os as onl3 a 8arine
drill instructor can? Once =:en ??? Geor9e lost a tennis 8atc:1 :e eE<lained to :er t:at :e
:ad been off :is 9a8e t:at 8ornin9? S:e retorted1 P(ou don7t :a>e a 9a8e?7 77
Accordin9 to t:is account1 !arbara =as fascinated b3 :er 8ot:er-in-la=7s continuin9
ferocit3"
Geor9e1 <la3in9 8iEed doubles =it: !arbara on t:e #ennebun;<ort court1 ran into a <orc:
and inBured :is ri9:t s:oulder blade? F His 8ot:er said it =as 83 ball to :it1 and it :a<<ened
because I didn7t run for it? S:e =as <robabl3 ri9:t1 77 !arbara told Gan inter>ie=erH???? *:en
a discussion of so8eone7s 9a8e ca8e u<1 as !arbara described it1 F if Mrs? !us: =ould sa31
PS:e :ad so8e 9ood s:ots17 it 8eant s:e stan;? T:at7s Bust t:e =a3 s:e 9ot t:e 8essa9e
across? *:en one of t:e 9randc:ildren brou9:t t:is 9irl :o8e1 e>er3bod3 said1 P*e t:in;
:e7s 9oin9 to 8arr3 :er17 and s:e said1 PO:1 no1 s:e =on7t <la3 net?7 77
A 9oad to ra<id 8otion beca8e e8bedded in :is <ersonalit3? It is obser>able t:rou9:out
Geor9e !us:7s life?
A co8<anion trait =as %o<<37s uncann3 ur9e1 :is 8aster obsession =it: t:e need to F ;iss
u<1 77 to <ro<itiate t:ose =:o 8i9:t in an3 =a3 ad>ance :is interests? A life of suc: efforts
could at so8e <oint reac: a cli8aE of released ra9e1 =:ere t:e triu8<:ant one 8a3 finall3
sa31 F No= it is onl3 I =:o 8ust be feared? 77
T:is dan9erous c3cle be9an >er3 earl31 a res<onse to :is 8ot:er7s <roddin9 and
inti8idationC it intensified as Geor9e beca8e 8ore able to calculate :is ad>anta9e?
His 8ot:er sa3s"
F Geor9e =as a 8ost unselfis: c:ild? *:en :e =as onl3 a little 8ore t:an t=o 3ears old ???
=e bou9:t :i8 one of t:ose <edal cars 3ou cli8b into and =or; =it: 3our feet?
FGHis brot:erH %res ;ne= Bust :o= to =or; it1 and Geor9e ca8e runnin9 o>er and 9rabbed
t:e =:eel and told %res :e s:ould P:a>e :alf17 8eanin9 :alf of :is ne= <ossession? PHa>e
:alf1 :a>e :alf17 :e ;e<t re<eatin91 and for a =:ile around t:e :ouse =e called :i8 PHa>e
:alf?7 77
Geor9e F learned to as; for no 8ore t:an =:at =as due :i8? Alt:ou9: not t:e sc:ool7s
leadin9 student1 :is re<ort card =as al=a3s 9ood1 and :is 8ot:er =as <articularl3 <leased
t:at :e =as al=a3s 9raded PeEcellent7 in one cate9or3 s:e t:ou9:t of 9reat i8<ortance"
PClai8s no 8ore t:an :is fair s:are of ti8e and attention?7 T:is consistent ran;in9 led to a
little fa8il3 Bo;e--Geor9e al=a3s did best in PClai8s no 8ore?7
FHe =as not a selfis: c:ild1 did not e>en dis<la3 t:e innocent <ossessi>eness co88on to
8ost c:ildren???? 77
Ando>er
Geor9e !us: left Green=ic: Countr3 ,a3 Sc:ool in 12'-? He Boined :is older brot:er at
%:illi<s Acade83 in Ando>er1 Massac:usetts1 $5 8iles nort: of !oston?
F %o<<3 77 =as 1$ 3ears old1 :andso8e and ric:? T:ou9: t:e U?S? econo83 too; a sa>a9e
turn for t:e =orse t:e follo=in9 3ear1 Geor9e7s fat:er =as <ilin9 u< a fortune1 arran9in9
bond s=indles for t:e NaAis =it: &o:n oster ,ulles?
Onl3 about one in 1) U?S? secondar3 sc:ool students could afford to be in <ri>ate sc:ools
durin9 Geor9e !us:7s sta3 at Ando>er 012'--)$4? T:e Ne= En9land <re<arator3 or F <re< 77
sc:ools =ere t:e 8ost eEclusi>e? T:eir students =ere al8ost all ric: =:ite bo3s1 8an3 of
t:e8 E<isco<alians? And Ando>er =as1 in certain stran9e =a3s1 t:e 8ost eEclusi>e of t:e8
all?
A 12/5 ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3 <re<ared b3 !us:7s o=n staff concedes t:at F it =as to Ne=
En9land t:at t:e3 returned to be educated at select sc:ools t:at <roduce leaders =it: a
<atrician or aristocratic sta8<--adBecti>es1 incidentall31 =:ic: cause a collecti>e =ince
a8on9 t:e !us:es???? At t:e close of t:e 12'5s ??? t:ese sc:ools ??? brou9:t t:e fa8ous Pold-
bo3 net=or;s7 to t:e <ea; of t:eir <o=er?
77
T:ese A8erican institutions :a>e been consciousl3 8odeled on En9land7s elite <ri>ate
sc:ools 0confusin9l3 called F <ublic 77 sc:ools because t:e3 =ere o<en to all En9lis: bo3s
=it: sufficient 8one34? T:e <:iloso<:3 inculcated into t:e son of a !ritis: Lord Ad8iral or
Sout: African <olice c:ief1 =as to be i8bibed b3 sons of t:e A8erican re<ublic?
Geor9e 8ade so8e decisi>e 8oral c:oices about :i8self in t:ese first 3ears a=a3 fro8
:o8e? T:e institution =:ic: 9uided t:ese c:oices1 and :el<ed s:a<e t:e <eculiar obsessions
of t:e )1st %resident1 =as a <it of An9lo<:ile aristocratic racialis8 =:en Geor9e !us:
ca8e on t:e scene?
F Ando>er =as ??? less dedicated to Pelitis87 t:an so8e Gsc:oolsH???? T:ere =ere e>en a
cou<le of blac;s in t:e classes1 to;ens of course1 but t:is at a ti8e =:en a blac; student at
al8ost an3 ot:er Nort:eastern <re< sc:ool =ould :a>e been unt:in;able? 77
Ando>er :ad a >aunted F tradition1 77 inter8in9led =it: t:e <roud bloodlines of its students
and alu8ni1 t:at =as su<<osed to reac: bac; to t:e sc:ool7s foundin9 in 1../? !ut a closer
eEa8ination re>eals t:is F tradition 77 to be a fraud? It is <art of a lar9er1 :i9:l3 si9nificant
:istorical fallac3 <er<etrated b3 t:e An9lo-A8ericans- -and curiousl3 stressed b3 !us:7s
a9ents in forei9n countries?
T:o8as Coc:ran1 a <artner of t:e &?%? Mor9an ban;in9 fir81 donated considerable su8s to
construct s=an;3 ne= Ando>er buildin9s in t:e 12$5s? A8on9 t:ese =ere Geor9e
*as:in9ton Hall and %aul Re>ere Hall1 na8ed for leaders of t:e A8erican Re>olution
a9ainst t:e !ritis: E8<ire? T:ese and si8ilar F <atriotic 77 tra<<in9s1 =it: t:e alu8ni7s old
sc:ool-affiliated 9enealo9ies1 8i9:t see8 to indicate an unbro;en line of racial i8<erialists
li;e Coc:ran and :is circle1 reac:in9 bac; to t:e :eroes of t:e Re>olutionK
Let us briefl3 tour Ando>er7s :istor31 and t:en <onder =:et:er General *as:in9ton =ould
=ant to be identified =it: %o<<3 !us:7s sc:ool?
T:irt3 3ears after Sa8uel %:illi<s founded t:e Acade83 at Ando>er1 Massac:usetts1 t:e
@uiet little sc:ool beca8e e8broiled in a >iolent contro>ers3? On one side =ere certain
die:ard <ro-!ritis: fa8ilies1 ;no=n as !oston !ra:8ins1 =:o :ad <ros<ered in t:e s:i<
trans<ortation of ru8 and blac; sla>es? T:e3 :ad re9ained <o=er in !oston since t:eir allies
:ad lost t:e 1..+-/' A8erican Re>olution?
In 1/5+ t:ese c3nical1 neo-<a9an1 F Tor3 77 fa8ilies succeeded in <lacin9 t:eir re<resentati>e
in t:e Hollis c:air of %:iloso<:3 at Har>ard Colle9e? T:e Tories1 <aradin9 <ublicl3 as
liberal reli9ionists called Unitarians1 =ere o<<osed b3 A8erican nationalists led b3 t:e
9eo9ra<:er-:istorian Re>? &edidia: Morse 01.-1- 1/$-4? T:e nationalists rallied t:e
C:ristian c:urc:es of t:e nort:eastern states be:ind a <lan to establis:1 at Ando>er1 a ne=
reli9ious institution =:ic: =ould counter t:e !ritis: s<ies1 at:eists and cri8inals =:o :ad
ta;en o>er Har>ard?
!ritis: E8<ire <olitical o<erati>es Ste<:en Hi99inson1 &r? and &o:n Lo=ell1 &r? <ublis:ed
counterattac;s a9ainst Re>? Morse1 clai8in9 :e =as tr3in9 to rouse t:e lo=er classes of
citiAens to :atred a9ainst t:e =ealt:3 8erc:ant fa8ilies? T:en t:e Tories <la3ed t:e F
conser>ati>e 77 card? Ultra-ort:odoE Cal>inists1 actuall3 business <artners to t:e Har>ard
liberals1 t:reatened to set u< t:eir o=n reli9ious institution in Tor3-do8inated
Ne=bur3<ort? T:eir assertion1 t:at Morse =as not conser>ati>e enou9:1 s<lit t:e resources
of t:e re9ion7s C:ristians1 until t:e Morse 9rou< reluctantl3 brou9:t t:e Ne=bur3<ort ultras
as <artners into t:e 8ana9e8ent of t:e Ando>er T:eolo9ical Se8inar3 in 1/5/?
T:e ne= t:eolo9ical se8inar3 and t:e adBacent bo3s7 acade83 =ere no= 9o>erned to9et:er
under a co88on board of trustees 0balanced bet=een t:e Morse nationalists and t:e
Ne=bur3<ort anti-nationalists1 t:e o<<osin9 =in9s of t:e old ederalist %art34?
&edidia: Morse 8ade Ando>er t:e :ead@uarters of a rat:er :eroic1 anti-racist1 C:ristian
8issionar3 8o>e8ent1 brin9in9 literac31 <rintin9 <resses1 8edicine and tec:nolo9ical
education to Sout:east Asia and A8erican Indians1 notabl3 t:e Geor9ia C:ero;ees? T:is
acti>ist Ando>er doctrine of racial e@ualit3 and A8erican Re>olutionar3 s<irit =as des<ised
and feared b3 !ritis: o<iu8 <us:ers in East Asia and b3 !oston7s blue-blooded
An9lo<:iles? Ando>er 8issionaries =ere e>entuall3 Bailed in Geor9iaC t:eir too-8odern
C:ero;ee allies =ere 8urdered and dri>en into eEile b3 <ro-sla>er3 8obs?
*:en &edidia: Morse7s 9eneration died out1 t:e Ando>er 8issionar3 8o>e8ent =as
crus:ed b3 Ne= En9land7s elite fa8ilies--=:o =ere t:en !ritain7s <artners in t:e boo8in9
o<iu8 traffic? Ando>er =as still for8all3 C:ristian after 1/)5C !oston7s c3nical !ra:8ins
used Ando>er7s ort:odoE %rotestant board to <rosecute >arious of t:eir o<<onents as F
:eretics? 77
Neo-<a9anis8 and occult 8o>e8ents bloo8ed after t:e Ci>il *ar =it: ,ar=in7s ne=
8aterialist doctrines? In t:e 1/.5s t:e deat:-=ors:i<<in9 S;ull and !ones Societ3 sent its
alu8ni 8e8bers bac; fro8 (ale Uni>ersit31 to or9aniAe aristocratic secret satanic societies
for t:e teena9ers at t:e Ando>er <re< sc:ool? !ut t:ese cults did not 3et @uite flouris:?
National <o=er =as still <recariousl3 balanced bet=een t:e i8<erial An9lo-A8erican
financiers1 and t:e old-line nationalists =:o built A8erica7s railroads1 steel and electrical
industries?
T:e Ne= A9e aristocrats <roclai8ed t:eir >ictor3 under T:eodore Roose>elt7s <residenc3
01251-524? T:e Ando>er T:eolo9ical Se8inar3 =ound u< its affairs and 8o>ed out of to=n1
to be 8er9ed =it: t:e Har>ard ,i>init3 Sc:oolK Ando>er <re< sc:ool =as no= lar9el3 free
of t:e anno3ance of reli9ion1 or an3 connection =:atsoe>er =it: t:e A8erican s<irit? Secret
societies for t:e sc:ool7s c:ildren1 8odeled on t:e barbarian orders at (ale1 =ere no=
establis:ed in <er8anent1 incor<orated :ead@uarters buildin9s Bust off ca8<us at Ando>er?
Official sc:ool ad>isers =ere assi9ned to eac: secret societ31 =:o <artici<ated in t:eir cruel
and literall3 insane rituals?
*:en &?%? Mor9an <artner T:o8as Coc:ran built Ando>er7s luEurious 8odern ca8<us for
bo3s li;e %o<<3 !us:1 t:e usur<ers of A8erica7s na8e :ad cause to celebrate? Under t:eir
su<er>ision1 fascis8 =as risin9 in Euro<e? T:e ne= ca8<us librar3 =as na8ed for Oli>er
*endell Hol8es1 Ando>er class of 1/$+? T:is dreadful <oet of t:e F leisure class1 77 a to=er
of !oston blue-blooded conceit1 =as fa8ous as t:e fat:er of t:e t=entiet: centur3 U?S?
Su<re8e Court Bustice? His son1 Oli>er *endell Hol8es1 &r?1 s38boliAed t:e arbitrar3 rule
of t:e racial <urit3 ad>ocates1 t:e usur<ers1 o>er A8erican societ3?
Ando>er installed a ne= :ead8aster in 12''? Claude Moore uess 0r:38es =it: fleece4
re<laced >eteran :ead8aster Alfred E? Stearns1 =:o8 t:e !ra:8ins sa= as a d3ed-in-t:e-
=ool reactionar3? Stearns =as forced out o>er a F scandal 77" a =ido=er1 :e :ad 8arried :is
:ouse;ee<er1 =:o =as beneat: :is social class?
T:e ne= :ead8aster =as considered for=ard-loo;in9 and fleEible1 read3 to 8eet t:e
c:allen9es of t:e =orld <olitical crisis" for eEa8<le1 uess fa>ored <s3c:iatr3 for t:e bo3s1
so8et:in9 Stearns =ouldn7t tolerate?
Claude uess :ad been an Ando>er :istor3 teac:er since 125/1 and 9ained fa8e as an
:istorian? He =as one of t:e 8ost s;illful liars of t:e 8odern a9e?
uess :ad 8arried into t:e !oston Cus:in9 fa8il3? He :ad =ritten t:e fa8il3- aut:oriAed
=:ite=as: bio9ra<:3 of :is =ife7s relati>e1 Caleb Cus:in91 a <ro- sla>er3 <olitician of t:e
8iddle nineteent: centur3? T:e outlandis:1 =idel3 ;no=n corru<tion of Cus:in97s career
=as 8atc:ed b3 uess7s bold1 outra9eous co>eru<?
,urin9 Geor9e !us:7s 3ears at Ando>er1 euss1 :is :ead8aster1 =rote an aut:oriAed
bio9ra<:3 of Cal>in Coolid9e1 t:e late U?S? %resident? T:is =or; =as celebrated in Best as a
c:a8<ion s<eci8en of un=:oleso8e flatter3? In ot:er boo;s1 also about t:e blue bloods1
uess =as si8<l3 9i>en t:e fa8il3 <a<ers and desi9nated t:e c:ief liar for t:e F !ostonian
Race? 77
!ot: t:e Cus:in9 and Coolid9e fa8ilies :ad 8ade t:eir fortunes in o<iu8 traffic;in9?
!us:7s :ead8aster na8ed :is son &o:n Cus:in9 uess1 <er:a<s after t:e fabled nineteent:-
centur3 do<e ;in9<in =:o :ad 8ade t:e Cus:in9s ric:?
Head8aster uess used to sa3 to :is staff1 F I ca8e to <o=er =it: Hitler and Mussolini? 77
T:is =as not 8erel3 a <leasantr31 referrin9 to :is a<<oint8ent t:e 3ear Hitler too; o>er
Ger8an3?
In :is 12'2 8e8oirs1 Head8aster uess eE<ressed t:e <:iloso<:3 =:ic: 8ust 9uide t:e
education of t:e =ell-born 3oun9 9entle8en under :is care"
Our declinin9 birt: rate ??? 8a3 <er:a<s indicate a ste< to=ards national deterioration?
A8on9 t:e so-called u<<er and leisure classes1 noticeabl3 a8on9 t:e uni>ersit3 9rou<1 t:e
<resent birt: rate is stri;in9l3 lo=? A8on9 t:e Sla>onic and Latin i88i9rants1 on t:e ot:er
:and1 it is relati>el3 :i9:? *e see8 t:us to be lettin9 t:e best blood t:in out and disa<<earC
=:ile at t:e sa8e ti8e our :u8anitarian efforts for t:e <reser>ation of t:e less fit1 t:ose
=:o for so8e reason are cri<<led and inca<acitated1 are bein9 9reatl3 sti8ulated? T:e effect
on t:e race =ill not beco8e a<<arent for so8e 9enerations and certainl3 cannot no= be
accuratel3 <redictedC but t:e <:eno8enon 8ust be 8entioned if 3ou are to :a>e a true
<icture of =:at is 9oin9 on in t:e United States?
*ould Geor9e !us: ado<t t:is anti-C:ristian outloo; as :is o=nD One can ne>er ;no= for
sure :o= a 3oun9 <erson =ill res<ond to t:e doctrines of :is elders1 no 8atter :o= cle>erl3
<resented? T:ere is a 8uc: :i9:er de9ree of certaint3 t:at :e =ill confor8 to cri8inal
eE<ectations1 :o=e>er1 if t:e student is brou9:t to <ractice cruelt3 a9ainst ot:er 3oun9sters1
and to de9rade :i8self in order to 9et a:ead? At Ando>er1 t:is =as =:ere t:e Secret
Societies ca8e in?
T:e Secret Societies
Not:in9 li;e Ando>er7s secret societies eEisted at an3 ot:er A8erican sc:ool? *:at =ere
t:e3 all aboutD
!us:7s friend itA:u9: Greene =rote in 12/2"
Robert L? F Ti8 77 Ireland1 !us:7s lon9ti8e su<<orter Gand !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an
<artnerH1 =:o later ser>ed on t:e Ando>er board of trustees =it: :i81 said :e belie>ed
G!us:H :ad been in AU6? F *:at7s t:atD I as;ed? FCan7t tell 3ou1 77 lau9:ed Ireland? F It7s
secretK 77 !ot: at Ando>er and (ale1 suc: 9rou<s onl3 brin9 in a s8all <ercenta9e of t:e total
enroll8ent in an3 class? F T:at7s a bit cruel to t:ose =:o don7t 8a;e AUG6H or P!ones17 77
conceded Ireland?
A retired teac:er1 =:o =as an ad>iser to one of t:e 9rou<s1 cautiousl3 disclosed in :is
bicentennial :istor3 of Ando>er1 so8e as<ects of t:e secret societies? T:e reader s:ould
;ee< in 8ind t:at t:is account =as <ublis:ed b3 t:e sc:ool1 to celebrate itself" A c:ar8in9
account of t:e earl3 da3s of #?O?A1 t:e oldest of t:e Societies1 =as <re<ared b3 &ac; Gi?e?
Claude MooreH uess1 a 8e8ber of t:e or9aniAation1 on t:e occasion of t:eir iftiet:
Anni>ersar3? T:e Societ3 =as founded in ??? 1/.)????
GAH 8aBor concern of t:e 8e8bers:i< =as t:e initiation cere8on3? In #?O?A? t:e cere8on3
in>ol>ed >isitin9 one of t:e local ce8eteries at 8idni9:t1 >arious ;inds of tortures1 runnin9
t:e 9auntlet--t:ou9: t:e no>ice =as a<<arentl3 <unc:ed rat:er t:an <addled1 bein9 ba<tiAed
in a =ater tan;1 bein9 :oisted in t:e air b3 a <ulle31 and finall3 bein9 <laced in a coffin1
=:ere :e =as cross-eEa8ined b3 t:e 8e8bers???? #?O?A? =as able to :old t:e lo3alt3 of its
8e8bers o>er t:e 3ears to beco8e a <o=erful institution at %:illi<s Acade83 and to erect a
:andso8e <illared Societ3 :ouse on Sc:ool Street?
T:e second Societ3 of t:e se>en t:at =ould sur>i>e until 12+5 =as A?U?6? GGeor9e !us:7s
9rou<H? T:e letters stood for Auctoritas1 Unitas1 6eritas? GAut:orit31 Unit31 Trut:?H T:is
or9aniAation resulted fro8 a 8er9er of t=o ??? earlier Societies ??? in 1/..? A ne=
constitution =as dra=n u< ??? <ro>idin9 for four c:ief officers--I8<erator Gco88anderH1
6ice I8<erator G>ice-co88anderH1 Scri<tor Gsecretar3H1 and Luaestor G8a9istrate or
in@uisitorH????
Li;e #?O?A1 A?U?6? :ad an elaborate initiation cere8on3? Once a <led9e :ad been a<<ro>ed
b3 t:e acult31 :e =as 9i>en a letter =it: a list of rules :e =as to follo=? He =as to be in
t:e ce8eter3 e>er3 ni9:t fro8 1$"'5 to +"551 deli>er a 8ornin9 <a<er to eac: 8e8ber of
t:e Societ3 eac: 8ornin91 8ust not co8b or brus: :is :air nor =as: :is face or :ands1
s8o;e not:in9 but a cla3 <i<e =it: Luc;3 Stri;e tobacco1 and not s<ea; to an3 student
eEce<t 8e8bers of A?U?6?
After t:e <led9e :ad 8e8oriAed t:ese rules1 :is letter of instruction =as burned? T:e <led9e
:ad no= beco8e a F scut 77 and =as co8<elled to learn 8an3 8ottoes and incantations? On
rida3 ni9:t of initiation =ee; t:e scut =as ta;en to Harti9an7s dru9store do=nto=n and
9i>en a F scut sundae1 77 =:ic: consisted of <e<<er1 ice crea81 o3sters1 and ra= li>er? Later
t:at ni9:t :e re<orted to t:e Sout: C:urc: ce8eter31 =:ere :e :ad to =ait for t=o :ours for
t:e 8e8bers to arri>e? T:ere follo=ed t:e usual :orse<la3--t:e scut =as used as a tac;lin9
du8831 t:reats =ere 8ade to loc; :i8 in a to8b1 and >arious ot:er cere8onies obser>ed?
On Saturda3 afternoon t:e scut =as ta;en on a lon9 =al; around to=n1 bein9 forced to sto<
at so8e :ouses and as; for food1 to urinate on a fe= <orc:es1 and 9enerall3 to 8a;e a fool
of :i8self? On Saturda3 ni9:t ca8e t:e initiation <ro<er? T:e scut =as <re<ared b3
re<ortin9 to t:e cellar in :is under=ear and :a>in9 dirt and flour s8eared all o>er :is bod3?
He =as finall3 cleaned u< and brou9:t to t:e initiation roo81 =:ere a sole8n cere8on3
follo=ed1 endin9 =it: t:e lon9ed-for =ords F Let :i8 :a>e li9:t1 77 at =:ic: <oint :is
blindfold =as re8o>ed1 so8e oat:s =ere ad8inistered1 and t:e bo3 =as finall3 a 8e8ber????
S:ortl3 after 121+ t:e <resent GA?U?6?H :ouse =as constructed? ro8 t:en until t:e Societ3
crisis of t:e 12)5s1 A?U?6? continued stron9 and successful? T:ere =ere1 to be sure1 so8e
<roble8s? In t:e 8id-12$5s1 t:e sc:olars:i< a>era9e of t:e Societ3 dro<<ed ab3s8all3? T:e
8e8bers :ad also been <led9in9 students ille9all3--=it:out t:e a<<ro>al of t:e acult3
9uardian? In one initiation a bo3 :ad been so battered t:at :e =as unable to run in t:e
Ando>er-EEeter trac; 8eet????
(et t:e Societ3 8ana9ed to o>erco8e t:ese <roble8s and =ell deser>ed its <osition as one
of t:e bi9 t:ree a8on9 t:e sc:ool7s Societies????
ro8 all a>ailable e>idence1 at Ando>er <re< Geor9e !us: =as co8<letel3 obsessed =it:
status1 =it: see8in9 to be i8<ortant? His 12/5 ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3 boasts t:at :e ac:ie>ed
t:is 9oal"
F T:ere =as1 as t:ere al=a3s is at an3 institution1 an elitis8 in ter8s of t:e 9rou< t:at ran
t:in9s1 t:e <o=er 9rou< a8on9 t:e bo3s =:o reco9niAed eac: ot:er as <eers? Geor9e =as
a8on9 t:is 9rou<1 but for :i8 it =as natural???? 77
T:e A?U?6? roster1 '$ 8e8bers includin9 Geor9e !us:1 is 9i>en in t:e Ando>er Class of
12)$ 3earboo;? *:3 =as it F natural 77 for Geor9e to be F a8on9 t:is 9rou< 77D
T:e :ierarc:ical to< banana of t:e A?U?6? in Geor9e7s class =as Godfre3 Anderson 0F
Roc;3 774 Roc;efeller? In t:e 3earboo; Bust abo>e t:e A?U?6? roster is a <:oto9ra<: of F
Roc;3 Roc;efeller 77 and F Le8 GLe:8an ?H !eardsle3 77C Roc;efeller stands i8<eriousl3
=it:out a s:irt1 !eardsle3 sco=ls fro8 be:ind sun9lasses? Certainl3 t:e real 8onarc: of
Geor9e !us:7s Ando>er secret societ31 and Geor9e7s s<onsor1 =as t:is Roc;37s fat:er1
Godfre3 S? Roc;efeller?
T:e latter 9entle8an :ad been on t:e staff of t:e (ale Uni>ersit3 establis:8ent in C:ina in
12$1-$$? (ale and t:e Roc;efellers =ere breedin9 a 9rotes@ue co88unist insur9enc3 =it:
!ritis: E8<ire ideolo93C anot:er (ale staffer t:ere =as Mao Jedon91 later t:e co88unist
dictator and 8ass 8urderer? *:ile :e =as o>er in C:ina1 %a<a Godfre37s cousin Isabel :ad
been t:e brides8aid at t:e =eddin9 of Geor9e !us:7s <arents? His Uncle %erc3 :ad co-
founded t:e Harri8an ban; =it: Geor9e *al;er1 and bac;ed Geor9e !us:7s fat:er in
se>eral NaAi Ger8an enter<rises? His 9randfat:er :ad been t:e foundin9 treasurer of t:e
Standard Oil Co8<an31 and :ad 8ade t:e Harri8ans 0and t:us1 ulti8atel31 Geor9e !us:4
ric:?
acult3 ad>iser to A?U?6? in t:ose da3s =as Nor=ood %enrose Hallo=ellC :is fat:er b3 t:e
sa8e na8e =as c:air8an of Lee1 Hi99inson N Co? <ri>ate ban;ers1 t:e c:ief financiers of
!oston7s eEtre8e racialist <olitical 8o>e8ents? T:e elder Hallo=ell =as based in London
t:rou9:out t:e 12'5s1 on inti8ate ter8s =it: Monta9u Nor8an and :is <ro-Hitler
A8erican ban;in9 friends?
!ut t:is ;ind of bac;in91 b3 itself1 cannot ensure t:at a <erson =ill rise to t:e to<1 to
aut:entic F bi9-s:ot 77 status? (ou :a>e to =ant it >er31 >er3 badl3?
One of %o<<3 !us:7s teac:ers at Ando>er1 no= in retire8ent1 offered to an inter>ie=er for
t:is boo;1 a stri;in9 <icture of :is for8er <u<il? Ho= =as t:e %resident as a studentD
F He ne>er said a =ord in class? He =as bored to deat:? And ot:er teac:ers told 8e !us:
=as t:e =orst En9lis: student e>er in t:e sc:ool? 77
!ut =as t:is teena9er si8<l3 slo=1 or dullD On t:e contrar3?
F He =as t:e classic P!MOC7 0!i9 Man On Ca8<us4? A 9reat 9lad-:ander? Al=a3s s8ilin9?
77
Lea>in9 acade8ic studies aside1 Geor9e !us: =as t:e 8ost insistent self- <ro8oter on t:e
ca8<us? He =as able to <ursue t:is career1 bein9 fortunatel3 s<ared fro8 t:e 8ore
8undane c:ores so8e ot:er students :ad to do? or eEa8<le1 :e 8ailed :is dirt3 laundr3
:o8e eac: =ee;1 to be done b3 t:e ser>ants? It =as 8ailed bac; to :i8 clean and folded?
Student records s:o= a 8assi>e list of offices and titles for %o<<31 <er:a<s 8ore t:an for
an3 ot:er student"
A?U?6?
%resident of Senior Class 01 ter84 Secretar3 of Student Council 01 ter84 Student
Council 012)1-)$4 0sur>eillance of students durin9 tests1 ;ee<in9 order in t:e 8o>ies1
in>esti9atin9 student t:ie>es4 %resident of Societ3 of In@uir3 012)1-)$4 Senior %ro8
Co88ittee C:air8an of Student ,eacons 012)1-)$4 Ad>isor3 !oard 08ana9e8ent of
s<orts1 c:oosin9 of %?A? %olice to control student bod31 c:oosin9 of c:eerleaders4
%resident of Gree;s 012)5-)$4 Ca<tain of !aseball 012)$4 Ca<tain of Soccer 012)14
Mana9er of !as;etball 012)14 Societ3 of In@uir3 012)5-)$4 0for8erl3 a C:ristian 8ission
9rou<1 no= 8ana9e8ent of eEtra-curricular acti>ities4 Student ,eacon 012)5-)$4
Editorial !oard of t:e %:illi<ian 012'/-'24 All-club Soccer 012'/4 !usiness !oard of
t:e %ot %ourri 012)5-)$4 ,e<ut3 House8aster 6arsit3 Soccer S@uad 012'2-)14 6arsit3
!as;etball Tea8 012)1-)$4 &unior 6arsit3 !aseball Tea8 012'24
6arsit3 !aseball S@uad 012)54 6arsit3 !aseball Tea8 012)1-)$4 &o:ns Ho<;ins %riAe
012'/4 Treasurer of Student Council 01 ter84 To be sure1 so8e of t:ese distinctions =ere1
=ell1 a bit less t:an :e :ad :o<ed for? T:e Class of 12)$ =as officiall3 <olled1 to see =:o
:ad t:e 8ost status a8on9 t:e students t:e8sel>es?
or F !est All-Around ello=1 77 %o<<3 !us: =as t:ird? !us: did not s:o= u< in t:e F Most
Intelli9ent 77 cate9or3?
Interestin9l31 !us: ca8e in second on F Most acult3 ,ra9 77--t:e teac:ers7 <ets-- e>en
t:ou9: !us: did not a<<ear at all on t:e sc:ool7s Sc:olastic Honors list? In fact1 no 8e8ber
of t:e Roc;efeller-!us: A?U?6? =as on t:e Honors list--des<ite c:antin9 incantations1 bein9
s8eared =it: filt: and urinatin9 on <orc:es?
!arbara %ierce7s Tradition
T:e &a<anese attac;ed t:e U?S? na>al base at %earl Harbor1 Ha=aii on ,ec? .1 12)11
brin9in9 A8erica into *orld *ar II? !ecause of :is fa8il37s in>ol>e8ent =it: t:e NaAis1
t:is =ould later <ose a >er3 different <roble8 for Ando>er senior %o<<3 !us: t:an for t:e
ordinar3 3oun9 8an :is a9e?
Mean=:ile1 t:e social =:irl =ent on? A cou<le of =ee;s after %earl Harbor1 durin9
C:rist8as >acation1 Geor9e =ent to a F cotillion at t:e Round Hill Countr3 Club in
Green=ic:1 Connecticut? It =as a social affair attended b3 u<co8in9 debutantes and
acce<table 3oun9 8en? 77
Here Geor9e !us: 8et :is future =ife1 !arbara %ierce1 =:ose fa8il3 =as in t:e Hi9:
Societ3 set in nearb3 R3e1 Ne= (or;? !arbara =as an attracti>e 1--3ear-old 9irl1 at:letic
li;e Geor9e7s 8ot:er? S:e =as :o8e for t:e :olida3s fro8 :er eEclusi>e boardin9 sc:ool1
As:le3 Hall1 in C:arleston1 Sout: Carolina? Her breedin9 =as acce<table"
F !arbara7s bac;9round1 t:ou9: not @uite so aristocratic as Geor9e7s1 =as also sociall3
i8<ressi>e in a da3 =:en Societ3 =as defined b3 breedin9 rat:er t:an =ealt:? Her fat:er1
Mar>in %ierce1 =as a distant ne<:e= of %resident ran;lin %ierce 01/+'-+.4???? !arbara7s
8ot:er1 %auline Robinson ??? =as Gt:e dau9:ter ofH an O:io Su<re8e Court Bustice? 77
!arbara7s fat:er1 Mar>in %ierce1 =as t:en >ice <resident of McCall Cor<oration1 <ublis:er
of Redboo; and McCall7s 8a9aAines? After :is dau9:ter Boined t:e ban;in9 oli9arc:3 b3
8arr3in9 into t:e !us: fa8il3 012)+41 %ierce beca8e McCall7s c:ief eEecuti>e? %ierce and
:is 8a9aAine7s t:e8e of F To9et:erness 77-- stressin9 fa8il3 social eEistence di>orced fro8
<olitical1 scientific1 artistic or creati>e acti>ities--<la3ed a role in t:e cult of confor8it3 and
8ediocrit3 =:ic: crus:ed U?S? 8ental life in t:e 12+5s?
A 9reat deal is 8ade about !arbara %ierce !us:7s fa8il3 connection to U?S? %resident
ran;lin %ierce? It is inserted in boo;s =ritten b3 !us: friends and staff 8e8bers? !arbara
!us:7s 9ossi<-colu8n bio9ra<:er sa3s" F Her o=n 9reat-9reat- 9reat uncle %resident
ran;lin %ierce :ad :is G*:ite HouseH office in t:e Treat3 Roo8???? 77 In fact1 %resident
%ierce =as a distant cousin of !arbara %ierce7s 9reat- 9reat 9randfat:er1 not :is brot:er1 as
t:is clai8 =ould i8<l3? SS
SS GEstablis:ed t:rou9: consultation =it: t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire Historical Societ3 and %ierce fa8il3
eE<erts in %enns3l>ania1 t:is fact is ac;no=led9ed b3 Mrs? !us:7s *:ite House staff?H
Li;e t:e Henr3 III ancestral clai81 ran;lin %ierce 8a3 be a bad o8en for Geor9e !us:?
T:e catastro<:ic %ierce =as refused reno8ination b3 :is o=n <olitical <art3? %ierce bac;ed
sc:e8es to s<read sla>er3 b3 :a>in9 8ercenaries1 called F filibusters1 77 in>ade MeEico1
Central A8erica and t:e Caribben islands? ,urin9 t:e Ci>il *ar1 :e attac;ed t:e
E8anci<ation %rocla8ation t:at outla=ed blac; sla>er3 in t:e rebel states? His for8er
bac;ers a8on9 t:e =ealt:3 Ne= En9land fa8ilies abandoned :i8 and treated :i8 li;e dirt?
He died un8ourned in 1/-2?
One 8a3 as;1 in =:at =a3 are %resident !us: and :is bac;ers conscious of an oli9arc:ical
traditionD or a clue1 let us loo; at t:e case of Art:ur !urr ,arlin91 Geor9e !us:7s <re<
sc:ool :istor3 teac:er?
&ust after Claude uess F ca8e into <o=er =it: Hitler and Mussolini 77 in 12''1 uess
brou9:t ,arlin9 in to teac:? ,r? ,arlin9 =as :ead of t:e Ando>er :istor3 de<art8ent fro8
12'. to 12+-1 and acult3 Guardian of one of t:e secret societies? His %olitical C:an9es in
Massac:usetts1 1/$) to 1/)/ co>ered t:e <eriod of Ando>er7s ecli<se b3 !oston7s
aristocratic o<iu8 lords? ,arlin97s boo; attac;s Ando>er7s 9reatest :u8anitarian1 &edidia:
Morse1 as a dan9erous lunatic1 because Morse =arned about international cri8inal
cons<iracies in>ol>in9 t:ese res<ectable !ostonians? T:e sa8e boo; attac;s %resident &o:n
Luinc3 Ada8s as a 8is9uided trouble8a;er1 res<onsible =it: Morse for t:e anti-
free8asonic 8o>e8ent in t:e 1/$5s-'5s?
Art:ur !urr ,arlin91 =:ile still :ead of Ando>er7s :istor3 de<art8ent1 =as c:osen b3 t:e
Harri8anites to or9aniAe t:e :istorical files of t:e ne= Central Intelli9ence A9enc31 and to
=rite t:e CIA7s o=n official account of its creation and first 3ears? Since t:is c3nical <roBect
=as secret1 ,arlin97s 12.1 obituar3 did not reflect :is CIA e8<lo38ent? ,arlin97s T:e
Central Intelli9ence A9enc3" An Instru8ent of Go>ern8ent1 to 12+5 =as classified Secret
on its co8<letion in ,ece8ber 12+'? or '- 3ears it =as onl3 to be consulted for self-
Bustification b3 t:e Harri8anites? T:is 8ercenar3 =or; =as finall3 declassified in 12/2 and
=as <ublis:ed b3 %enns3l>ania State Uni>ersit3 in 1225? Subse@uent editions of *:o *as
*:o in A8erica =ere c:an9ed1 in t:e fas:ion of &oe Stalin7s F :istor3 re>isers1 77 to tell t:e
latest1 official >ersion of =:at Geor9e !us:7s :istor3 teac:er :ad done =it: :is life?
Crisis
Ha>in9 8et :is future =ife !arbara1 %o<<3 !us: returned fro8 t:e C:rist8as :olida3s after
Ne= (ear7s ,a31 12)$1 for :is final 8ont:s at Ando>er? T:e U?S? entr3 into *orld *ar II
8ade t:in9s rat:er a=;=ard for !us: and so8e of :is sc:ool8ates1 and cast a dar; s:ado=
on :is future?
Since earl3 12)11 t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent :ad been in>esti9atin9 t:e NaAi su<<ort a<<aratus
a8on9 U?S? fir8s? T:is <robe centered on t:e Harri8an1 Roc;efeller1 ,u %ont and related
enter<rises1 i8<licatin9 Geor9e7s fat:er %rescott1 :is <artners and t:e !us:es7 close fa8il3
friends?
On Marc: +1 12)$--at about t:e ti8e %o<<3 !us: and Roc;3 Roc;efeller =ere
conte8<latin9 t:e tortures t:e3 =ould inflict on t:e Class of 12)' A?U?6? recruits--t:e
S<ecial Co88ittee of t:e U?S? Senate In>esti9atin9 t:e National ,efense %ro9ra8 be9an
eE<losi>e <ublic :earin9s in *as:in9ton1 ,?C? T:e subBect" cartel a9ree8ents bet=een U?S?
and NaAi fir8s t:at s:ould be :it =it: anti-trust actions? %earl Harbor1 t:e draft of A8erican
bo3s1 and t:ese sensational :earin9s =ere causin9 a <o<ular attitude @uite dan9erous for t:e
:i9:er-le>el NaAi collaborators 0see C:a<ter $4?
!ut on Marc: $51 12)$1 Henr3 L? Sti8son1 U?S? Secretar3 of *ar and <resident of Ando>er
<re<7s !oard of Trustees1 sent a 8e8orandu8 to %resident ran;lin Roose>elt
reco88endin9 sto<<in9 t:e in>esti9ations of t:e U?S?-NaAi trusts" t:e resultin9 la=suits
=ould F una>oidabl3 consu8e t:e ti8e of eEecuti>es and e8<lo3ees of t:ose cor<orations
=:ic: are en9a9ed in =ar =or;? 77 Sti8son 9ot Na>3 Secretar3 ran; #noE and Assistant
Attorne3 General T:ur8an Arnold to co-si9n t:e 8e8o? %resident Roose>elt a9reed to
Sti8son7s re@uest1 but conceded to Arnold and :is antitrust staff t:at :e =ould <ress for
eEtended statutes of li8itation to 8a;e <ost=ar <rosecutions <ossible?
Sti8son7s inter>ention for :is friends could not1 :o=e>er1 entirel3 cancel t:e alread3
on9oin9 eE<osure and <rosecution of Roc;efeller7s Standard Oil of Ne= &erse31 as =e sa=
in C:a<ter )? After aris:7s deat:1 t:e <rosecutions =ere sus<ended1 but t:e seiAures of NaAi
cor<orate assets continued1 and t:is =ould soon lead to %rescott !us: and to Grandfat:er
*al;er? Could aristocratic friends be relied u<on to <re>ent scandal or le9al trouble fro8
s8as:in9 u< %o<<37s =orld1 and =rec;in9 :is carefull3 <re<ac;a9ed 9olden futureD
As Geor9e =ound u< :is Ando>er career1 and <aid court to !arbara1 U?S? 9o>ern8ent
in>esti9ators sifted t:rou9: t:e affairs of t:e Hitler-Harri8an-!us: stea8s:i< lines1
Ha8bur9-A8eri;a and Nort: Ger8an Llo3d? T:eir final re<ort1 issued under confidential
seal on &ul3 1/1 12)$1 =ould s:o= t:at lon9-ti8e Harri8an-!us: eEecuti>e C:ristian &?
!ec; =as still t:e Ne= (or; attorne3 for t:e 8er9ed NaAi fir8s? 0See C:a<ter ' for details
and descri<tion of sources?4
SeiAure orders on t:e s:i<<in9 lines =ould be issued in Au9ust? T:e 9o>ern8ent =ould
seiAe ot:er NaAi assets1 still 8ana9ed b3 t:e !us: fa8il31 in t:e autu8n? %rescott !us:1
le9all3 res<onsible for NaAi Ger8an ban;in9 o<erations in Ne= (or;1 =ould :a>e to be
na8ed in a seiAure order? Could friends in :i9: <laces ;ee< all t:is out of t:e <ublic e3eD
Alon9 about t:is ti8e1 so8et:in9 =as 9oin9 >er3 =ron9 =it: t:e secret societies at
Ando>er <re< sc:ool?
Ando>er7s :istorian1 as @uoted abo>e1 affir8ed t:at F until t:e Societ3 crisis of t:e 12)5s1
A?U?6? continued stron9 and successful? 77 !ut a fe= 8ont:s after %o<<3 !us: and Roc;3
Roc;efeller left t:e sc:ool1 Head8aster uess and :is trustees announced t:e3 =ere closin9
and bannin9 t:e secret societies fore>er? T:is set off a stor8 of contro>ers3?
!us:7s A?U?6? :ad been :u8iliatin9 students and teac:in9 anti-C:ristian rituals since 1/..?
uess =as :i8self a 8e8ber of one of t:e Societies? *:at :ad :a<<ened1 to <reci<itate t:is
drastic decisionD
T:e 9reat Societ3 crisis at Ando>er =as :i9:l3 c:ar9ed1 because so 8an3 of t:e alu8ni and
<arents of current students =ere leaders of 9o>ern8ent and finance? An u9l3 scandal t:ere
=ould re>erberate around t:e =orld? *:ate>er reall3 <ro8<ted t:e close-do=n decision
=as ;e<t a ti9:t secret1 and re8ains =ra<<ed in 83ster3 toda31 a :alf-centur3 later?
Head8aster uess clai8ed t:at an e>ent =:ic: :a<<ened nine 3ears earlier :ad 8o>ed :i8
to t:e decision? T:is e>ent =as dul3 recorded in t:e Ando>er :istor3 boo;"
F In 12') one under9raduate :ad been ;illed durin9 t:e course of a Societ3 initiation? A
9rou< of alu8ni :ad Boined t:e under9raduates for <art of t:e cere8onies t:at =ere :eld in
a barn on t:e outs;irts of Ando>er? On t:e =a3 bac; t:e initiate rode on t:e runnin9 board
of a car dri>en b3 one of t:e alu8ni? T:e roads =ere sli<<er31 and t:e car cras:ed into a
tele9ra<: <ole1 crus:in9 t:e bo31 =:o died in ,r? uess7s <resence in t:e :os<ital a fe=
:ours later? 77
!ut t:is tra9ed3 :ad been brus:ed off b3 t:e sc:ool ad8inistration1 =it: no su99estion of
interferin9 =it: t:e satanic Societies? *as t:ere anot:er1 si9nificantl3 =orse disaster1 t:at
:a<<ened to Class of 12)' secret societ3 recruitsD
*:en t:e alu8ni :eard about t:e decision1 t:e3 eE<loded into action? T:e3 accused uess
of F fascis8 77 and attac;ed :is F star-c:a8ber <roceedin9s? 77 A !oston ne=s<a<er :eadline
<roclai8ed1 F 151555 Ando>er Alu8ni !attle Trustees on Abolis:in9 Secret Societies? 77 T:e
:ead8aster1 releasin9 no s<ecifics to bac; u< :is <ro<osal1 said1 F t:e <ur<ose for =:ic: t:e
secret societies =ere founded no lon9er see8s a<<arent? 77 His allies said1 @uite >a9uel31 t:at
t:e Societies F <ro8oted eEclusi>eness1 77 o<erated F on a s<ecial <ri>ile9e basis1 77 and
created F social clea>a9e? 77
T:e stealt:3 s:ut-do=n decision1 :a>in9 no= beco8e loudl3 <ublic1 :ad to be s@uelc:ed?
Ando>er7s !oard of Trustees <resident1 Secretar3 of *ar Sti8son1 settled t:e 8atter and
;e<t a lid on t:in9s =it: :is fa8iliar refrain t:at t:e =ar effort s:ould not be disturbed?
*:ate>er :ad <us:ed uess and t:e trustees to act1 =as ne>er disclosed? T:e Societies =ere
@uietl3 closed do=n in 12+5?
Secretar3 of *ar Sti8son 8ade a fa8ous s<eec: in &une 12)$1 to %o<<3 !us: and t:e ot:er
9raduatin9 Ando>er bo3s? Sti8son told t:e8 t:e =ar =ould be lon91 and t:e31 t:e elite1
s:ould 9o on to colle9e?
!ut Geor9e !us: :ad so8e >er3 co8<licated <roble8s? T:e decision :ad alread3 been
8ade t:at :e =ould Boin t:e ser>ice and 9et @uite far a=a3 fro8 =:ere :e :ad been? or
reasons of fa8il3 0=:ic: =ill be discussed in C:a<ter .41 t:ere =as a >er3 s<ecial nic:e
=aitin9 for :i8 in na>al a>iation?
T:ere =as one serious :itc: in t:is <lan? It =as ille9al? T:ou9: :e =ould be 1/ 3ears old on
&une 1$1 :e =ould not :a>e t:e t=o 3ears of colle9e t:e Na>3 re@uired for its a>iators?
*ell1 if 3ou :ad an ur9ent <roble81 <er:a<s t:e la= could be si8<l3 set aside1 for 3ou and
3ou alone1 a:ead of all t:e fi>e 8illion <oor slobs =:o :ad to 9o in t:e 8ud =it: t:e
infantr3 or s=ab so8e stin;in9 dec;--es<eciall3 if 3our <ri>ate sc:ool7s <resident =as
currentl3 Secretar3 of *ar 0Henr3 Sti8son41 if 3our fat:er7s ban;in9 <artner =as currentl3
Assistant Secretar3 of *ar for Air 0Robert Lo>ett41 and if 3our fat:er :ad launc:ed t:e
career of t:e current Assistant Na>3 Secretar3 for Air 0Arte8us Gates4?
And it =as done?
As a !us:-aut:oriAed >ersion <uts it1 F One =onders =:3 t:e Na>3 relaEed its t=o 3ears of
colle9e re@uire8ent for fli9:t trainin9 in Geor9e !us:7s case? He :ad built an outstandin9
record at sc:ool as a sc:olar GsicH1 at:lete and ca8<us leader1 but so :ad countless
t:ousands of ot:er 3out:s?
F(et it =as Geor9e !us: =:o a<<eared to be t:e onl3 beneficiar3 of t:is rule- =ai>in91 and
t:us :e e>entuall3 e8er9ed as t:e 3oun9est <ilot in t:e Na>3--a fact t:at :e can still boast
about and because of =:ic: :e enBo3ed a certain celebrit3 durin9 t:e =ar? 77
Notes for C:a<ter 6
1? Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:" A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;" ,odd1 Mead N Co8<an31 12/541 <<?
1'-1)?
$? Ibid?1 <? 12?
'? Ibid?
)? &oe H3a8s1 li9:t of t:e A>en9er" Geor9e !us: at *ar 0Ne= (or;" Harcourt1 !race1
&o>ano>itc:1 122141 <? 1)?
+? Ibid?1 <? 1.?
-? Ibid?1 <<? 1--1.?
.? ,onnie Radcliffe1 Si8<l3 !arbara !us: 0Ne= (or;" *arner !oo;s1 12/241 <? 1'$?
/? itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:" An Inti8ate %ortrait 0Ne= (or;" Hi<<ocrene !oo;s1 12/241 <?
1-?
2? Radcliffe1 o<? cit?1 <? 1''?
15? #in91 o<? cit1 <? 1)?
11? H3a8s1 o<? cit?1 <<? 1.-12?
1$? #in91 o<? cit?1 <<? 151 $5?
1'? Ibid?1 <? $1?
1)? Claude M? uess1 T:e Life of Caleb Cus:in91 $ >ols? 0Ne= (or;" Harcourt1 !race and
Co8<an31 12$'4?
1+? &o:n %er;ins Cus:in9 =as a 8ulti-8illionaire o<iu8 s8u99ler =:o retired to *aterto=n1
Massac:usetts =it: ser>ants dressed as in a Canton 9an9ster carni>al? See 6ernon L? !ri99s1
Histor3 and Genealo93 of t:e Cabot a8il31 1).+-12$. 0!oston" <ri>atel3 <rinted1 12$.41 >ol? II1
<? ++/-++2? &o:n Murra3 orbes1 Letters and Recollections 0re<rinted Ne= (or;" Arno %ress1
12/141 6ol I1 <? -$--'? Mar3 Caroline Cra=ford1 a8ous a8ilies of Massac:usetts 0!oston"
Little1 !ro=n N Co?1 12'541 $ >ols?
1-? Inter>ie= =it: a retired Ando>er teac:er?
1.? Claude M? uess1 Creed of a Sc:ool8aster 0re<rinted ree<ort1 Ne= (or;" !oo;s for Libraries
%ress1 12.541 <<? 12$-2'?
1/? Green1 o<? cit?1 <? )2?
12? rederic; S? Allis1 (out: fro8 E>er3 Luarter" A !icentennial Histor3 of %:illi<s Acade831
Ando>er 0Ando>er1 Mass?" %:illi<s Acade831 12.241 distributed b3 t:e Uni>ersit3 %ress of Ne=
En9land1 Hano>er1 N?H?41 <<? +5+-.?
$5? #in91 o<? cit?1 <? $1?
$1? S<o;e on condition of non-attribution?
$$? H3a8s1 o<? cit?1 <<? $'-$)?
$'? Ibid?1 <? $)?
$)? Ibid?1 <? $.?
$+? See Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>? $21 12.1?
$-? &ose<: !or;in1 T:e Cri8e and %unis:8ent of I?G? arben 0Ne= (or;" Mac8illan %ublis:in9
Co?1 12./41 <? /2?
$.? Allis1 o<? cit?1 <? +1$?
$/? Ne=s=ee;1 Au9ust 21 12)'C !oston Globe1 &ul3 $$1 12)'?
$2? Green1 o<? cit?1 <a9e $/?
C:a<ter - 6I -!us: in *orld *ar II
%lut auE dieuE @ue ce fut le dernier de ses cri8esK --Racine1 !ritannicus
Geor9e !us: :as al=a3s traded s:a8elessl3 on :is alle9ed record as a na>al a>iator durin9
t:e Second *orld *ar in t:e %acific t:eatre? ,urin9 t:e 12-) senate ca8<ai9n in TeEas
a9ainst Senator Ral<: (arborou9:1 !us: tele>ised a 9rain3 old fil8 =:ic: de<icted 3oun9
Geor9e bein9 rescued at sea b3 t:e cre= of t:e sub8arine USS innbac; after :is A>en9er
tor<edo bo8ber =as :it b3 &a<anese anti-aircraft fire durin9 a bo8bin9 raid on t:e island of
C:ic:i &i8a on Se<te8ber $1 12))? T:at fil81 retrie>ed fro8 t:e Na>3 arc:i>es1 bac;fired
=:en it =as <ut on t:e air too 8an3 ti8es1 e>entuall3 beco8in9 so8et:in9 of a 8aladroit
clic:e?
!us:7s ca8<ai9n literature :as al=a3s celebrated :is alle9ed eE<loits as a na>al a>iator and
t:e ,istin9uis:ed l3in9 Cross :e recei>ed? As =e beco8e increasin9l3 fa8iliar =it: t:e
<o=er of t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or; =or;in9 for Senator
%rescott !us:1 =e =ill learn to beco8e increasin9l3 s;e<tical of suc: official accolades and
of t:e official accounts on =:ic: t:e3 are <re8issed?
!ut Geor9e !us: :as al=a3s traded s:a8elessl3 on :is alle9ed =ar record? ,urin9 !us:7s
Gulf =ar ad>enture of 1225-211 t:e adulation of !us:7s ostensible =arrior <ro=ess reac:ed
le>els t:at =ere <re>iousl3 considered c:aracteristic of o<enl3 totalitarian and 8ilitaristic
re9i8es? Late in 12251 after !us: :ad co88itted :i8self irre>ocabl3 to :is ca8<ai9n of
bo8bin9 and sa>a9er3 a9ainst Ira@1 :ac; =riter &oe H3a8s co8<leted an aut:oriAed
account of Geor9e !us: at =ar? T:is =as entitled li9:t of t:e A>en9er 0Ne= (or;"
Harcourt !race &o>ano>ic:1 122141 and a<<eared durin9 t:e ti8e of t:e Middle East
confla9ration t:at =as t:e <roduct of !us:7s obsessions? H3a8s7s =or; :ad t:e
un8ista;eable i8<ri8atur of t:e re9i8e" not Bust Geor9e1 but also !arbara :ad been
inter>ie=ed durin9 its <re<aration1 and its adulator3 tone <laced t:is s@ualid teEt s@uarel3
=it:in t:e Fred Studeba;erF sc:ool of <olitical :a9io9ra<:3?
T:e a<<earance of suc: a boo; at suc: a ti8e is su99esti>e of t:e <ractice of t:e 8ost
infa8ous t=entiet:-centur3 dictators:i<s1 in =:ic: t:e fi9ure of t:e stron9 8an1 ue:rer1
duce1 or >oA:d as :e 8i9:t be called1 :as been used for t:e trans8ission of s38bolic-
alle9orical directi>es to t:e subBect <o<ulation? *as fascist Ital3 see;in9 to assert its
econo8ic autar;3 in food <roduction in t:e face of trade sanctions b3 t:e Lea9ue of
NationsD T:en a fil8 =ould be <roduced b3 t:e MINCUL%O% 0t:e Ministr3 of %o<ular
Culture1 or <ro<a9anda4 de<ictin9 Mussolini indefati9abl3 :ar>estin9 9rain? *as NaAi
Ger8an3 in t:e final sta9es of <re<aration of a 8ilitar3 ca8<ai9n a9ainst a nei9:borin9
stateD If so1 Goebbels =ould orc:estrate a cascade of 8a9aAine articles and best-sellin9
<ul< e>o;in9 t:e 9lories of Hitler in t:e trenc:es of 121)-1/? Closer to our o=n ti8e1
Leonid !reA:ne> sou9:t to ali8ent :is o=n <ersonalit3 cult =it: a little boo; called
Mala3a Je8l3a1 an account of :is =ar eE<eriences =:ic: =as used b3 :is <ro<a9andists to
8oti>ate :is <ro8otion to Mars:al of t:e USSR and t:e erection of a statue in :is :onor
durin9 :is o=n lifeti8e? T:is is t:e tradition to =:ic: li9:t of t:e A>en9er belon9s?
!us: tells us in :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3 t:at :e decided to enlist in t:e ar8ed forces1
s<ecificall3 na>al a>iation1 s:ortl3 after :e :eard of t:e &a<anese attac; on %earl Harbor?
About siE 8ont:s later1 !us: 9raduated fro8 %:illi<s Acade831 and t:e co88ence8ent
s<ea;er =as Secretar3 of *ar Henr3 Sti8son1 e8inence 9rise of t:e US rulin9 elite?
Sti8son =as <ossibl3 8indful of t:e :ecato8b of 3oun9 8e8bers of t:e !ritis: rulin9
classes =:ic: :ad occurred in t:e trenc:es of *orld *ar I on t:e =estern front? In an3
e>ent1 Sti8son7s ad>ice to t:e Ando>er 9raduates =as t:at t:e =ar =ould 9o on for a lon9
ti8e1 and t:at t:e best =a3 of ser>in9 t:e countr3 =as to continue one7s education in
colle9e? %rescott !us: su<<osedl3 as;ed :is son if Sti8son7s reco88endation :ad altered
:is <lan to enlist? (oun9 !us: ans=ered t:at :e =as still co88itted to Boin t:e na>3?
Henr3 L? Sti8son =as certainl3 an aut:oritati>e s<o;es8an for t:e Eastern Liberal
Establis:8ent1 and !us:8an <ro<a9anda :as latel3 eEalted :i8 as one of t:e se8inal
influences on !us:7s <olitical outloo;? Sti8son :ad been educated at bot: (ale 0=:ere :e
:ad been ta<<ed b3 S;ull and !ones4 and Har>ard La= Sc:ool? He beca8e t:e la= <artner
of Eli:u Root1 =:o =as T:eordore Roose>elt7s secretar3 of state? Sti8son :ad been
T:eodore Roose>elt7s anti-corru<tion1 trust-bustin9 US Attorne3 in Ne= (or; Cit3 durin9
t:e first 3ears of t:e !I1 t:en Taft7s secretar3 of =ar1 a colonel of artiller3 in *orld *ar I1
Go>ernor General of t:e %:ili<<ines for Coolid9e1 secretar3 of state for Hoo>er1 and
enunciator of t:e FSti8son doctrine?F T:is last =as a <iece of :3<ocritical <osturin9
directed a9ainst &a<an1 assertin9 t:at c:an9es in t:e international order brou9:t about b3
force of ar8s 0and t:us in contra>ention of t:e #ello99-!riand %act of 12$/4 s:ould not be
9i>en di<lo8atic reco9nition? T:is a8ounted to a US co88itt8ent to u<:old t:e 6ersailles
s3ste81 t:e sa8e <olic3 u<:eld b3 !a;er1 Ea9lebur9er1 and #issin9er in t:e Serbian =ar on
Slo>enia and Croatia durin9 1221? Sti8son1 t:ou9: a Re<ublican1 =as brou9:t into
Roose>elt7s =ar cabinet in 12)5 in to;en of bi<artisan intentions?
!ut in 12)$1 !us: =as not bu3in9 Sti8son7s ad>ice? It is doubtless si9nificant t:at in t:e
8ind of 3oun9 Geor9e !us:1 *orld *ar T=o 8eant eEclusi>el3 t:e =ar in t:e %acific1
a9ainst t:e &a<anese? In t:e !us:-a<<ro>ed accounts of t:is <eriod of :is life1 t:ere is
scarcel3 a 8ention of t:e Euro<ean t:eatre1 des<ite t:e fact t:at Roose>elt and t:e entire
An9lo-A8erican establis:8ent :ad accorded strate9ic <riorit3 to t:e FGer8an3 firstF
scenario? (oun9 Geor9e1 it =ould a<<ear1 :ad :is :eart set on beco8in9 a na>3 flier?
Nor8all3 t:e Na>3 re@uired t=o 3ears of colle9e fro8 >olunteers =is:in9 to beco8e na>al
a>iators? !ut1 for reasons =:ic: :a>e ne>er been satisfactoril3 eE<lained1 3oun9 Geor9e
=as eEe8<ted fro8 t:is re@uire8ent? Had fat:er %rescott7s cron3 Arte8us Gates1 t:e
Assistant Secretar3 of t:e Na>3 for Air1 been instru8ental in 8a;in9 t:e eEce<tion1 =:ic:
=as t:e ;e3 to allo=in9 Geor9e to beco8e t:e 3oun9est of all na>3 <ilotsD On &une 1$1
12)$1 :is ei9:teent: birt:da31 !us: Boined t:e na>3 in !oston as a sea8an second class? Gfn
1H He =as ordered to re<ort for acti>e dut3 as an a>iation cadet on Au9ust -1 12)$? After a
last date =it: !arbara1 Geor9e =as ta;en to %enn Station in Ne= (or; Cit3 b3 fat:er
%rescott to board a troo< train :eaded for C:a<el Hill1 Nort: Carolina? At C:a<el Hill Na>al
Air Station1 one of !us:7s fello= cadets =as t:e =ell- ;no=n !oston Red SoE :itter Ted
*illia8s1 =:o =ould later Boin !us: on t:e ca8<ai9n trail in :is des<erate fi9:t in t:e Ne=
Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 in ebruar31 12//?
After <refli9:t trainin9 at C:a<el Hill1 !us: 8o>ed on to *old-C:a8berlain Na>al Airfield
in Minnea<olis1 Minnesota1 =:ere :e fle= solo for t:e first ti8e in No>e8ber1 12)$? In
ebruar31 12)' !us: 8o>ed on to Cor<us C:risti1 TeEas1 for furt:er trainin9? !us: recei>ed
:is co88ission as an ensi9n at Cor<us C:risti on &une 21 12)'?
After t:is !us: 8o>ed t:rou9: a nu8ber of na>al air bases o>er a <eriod of al8ost a 3ear
for >arious t3<es of ad>anced trainin9? In 8id-&une 12)' :e =as learnin9 to fl3 t:e
Gru88an T! A>en9er tor<edo-bo8ber at ort Lauderdale1 lorida? In Au9ust :e 8ade
landin9s on t:e USS Sable1 a <addle =:eel s:i< t:at =as used as an aircraft carrier for
trainin9 <ur<oses? ,urin9 t:e su88er of 12)' !us: s<ent a cou<le of =ee;s of lea>e =it:
!arbara at *al;er7s %oint in #ennebun;<ortC t:eir en9a9e8ent =as announced in t:e Ne=
(or; Ti8es of ,ece8ber 1$1 12)'?
Later in t:e su88er of 12)' !us: 8o>ed on to t:e Na>al Air !ase at Norfol;1 6ir9inia? In
Se<te8ber1 12)' !us:7s ne= s@uadron1 called 6T-+11 8o>ed on to t:e Na>al Air Station at
C:incotea9ue1 6ir9inia1 located on t:e ,el8ar>a <eninsula? On ,ece8ber 1)1 12)' !us:
and :is s@uadron =ere brou9:t to %:iladel<:ia to attend t:e co88issionin9 of t:e USS San
&acinto 0C6L'541 a li9:t attac; carrier built on a cruiser :ull? Since t:e na8e of t:e s:i<
recalled Sa8 Houston7s defeat of t:e MeEican leader Santa Anna in 1/'-1 and since t:e
s:i< fle= a Lone Star fla91 !us:8an <ro<a9anda :as 8ade 8uc: of t:ese artefacts in an
atte8<t to buttress Fcar<etba9F !us:7s tenuous connections to t:e state of TeEas? !us:7s 6-
+1 s@uadron re<orted on board t:is s:i< for a s:a;edo=n cruise on ebruar3 -1 12))1 and
on Marc: $+1 12)) t:e San &acinto left for San ,ie9o b3 =a3 of t:e %ana8a Canal? T:e
San &acinto reac:ed %earl :arbor on A<ril $51 12))1 and =as assi9ned to Ad8iral Marc A?
Mitsc:er7s Tas; orce +/O'/1 a 9rou< of fast carriers1 on Ma3 $1 12))?
In &une !us:7s s:i< Boined battle =it: &a<anese forces in t:e Marianas arc:<ela9o? Here
!us: fle= :is first co8bat 8issions? On &une 1.1 a loss of oil <ressure forced !us: to 8a;e
an e8er9enc3 landin9 at sea? !us:1 alon9 =it: :is t=o cre=8e8bers1 9unner Leo Nadeau
and radio8an-tail 9unner &o:n L? ,elane31 =ere <ic;ed u< b3 a US destro3er after so8e
:ours in t:e =ater? !us:7s first A>en9er1 na8ed b3 :i8 t:e !arbara1 =as lost?
,urin9 &ul31 12)) !us: too; <art in t:irteen air stri;es1 8an3 in connection =it: t:e US
8arines landin9 on Gua8? In Au9ust !us:7s s:i< <roceeded to t:e area of I=o &i8a and
C:ic:i &i8a in t:e !onin Islands for a ne= round of sorties?
On Se<te8ber $1 12))1 !us: and t:ree ot:er A>en9er <ilots1 escorted b3 Hellcat fi9:ter
<lanes1 =ere directed to attac; a radio trans8itter on C:ic:i &i8a? %lanes fro8 t:e USS
Enter<rise =ould also Boin in t:e attac;? On t:is 8ission !us:7s rear-seat 9unner =ould not
be t:e usual Leo Nadeau1 but rat:er Lt? 0B94 *illia8 Gardner FTedF *:ite1 t:e s@uadron
ordnance officer of 6T-+11 alread3 a (ale 9raduate and alread3 a 8e8ber of S;ull and
!ones? *:ite7s fat:er :ad been a class8ate of %rescott !us:? *:ite too; :is <lace in t:e
rear-facin9 8ac:ine 9un turret of !us:7s T!M A>en9er1 t:e !arbara II? T:e radio8an-
9unner =as &o:n L? ,elane31 a re9ular 8e8ber of !us:7s cre=?
*:at :a<<ened in t:e s;ies of C:ic:i &i8a t:at da3 is a 8atter of li>el3 contro>ers3? !us:
:as <resented se>eral differin9 >ersions of :is o=n stor3? In :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3
<ublis:ed in 12/. !us: 9i>es t:e follo=in9 account"
T:e fla; =as t:e :ea>iest I7d e>er flo=n into? T:e &a<anese =ere read3 and =aitin9" t:eir
antiaircraft 9uns =ere set u< to nail us as =e <us:ed into our di>es? !3 t:e ti8e 6T-+1 =as read3
to 9o in1 t:e s;3 =as t:ic; =it: an9r3 blac; clouds of eE<lodin9 antiaircraft fire?
,on Mel>in led t:e =a31 scorin9 :its on a radio to=er? I follo=ed1 9oin9 into a t:irt3-fi>e de9ree
di>e1 an an9le of attac; t:at sounds s:allo= but in an A>en9er felt as if 3ou =ere :eaded strai9:t
do=n? T:e tar9et 8a< =as stra<<ed to 83 ;nee1 and as I started into 83 di>e1 I7d alread3 s<otted
t:e tar9et area? Co8in9 in1 I =as a=are of blac; s<lotc:es of 9unfire all around?
Suddenl3 t:ere =as a Bolt1 as if a 8assi>e fist :ad crunc:ed into t:e bell3 of t:e <lane? S8o;e
<oured into t:e coc;<it1 and I could see fla8es ri<<lin9 across t:e crease of t:e =in91 ed9in9
to=ards t:e fuel tan;s? I sta3ed =it: t:e di>e1 :o8ed in on t:e tar9et1 unloaded our four +55-
<ound bo8bs1 and <ulled a=a31 :eadin9 for t:e sea? Once o>er =ater1 I le>eled off and told
,elane3 and *:ite to bail out1 turnin9 t:e <lane to starboard to ta;e t:e sli<strea8 off t:e door
near ,elane37s station?
U< to t:at <oint1 eEce<t for t:e stin9 of dense s8o;e blurrin9 83 >ision1 I =as in fair s:a<e? !ut
=:en I =ent to 8a;e 83 Bu8<1 trouble ca8e in <airs? Gfn $H
In t:is account1 t:ere is no 8ore 8ention of *:ite and ,elane3 until !us: :it t:e =ater and
be9an loo;in9 around for t:e8? !us: sa3s t:at it =as onl3 after :a>in9 been rescued b3 t:e
USS innbac;1 a sub8arine1 t:at :e Flearned t:at neit:er &ac; ,elane3 nor Ted *:ite :ad
sur>i>ed? One =ent do=n =it: t:e <laneC t:e ot:er =as seen Bu8<in91 but :is <arac:ute
failed to o<en?F T:e H3a8s account of 1221 =as =ritten after an Au9ust 12// inter>ie=
=it: C:ester MierAeBe=s;i1 anot:er 8e8ber of !us:7s s@uadron1 :ad raised i8<ortant
@uestions about t:e :aste =it: =:ic: !us: bailed out1 rat:er t:an atte8<tin9 a =ater
landin9? MierAeBe=s;i7s account1 =:ic: is su88ariAed belo=1 contradicted !us:7s o=n
>ersion of t:ese e>ents1 and :inted t:at !us: 8i9:t :a>e abandoned :is t=o cre=8e8bers
to a :orrible and needless deat:? T:e H3a8s account1 =:ic: is <artl3 intended to refute
MierAeBe=s;i1 de>elo<s as follo=s"
???!us: =as <ilotin9 t:e t:ird <lane o>er t:e tar9et1 =it: Moore fl3in9 on :is =in9? He nosed o>er
into a t:irt3-de9ree 9lide1 :eadin9 strai9:t for t:e radio to=er? ,eter8ined to finall3 destro3 t:e
to=er1 :e used no e>asi>e tactics and :eld t:e <lane directl3 on tar9et? His >ision a:ead =as
occasionall3 cancelled b3 bursts of blac; s8o;e fro8 t:e &a<anese antiaircraft 9uns? T:e <lane
=as descendin9 t:rou9: t:ic;enin9 clouds of fla; <ierced b3 t:e fla8in9 arc of tracers?
T:ere =as a sudden flas: of li9:t follo=ed b3 an eE<losion? FT:e <lane =as lifted for=ard1 and
=e =ere en>elo<ed in fla8es1F !us: recalls? FI sa= t:e fla8es runnin9 alon9 t:e =in9s =:ere t:e
fuel tan;s =ere and =:ere t:e =in9s fold? I t:ou9:t1 T:is is reall3 badK It7s :ard to re8e8ber t:e
details1 but I loo;ed at t:e instru8ents and couldn7t see t:e8 for t:e s8o;e?F
,on Mel>in1 circlin9 abo>e t:e action =:ile =aitin9 for :is <ilots to dro< t:eir bo8bs and 9et out1
t:ou9:t t:e &a<anese s:ell :ad :it an oil line on !us:7s A>en9er? F(ou could :a>e seen t:at s8o;e
for a :undred 8iles?F
%er:a<s so1 but it is difficult to understand =:3 t:e s8o;e fro8 !us:7s <lane =as so
distinctl3 >isible in suc: a s8o;e-filled en>iron8ent? H3a8s 9oes on to describe !us:7s
co8<letion of :is bo8bin9 run? His account continues"
!3 t:en t:e =in9s =ere co>ered in fla8es and s8o;e1 and t:e en9ine =as blaAin9? He considered
8a;in9 a =ater landin9 but realiAed it =ould not be <ossible? !ailin9 out =as absolutel3 t:e last
c:oice1 but :e :ad no ot:er o<tion? He 9ot on t:e radio and notified s@uadron leader Mel>in of :is
decision? Mel>in radioed bac;1 FRecei>ed 3our 8essa9e? Got 3ou in si9:t? *ill follo=?F
G???H Milt Moore1 fl3in9 directl3 be:ind !us:1 sa= t:e A>en9er 9oin9 do=n s8o;in9? FI <ulled u<
to :i8C t:en :e lost <o=er and I =ent sailin9 b3 :i8?F
As soon as :e =as bac; o>er =ater1 !us: s:outed on t:e interco8 for *:ite and ,elane3 to F:it
t:e sil;KF G???H ,ic; Gor8an1 Moore7s radio8an-9unner1 re8e8bers :earin9 so8eone on t:e
interco8 s:out1 FHit t:e sil;KF and as;in9 Moore1 FIs t:at 3ou1 RedDF
FNo1F Moore re<lied? FIt7s !us:1 :e7s :itKF
Ot:er s@uadron 8e8bers :eard !us: re<eatin9 t:e co88and to bail out1 o>er and o>er1 on t:e
radio?
T:ere =as no res<onse fro8 eit:er of !us:7s cre=8en and no =a3 :e could see t:e8C a s:ield of
ar8or <late bet=een :i8 and Lt? *:ite bloc;ed :is >ie= be:ind? He =as certain t:at *:ite and
,elane3 :ad bailed out t:e 8o8ent t:e3 9ot t:e order? Gfn 'H
H3a8s @uotes a later entr3 b3 Mel>in in t:e s@uadron lo9 as to t:e fate of !us:7s t=o
cre=8en" FFAt a <oint a<<roEi8atel3 nine 8iles bearin9 5)+7T 0de9rees4 fro8 Mina8i
&i8a1 !us: and one ot:er <erson =ere seen to bail out fro8 about '1555 feet? !us:7s c:ute
o<ened and :e landed safel3 in t:e =ater1 inflated :is raft1 and <addled fart:er a=a3 fro8
C:i-C:i &i8a? T:e c:ute of t:e ot:er <erson =:o bailed out did not o<en? !us: :as not 3et
been returned to t:e s@uadron???so t:is infor8ation is inco8<lete? *:ile Lt? B?9? *:ite and
&?L? ,elane3 are re<orted 8issin9 in action1 it is belie>ed t:at bot: =ere ;illed as a result of
t:e abo>e described action?F Gfn )H !ut it is interestin9 to note t:at t:is re<ort1 contrar3 to
usual standard na>3 <ractice1 :as no date? T:is s:ould alert us to t:at ta8<erin9 =it: <ublic
records1 suc: as !us:7s filin9s at t:e Securities and EEc:an9e Co88ission durin9 t:e
12-57s1 =:ic: a<<ears to be a s<ecialt3 of t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones
net=or;?
or co8<arison1 let us no= cite t:e cursor3 account of t:is sa8e incident
<ro>ided b3 !us:7s aut:oriAed bio9ra<:er in t:e candidate7s 12/5 <residential
ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3" On a run to=ard t:e island1 !us:7s <lane =as struc; b3 &a<anese
antiaircraft s:ells? One of :is t=o cre=8en =as ;illed instantl3 and t:e aircraft =as set on fire?
!us: =as able to score :its on t:e ene83 installations =it: a cou<le of fi>e-:undred <ound bo8bs
before :e =ri99led out of t:e s8o;in9 coc;<it and floated to=ards t:e =ater? T:e ot:er cre=8an
also bailed out but died al8ost i88ediatel3 t:ereafter because1 as t:e fi9:ter <ilot be:ind !us:7s
<lane =as later to re<ort1 :is <arac:ute failed to o<en <ro<erl3? !us:7s o=n <arac:ute beca8e
8o8entaril3 fouled on t:e tail of t:e <lane after :e :it t:e =ater? Gfn +H
#in97s account in interestin9 for its o8ission of an3 8ention of !us:7s inBur3 in bailin9 out1
a 9as:ed fore:ead :e 9ot =:en :e struc; t:e tail asse8bl3 of t:e <lane? T:is :ad to :a>e
occurred lon9 before !us: :ad :it t:e =ater1 so t:is account is 9arbled indeed?
Let us also cite <arts of t:e account <ro>ided b3 itA:u9: Green in :is 12/2 aut:oriAed
bio9ra<:3? Green :as !us: 8a;in9 :is attac; Fat a -5-de9ree an9le?F For :is t=o cre=
8e8bers1F notes Green1 Flife =as about to end?F His >ersion 9oes on"
Half=a3 t:rou9: !us:7s di>e1 t:e ene83 found :is ran9e =it: one or 8ore s:ells? S8o;e filled :is
cabinC :is <lane controls =ea;enedC t:e en9ine be9an cou9:in91 and still :e =asn7t close enou9: to
t:e tar9et? He <resu8ed t:e T!M to be ter8inall3 da8a9ed? i9:tin9 to sta3 on course1 e3es
s8artin91 !us: 8ana9ed to launc: :is bo8bs at t:e last <ossible 8o8ent? He couldn7t discern t:e
result t:rou9: blac; fu8es? !ut a co8<anion <ilot affir8ed later t:at t:e installation ble= u<1
alon9 =it: t=o ot:er buildin9s? T:e na>3 =ould decorate !us: for literall3 stic;in9 to :is 9uns
until :e co8<leted :is 8ission under ferocious ene83 fire?
GoodK No= t:e tric; =as to ;ee< t:e <lane aloft lon9 enou9: to acco8<lis: t=o obBecti>es" first1
9et far enou9: a=a3 fro8 t:e island to allo= rescue fro8 t:e sea before ca<ture or ;illin9 b3 t:e
ene83C second1 9i>e :is <lane8ates ti8e to <arac:ute out of t:e burnin9 aircraft?
T:e T!M s<uttered on its last fe= :undred 3ards? Unbe;no=nst to !us:1 one 8an freed :i8self?
Neit:er fello= s@uadron <ilots nor !us: e>er =ere sure =:ic: cre=8e8ber t:is =as? As :e
Bu8<ed1 :o=e>er1 :is <arac:ute snarled and failed to o<en? Gfn -H
Green =rites t:at =:en !us: =as s=i88in9 in t:e =ater1 :e realiAed t:at F:is cre= :ad
disa<<earedF and t:at Ft:e loss of t:e t=o 8en nu8bed !us:?F
or t:e 122$ <residential ca8<ai9n1 t:e !us:8en :a>e readied 3et anot:er re:as: of t:e
adulator3 Fred Studeba;erF <rintout in t:e for8 of a ne= bio9ra<:3 b3 Ric:ard !en
Cra8er? T:is is distin9uis:ed as a literar3 effort abo>e all b3 t:e artificial >erbal
<3rotec:nics =it: =:ic: t:e aut:or atte8<ts to breat:e ne= life into t:e do9-eared !us:
canonical <rintout? or t:ese1 Cra8er relies on a :3<er;inetic st3le =it: non->erbal s3ntaE
=:ic: to so8e de9ree ec:oes !us:7s o=n disBointed 8anner of s<ea;in9? T:e resultin9 teEt
8a3 :a>e found fa>or =it: !us: =:en :e =as 9ri<<ed b3 :is :3<ert:3roid ra9es durin9 t:e
buildu< for t:e Gulf =ar? A <art of t:is teEt :as a<<eared in Es@uire Ma9aAine? Gfn .H Here
is Cra8er7s descri<tion of t:e critical <:ase of t:e incident"
He felt a Barrin9 lurc:1 a crunc:1 and :is <lane lea<ed for=ard1 li;e a 9iant :ad struc; it fro8
belo= =it: a fist? S8o;e started to fill t:e coc;<it? He sa= a ton9ue of fla8e strea8in9 do=n t:e
ri9:t =in9 to=ard t:e crease? C:ristK T:e fuel tan;sK
He called to ,elane3 and *:ite--*e7>e been :itK He =as di>in9? Mel>in :it t:e to=er dead-on--
four fi>e :undred <ounders? *est =as on t:e sa8e bea8? !us: could :a>e <ulled out? Ha>e to 9et
rid of t:ese bo8bs? #ee< t:e di>e????A fe= seconds???
He dro<<ed on t:e tar9et and let 7e8 fl3? T:e bo8bs s<un do=n1 t:e <lane s:ru99ed =it: release1
and !us: ban;ed a=a3 :ard to t:e east? No =a3 :e7d 9et to t:e rendeA>ous <oint =it: Mel>in? T:e
s8o;e =as so bad :e couldn7t see t:e 9au9es? *as :e cli8bin9D Ha>e to 9et to t:e =ater? T:e3
=ere dead if t:e3 bailed out o>er land? T:e &a<s ;illed <ilots? Gonna :a>e to bail out? !us: radioed
t:e s;i<<er1 called :is cre=? No ans=er? ,oes *:ite ;no= :o= to 9et to :is c:uteD !us: loo;ed
bac; for an instant? God1 =as *:ite :itD He =as 3ellin9 t:e order to bail out1 turnin9 ri9:t rudder
to ta;e t:e sli<strea8 off t:eir :atc:???:ad to 9et :i8self out? He le>elled off o>er =ater1 onl3 a
fe= 8iles fro8 t:e island???8ore1 ou9:t to 9et out fart:er????t:at7s it1 9ot to be no=???He flic;ed t:e
red to99le s=itc: on t:e das:--t:e I1 Identification riend or oe --su<<osed to alert an3 US
s:i<1 send a s<ecial fre@uenc3 bac; to :is o=n carrier???no ot:er =a3 to co88unicate1 :ad to 9et
out no=1 :ad to be ??? NO*?
It =ill be seen t:at t:ese >ersions contain nu8erous internal contradictions1 but t:at t:e
:all8ar; of Fred Studeba;erF ort:odoE31 es<eciall3 after t:e a<<earance of t:e
MierAeBe=s;3 account1 is t:at !us:7s <lane =as on fire1 =it: >isible s8o;e and fla8es? T:e
!us: <ro<a9anda 8ac:ine needs t:e fire on board t:e A>en9er in order to Bustif3 !us:7s
<reci<itous decision to bail out1 lea>in9 :is t=o cre= 8e8bers to t:eir fate1 rat:er t:an
atte8<tin9 t:e =ater landin9 =:ic: 8i9:t :a>e sa>ed t:e8?
T:e onl3 <erson =:o :as e>er clai8ed to :a>e seen !us:7s <lane 9et :it1 and to :a>e seen it
:it t:e =ater1 is C:ester MierAeBe=;si1 =:o =as t:e rear turret 9unner in t:e aircraft flo=n
b3 S@uadron Co88ander ,ou9las Mel>in? ,urin9 12/.-//1 MierAeBe=;si beca8e
increasin9l3 indi9nant as :e =atc:ed !us: re<eat :is canonical account of :o= :e =as s:ot
do=n? S:ortl3 before t:e Re<ublican National Con>ention in 12//1 MierAe;e=s;i1 b3 t:en
a -/ 3ear old retired aircraft fore8an li>in9 in C:es:ire1 Connecticut1 decided to tell :is
stor3 to Allan *ol<er and Al Ellenber9 of t:e Ne= (or; %ost1 =:ic: <rinted it as a
co<3ri9:ted article? Gfn /H
FT:at 9u3 is not tellin9 t:e trut:1F MierAeBe=s;i said of !us:?
As t:e rear-loo;in9 turret 9unner on Co88ander Mel>in7s <lane1 MierAeBe=s;i :ad t:e
8ost ad>anta9eous <osition for obser>in9 t:e e>ents in @uestion :ere? Since Mel>in7s <lane
fle= directl3 a:ead of !us:7s1 :e :ad a direct and unobstructed >ie= of =:at =as :a<<enin9
aft of :is o=n <lane? *:en t:e Ne= (or; %ost re<orters as;ed for8er Lt? Le9are Hole1 t:e
eEecuti>e officer of !us:7s s@uadron1 about =:o 8i9:t :a>e best obser>ed t:e last 8inutes
of t:e !arbara II1 Hole re<lied" FT:e turret 9unner in Mel>in7s <lane =ould :a>e :ad a 9ood
>ie=? If t:e <lane =as on fire1 t:ere is a >er3 9ood c:ance :e =ould be able to see t:at? T:e
<ilot can7t see e>er3t:in9 t:at t:e 9unner can1 and :e7d 8iss an a=ful lot1 F Hole told t:e
Ne= (or; %ost?
Gunner La=rence Mueller of Mil=au;ee1 anot:er for8er 8e8ber of !us:7s s@uadron =:o
fle= on t:e C:ic:i &i8a 8ission1 =:en as;ed =:o =ould :a>e :ad t:e best >ie=1 re<lied"
FT:e turret 9unner of Mel>in7s <lane?F MierAeBe=;si for :is <art said t:at :is <lane =as
fl3in9 about 155 feet a:ead of !us:7s <lane durin9 t:e incident - so close t:at :e could see
into !us:7s coc;<it?
MierAeBe=;i1 =:o is also a reci<ient of t:e ,istin9uis:ed l3in9 Cross1 told t:e Ne= (or;
%ost t:at :e sa= Fa <uff of s8o;eF co8e out of !us:7s <lane and @uic;l3 dissi<ate? He
asserted t:at after t:at t:ere =as no 8ore s8o;e >isible1 t:at !us:7s F<lane =as ne>er on
fireF and t:at Fno s8o;e ca8e out of :is coc;<it =:en :e o<ened :is cano<3 to bail out?F
MierAeBe=s;i stated t:at onl3 one 8an e>er 9ot out of t:e !arbara II1 and t:at =as !us:
:i8self? FI =as :o<in9 I =ould see so8e ot:er <arac:utes? I ne>er did? I sa= t:e <lane 9o
do=n? I ;ne= t:e 9u3s =ere still in it? It =as a :el<less feelin9?F
MierAeBe=s;i :as lon9 been troubled b3 t:e notion t:at !us:7s decision to <arac:ute fro8
:is da8a9ed aircraft 8i9:t :a>e cost t:e li>es of Radio8an second class &o:n ,elane31 a
close friend of MierAeBe=;s31 as =ell as 9unner Lt? &unior Grade *illia8 *:ite? 7I t:in;
G!us:H could :a>e sa>ed t:ose li>es1 if t:e3 =ere ali>e? I don7t ;no= t:at t:e3 =ere1 but at
least t:e3 :ad a c:ance if :e :ad atte8<ted a =ater landin917F MierAeBe=s;i told t:e Ne=
(or; %ost?
or8er eEecuti>e officer Le9are Hole su88ed u< t:e @uestion for t:e Ne= (or; %ost
re<orters as follo=s" FIf t:e <lane is on fire1 it :astens 3our decision to bail out? If it is not
on fire1 3ou 8a;e a =ater landin9?F T:e <oint is t:at a =ater landin9 :eld out 8ore :o<e for
all 8e8bers of t:e cre=? T:e A>en9er :ad been desi9ned to float for a<<roEi8atel3 t=o
8inutes1 9i>in9 t:e tail9unner enou9: ti8e to inflate a raft and 9i>in9 e>er3one an eEtra
8ar9in of ti8e to 9et free of t:e <lane before it san;? !us: :ad carried out a =ater landin9
bac; in &une =:en :is <lane :ad lost oil <ressure?
T:e official- but undated- re<ort on t:e incident a8on9 t:e s@uadron records =as si9ned b3
Co88ander Mel>in and an intelli9ence officer na8ed Lt? Martin E? #il<atric;? #il<atric;
is deceased1 and Mel>in in 12// =as :os<italiAed =it: %ar;inson7s disease and could not be
inter>ie=ed? MierAeBe=s;i in earl3 Au9ust 12// :ad ne>er seen t:e undated intelli9ence
re<ort in @uestion? F#il<atric; =as t:e first <erson I s<o;e to =:en =e 9ot bac; to t:e
s:i<1F :e said? FI told :i8 =:at I sa=? I don7t understand =:3 it7s not in t:e re<ort?F
Gunner La=rence Mueller tended to corroborate MierAeBe=;i7s account? Mueller :ad ;e<t a
lo9 boo; of :is o=n in =:ic: :e 8ade notations as t:e s@uadron =as debriefed in t:e read3
roo8 after eac: 8ission? or Se<te8ber $1 12))1 Mueller7s <ersonal lo9 :ad t:e follo=in9
entr3" F*:ite and ,elane3 <resu8ed to :a>e 9one do=n =it: <lane?F Mueller told t:e Ne=
(or; %ost t:at Fno <arac:ute =as si9:ted eEce<t !us:7s =:en t:e <lane =ent do=n?F T:e
Ne= (or; %ost re<orters =ere s<ecific t:at accordin9 to Mueller1 no one in t:e San &acinto
read3 roo8 durin9 t:e debriefin9 :ad said an3t:in9 about a fire on board !us:7s <lane?
Mueller said" FI =ould :a>e <ut it in 83 lo9boo; if I :ad :eard it?F
Accordin9 to t:is Ne= (or; %ost article1 t:e re<ort of !us:7s debriefin9 aboard t:e
sub8arine innbac; after :is rescue 8a;es no 8ention of an3 fire aboard t:e <lane? *:en
t:e Ne= (or; %ost re<orters inter>ie=ed T:o8as R? #eene1 an air8an fro8 anot:er carrier
=:o :ad been <ic;ed u< b3 t:e innbac; a fe= da3s after !us:1 and referred to t:e alle9ed
fire on board !us:7s <lane1 F#eene =as sur<rised to :earF it? F7,id :e sa3 t:atD1F #eene
as;ed?
Leo Nadeau1 !us:7s usual rear turret 9unner1 =:o :ad been in contact =it: !us: durin9 t:e
12/57s1 atte8<ted to undercut MierAeBe=s;i7s credibilit3 b3 statin9 t:at FS;i1F as
MierAeBe=s;i =as called1 =ould :a>e been Ftoo bus3 s:ootin9F to :a>e been able to focus
on t:e e>ents in>ol>in9 !us:7s <lane? !ut e>en t:e <ro-!us: accounts a9ree t:at t:e reason
t:at *:ite :ad been allo=ed to co8e aloft in t:e first <lace =as t:e eE<ectation t:at t:ere
=ould be no &a<anese aircraft o>er t:e tar9et1 8a;in9 a t:orou9:l3 trained and eE<erienced
9unner su<erfluous? Indeed1 no account alle9es t:at an3 &a<anese aircraft a<<eared o>er
C:ic:i &i8a?
!us: and MierAeBe=s;i 8et a9ain on board t:e San &acinto after t:e do=ned <ilot =as
returned fro8 t:e innbac; about a 8ont: after t:e loss of t:e !arbara II? Accordin9 to t:e
Ne= (or; %ost account1 about a 8ont: after all t:ese e>ents !us:1 clad in Red Cross
<aBa8as1 returned to t:e San &acinto? FHe ca8e into t:e read3 roo8 and sat do=n neEt to
8e1F MierAeBe=;si recounted? FHe G!us:H ;ne= I sa= t:e =:ole t:in9? He said1 7S;i1 I78
sure t:ose t=o 8en =ere dead? I called t:e8 on t:e radio t:ree ti8es? T:e3 =ere dead?7
*:en :e told 8e t:e3 =ere dead1 I couldn7t <ro>e t:e3 =eren7t? He see8ed distrau9:t? He
=as tr3in9 to assure 8e :e did t:e best :e could? I78 t:in;in9 =:at a8 I 9oin9 to sa3 to
:i81F MierAeBe=s;i co88ented in 12//?
MierAeBe=s;i be9an to beco8e concerned about !us:7s <resentation of :is =ar record
=:ile =atc:in9 !us:7s ,ece8ber 12/. inter>ie= =it: ,a>id rost1 =:ic: =as one of t:e
candidate7s 8ost sancti8onious <erfor8ances? In Marc:1 12// MierAeBe=es;i =rote to
!us: and told :i8 t:at :is recollections =ere >er3 different fro8 t:e >ice <resident7s stor3?
MierAeBe=s;i7s letter =as not :ostile in tone1 but >oiced concern t:at <olitical o<<onents
8i9:t co8e for=ard to dis<ute !us:? T:ere =as no re<l3 to t:is letter1 and C:ester
MierAeBe=s;i ulti8atel3 elected to tell :is o=n uni@ue e3e-=itness >ersion of t:e facts to
t:e Ne= (or; %ost? Certainl3 :is aut:oritati>e1 first-:and account <laces a lar9e @uestion
8ar; o>er t:e e>ents of Se<te8ber $1 12)) =:ic: !us: :as so often sou9:t to eE<loit for
<olitical 9ain?
Se>eral da3s after MierAeBe=s;i7s inter>ie= =as <ublis:ed1 !us:7s office obtained and
released to t:e <ress a co<3 of t:e 0undated4 s@uadron lo9 re<ort? One ,onald R:odes of
!us:7s office called MierAeBe=;si to offer :i8 a co<3 of t:e re<ort?
It is t3<ical of &oe H3a8s7 :ac; =or; for !us: in T:e li9:t of t:e A>en9er t:at :e ne>er
8entions MierAeBe=;si7s critical account1 alt:ou9: :e is ob>iousl3 acutel3 a=are of t:e
obBections raised b3 MierAeBe=s;i and =ants >er3 8uc: to discredit t:ose obBections?
Indeed1 H3a8s totall3 i9nores MierAeBe=s;i as a source1 and also studiousl3 i9nores t:e
ot:er =itness =:o =ould :a>e su<<orted MierAeBe=s;i1 t:at is to sa3 Mueller? H3a8s :ad
t:e su<<ort of !us:7s *:ite House staff in arran9in9 inter>ie=s for :is boo;1 but so8e:o=
:e ne>er 9ot around to tal;in9 to MierAeBe=s;i and Mueller? T:is 8ust increase our
sus<icion t:at !us: :as so8e da8nin9 cicru8stance :e =is:es to :ide?
!us: :i8self ad8its t:at :e =as in a bi9 :urr3 to 9et out of :is coc;<it" FT:e =ind =as
<la3in9 tric;s1 or 8ore li;el31 I <ulled t:e ri< cord too soon?F Gfn 2H T:is caused :is 9as:ed
fore:ead and da8a9ed :is <arac:ute?
Concernin9 t:e abilit3 of !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an to fiE a co8bat re<ort in na>al
a>iation1 it is clear t:at t:is could be acco8<lis:ed as easil3 as fiEin9 a <ar;in9 tic;et?
Arte8us Gates is so8eone =:o could :a>e :el<ed out? Ot:er !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an
assets in <o=erful <osts included Secretar3 of *ar Sti8son1 Secretar3 of *ar for Air
Robert Lo>ett1 S<ecial En>o3 *? A>erell Harri8an1 and e>en %resident Roose>elt7s
confidant and >irtual alter e9o1 Harr3 Ho<;ins1 an asset of t:e Harri8an fa8il3?
!us: =as >er3 u<set about =:at :ad :a<<ened to :is t=o cre=8en? Later1 durin9 one of :is
S;ull and !ones FLife Histor3F self-eE<osures1 !us: referred to Lt? *:ite1 t:e S;ull and
!ones 8e8ber =:o :ad 9one to :is deat: =it: t:e !arbara II" FI =is: I :adn7t let :i8 9o1F
said !us:1 accordin9 to for8er Con9ress8an T:o8as *? L? 0Lud4 As:le31 a fello= S;ull
and !ones 8e8ber and durin9 1221 one of t:e ad8inistrators of t:e Neil !us: le9al
defense fund? Accordin9 to As:le31 F!us: =as :eartbro;en? He :ad 9one o>er it in :is 8ind
1551555 ti8es and concluded :e couldn7t :a>e done an3t:in9????He didn7t feel 9uilt3 about
an3t:in9 t:at :a<<ened????!ut t:e incident =as a source of real 9rief to :i8?
It tore :i8 u<1 real an9uis:? It =as so fres: in :is 8ind? He :ad a real friends:i< =it: t:is
8an1F said As:le3? Gfn 15H
!us: later =rote letters to t:e fa8ilies of t:e 8en =:o :ad died on :is <lane? He recei>ed a
re<l3 fro8 ,elane37s sister1 Mar3 &ane ,elane3? T:e letter read in <art"
(ou 8ention in 3our letter t:at 3ou =ould li;e to :el< 8e in so8e =a3? T:ere is a =a31 and
t:at is to sto< t:in;in9 3ou are in an3 =a3 res<onsible for 3our <lane accident and =:at :as
:a<<ened to 3our 8en? I 8i9:t :a>e t:ou9:t 3ou =ere if 83 brot:er &ac; :ad not al=a3s
s<o;en of 3ou as t:e best <ilot in t:e s@uadron? Gfn 11H
!us: also =rote a letter to :is <arents in =:ic: :e tal;ed about *:ite and ,elane3" FI tr3 to
t:in; about it as little as <ossible1 3et I cannot 9et t:e t:ou9:t of t:ose t=o out of 83 8ind?
O:1 I78 O#- I =ant to fl3 a9ain and I =on7t be scared of it1 but I ;no= I =on7t be able to
s:a;e t:e 8e8or3 of t:is incident and I don7t belie>e I =ant to co8<letel3?F Gfn 1$H
As !us: :i8self loo;ed bac; on all t:ese e>ents fro8 t:e t:res:old of :is 9enocidal assault
on Ira@1 :e co8<lacentl3 concluded t:at t:e <a9an fates :ad <reser>ed :is life for so8e
future <ur<ose? He told H3a8s"
T:ere =asn7t a sudden re>elation of =:at I =anted to do =it: t:e rest of 83 life1 but t:ere
=as an a=a;enin9? T:ere7s no @uestion t:at underl3in9 all t:at =ere 83 o=n reli9ious
beliefs? In 83 o=n >ie= t:ere7s 9ot to be so8e ;ind of destin3 and I =as bein9 s<ared for
so8et:in9 on eart:? Gfn 1'H
After :a>in9 deliberatel3 i9nored t:e rele>ant dissentin9 >ie=s about t:e :erois8 of :is
<atron1 H3a8s c:ooses to conclude :is boo; on t:e follo=in9 disturbin9 note" *:en fl3in9
:is A>en9er off t:e dec; of t:e San &ac1 !us: =as res<onsible for :is o=n fate as =ell as
:is cre=8en7s? As <resident :e is res<onsible for t:e fate of all A8ericans as =ell as t:at of
8uc: of t:e =orld?
And t:at is <recisel3 t:e <roble8?
NOTES"
1? or details of !us:7s na>3 career1 see &oe H3a8s1 li9:t of t:e A>en9er 0Ne= (or;1 122141 <assi8?
$? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? '-?
'? H3a8s1 li9:t of t:e A>en9er1 <<? 15--15.?
)? H3a8s1 li9:t of t:e A>en9er1 <? 111?
+? Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:" A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;1 12/541 <<? '5-'1?
-? itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:" An Inti8ate %ortrait 0Ne= (or;1 12/241 <<? '--'.?
.? Ric:ard !en Cra8er1 FGeor9e !us:F Ho= He Got Here1F Es<@uire1 &une 1221?
/? Allan *ol<er and Al Ellenber91 FT:e ,a3 !us: !ailed Out1F Ne= (or; %ost1 Au9ust 1$1 12//1 <? 1 ff?
15? !us: and Gold1 <? '-?
11? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust .1 12//
1$? H3a8s1 <? 1)'?
1' bis? !us: and Gold1 <<? )5-)1?
1)? H3a8s1 <? 1')
C:a<ter -6II- S;ull and !ones" T:e Racist Ni9:t8are at
(ale
F*ise states8en ??? establis:ed t:ese 9reat self-e>ident trut:s1 t:at =:en in t:e distant future so8e
8an1 so8e faction1 so8e interest1 s:ould set u< t:e doctrine t:at none but ric: 8en1 or none but
=:ite 8en1 =ere entitled to life1 libert3 and t:e <ursuit of :a<<iness1 t:eir <osterit3 s:ould loo; u<
a9ain at t:e ,eclaration of Inde<endence and ta;e coura9e to rene= t:e battle =:ic: t:eir fat:ers
be9an????77
-- Abra:a8 Lincoln --
Hone38oon
T:e U?S? Na>3 deli>ered Geor9e !us: bac; :o8e for 9ood on C:rist8as E>e1 12))C t:e
=ar in t:e %acific ra9ed on o>er t:e neEt :alf 3ear1 =it: Allied forces ta;in9 Sout:east Asia1
t:e Net:erlands East Indies 0Indonesia41 and islands suc: as I=o &i8a and O;ina=a?
!arbara %ierce @uit S8it: Colle9e in :er so<:o8ore 3ear to 8arr3 Geor9e? %rescott and
Mot:er !us: 9a>e a s<lendid <renu<tial dinner at t:e Green=ic: ield Club? T:e =eddin9
too; <lace &anuar3 -1 12)+1 in t:e R3e1 Ne= (or; %resb3terian C:urc:1 as t:e U?S? T:ird
leet bo8barded t:e 8ain %:ili<<ine island of LuAon in <re<aration for in>asion?
After=ards t:ere =as a 9la8orous rece<tion for '55 at A<<a=a8is Countr3 Club? T:e
ne=l3=eds :one38ooned at T:e Cloisters1 a fi>e-star :otel on Sea Island1 Geor9ia1 =it:
s=i88in91 tennis and 9olf?
Geor9e7s neEt assi9n8ent =as to train <ilots at Norfol;1 6ir9inia Na>al Air Station?
FGeor9e7s dut3 ??? =as li9:t? As for ot:er 3oun9 8arrieds1 =:ose :usbands =ere bet=een
=arAone tours1 t:is =as ;ind of an eEtended 0and <aid4 :one38oon?77
&a<an surrendered in Au9ust? T:at fall1 Geor9e and !arbara !us: 8o>ed to Ne= Ha>en
=:ere !us: entered (ale Uni>ersit3? He and !arbara 8o>ed into an a<art8ent at '.
Hill:ouse A>enue1 across t:e street fro8 (ale %resident C:arles Se38our?
Colle9e life =as 9ood to Geor9e1 =:at :e sa= of it? A colle9e career usuall3 occu<ies four
3ears? !ut =e ;no= t:at Geor9e !us: is a ra<idl3 8o>in9 8an? T:us :e =as <leased =it:
t:e s<ecial arran9e8ent 8ade for >eterans1 b3 =:ic: (ale allo=ed :i8 to 9et :is de9ree
after attendin9 classes for onl3 t=o and a :alf 3ears?
!us: and :is friends re8e8ber it all fondl31 as re<resentati>es of t:e as:ionable Set"
FGMHe8bers of G!us:7sH class :a>e since si9:ed =it: nostal9ia for t:ose da3s of t:e late
12)5s???? Trolle3 cars still ru8bled alon9 t:e Ne= Ha>en streets? On autu8n afternoons
t:e3 =ould be cro=ded =it: students 9oin9 out to football 9a8es at t:e (ale !o=l1
scatterin9 <ennies alon9 t:e =a3 and s:outin9 Pscra8ble7 to t:e street ;ids di>in9 for
t:e877Ge8<:asis addedH?
In 12).1 !arbara 9a>e birt: to Geor9e *? !us:1 t:e %resident7s na8esa;e?
!3 t:e ti8e of :is 12)/ 9raduation1 :e :ad been elected to %:i !eta #a<<a1 an :onor
traditionall3 associated =it: acade8ic ac:ie>e8ent? A 9reat deal is ;no=n about Geor9e
!us:7s career at (ale1 eEce<t t:e <art about boo;s and studies? Unfortunatel3 for t:ose =:o
=ould =is: to consider :is intellectual acco8<lis:8ent1 e>er3t:in9 about t:at :as been
sealed s:ut and is to< secret? T:e (ale ad8inistration sa3s t:e3 :a>e turned o>er to t:e !I
custod3 of all of !us:7s acade8ic records1 alle9edl3 because t:e !I needs suc: access to
c:ec; t:e resu8e@eacuteC of i8<ortant office :olders?
ro8 all a>ailable testi8on31 :is 8ental life before colle9e =as an3t:in9 but outstandin9?
His ca8<ai9n literature clai8s t:at1 as a >eteran1 !us: =as Fserious77 at (ale? !ut =e cannot
c:ec; eEactl3 :o= :e ac:ie>ed election to %:i !eta #a<<a1 in :is abbre>iated colle9e
eE<erience? *it:out to< secret clearance1 =e cannot consult :is test results1 read :is essa3s1
or learn 8uc: about :is <erfor8ance in class? *e ;no= t:at :is fat:er =as a trustee of t:e
uni>ersit31 in c:ar9e of Fde>elo<8ental77 fundraisin9? And :is fa8il3 friends =ere in control
of t:e U?S? secret ser>ices?
A 9reat deal is ;no=n1 :o=e>er1 about Geor9e !us:7s status at (ale?
His fello= student &o:n H? C:afee1 later a U?S? Senator fro8 R:ode Island and Secretar3 of
t:e Na>31 declared" F*e didn7t see 8uc: of :i8 because :e =as 8arried1 but I 9uess 83
first i8<ression =as t:at :e =as--and I don7t 8ean t:is in a dero9ator3 fas:ion--in t:e inner
set1 t:e 8o>ers and s:a;ers1 t:e establis:8ent? I don7t 8ean :e <ut on airs or an3t:in91
but ??? Bust e>er3bod3 ;ne= :i8?77
C:afee1 li;e !us:1 and ,an Lua3le1 =as in t:e i8<ortant national fraternit31 ,elta #a<<a
E<silon 0,#E or t:e F,e;es774? !ut C:afee sa3s1 FI ne>er re8e8ber seein9 :i8 t:ere? He
=asn7t one to :an9 around =it: t:e fello=s?77
T:e To8b
Geor9e !us:1 in fact1 <assed :is 8ost i8<ortant da3s and ni9:ts at (ale in t:e stran9e
co8<anions:i< of t:e senior-3ear S;ull and !ones Societ3?
Out of t:ose fe= =:o =ere c:osen for !ones 8e8bers:i<1 Geor9e =as t:e last one to be
notified of :is selection--t:is :onor is traditionall3 reser>ed for t:e :i9:est of t:e :i9: and
8i9:t3?
His fat:er1 %rescott !us:1 se>eral ot:er relati>es and <artners1 and Roland and A>erell
Harri8an1 =:o s<onsored t:e !us: fa8il31 =ere also 8e8bers of t:is secret societ3?
T:e undoubted <olitical and financial <o=er associated =it: S;ull and !ones :as 9i>en
rise to 8an3 <o<ular @uestions about t:e nature and ori9in of t:e 9rou<? Its 8e8bers :a>e
fed t:e 83ster3 =it: false leads and sill3 s<eculations?
T:e order =as incor<orated in 1/+- under t:e na8e FRussell Trust Association?77 !3 s<ecial
act of t:e state le9islature in 12)'1 its trustees are eEe8<ted fro8 t:e nor8al re@uire8ent of
filin9 cor<orate re<orts =it: t:e Connecticut Secretar3 of State?
As of 12./1 all business of t:e Russell Trust =as :andled b3 its lone trustee1 !ro=n
!rot:ers Harri8an <artner &o:n !? Madden1 &r? Madden started =it: !ro=n !rot:ers
Harri8an in 12)-1 under senior <artner %rescott !us:1 Geor9e !us:7s fat:er?
Eac: 3ear1 S;ull and !ones 8e8bers select 0Fta<774 1+ t:ird-3ear (ale students to re<lace
t:e8 in t:e senior 9rou< t:e follo=in9 3ear? Graduatin9 8e8bers are 9i>en a siAeable cas:
bonus to :el< t:e8 9et started in life? Older 9raduate 8e8bers1 t:e so-called F%atriarc:s177
9i>e s<ecial bac;in9 in business1 <olitics1 es<iona9e and le9al careers to 9raduate
!ones8en =:o eE:ibit talent or usefulness?
T:e :o8e of S;ull and !ones on t:e (ale ca8<us is a stone buildin9 rese8blin9 a
8ausoleu81 and ;no=n as Ft:e To8b?77 Initiations ta;e <lace on ,eer Island in t:e St?
La=rence Ri>er 0an island o=ned b3 t:e Russell Trust Association41 =it: re9ular reunions
on ,eer Island and at (ale? Initiation rites re<ortedl3 include strenuous and trau8atic
acti>ities of t:e ne= 8e8ber1 =:ile i88ersed na;ed in 8ud1 and in a coffin? More
i8<ortant is t:e FseEual autobio9ra<:377" T:e initiate tells t:e Order all t:e seE secrets of :is
3oun9 life? *ea;ened 8ental defenses a9ainst 8ani<ulation1 and t:e blac;8ail <otential of
suc: infor8ation1 :a>e ob>ious <er8anent uses in enforcin9 lo3alt3 a8on9 8e8bers?
T:e lo3alt3 is intense? One of !us:7s for8er teac:ers1 =:ose o=n fat:er =as a S;ull and
!ones 8e8ber1 told our inter>ie=er t:at :is fat:er used to stab :is little S;ull and !ones
<in into :is s;in to ;ee< it in <lace =:en :e too; a bat:?
Me8bers continue t:rou9:out t:eir li>es to unburden t:e8sel>es on t:eir <s3c:o-seEual
t:ou9:ts to t:eir !ones !rot:ers1 e>en if t:e3 are no lon9er sittin9 in a coffin? T:is :as been
t:e case =it: %resident Geor9e !us:1 for =:o8 t:ese ties are re<orted to :a>e a dee<
<ersonal 8eanin9? !e3ond t:e <s3c:olo9ical 8ani<ulation associated =it: free8asonic
8u88er31 t:ere are >er3 solid <olitical reasons for !us:7s stron9 identification =it: t:is
cult?
Obser>ers of S;ull and !ones1 a<olo9ists and critics ali;e1 :a>e acce<ted >arious dece<ti>e
notions about t:e order? T:ere are t=o outstandin91 a8on9 t:ese false:oods"
14 t:at it is essentiall3 an A8erican 9rou<1 an asse8bl3 of =ealt:31 elite F<atriots77C it is in
fact1 an a9enc3 for !ritis: E8<ire <enetration and sub>ersion of t:e A8erican re<ublicC and
$4 t:at it is so8e:o= t:e uni@ue center of cons<iratorial control o>er t:e United States? T:is
8isconce<tion is certainl3 understandable1 9i>en t:e rat:er astonis:in9 nu8ber of
<o=erful1 :istoricall3 i8<ortant and 9rotes@uel3 anti-:u8an indi>iduals1 =:o :a>e co8e
out of S;ull and !ones? !ut t:ere are in fact con9ruent or9aniAations at ot:er I>3 Lea9ue
colle9es1 =:ic: reflect1 as does S;ull and !ones1 t:e o>er-arc:in9 oli9arc:ical <o=er of
se>eral :ea>il3 inter8arried financier fa8ilies?
T:e 8ista;en1 s<eculati>e notions 8a3 be corrected b3 eEa8inin9 t:e :istor3 of S;ull and
!ones1 >ie=ed =it:in t:e realit3 of t:e A8erican Eastern Establis:8ent?
S;ull and !ones--t:e Russell Trust Association--=as first establis:ed a8on9 t:e class
9raduatin9 fro8 (ale in 1/''? Its founder =as *illia8 Huntin9ton Russell of Middleto=n1
Connecticut? T:e Russell fa8il3 =as t:e 8aster of incalculable =ealt: deri>ed fro8 t:e
lar9est U?S? cri8inal or9aniAation of t:e nineteent: centur3" Russell and Co8<an31 t:e
9reat o<iu8 s3ndicate?
T:ere =as at t:at ti8e a dee< sus<icion of1 and national re>ulsion a9ainst1 free8asonr3 and
secret or9aniAations in t:e United States1 fostered in <articular b3 t:e anti-8asonic =ritin9s
of for8er U?S? %resident &o:n Luinc3 Ada8s? Ada8s stressed t:at t:ose =:o ta;e oat:s to
<oliticall3 <o=erful international secret societies cannot be de<ended on for lo3alt3 to a
de8ocratic re<ublic?
!ut t:e Russells =ere <rotected as <art of t:e 8ulti<l3-inter8arried 9rou<in9 of fa8ilies
t:en rulin9 Connecticut 0see acco8<an3in9 c:art4? T:e blood-<roud 8e8bers of t:e
Russell1 %ier<ont1 Ed=ards1 !urr1 Gris=old1 ,a31 Also< and Hubbard fa8ilies =ere
<ro8inent in t:e <ro-!ritis: <art3 =it:in t:e state? Man3 of t:eir sons =ould be a8on9 t:e
8e8bers c:osen for t:e S;ull and !ones Societ3 o>er t:e 3ears?
T:e bac;9round to S;ull and !ones is a stor3 of O<iu8 and E8<ire1 and a bitter stru99le
for <olitical control o>er t:e ne= U?S? re<ublic?
Sa8uel Russell1 second cousin to !ones founder *illia8 H?1 establis:ed Russell and
Co8<an3 in 1/$'? Its business =as to ac@uire o<iu8 fro8 Tur;e3 and s8u99le it into
C:ina1 =:ere it =as strictl3 <ro:ibited1 under t:e ar8ed <rotection of t:e !ritis: E8<ire?
T:e <rior1 <redo8inant A8erican 9an9 in t:is field :ad been t:e s3ndicate created b3
T:o8as Handas3d %er;ins of Ne=bur3<ort1 Massac:usetts1 an a99re9ation of t:e self-
st3led Fblue bloods77 or !ra:8ins of !oston7s nort: s:ore? orced out of t:e lucrati>e
African sla>e trade b3 U?S? la= and Caribbean sla>e re>olts1 leaders of t:e Cabot1 Lo=ell1
Hi99inson1 orbes1 Cus:in9 and Stur9is fa8ilies :ad 8arried %er;ins siblin9s and
c:ildren? T:e %er;ins o<iu8 s3ndicate 8ade t:e fortune and establis:ed t:e <o=er of
t:ese fa8ilies? !3 t:e 1/'5s1 t:e Russells :ad bou9:t out t:e %er;ins s3ndicate and 8ade
Connecticut t:e <ri8ar3 center of t:e U?S? o<iu8 rac;et? Massac:usetts fa8ilies
0Coolid9e1 Stur9is1 orbes and ,elano4 Boined Connecticut 0Also<4 and Ne= (or; 0Lo=4
s8u99ler-8illionaires under t:e Russell aus<ices?
SS Certain of t:e <ro8inent !oston o<iu8 fa8ilies1 suc: as Cabot and *eld1 did not affiliate directl3 =it:
Russell1 Connecticut and (ale1 but =ere identified instead =it: Har>ard?
&o:n Luinc3 Ada8s and ot:er <atriots :ad fou9:t t:ese 8en for a @uarter centur3 b3 t:e
ti8e t:e Russell Trust Association =as set u< =it: its o<en <irate e8ble8--S;ull and
!ones?
*it: !ritis: ties of fa8il31 s:i<<in9 and 8erc:ant ban;in91 t:e old Ne= En9land Tories
:ad continued t:eir :ostilit3 to A8erican inde<endence after t:e Re>olutionar3 *ar of
1..+-/'? T:ese <retended conser>ati>e <atriots <roclai8ed T:o8as &efferson7s 1/51
<residential inau9uration Fradical usur<ation?77
T:e Massac:usetts Tories 0FEsseE &unto774 Boined =it: 6ice %resident Aaron !urr1 &r? 0a
8e8ber of t:e Connecticut Ed=ards and %ier<ont fa8ilies4 and !urr7s cousin and la=
<artner T:eodore ,=i9:t1 in <olitical 8o>es desi9ned to brea; u< t:e United States and
return it to !ritis: alle9iance?
T:e U?S? nationalist leader1 for8er Treasur3 Secretar3 AleEander Ha8ilton1 eE<osed t:e
<lan in 1/5)? !urr s:ot :i8 to deat: in a duel1 t:en led a fa8ous aborti>e cons<irac3 to
for8 a ne= e8<ire in t:e Sout:=est1 =it: territor3 to be torn fro8 t:e U?S?A? and S<anis:
MeEico? or t:e Fblue bloods177 t:e ro8antic fi9ure of Aaron !urr =as e>er after=ards t:e
s38bol of !ritis: feudal re>en9e a9ainst t:e A8erican re<ublic?
T:e Connecticut Tor3 fa8ilies :osted t:e infa8ous Hartford Con>ention in 1/1+1 to=ard
t:e end of t:e second =ar bet=een t:e U?S? and !ritain 0t:e *ar of 1/1$4? T:eir
secessionist <ro<a9anda =as rendered i8<otent b3 A8erica7s defensi>e 8ilitar3 >ictor3?
T:is faction t:en retired fro8 t:e o<en <olitical arena1 <ursuin9 instead entirel3 <ri>ate and
co>ert alliances =it: t:e !ritis: E8<ire? T:e incestuousl3 inter8arried Massac:usetts and
Connecticut fa8ilies associated t:e8sel>es =it: t:e !ritis: East India Co8<an3 in t:e
cri8inal o<iu8 traffic into C:ina? T:ese fa8ilies 8ade increased <rofits as <artners and
surro9ates for t:e !ritis: durin9 t:e blood3 1/'2-)$ O<iu8 *ar1 t:e race =ar of !ritis:
forces a9ainst C:inese defenders?
Sa8uel and *illia8 Huntin9ton Russell =ere @uiet1 =ar3 builders of t:eir faction7s <o=er?
An inti8ate collea9ue of o<iu8 9an9ster Sa8uel Russell =rote t:is about :i8"
*:ile :e li>ed1 no friend of :is =ould >enture to 8ention :is na8e in <rint? *:ile in C:ina1 :e
li>ed for about t=ent3-fi>e 3ears al8ost as a :er8it1 :ardl3 ;no=n outside of :is factor3 Gt:e
Canton =are:ouse co8<oundH eEce<t b3 t:e c:osen fe= =:o enBo3ed :is inti8ac31 and b3 :is
9ood friend1 Ho@ua GC:inese securit3 director for t:e !ritis: East India Co8<an3H1 but stud3in9
co88erce in its broadest sense1 as =ell as its 8inutest details? Returnin9 :o8e =it: =ell-earned
=ealt: :e li>ed :os<itabl3 in t:e 8idst of :is fa8il31 and a s8all circle of inti8ates? Scornin9
=ords and <retensions fro8 t:e botto8 of :is :eart1 :e =as t:e truest and staunc:est of friendsC
:atin9 notoriet31 :e could al=a3s be absolutel3 counted on for e>er3 9ood =or; =:ic: did not
in>ol>e <ublicit3?
T:e Russells7 S;ull and !ones Societ3 =as t:e 8ost i8<ortant of t:eir do8estic <roBects
F=:ic: did not in>ol>e <ublicit3?77 A <olice-blotter t3<e re>ie= of Russell7s or9aniAation =ill
s:o= =:3 t:e secret order1 t:ou9: <o=erful1 =as not t:e uni@ue or9an of Fcons<irac377 for
t:e U?S? Eastern Establis:8ent? T:e follo=in9 9entle8en =ere a8on9 Russells7 <artners"
Au9ustine Heard 01./+-1/-/4" s:i< ca<tain and <ioneer U?S? o<iu8 s8u99ler?
&o:n Cle>e Green 01/55-.+4" 8arried to Sara: Gris=oldC 9a>e a fortune in o<iu8 <rofits
to %rinceton Uni>ersit31 financin9 t:ree %rinceton buildin9s and four <rofessors:i<sC trustee
of t:e %rinceton T:eolo9ical Se8inar3 for $+ 3ears?
Abiel Abbott Lo= 01/11-2'4" :is o<iu8 fortune financed t:e construction of t:e
Colu8bia Uni>ersit3 Ne= (or; Cit3 ca8<usC fat:er of Colu8bia7s <resident Set: Lo=?
&o:n Murra3 orbes 01/1'-2/4" :is o<iu8 8illions financed t:e career of aut:or Ral<:
*aldo E8erson1 =:o 8arried orbes7s dau9:ter1 and ban;rolled t:e establis:8ent of t:e
!ell Tele<:one Co8<an31 =:ose first <resident =as orbes7s son?
&ose<: Coolid9e" :is Au9ustine Heard a9enc3 9ot I15 8illion 3earl3 as surro9ates for t:e
Scottis: do<e-runners &ardine Mat:eson durin9 t:e fi9:tin9 in C:inaC :is son or9aniAed t:e
United ruit Co8<an3C :is 9randson1 Arc:ibald Car3 Coolid9e1 =as t:e foundin9 eEecuti>e
officer of t:e An9lo-A8ericans7 Council on orei9n Relations?
*arren ,elano1 &r?" c:ief of Russell and Co? in CantonC 9randfat:er of U?S? %resident
ran;lin ,elano Roose>elt?
Russell Stur9is" :is 9randson b3 t:e sa8e na8e =as c:air8an of t:e !arin9 !an; in
En9land1 financiers of t:e ar East o<iu8 trade?
Suc: <ersons as &o:n C? Green and A?A? Lo=1 =:ose na8es adorn >arious buildin9s at
%rinceton and Colu8bia Uni>ersities1 8ade little atte8<t to :ide t:e cri8inal ori9in of t:eir
influential 8one3? Si8ilarl3 =it: t:e Cabots1 t:e Hi99insons and t:e *elds for Har>ard?
T:e secret 9rou<s at ot:er colle9es are analo9ous and closel3 related to (ale7s S;ull and
!ones?
%rinceton :as its Featin9 clubs177 es<eciall3 I>3 Club and Cotta9e Club1 =:ose oli9arc:ical
tradition runs fro8 &onat:an Ed=ards and Aaron !urr t:rou9: t:e ,ulles brot:ers? At
Har>ard t:ere is t:e ultra-blue-blooded %orcelian 0;no=n also as t:e %orc or %i9 club4C
T:eodore Roose>elt bra99ed to t:e Ger8an #aiser of :is 8e8bers:i< t:ereC ran;lin
Roose>elt =as a 8e8ber of t:e sli9:tl3 Flo=er77 l3 Club?
A fe= of t:e earl3 initiates in S;ull and !ones =ent on to careers in ob>ious defiance of t:e
order7s oli9arc:ical c:aracterC t=o suc: =ere t:e scientists !enBa8in Silli8an1 &r? 0S;ull
and !ones 1/'.41 and *illia8 C:au>enet 0S;ull and !ones 1/)54? T:is reflects t:e
continued i8<ortance of re<ublican factions at (ale1 Har>ard and ot:er colle9es durin9 t:e
8iddle t:ree decades of t:e nineteent: centur3? Silli8an and C:au>enet beca8e ene8ies of
e>er3t:in9 S;ull and !ones stood for1 =:ile t:e (ale secret 9rou< ra<idl3 confor8ed to t:e
Russells7 eE<ectations?
(ale =as t:e nort:ern colle9e fa>ored b3 sout:ern sla>eo=nin9 =ould-be aristocrats?
A8on9 (ale7s sout:ern students =ere &o:n C? Cal:oun1 later t:e fa8ous Sout: Carolina
defender of sla>er3 a9ainst nationalis81 and &uda: %? !enBa8in1 later Secretar3 of State for
t:e sla>eo=ners7 Confederac3?
(oun9 Sout: Carolinian &ose<: Heatl3 ,ulles1 =:ose fa8il3 bou9:t t:eir sla>es =it: t:e
8one3 fro8 contract-securit3 =or; for t:e !ritis: con@uerors in India1 =as in a <re>ious
secret (ale 9rou<1 t:e FSociet3 of !rot:ers in Unit3?77 At (ale ,ulles =or;ed =it: t:e
Nort:ern secessionists and attac:ed :i8self to ,aniel LordC t:eir t=o fa8ilies clo>e
to9et:er in t:e fas:ion of a 9an9? T:e Lords beca8e <o=erful An9lo-A8erican *all Street
la=3ers1 and &?H? ,ulles7s 9randson =as t:e fat:er of Allen ,ulles and &o:n oster ,ulles?
In 1/'$-'' S;ull and !ones =as launc:ed under t:e Russell <irate fla9?
A8on9 t:e earl3 initiates of t:e order =ere Henr3 Rootes &ac;son 0SN! 1/'241 a leader of
t:e 1/-1 Geor9ia Secession Con>ention and <ost-Ci>il *ar <resident of t:e Geor9ia
Historical Societ3 0t:us t:e false accounts of t:e F9ood old sla>er3 da3s77 and t:e Fbad
nort:ern in>aders774C &o:n %er;ins1 &r? 0SN! 1/)541 c:air8an of t:e 1/-1 Louisiana
Secession Con>ention1 =:o fled abroad for 1' 3ears after t:e Ci>il *arC and *illia8 Ta3lor
Sulli>an !arr3 0SN! 1/)141 a national leader of t:e secessionist =in9 of t:e ,e8ocratic
%art3 durin9 t:e 1/+5s1 and c:air8an of t:e 1/-1 Mississi<<i Secession Con>ention?
Al<:onso Taft =as a !ones8an alon9side *illia8 H? Russell in t:e Class of 1/''? As U?S?
Attorne3 General in 1/.--..1 Al<:onso Taft :el<ed or9aniAe t:e bac;roo8 settle8ent of
t:e deadloc;ed 1/.- <residential election? T:e bar9ain 9a>e Rut:erford !? Ha3es t:e
<residenc3 01/..-/14 and =it:dre= t:e U?S? troo<s fro8 t:e Sout:1 =:ere t:e3 :ad been
enforcin9 blac;s7 ri9:ts?
Al<:onso7s son1 *illia8 Ho=ard Taft 0SN! 1/./41 =as U?S? %resident fro8 1252 to 121'?
%resident Taft7s son1 Robert Al<:onso Taft 0SN! 121541 =as a leadin9 U?S? Senator after
*orld *ar IIC :is fa8il37s An9lo-SaEon racialOancestral <reoccu<ation =as t:e disease
=:ic: cri<<led Robert Taft7s leaders:i< of A8erican nationalist Fconser>ati>es?77
Ot:er <re-Ci>il *ar !ones8en =ere"
*illia8 M? E>arts 0SN! 1/'.4" *all Street attorne3 for !ritis: and sout:ern sla>eo=ner
<roBects1 collaborator of Taft in t:e 1/.- bar9ain1 U?S? Secretar3 of State 1/..-/1C Morris
R? *aite 0SN! 1/'.4" C:ief &ustice of t:e U?S? Su<re8e Court 1/.)-//1 =:ose rulin9s
destro3ed 8an3 ri9:ts of African-A8ericans 9ained in t:e Ci>il *arC :e :el<ed :is co:orts
Taft and E>arts arran9e t:e 1/.- <residential settle8ent sc:e8e to <ull t:e ri9:ts-enforcin9
U?S? troo<s out of t:e Sout:C ,aniel Coit Gil8an 0SN! 1/+$4" co-incor<orator of t:e
Russell TrustC foundin9 <resident of &o:ns Ho<;ins Uni>ersit3 as a 9reat center for t:e
racialist eu9enics 8o>e8entC Andre= ,? *:ite 0SN! 1/+'4" foundin9 <resident of
Cornell Uni>ersit3C <s3c:ic researc:erC and di<lo8atic co:ort of t:e 6enetian1 Russian and
!ritis: oli9arc:iesC
C:aunce3 M? ,e<e= 0SN! 1/+-4" 9eneral counsel for t:e 6anderbilt railroads1 :e :el<ed
t:e Harri8an fa8il3 to enter into :i9: societ3?
!3 about t:e 8id-1//5s1 t:e S;ull and !ones 8e8bers:i< roster be9an to c:an9e fro8 its
earlier1 often Fsc:olarl3177 colorationC t:e c:an9e reflected t:e de9radation of A8erican
<olitical and econo8ic life b3 i8<erialist1 neo-<a9an and racialist ideolo93?
Ir>in9 is:er 0SN! 1///4 beca8e t:e racialist :i9: <riest of t:e econo8ics facult3 0(ale
<rofessor 1/2--12)-41 and a fa8ous 8erc:ant of !ritis: E8<ire <ro<a9anda for free trade
and reduction of t:e non-=:ite <o<ulation? is:er =as foundin9 <resident of t:e A8erican
Eu9enics Societ3 under t:e financial lar9esse of A>erell Harri8an7s 8ot:er?
Gifford %inc:ot 0SN! 1//24 in>ented t:e aristocrats7 Fconser>ation77 8o>e8ent? He =as
%resident T:eodore Roose>elt7s c:ief forester1 substitutin9 federal land-control in <lace of
Abra:a8 Lincoln7s free-land-to-fa8ilies far8 creation <ro9ra8? %inc:ot7s !ritis: E8<ire
acti>itis8 included t:e %s3c:ical Researc: Societ3 and :is >ice-<residenc3 of t:e first
International Eu9enics Con9ress in 121$?
Hel<in9 %inc:ot initiate t:is centur37s racialist en>iron8entalis8 =ere :is co:orts Geor9e
*? *oodruff 0SN! 1//241 Tedd3 Roose>elt7s Assistant Attorne3 General and Actin9
Interior Secretar3C and Henr3 Solon Gra>es 0SN! 1/2$41 c:ief U?S? forester 1215-$5?
rederic; E? *e3er:auser 0SN! 1/2-41 o=ner of >ast tracts of A8erican forest1 =as a
follo=er of %inc:ot7s 8o>e8ent1 =:ile t:e *e3er:auser fa8il3 =ere acti>e collaborators of
!ritis:-Sout: African su<er-racist Cecil R:odes? T:is fa8il37s friends:i< =it: %resident
Geor9e !us: is a >ital factor in t:e <resent en>iron8entalist 8o>e8ent?
*it: Henr3 L? Sti8son 0SN! 1///4 =e co8e to t:e Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent =:ic:
:as ruled A8erica durin9 t:e t=entiet: centur3? Sti8son =as %resident Taft7s Secretar3 of
*ar 01211-1'41 and %resident Herbert Hoo>er7s Secretar3 of State 012$2-''4? As Secretar3
of *ar 012)5-)+41 t:is ti8e under %resident Harr3 Tru8an1 Sti8son <ressed Tru8an to
dro< t:e ato8ic bo8b on t:e &a<anese? T:is decision in>ol>ed 8uc: 8ore t:an 8erel3
F<ra98atic77 8ilitar3 considerations? T:ese An9lo<:iles1 u< t:rou9: Geor9e !us:1 :a>e
o<<osed t:e A8erican re<ublic7s tradition of alliance =it: national as<irations in AsiaC and
t:e3 =orried t:at t:e in>ention of nuclear ener93 =ould too <o=erfull3 unsettle t:e =orld7s
toleration for <o>ert3 and 8iser3? !ot: t:e U?S? and t:e Ato8 :ad better be dreaded1 t:e3
t:ou9:t?
T:e <resent centur3 o=es 8uc: of its record of :orrors to t:e influential An9lo<:ile
A8erican fa8ilies =:ic: ca8e to do8inate and e8<lo3 t:e S;ull and !ones Societ3 as a
<olitical recruitin9 a9enc31 <articularl3 t:e Harri8ans1 *:itne3s1 6anderbilts1 Roc;efellers
and t:eir la=3ers1 t:e Lords and Tafts and !und3s?
T:e <oliticall3 a99ressi>e Guarant3 Trust Co8<an31 run al8ost entirel3 b3 S;ull and !ones
initiates1 =as a financial >e:icle of t:ese fa8ilies in t:e earl3 1255s? Guarant3 Trust7s
su<<ort for t:e !ols:e>i; and NaAi re>olutions o>erla<<ed t:e 8ore intense endea>ors in
t:ese fields b3 t:e Harri8ans1 Geor9e *al;er and %rescott !us: a fe= bloc;s a=a31 and in
!erlin?
S;ull and !ones =as do8inated fro8 121' on=ard b3 t:e circles of A>erell Harri8an?
T:e3 dis<laced re8ainin9 traditionalists suc: as ,ou9las MacArt:ur fro8 <o=er in t:e
United States?
or Geor9e !us:1 t:e S;ull and !ones Societ3 is 8ore t:an si8<l3 t:e !ritis:1 as o<<osed
to t:e A8erican1 strate9ic tradition? It is 8er9ed in t:e fa8il3 and <ersonal net=or; =it:in
=:ic: :is =:ole life :as been1 in a sense1 :anded to :i8 <re<ac;a9ed?
!ritain7s (ale l3in9 Unit
,urin9 %rescott !us:7s student da3s1 t:e Harri8an set at (ale decided t:at *orld *ar I =as
sufficientl3 a8usin9 t:at t:e3 ou9:t to 9et into it as recreation? T:e3 for8ed a s<ecial (ale
Unit of t:e Na>al Reser>e l3in9 Cor<s1 at t:e insti9ation of ? Trubee ,a>ison? Since t:e
United States =as not at =ar1 and t:e (ale students =ere 9oin9 to ser>e !ritain1 t:e (ale
Unit =as <ri>atel3 and la>is:l3 financed b3 ? Trubee7s fat:er1 Henr3 ,a>ison1 t:e senior
8ana9in9 <artner at &?%? Mor9an and Co? At t:at ti8e1 t:e Mor9an ban; =as t:e official
financial a9enc3 for t:e !ritis: 9o>ern8ent in t:e United States? T:e (ale Unit7s leader =as
a8ateur <ilot Robert A? Lo>ett? T:e3 =ere based first on Lon9 Island1 Ne= (or;1 t:en in
%al8 !eac:1 lorida?
T:e (ale Unit :as been described b3 Lo>ett7s fa8il3 and friends in a collecti>e bio9ra<:3
of t:e Harri8an set"
Trainin9 for t:e (ale l3in9 Unit =as not eEactl3 boot ca8<? ,a>ison7s fat:er ??? :el<ed finance
t:e8 ro3all31 and ne=s<a<ers of t:e da3 dubbed t:e8 Ft:e 8illionaires7 unit?77 T:e3 cut ra;is:
fi9ures1 and ;ne= itC t:ou9: so8e dis8issed t:e8 as dilettantes1 t:e :earts of 3oun9 Lon9
Island belles fluttered at t:e si9:t????
GInH %al8 !eac: ??? t:e3 ostentatiousl3 <ursued a relaEed st3le? FT:e3 =ere rolled about in
=:eel c:airs b3 African sla>es a8id tro<ical 9ardens and coconut <al8s177 =rote t:e unit7s
:istorian???? For li9:t eEercise1 t:e3 learned to 9lance at t:eir ne= =rist=atc:es =it: an air
of eas3 nonc:alance77???? GLo>ettH =as 8ade c:ief of t:e unit7s <ri>ate club1 t:e *a9s1 =:ose
8e8bers started t:eir sentences1 F!ein9 a *a9 and t:erefore a su<er8an77????
,es<ite t:e snide co88ents of t:ose =:o dis8issed t:e8 as fri>olous ric: bo3s1 Lo>ett7s
unit <ro>ed to be darin9 and i8a9inati>e =arriors =:en t:e3 =ere dis<atc:ed for acti>e
dut3 in 121. =it: !ritain7s Ro3al Na>al Air Ser>ice?
Lo>ett =as transferred to t:e U?S? Na>3 after t:e U?S? Boined !ritain in *orld *ar I?
T:e (ale l3in9 Unit =as t:e 9lor3 of S;ull and !ones? Roland Harri8an1 %rescott !us:
and t:eir 121. !ones8ates selected for 121/ 8e8bers:i< in t:e secret order t:ese (ale
l3in9 Unit leaders" Robert Lo>ett1 ? Trubee ,a>ison1 Arte8us La8b Gates1 and &o:n
Martin 6or3s? Unit fl3ers ,a>id Sinton In9alls and ? Trubee7s brot:er1 Harr3 %? ,a>ison
0=:o beca8e Mor9an >ice c:air8an41 =ere ta<<ed for t:e 12$5 S;ull and !ones?
Lo>ett did not actuall3 :a>e a senior 3ear at (ale" FHe =as ta<<ed for S;ull and !ones not
on t:e Old Ca8<us but at a na>al station in *est %al8 !eac:C :is initiation1 instead of
bein9 conducted in t:e Pto8b7 on Hi9: Street1 occurred at t:e :ead@uarters of t:e Na>37s
Nort:ern !o8bin9 Grou< bet=een ,un;ir; and Calais?77
So8e 3ears later1 A>erell Harri8an 9at:ered Lo>ett1 %rescott !us: and ot:er <ets into t:e
uto<ian oli9arc:s7 co88unit3 a fe= 8iles to t:e nort: of %al8 !eac:1 called &u<iter Island
0see C:a<ter )4?
!ritis: E8<ire lo3alists fle= ri9:t fro8 t:e (ale Unit into U?S? strate938a;in9 <ositions"
? Trubee ,a>ison =as Assistant U?S? Secretar3 of *ar for Air fro8 12$- to 12''? ,a>id
S? In9alls 0on t:e board of &u<iter Island7s %an A8erican Air=a3s4 =as 8ean=:ile Assistant
Secretar3 of t:e Na>3 for A>iation 012$2-'$4? ollo=in9 t:e A8erican Museu8 of Natural
Histor37s Hitlerite 12'$ eu9enics con9ress1 ,a>ison resi9ned :is 9o>ern8ent Air <ost to
beco8e t:e Museu87s <resident? T:en1 under t:e Harri8an- Lo>ett national securit3 re9i8e
of t:e earl3 12+5s1 ? Trubee ,a>ison beca8e ,irector of %ersonnel for t:e ne= Central
Intelli9ence A9enc3?
Robert Lo>ett =as Assistant Secretar3 of *ar for Air fro8 12)1-)+?
Lo>ett7s 121/ !ones8ate Arte8us Gates 0c:osen b3 %rescott and :is fello=s4 beca8e
Assistant Secretar3 of t:e Na>3 for Air in 12)1? Gates retained t:is <ost t:rou9:out t:e
Second *orld *ar until 12)+? Ha>in9 a 8an li;e Gates u< t:ere1 =:o o=ed :is <osition to
A>erell1 !ob1 %rescott and t:eir set1 =as @uite reassurin9 to 3oun9 na>al a>iator Geor9e
!us:C es<eciall3 so1 =:en !us: =ould :a>e to =orr3 about t:e record bein9 correct
concernin9 :is contro>ersial fatal cras:?
Ot:er I8<ortant !ones8en
Ric:ard M? !issell1 &r? =as a >er3 i8<ortant 8an to t:e deniAens of &u<iter Island? He
9raduated fro8 (ale in 12'$1 t:e 3ear after t:e Harri8anites bou9:t t:e island?
T:ou9: not in S;ull and !ones1 !issell =as t:e 3oun9er brot:er of *illia8 Truesdale
!issell1 a !ones8an fro8 t:e class of 12$+? T:eir fat:er1 Connecticut insurance eEecuti>e
Ric:ard M? !issell1 Sr?1 :ad <ut t:e U?S? insurance industr37s inside ;no=led9e of all fire-
insured industrial <lants at t:e dis<osal of 9o>ern8ent <lanners durin9 *orld *ar I?
T:e senior !issell1 a <o=erful (ale alu8nus1 =as also t:e director of t:e Neuro- %s3c:iatric
Institute of t:e Hartford Retreat for t:e InsaneC t:ere1 in 125)1 (ale 9raduate Clifford !eers
under=ent 8ind-destro3in9 treat8ent =:ic: led t:is 8ental <atient to found t:e Mental
H39iene Societ31 a 8aBor (ale-based S;ull and !ones <roBect? T:is =ould e>ol>e into t:e
CIA7s cultural en9ineerin9 effort of t:e 12+5s1 t:e dru9s and brain=as:in9 ad>enture
;no=n as FM#-Ultra?77 Ric:ard M? !issell1 &r? studied at t:e London Sc:ool of Econo8ics
in 12'$ and 12''1 and tau9:t at (ale fro8 12'+ to 12)1? He t:en Boined Harri8an7s
entoura9e in t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent? !issell =as an econo8ist for t:e Co8bined S:i<<in9
AdBust8ent !oard in 12)$-)'1 =:ile A>erell Harri8an =as t:e U?S? leader of t:at board in
London?
In 12). and 12)/1 !issell =as eEecuti>e secretar3 of t:e FHarri8an Co88ission177
ot:er=ise ;no=n as t:e %resident7s Co88ission on orei9n Aid? *:en Harri8an =as t:e
ad8inistrator of t:e Mars:all %lan1 !issell =as assistant ad8inistrator?
Harri8an =as director of Mutual Securit3 012+1-+'41 =:ile !issell =as consultant to t:e
director of Mutual Securit3 12+$?
!issell t:en Boined ? Trubee ,a>ison at t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? *:en Allen
,ulles beca8e CIA ,irector1 !issell =as one of :is t:ree aides?
*:3 could t:is be of interest to our loridiansD *e sa= in C:a<ter )1 t:at t:e 9reat anti-
Castro co>ert initiati>e of 12+2--1 =as su<er>ised b3 an a=eso8e arra3 of Harri8an
a9ents? *e need no= add to t:at assess8ent onl3 t:e fact t:at t:e detailed 8ana9e8ent of
t:e in>asion of Cuba1 and of t:e assassination <lannin91 and t:e trainin9 of t:e s@uads for
t:ese Bobs1 =as 9i>en into t:e :ands of Ric:ard M? !issell1 &r?
T:is 12-1 in>asion failed? idel Castro sur>i>ed t:e =idel3-discussed assassination <lots
a9ainst :i8? !ut t:e initiati>e succeeded in =:at =as <robabl3 its core <ur<ose" to or9aniAe
a force of 8ulti-use <rofessional assassins?
T:e lorida-trained ;illers sta3ed in business under t:e leaders:i< of Ted S:ac;le3? T:e3
=ere all around t:e assassination of %resident #enned3 in 12-'? T:e3 ;e<t 9oin9 =it: t:e
O<eration %:oeniE 8ass 8urder of 6ietna8ese ci>ilians1 =it: Middle East dru9 and
terrorist <ro9ra8s1 and =it: Geor9e !us:7s Contra =ars in Central A8erica?
Har>e3 Hollister !und3 0SN! 12524 =as Henr3 L? Sti8son7s Assistant Secretar3 of State
012'1-''4C t:en :e =as Sti8son7s S<ecial Assistant Secretar3 of *ar1 alon9side Assistant
Secretar3 Robert Lo>ett of S;ull and !ones and !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an?
Har>e37s son *illia8 %? !und3 0SN! 12'24 =as a CIA officer fro8 12+1 to 12-1C as a
12-5s defense official1 :e <us:ed t:e Harri8an-,ulles sc:e8e for a 6ietna8 =ar? Har>e37s
ot:er son1 McGeor9e !und3 0SN! 12)541 co-aut:ored Sti8son7s 8e8oirs in 12)/? As
%resident &o:n #enned37s ,irector of National Securit31 McGeor9e !und3 or9aniAed t:e
=:ite=as: of t:e #enned3 assassination1 and i88ediatel3 s=itc:ed t:e U?S? <olic3 a=a3
fro8 t:e #enned3 <ullout and bac; to=ard =ar in 6ietna8?
T:ere =as also Henr3 Luce1 a !ones8an of 12$5 =it: ,a>id S? In9alls and Harr3
%o8ero3? Luce <ublis:ed Ti8e 8a9aAine1 =:ere :is ironicall3-na8ed FA8erican Centur377
blusterin9 =as strai9:t !ritis: E8<ire doctrine" !ur3 t:e re<ublics1 :ail t:e An9lo-SaEon
con@uerors?
*illia8 Sloane Coffin1 ta<<ed for 12)2 S;ull and !ones b3 Geor9e !us: and :is !one
co8<anions1 =as fro8 a lon9 line of S;ull and !ones Coffins? *illia8 Sloane Coffin =as
fa8ous in t:e 6ietna8 *ar <rotest da3s as a leader of t:e left <rotest a9ainst t:e =ar? *as
t:e fact t:at :e =as an a9ent of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 e8barrassin9 to *illia8
SloaneD
T:is =as no contradiction? His uncle1 t:e Re>erend Henr3 Sloane Coffin 0SN! 1/2.41 :ad
also been a F<eace77 a9itator1 and an oli9arc:ical a9ent? Uncle Henr3 =as for $5 3ears
<resident of t:e Union T:eolo9ical Se8inar31 =:ose board c:air8an =as %rescott !us:7s
<artner T:atc:er !ro=n? In 12'.1 Henr3 Coffin and &o:n oster ,ulles led t:e U?S?
dele9ation to En9land to found t:e *orld Council of C:urc:es1 as a F<eace 8o>e8ent77
9uided b3 t:e <ro-Hitler faction in En9land?
T:e Coffins :a>e been 8ainsta3s of t:e liberal deat: lobb31 for eut:anasia and eu9enics?
T:e Coffins outlasted Hitler1 arri>in9 into t:e CIA in t:e 12+5s?
A8or3 Ho=e !radford 0SN! 12')4 8arried Carol *arbur9 Rot:sc:ild in 12)1? Carol7s
8ot:er1 Carola1 =as t:e ac;no=led9ed :ead of t:e *arbur9 fa8il3 in A8erica after *orld
*ar II? T:is fa8il3 :ad assisted t:e Harri8ans7 rise into t:e =orld in t:e nineteent: and
earl3 t=entiet: centuriesC in concert =it: t:e SulAber9ers at t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 t:e3 :ad
used t:eir A8erican &e=is: Co88ittee and !7nai !7rit: to <rotect t:e Harri8an-!us: deals
=it: Hitler? T:is 8ade it nice for A>erell Harri8an1 Bust li;e fa8il31 =:en A8or3 Ho=e
!radford =or;ed on t:e %lannin9 Grou< of Harri8an7s NATO secretariat in London1 12+1-
+$? !radford =as 8ean=:ile assistant to t:e <ublis:er of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 and =ent on
to beco8e 9eneral 8ana9er of t:e Ti8es?
Ot:er 8odern !ones8en :a>e been closel3 tied to Geor9e !us:7s career?
Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 &r? 0SN! 12$.4 =as t:e %resident7s uncle and financial an9el? In
t:e 12.5s :e sold G?H? *al;er N Co? to *:ite1 *eld N Co? and beca8e a director of
*:ite1 *eldC co8<an3 :eir *illia8 *eld1 t:e current Massac:usetts 9o>ernor1 is an acti>e
!us: Re<ublican?
%ublis:er *illia8 ? !uc;le3 0SN! 12+54 :ad a fa8il3 oil business in MeEico? T:ere
!uc;le3 =as a close all3 to CIA co>ert o<erations 8ana9er E? Ho=ard Hunt1 =:ose let:al
antics =ere <erfor8ed under t:e e3es of Mia8i Station and &u<iter Island?
,a>id L3le !oren 0SN! 12-'4 =as assistant to t:e director of t:e Office of Ci>il and
,efense MobiliAation1 and a <ro<a9anda anal3st for t:e U?S? Infor8ation A9enc31 before
9raduatin9 fro8 (ale? T:us =:ile :e =as i8bibin9 t:e !ritis: >ie= at OEford Uni>ersit3
012-'--+41 !oren =as alread3 an An9lo-A8erican intelli9ence o<erati>e1 listed in t:e
Fs<ea;ers bureau77 of t:e A8erican e8bass3 in London? ,a>id !oren =as elected to t:e
U?S? Senate in 12.2 and beca8e c:air8an of t:e Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee?
T:ou9: a ,e8ocrat 0=:o s<o;e ;no=in9l3 of t:e F<arallel 9o>ern8ent77 o<eratin9 in Iran-
Contra41 !oren7s Intelli9ence Co88ittee rulin9s :a>e been 0not uneE<ectedl34 8ore and
8ore fa>orable to :is F%atriarc:77 in t:e *:ite House?
!us:7s O=n !ones
A8on9 t:e traditional artifacts collected and 8aintained =it:in t:e Hi9: Street To8b are
:u8an re8ains of >arious deri>ations? T:e follo=in9 concerns one suc: set of S;ull and
!ones?
Geroni8o1 an A<ac:e faction leader and =arrior1 led a <art3 of =arriors on a raid in 1/.-1
after A<ac:es =ere 8o>ed to t:e San Carlos Reser>ation in AriAona territor3? He led ot:er
raids a9ainst U?S? and MeEican forces =ell into t:e 1//5sC :e =as ca<tured and esca<ed
8an3 ti8es?
Geroni8o =as finall3 interned at ort Sill1 O;la:o8a? He beca8e a far8er and Boined a
C:ristian con9re9ation? He died at t:e a9e of .2 3ears in 12521 and =as buried at ort Sill?
T:ree-@uarters of a centur3 later1 :is tribes8en raised t:e @uestion of 9ettin9 t:eir fa8ous
=arrior reinterred bac; in AriAona?
Ned Anderson =as Tribal C:air8an of t:e San Carlos A<ac:e Tribe fro8 12./ to 12/-?
T:is is t:e stor3 :e tells "
Around t:e fall of 12/'1 t:e leader of an A<ac:e 9rou< in anot:er section of AriAona said
:e =as interested in :a>in9 t:e re8ains of Geroni8o returned to :is tribe7s custod3? Ta;in9
u< t:is idea1 Anderson said t:at t:e re8ains <ro<erl3 belon9ed to :is 9rou< as 8uc: as to
t:e ot:er A<ac:es? After 8uc: discussion1 se>eral A<ac:e 9rou<s 8et at a ;ind of su88it
8eetin9 :eld at ort Sill1 O;la:o8a? T:e ar83 aut:orities =ere not fa>orable to t:e
8eetin91 and it onl3 occurred t:rou9: t:e inter>ention of t:e office of t:e Go>ernor of
O;la:o8a?
As a result of t:is 8eetin91 Ned Anderson =as =ritten u< in t:e ne=s<a<ers as an articulate
A<ac:e acti>ist? Soon after=ards1 in late 12/' or earl3 12/)1 a S;ull and !ones 8e8ber
contacted Anderson and lea;ed e>idence t:at Geroni8o7s re8ains :ad lon9 a9o been
<ilfered--b3 %rescott !us:1 Geor9e7s fat:er? T:e infor8ant said t:at in Ma3 of 121/1
%rescott !us: and fi>e ot:er officers at ort Sill desecrated t:e 9ra>e of Geroni8o? T:e3
too; turns =atc:in9 =:ile t:e3 robbed t:e 9ra>e1 ta;in9 ite8s includin9 a s;ull1 so8e ot:er
bones1 a :orse bit and stra<s? T:ese <riAes =ere ta;en bac; to t:e To8b1 t:e :o8e of t:e
S;ull and !ones Societ3 at (ale in Ne= Ha>en1 Connecticut? T:e3 =ere <ut into a dis<la3
case1 =:ic: 8e8bers and >isitors could easil3 >ie= u<on entr3 to t:e buildin9?
T:e infor8ant <ro>ided Anderson =it: <:oto9ra<:s of t:e stolen re8ains1 and a co<3 of a
S;ull and !ones lo9 boo; in =:ic: t:e 121/ 9ra>e robber3 :ad been recorded? T:e
infor8ant said t:at S;ull and !ones 8e8bers used t:e <ilfered re8ains in <erfor8in9 so8e
of t:eir T:ursda3 and Sunda3 ni9:t rituals1 =it: Geroni8o7s s;ull sittin9 out on a table in
front of t:e8?
Outra9ed1 Anderson tra>eled to Ne= Ha>en? He did so8e in>esti9ation on t:e (ale ca8<us
and :eld nu8erous discussions1 to learn =:at t:e A<ac:es =ould be u< a9ainst =:en t:e3
too; action1 and =:at t3<e of action =ould be 8ost fruitful?
T:rou9: an attorne31 Ned Anderson as;ed t:e !I to 8o>e into t:e case? T:e attorne3
con>e3ed to :i8 t:e !ureau7s res<onse" If :e =ould turn o>er e>er3 scra< of e>idence to
t:e !I1 and co8<letel3 re8o>e :i8self fro8 t:e case1 t:e3 =ould 9et in>ol>ed? He
reBected t:is bar9ain1 since it did not see8 li;el3 to lead to=ard reco>er3 of Geroni8o7s
re8ains?
,ue to :is <ersistence1 :e =as able to arran9e a Se<te8ber 12/- Man:attan 8eetin9 =it:
&onat:an !us:1 Geor9e !us:7s brot:er? &onat:an !us: >a9uel3 assured Anderson t:at :e
=ould 9et =:at :e :ad co8e after1 and set a follo=u< 8eetin9 for t:e neEt da3? !ut !us:
stalled--Anderson belie>es t:is =as to 9ain ti8e to :ide and secure t:e stolen re8ains
a9ainst an3 <ossible rescue action?
T:e S;ull and !ones attorne3 re<resentin9 t:e !us: fa8il3 and 8ana9in9 t:e case =as
Endicott %eabod3 ,a>ison? His fat:er =as t:e ? Trubee ,a>ison 8entioned abo>e1 =:o
:ad been <resident of Ne= (or;7s A8erican Museu8 of Natural Histor31 and <ersonnel
director for t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? T:e 9eneral attitude of t:is Museu8 cro=d :as
lon9 been t:at FNati>es77 s:ould be stuffed and 8ounted for dis<la3 to t:e as:ionable Set?
inall31 after about 11 da3s1 anot:er 8eetin9 occurred? A dis<la3 case =as <roduced1 =:ic:
did in fact 8atc: t:e one in t:e <:oto9ra<: t:e infor8ant :ad 9i>en to Ned Anderson? !ut
t:e s;ull :e =as s:o=n =as t:at of a ten-3ear-old c:ild1 and Anderson refused to recei>e it
or to si9n a le9al docu8ent <ro8isin9 to s:ut u< about t:e 8atter?
Anderson too; :is co8<laint to AriAona Con9ress8en Morris Uda:l and &o:n McCain III1
but =it: no results? Geor9e !us: refused Con9ress8an McCain7s re@uest t:at :e 8eet =it:
Anderson?
Anderson =rote to Uda:l1 enclosin9 a <:oto9ra<: of t:e =all case and s;ull at t:e FTo8b177
s:o=in9 a blac; and =:ite <:oto9ra<: of t:e li>in9 Geroni8o1 =:ic: 8e8bers of t:e
Order :ad boastfull3 <osted neEt to t:eir dis<la3 of :is s;ull? Anderson @uoted fro8 a S;ull
and !ones Societ3 internal :istor31 entitled Continuation of t:e Histor3 of Our Order for
t:e Centur3 Celebration1 1. &une 12''1 b3 T:e Little ,e>il of ,71$1?
ro8 t:e =ar da3s G*?*? IH also s<ran9 t:e 8ad eE<edition fro8 t:e Sc:ool of ire at ort Sill1
O;la:o8a1 t:at brou9:t to t:e TGo8bH its 8ost s<ectacular Fcroo;177 t:e s;ull of Geroni8o t:e
terrible1 t:e Indian C:ief =:o :ad ta;en fort3-nine =:ite scal<s? An eE<edition in late Ma31 121/1
b3 8e8bers of four Clubs Gi?e? four 9raduatin9-class 3ears of t:e Societ3H1 Mit ,?11)1 !arebones1
Caliban and ,in9bat1 ,?11+1 S7Mi;e ,?11-1 and Hellbender ,?11.1 <lanned =it: 9reat caution
since in t:e =ords of one of t:e8" FSiE ar83 ca<tains robbin9 a 9ra>e =ouldn7t loo; 9ood in t:e
<a<ers?77 T:e stirrin9 cli8aE =as recorded b3 Hellbender in t:e !lac; !oo; of ,?11." F??? T:e rin9
of <ic; on stone and t:ud of eart: on eart: alone disturbs t:e <eace of t:e <rairie? An aEe <ried
o<en t:e iron door of t:e to8b1 and %atGriarc:H !us: entered and started to di9? *e du9 in turn1
eac: on relief ta;in9 a turn on t:e road as 9uards???? inall3 %atGriarc:H Eller3 &a8es turned u< a
bridle1 soon a saddle :orn and rotten leat:ers follo=ed1 t:en =ood and t:en1 at t:e eEact botto8 of
t:e s8all round :ole1 %atGriarc:H &a8es du9 dee< and <ried out t:e tro<:3 itself???? *e @uic;l3
closed t:e 9ra>e1 s:ut t:e door and s<ed :o8e to %atGriarc:H Mallon7s roo81 =:ere =e cleaned t:e
!ones? %atGriarc:H Mallon sat on t:e floor liberall3 a<<l3in9 carbolic acid? T:e S;ull =as fairl3
clean1 :a>in9 onl3 so8e fles: inside and a little :air? I s:o=ered and :it t:e :a3 ??? a
:a<<3 8an????77
T:e ot:er 9ra>e robber =:ose na8e is 9i>en1 Eller3 &a8es1 =e encountered in C:a<ter 1--
:e =as to be an us:er at %rescott7s =eddin9 t:ree 3ears later? And t:e fello= =:o a<<lied
acid to t:e stolen s;ull1 burnin9 off t:e fles: and :air1 =as Neil Mallon? (ears later1 %rescott
!us: and :is <artners c:ose Mallon as c:air8an of ,resser IndustriesC Mallon :ired
%rescott7s son1 Geor9e !us:1 for Geor9e7s first BobC and Geor9e !us: na8ed :is son1 Neil
Mallon !us:1 after t:e fles:-<ic;er?
In 12//1 t:e *as:in9ton %ost ran an article1 ori9inatin9 fro8 t:e Establis:8ent-line
AriAona Re<ublic1 entitled FS;ull for Scandal" ,id !us:7s at:er Rob Geroni8o7s Gra>eD77
T:e article included a s8all @uote fro8 t:e 12'' S;ull and !ones Histor3 of Our Order"
FAn aEe <ried o<en t:e iron door of t:e to8b1 and ??? !us: entered and started to di9????77 and
so fort:1 but ne9lected to include ot:er na8es beside !us:?
Accordin9 to t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 t:e docu8ent =:ic: !us: attorne3 Endicott ,a>ison
tried to 9et t:e A<ac:e leader to si9n1 sti<ulated t:at Ned Anderson a9reed it =ould be
Fina<<ro<riate for 3ou1 8e G&onat:an !us:H or an3one in association =it: us to 8a;e or
<er8it an3 <ublication in connection =it: t:is transaction?77 Anderson called t:e docu8ent
F>er3 insultin9 to Indians?77 ,a>ison clai8ed later t:at t:e Order7s o=n :istor3 boo; is a
:oaE1 but durin9 t:e ne9otiations =it: Anderson1 !us:7s attorne3 de8anded Anderson 9i>e
u< :is co<3 of t:e boo;?
!us: cron3 itA:u9: Green 9i>es t:e >ie= of t:e %resident7s bac;ers on t:is affair1 and
con>e3s t:e arro9ant racial attitude t3<ical of S;ull and !ones"
F%rescott !us: :ad a colorful side? In 12// t:e <ress re>ealed t:e co8<laint of an A<ac:e
leader about !us:? T:is =as Ned Anderson of San Carlos1 O;la:o8a GsicH1 =:o c:ar9ed
t:at as a 3oun9 ar83 officer !us: stole t:e s;ull of Indian C:ief GsicH Geroni8o and :ad it
:un9 on t:e =all of (ale7s S;ull and !ones Club? After eE<osure of Ptrue facts7 b3
Anderson1 and consideration b3 so8e re<resentati>es in Con9ress1 t:e issue faded fro8
<ublic si9:t? *:et:er or not t:is alle9ed s;ulldu99er3 actuall3 occurred1 t:e 8ere idea casts
t:e senior !us: in an ad>enturous li9:t77Ge8<:asis addedH?
Geor9e !us:7s cro=nin9 as a !ones8an =as intensel31 <ersonall3 i8<ortant to :i8? T:ese
8en =ere ta<<ed for t:e Class of 12)/"
T:o8as *illia8 Ludlo= As:le3 Lucius Horatio !i9lo=1 &r? Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us:
&o:n Er=in Caul;ins *illia8 &ud;ins Clar; *illia8 &a8es Connell31 &r? Geor9e Coo; III
,a>id C:arles Gri8es Ric:ard El=ood &en;ins Ric:ard Gerstle Mac; T:o8as *ilder
Mosele3 Geor9e Harold %fau1 &r? Sa8uel Sloane *al;er1 &r? Ho=ard Sa3re *ea>er 6alleau
*il;ie1 &r?
Sur>i>ors of t:is 12)/ !ones 9rou< =ere inter>ie=ed for a 12// *as:in9ton %ost
ca8<ai9n <rofile of Geor9e !us:? T:e 8e8bers described t:eir continuin9 inti8ac3 =it:
and financial su<<ort for !us: u< t:rou9: :is 12/5s >ice-<residenc3? T:eir ori9inal seEual
to9et:erness at (ale is stressed"
T:e relations:i<s t:at =ere for8ed in t:e FTo8b77 ??? =:ere t:e Societ37s 8eetin9s too; <lace eac:
T:ursda3 and Sunda3 ni9:t durin9 t:e acade8ic 3ear1 :a>e :ad a stron9 <lace in !us:7s life1
accordin9 to all 11 of :is fello= !ones8en =:o are still ali>e?
Se>eral described in detail t:e ritual in t:e or9aniAation t:at builds t:e bonds? !efore 9i>in9
:is life :istor31 eac: 8e8ber :ad to s<end a Sunda3 ni9:t re>ie=in9 :is seE life in a tal;
;no=n in t:e To8b as C!1 or Fconnubial bliss77????
FT:e first ti8e 3ou re>ie= 3our seE life???? *e =ent all t:e =a3 around a8on9 t:e 1+177 said
Lucius H? !i9lo= &r?1 a retired Seattle attorne3? FT:at =a3 3ou 9et e>er3bod3 co88itted to
a certain eEtent???? It =as a 9radual =a3 of buildin9 confidence?77
T:e seEual :istories :el<ed brea; do=n t:e nor8al defenses of t:e 8e8bers1 accordin9 to
se>eral of t:e 8e8bers fro8 :is class? *illia8 &? Connell31 &r? ??? said1 FIn S;ull and !ones
=e all stand to9et:er1 1+ brot:ers under t:e s;in? GIt isH t:e 9reatest alle9iance in t:e =orld?77
Here is our future U?S? %resident =it: t:e ot:er =ealt:31 a8oral 3oun9 8en1 eEcited about
t:eir future unli8ited <o=er o>er t:e i9norant co88on <eo<le1 s:arin9 t:eir seE secrets in
a 8ausoleu8 surrounded b3 :u8an re8ains? T:e eEcited 3oun9 8en are entirel3 directed
b3 t:e F%atriarc:s177 t:e c3nical alu8ni financiers =:o are t:e le9al o=ners of t:e Order?
T:e (ale Tories *:o Made S;ull and !ones
T:is c:art de<icts fa8il3 relations:i<s =:ic: =ere >ital to t:e <ersons a<<earin9 on t:e
c:art? At less eEalted le>els of societ31 one is su<<osed to be <raised or bla8ed onl3
accordin9 to one7s o=n actions? !ut in t:ese (ale circles1 Ffa8il377--9enealo93--is an
o>er=:el8in9 consideration =:en e>aluatin9 indi>iduals? T:us =:at =e <resent :ere is
8ore t:an si8<l3 a s3ste8 of associations? It is a tradition =:ic: :as o<erated <o=erfull3
on t:e e8otions and Bud98ent of t:e leaders of (ale Uni>ersit3C t:e3 :a>e 8er9ed t:eir
o=n identities into t:is tradition?
Lines are directed do=n=ards fro8 <arents to t:eir c:ildren? A double :3<:en--si9nifies
t:e 8arria9e of t:e <ersons on eit:er side?
GUI,E TO THE (ALE AMIL( CHART
14 Re>? Nodia: Russell" One of 15 or 1$ 8en =:o founded (ale Uni>ersit3 in 1.51? (ale
Trustee 1.51-1'? %astor1 irst Con9re9ational C:urc:1 Middleto=n1 Ct? ca? 1-21-1.1-?
$4 Re>? &a8es %ier<ont" Most celebrated of t:e (ale founders? (ale Trustee1 1.51-1)?
'4 *illia8 Russell" (ale Trustee 1.)+--1? %astor1 irst Con9re9ational C:urc:1
Middleto=n1 Ct? 1.1---1?
)4 &onat:an Ed=ards" Graduated (ale 1.$5? Ultra-Cal>inist t:eolo9ian1 <resident of
%rinceton Uni>ersit3 0called t:en FColle9e of Ne= &erse3774?
+4 Re>? Nodia: Russell" Graduated (ale 1.+5?
-4 %ier<ont Ed=ards 01.+5-1/$-4" Made Master of Connecticut Masons b3 t:e !ritis:
Ar83 occu<3in9 Ne= (or; in 1./'C :e ad8inistered t:e estate of t:e traitor !enedict
Arnold?
.4 Aaron !urr1 Sr?" Graduated 3ale 1.'+? %resident of %rinceton Uni>ersit3 0FColle9e of
Ne= &erse3774?
/4 Matt:e= Talcott Russell" Graduated (ale 1.-2? ,eacon of irst Con9re9ational C:urc:1
Middleto=n1 Ct? for '5 3ears? La=3er for t:e Middleto=n Russell fa8il3? ,ied ca? 1/1.?
24 Ca<tain &o:n Russell? ,ied 1/51 or 1/5$?
154 Henr3 *? Ed=ards" Go>ernor of Connecticut 1/''1 1/'+-'/? %rotector of Sa8uel
Russell7s o<iu8-financed enter<rises1 <atron of *illia8 Huntin9ton Russell7s ne= secret
societ31 S;ull and !ones?
114 Aaron !urr1 &r?" U?S? 6ice %resident 1/51-5/? #illed AleEander Ha8ilton in a duel in
1/5)? Secession cons<irator? Ac@uitted of treason in 1/5.1 but =anted for 8urder1 :e fled to
En9land? Returned to U?S?A? in 1/1$? *all Street la=3er1 1/1$-'-? Hero of i8<erial An9lo-
A8ericans?
1$4 T:eodore ,=i9:t 01.-)-1/)-4" La= <artner of :is cousin Aaron !urr1 &r? Secretar3 of
t:e secessionist Hartford Con>ention1 1/1+? He united t:e Connecticut <ro-!ritis: <art3
=it: Massac:usetts FEsseE &unto?77 1'4 Ti8ot:3 ,=i9:t" Secessionist? %resident of (ale1
1.2+-1/1.?
1)4 *illia8 Huntin9ton Russell 01/52-/+4" Graduated (ale 1/''? ounder of S;ull and
!ones Societ3 0or Russell Trust Association41 =:ic: ca8e to do8inate (ale? ounded <re<
sc:ool for bo3s1 1/'-? His secret or9aniAation s<read in t:e 1/.5s to %:illi<s Acade831 t:e
Ando>er1 Massac:usetts <re< sc:ool?
1+4 Sa8uel Russell" !orn in 1./2 in t:e 8ain ancestral :ouse of t:e Russell fa8il3 of
Middleto=n? T:is :ouse :ad been o=ned b3 t:e co-founder of (ale1 Nodia: Russell 0141
and b3 *illia8 Russell 0'4 and :is =ife Mar31 sister-in-la= to &onat:an Ed=ards?
He beca8e :ead of t:e Middleto=n Russells? He establis:ed Russell and Co? in 1/$'1
=:ic: b3 t:e 1/'5s su<erseded %er;ins s3ndicate as lar9est A8erican o<iu8 s8u99lin9
or9aniAation? His <artners included leadin9 !oston fa8ilies?
He founded t:e Russell Manufacturin9 Co8<an31 Middleto=n1 in 1/'.C :e =as <resident of
MiddleseE Count3 !an;? ,urin9 t:e for8ati>e 3ears of S;ull and !ones1 t:e fabulousl3
=ealt:3 Sa8uel Russell =as undis<uted ;in9 of Middleto=n?
Note to Reader"
or t:e sa;e of clarit31 =e :a>e o8itted fro8 t:is c:art t:e ancestral line fro8 Re>? &a8es %ier<ont 0$4 to
:is 9reat 9randson Re>? &o:n %ier<ont? Re>? &o:n %ier<ont =rote <oetr3 for t:e <ro-!ritis: secessionistsC :e
denounced %resident T:o8as &efferson for sa3in9 t:at %ier<ont7s Ne= En9land relati>es =ere Funder t:e
influence of t:e =:ore of En9land?77 Re>? &o:n =as an e8<lo3ee of Aaron !urr7s fa8il3 durin9 !urr7s
=estern cons<irac3? Re>? &o:n7s dau9:ter &uliet 8arried Connecticut-born !ritis: ban;er &unius Mor9an
and 9a>e birt: to U?S? financial ;in9<in &o:n %ier<ont Mor9an1 na8ed for :is 9randfat:er Re>? &o:n?
NOTES"
1? S<eec: at Le=isto=n1 Illinois1 Au9ust 1.1 1/+/C @uoted in &a8es Mellon 0editor41 T:e ace of Lincoln
0Ne= (or;" 6i;in9 %ress1 12.241 <? '+?
$? itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:" An Inti8ate %ortrait 0Ne= (or;" Hi<<ocrene !oo;s1 12/241 <? )1? '?
Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:" A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;" ,odd1 Mead N Co8<an31 12/541 <? '/?
)? Green1 o<? cit?1 <? ).?
+? Ibid?1 <? )/?
-? A8on9 t:e sources used for t:is section are"
S;ull and !ones 8e8bers:i< list1 1/''-12+51 <rinted 12)2 b3 t:e Russell Trust Association1 Ne=
Ha>en1 Connecticut1 a>ailable t:rou9: t:e (ale Uni>ersit3 Librar31 Ne= Ha>en?
!io9ra<:ies of t:e Russells and related fa8ilies1 in t:e (ale Uni>ersit3 Librar31 Ne= Ha>en1 and in t:e
Russell Librar31 Middleto=n1 Connecticut?
Ron C:erno=1 T:e House of Mor9an" An A8erican !an;in9 ,3nast3 and t:e Rise of Modern inance
0Ne= (or;" Atlantic Mont:l3 %ress1 12254?
Ant:on3 C? Sutton1 Ho= t:e Order Creates *ar and Re>olution1 0%:oeniE" Researc: %ublications1 Inc?1
12/)4?
Ant:on3 C? Sutton1 A8erica7s Secret Establis:8ent" An Introduction to t:e Order of S;ull and !ones1
0!illin9s1 Mt?" Libert3 House %ress1 12/-4?
Anton C:ait;in1 Treason in A8erica" ro8 Aaron !urr to A>erell Harri8an1 second edition 0Ne= (or;"
Ne= !enBa8in ran;lin House1 12/+4?
Anton C:ait;in1 FStation Identification" Mor9an1 Hitler1 N!C177 Ne= Solidarit31 Oct? /1 12/)?
Inter>ie=s =it: !ones 8e8bers and t:eir fa8ilies?
.? *alter Isaacson and E>an T:o8as1 T:e *ise Men" SiE riends and t:e *orld T:e3 Made--Ac:eson1
!o:len1 Harri8an1 #ennan1 Lo>ett1 McClo3 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12/-41 <<? 25-21?
/? Ibid?1 <? 2'?
2? Inter>ie= =it: Ned Anderson1 No>? -1 1221?
15? Luoted in Ned Anderson to Anton C:ait;in1 ,ec? $1 12211 in <ossession of t:e aut:ors?
11? Article b3 %aul !rin;le3-Ro9ers of t:e AriAona Re<ublic1 in t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 Oct? 11 12//?
1$? Green1 o<? cit?1 <? +5?
1'? !ob *ood=ard and *alter %incus1 F!us: O<ened U< To Secret (ale Societ3177 *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9?
.1 12//?
C:a<ter -6III- T:e %er8ian !asin Gan91 12)/-+2
%ecunia non olet?
-- 6es<asian
,urin9 t:e 3ears follo=in9 t:e Second *orld *ar1 t:e <atrician fa8ilies of t:e Eastern
An9lo<:ile Liberal Establis:8ent sent nu8bers of t:eir offs<rin9 to coloniAe t:ose
9eo9ra<:ic re9ions of t:e United States =:ic:1 t:e fa8ilies esti8ated1 =ere li;el3 to
<ros<er in t:e <ost=ar <eriod? On t:e surface1 t:is a<<ears as a si8<le refleE of 9reed" cadet
sons =ere des<atc:ed to t:ose areas of t:e <ro>inces =:ere t:eir instincti>e 8et:ods of
s<eculation and usur3 could be e8<lo3ed to <arasitiAe e8er9in9 =ealt:?
More funda8entall31 t:is 8i9ration of 3oun9 <atrician ban;ers ans=ered t:e necessit3 of
<olitical control? T:e Eastern Establis:8ent1 understood as an a99lo8eration of financier
factions :ead@uartered in *all Street1 :ad been t:e do8inant force in A8erican <olitics
since &?%? Mor9an :ad bailed out t:e Gro>er Cle>eland re9i8e in t:e 1/257s? Since t:e
assassination of *illia8 Mc#inle3 and t:e ad>ent of T:eodore Roose>elt1 t:e <o=er of t:e
*all Street 9rou< :ad 9ro=n continuousl3? T:e Eastern Establis:8ent 8a3 :a>e :ad its
earliest roots nort: of !oston and in t:e Hudson Ri>er 6alle31 but it =as deter8ined to be1
not a 8ere re9ional financier faction1 but t:e undis<uted rulin9 elite of t:e United States as
a =:ole1 fro8 !oston to !o:e8ian Gro>e and fro8 %al8 !eac: to t:e %acific Nort:=est? It
=as t:us i8<erati>e t:at t:e constant tendenc3 to=ards t:e for8ation of re9ional factions
be <re-e8<ted b3 t:e <er>asi>e <resence of 8en bound b3 blood lo3alt3 to t:e do8inant
cli@ues of *as:in9ton1 Ne= (or;1 and t:e F8ot:er countr31F t:e Cit3 of London?
If t:e Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent =ere t:ou9:t of as a cancer1 t:en after 12)+ t:at cancer
=ent into a ne= <:ase of 8ali9nant 8etastasis1 infectin9 e>er3 <art of t:e A8erican bod3
<olitic? Geor9e !us: =as one of t:ose 8otile1 8ali9nant cells? He =as not aloneC Robert
Mosbac:er also 8ade t:e Bourne3 fro8 Ne= (or; to TeEas1 in Mosbac:er7s case directl3 to
Houston?
T:e >arious s3co<:ant 83t:o9ra<:ers =:o :a>e s<un t:eir 3arns about t:e life of Geor9e
!us: :a>e al=a3s atte8<ted to <resent t:is <:ase of !us:7s life as t:e case of a fiercel3
inde<endent 3oun9 8an =:o could :a>e 9one strai9:t to t:e to< in *all Street b3 tradin9
on fat:er %rescott7s na8e and connections1 but =:o c:ose instead to stri;e out for t:e ne=
frontier a8on9 t:e =ildcatters and rou9:nec;s of t:e =est TeEas oil fields and beco8e a
self-8ade 8an?
As Geor9e !us: :i8self recounted in a 12/' inter>ie=1 FIf I =ere a <s3c:oanal3Aer1 I
8i9:t conclude t:at I =as tr3in9 to1 not co8<ete =it: 83 fat:er1 but do so8et:in9 on 83
o=n? M3 sta3 in TeEas =as no Horatio Al9er t:in91 but 8o>in9 fro8 Ne= Ha>en to Odessa
Bust about t:e da3 I 9raduated =as @uite a s:ift in lifest3le?F Gfn 1H
T:ese fair3 tales fro8 t:e Fred Studeba;erF sc:ool see; to obscure t:e facts" t:at !us:7s
transfer to TeEas =as arran9ed fro8 t:e to< b3 %rescott7s !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an
cronies1 and t:at e>er3 ste< for=ard 8ade b3 !us: in t:e oil business =as assisted b3 t:e
ca<ital resources of our :ero7s 8aternal uncle1 Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 &r?1 FUncle Herbie1F
t:e boss of G?H? *al;er N Co? in>est8ent fir8 of *all Street? Uncle Herbie :ad 9raduated
fro8 (ale in 12$.1 =:ere :e :ad been a 8e8ber of S;ull and !ones? T:is is t:e Uncle
Herbie =:o =ill s:o= u< as lead in>estor and 8e8ber of t:e board of !us:- O>erbe3 oil1
of Ja<ata %etroleu81 and of Ja<ata Offs:ore after 12+2? If =e assu8e t:at t:e !us:-*al;er
clan as an eEtended oli9arc:ical fa8il3 decided to send cadet son Geor9e !us: into t:e
TeEas and O;la:o8a oilfields1 =e =ill not be far =ron9?
at:er %rescott <rocured Geor9e not one Bob1 but t=o1 in eac: case contactin9 cronies =:o
de<ended at least <artiall3 on !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an for business?
One cron3 contacted b3 fat:er %rescott =as Ra3 #ra>is1 =:o =as in t:e oil business in
Tulsa1 O;la:o8a? O;la:o8a :ad eE<erienced a colossal oil boo8 bet=een t:e t=o =orld
=ars1 and Ra3 #ra>is :ad cas:ed in1 buildin9 u< a <ersonal fortune of so8e I$+ 8illion?
Ra3 =as t:e son of a !ritis: tailor =:ose fat:er :ad co8e to A8erica and set u< a
:aberdas:er3 in Atlantic Cit31 Ne= &erse3? (oun9 Ra3 #ra>is :ad arri>ed in Tulsa in 12$+1
in t:e 8idst of t:e oil boo8 t:at =as 8a;in9 t:e colossal fortunes of 8en li;e &? %aul Gett3?
Ra3 #ra>is =as <ri8aril3 a taE accountant1 and :e :ad in>ented a >er3 s<ecial taE s:elter
=:ic: allo=ed oil <ro<erties to be F<ac;a9edF and sold in suc: a =a3 as to reduce t:e taE
on <rofits earned fro8 t:e nor8al oil <ro<ert3 rate of /1R to a 8ere 1+R? T:is 8eant t:at
t:e national taE base =as eroded1 and eac: indi>idual taE<a3er bil;ed1 in order to subsidiAe
t:e for8ation of i88ense <ri>ate fortunesC t:is =ill be found to be a constant t:e8e a8on9
Geor9e !us:7s business associates do=n to t:e <resent da3?
Ra3 #ra>is7s deEterit3 in settin9 u< t:ese taE s:elters attracted t:e attention of &ose<: %?
#enned31 t:e bucaneerin9 bootle99er1 entre<reneur1 <olitical boss1 and <atriarc: of t:e
Massac:usetts #enned3 clan? or 8an3 3ears Ra3 #ra>is functioned as t:e 8ana9er of t:e
#enned3 fa8il3 fortune 0or fondo41 t:e sa8e Bob t:at later de>ol>ed to Ste<:en S8it:? Ra3
#ra>is and &oe #enned3 bot: =intered in %al8 !eac:1 =:ere t:e3 =ere so8eti8es 9olf
<artners? Gfn $H
In 12)/-)21 fat:er %rescott =as t:e 8ana9in9 <artner of !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an?
%rescott ;ne= Ra3 #ra>is as a local Tulsa finance 8o9ul and =:eeler-dealer =:o =as often
called u<on b3 *all Street in>est8ent :ouses as a consultant to e>aluate t:e oil reser>es of
>arious co8<anies? T:e esti8ates t:at Ra3 #ra>is <ro>ided often in>ol>ed t:e a8ount of
oil in t:e 9round t:at t:ese fir8s <ossessed1 and t:ese esti8ates =ent to t:e :eart of t:e oil
business as a 9round rent eE<loitation in =:ic: current oil <roduction =as far less i8<ortant
t:an t:e reser>es still beneat: t:e soil?
Suc: acti>it3 i8<arted t:e ;ind of <ri8iti>e accu8ulation 8entalit3 t:at =as later seen to
ani8ate Ra3 #ra>is7s son Henr3? ,urin9 t:e 12/57s1 as =e =ill see1 Henr3 #ra>is
<ersonall3 9enerated so8e I+/ billion in debt for t:e <ur<ose of ac@uirin9 '- co8<anies
and asse8blin9 t:e lar9est cor<orate e8<ire1 in <a<er ter8s1 of all ti8e? And1 as =e =ill
also see1 Henr3 #ra>is =as to beco8e one of t:e leaders of t:e le>era9ed bu3out 9an9
=:ic: beca8e a 8ainsta3 of t:e <olitical 8ac:ine of Geor9e !us:? !ut in 12)/1 t:ese
e>ents =ere all far in t:e future?
So fat:er %rescott as;ed Ra3 if :e :ad a Bob for 3oun9 Geor9e? T:e ans=er =as1 of course
:e did?
!ut in t:e 8eanti8e %rescott !us: :ad also been tal;in9 =it: anot:er cron3 be:olden to
:i81 Henr3 Neil Mallon1 =:o =as t:e %resident and C:air8an of t:e !oard of ,resser
Industries1 a leadin9 8anufacturer of drill bits and related oil =ell drillin9 e@ui<8ent?
,resser :ad been incor<orated in 125+ b3 Solo8on R? ,resser1 but :ad been bou9:t u< and
reor9aniAed b3 *?A? Harri8an N Co8<an3 in 12$/-12$2?
Henr3 Neil Mallon1 for =:o8 t:e infa8ous Neil Mallon !us: of Hinc;le3 and Sil>erado
fa8e is na8ed1 ca8e fro8 a Cincinnati fa8il3 =:o =ere traditional retainers for t:e Taft
clan in t:e sa8e =a3 t:at t:e !us:-*al;er fa8il3 =ere retainers for t:e Harri8ans? As a
c:ild1 Neil Mallon :ad 9one =it: :is fa8il3 to >isit t:eir close friends1 %resident *illia8
Ho=ard Taft and :is fa8il31 at t:e *:ite House? Mallon :ad t:en attended t:e Taft Sc:ool
in *aterto=n1 Connecticut1 and :ad 9one on to (ale Uni>ersit3 in t:e fall of 121'1 =:ere
:e 8et !unn3 Harri8an1 %rescott !us:1 #ni9:t *oole31 and t:e ot:er !ones8en?
One da3 in ,ece8ber1 12$/ !unn3 Harri8an1 fat:er %rescott and #ni9:t *oole3 =ere
sittin9 around t:e Harri8an countin9 :ouse discussin9 t:eir reor9aniAation of ,resser
Industries? Mallon1 =:o =as returnin9 to O:io after siE 8ont:s s<ent 8ountaineerin9 in t:e
Al<s1 ca8e b3 to >isit? At a certain <oint in t:e con>ersation1 !unn3 <ointed to Mallon =as
eEclai8ed1 F,resserK ,resserK?F Mallon =as t:en inter>ie=ed b3 Geor9e Herbert *al;er1
t:e <resident of *?A? Harri8an N Co? As a result of t:is inter>ie=1 Mallon =as
i88ediatel3 8ade <resident of ,resser1 alt:ou9: :e :ad no eE<erience in t:e oil business?
Mallon clearl3 o=ed t:e *al;er-!us: clan so8e fa>ors? Gfn 'H
%rescott !us: :ad beco8e a 8e8ber of t:e board of directors of ,resser Industries in 12'51
in t:e =a;e of t:e reor9aniAation of t:e co8<an3 =:ic: :e :ad <ersonall3 :el<ed to direct?
%rescott !us: =as destined to re8ain on t:e ,resser board for t=ent3-t=o 3ears1 until
12+$1 =:en :e entered t:e United States Senate? at:er %rescott =as t:us callin9 in a c:it
=:en <rocured Geor9e a second Bob offer1 t:is ti8e =it: ,resser Industries or one of its
subsidiaries?
Geor9e !us: ;ne= t:at t:e oil boo8 in O;la:o8a :ad <assed its <ea;1 and t:at Tulsa
=ould no lon9er offer t:e sterlin9 o<<ortunities for a fast buc; it :ad <resented t=ent3
3ears earlier? ,resser1 b3 contrast1 =as a >ast international cor<oration ideall3 suited to
9ainin9 a ra<id o>er>ie= of t:e oil industr3 and its lootin9 <ractices? Geor9e !us:
accordin9l3 called Ra3 #ra>is and1 in t:e in9ratiatin9 tones :e =as =ont to use as :e
cla=ed :is =a3 to=ards t:e to<1 said t:at :e =is:ed res<ectfull3 to decline t:e Bob t:at
#ra>is :ad offered :i8 in Tulsa? His first <reference =as to 9o to =or; for ,resser? Ra3
#ra>is1 =:o loo;ed to %rescott for business1 released :i8 at once? FI ;no= Geor9e !us:
=ell1F said Ra3 #ra>is 3ears later? FI7>e ;no=n :i8 since :e 9ot out of sc:ool? His fat:er
=as a >er3 9ood friend of 8ine?F Gfn )H T:is is t:e 8a9ic 8o8ent in =:ic: all t:e official
!us: bio9ra<:ies s:o= our :ero ridin9 into Odessa1 TeEas in t:e le9endar3 red Studeba;er1
to ta;e u< a <ost as an e@ui<8ent cler; and trainee for t:e ,resser subsidiar3 I,ECO
0International ,erric; and E@ui<8ent Co8<an34?
!ut t:e red Studeba;er 83t:1 as alread3 noted1 8isre<resents t:e facts? Accordin9 to t:e
se8i-official :istor3 of ,resser Industries1 Geor9e !us: =as first e8<lo3ed b3 ,resser at
t:eir cor<orate :ead@uarters in Cle>eland1 O:io1 =:ere :e =or;ed for ,resser eEecuti>e
R?E? Rei8er1 an all3 of Mallon? Gfn +H T:is stint in Cle>eland is :ardl3 8entioned b3 t:e
<ro-!us: bio9ra<:ers1 8a;in9 us =onder =:at is bein9 co>ered u<? T:e ,resser :istor3
also :as Geor9e !us: =or;in9 for anot:er subsidiar31 %acific %u8<s1 before =or;in9 for
I,ECO? On t:e sa8e <a9e t:at relates t:ese interestin9 facts1 t:ere is a <icture t:at s:o=s
fat:er %rescott1 ,orot:31 !arbara !us:1 and Geor9e :oldin9 :is infant son Geor9e *al;er
!us:? (oun9 Geor9e *? is =earin9 co=bo3 boots? T:e3 are all standin9 in front of a
,resser Industries eEecuti>e air<lane1 a<<arentl3 a ,C-'? Could t:is be t:e =a3 Geor9e
reall3 arri>ed in OdessaD
T:e ,resser :istor3 :as Geor9e !us: =or;in9 for %acific %u8<s1 anot:er ,resser
subsidiar31 before finall3 Boinin9 I,ECO? Accordin9 to !us:7s ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 :e
:ad been =it: I,ECO for a 3ear in Odessa1 TeEas before bein9 transferred to =or; for
%acific %u8<s in Huntin9ton %ar; and !a;ersfield1 California? !us: sa3s :e =or;ed at
Hunton9ton %ar; as an asse8bl38an1 and it =as :ere t:at :e clai8s to :a>e Boined t:e
United Steel=or;ers Union1 obtainin9 a union card t:at :e =ill still <ull out =:en
confronted for :is lon9 :istor3 of union-bustin91 as for eEa8<le =:en :e =as :ec;led at a
s:i<3ard in %ortland1 Ore9on1 durin9 t:e 12// ca8<ai9n? Ot:er accounts <lace !us: in
6entura1 Co8<ton and FRic:ard NiEon7s :o8e to=n of *:ittierF durin9 t:is sa8e <eriod?
Gfn -H If !us: actuall3 =ent to California first and onl3 later to Odessa1 :e 8a3 be l3in9 in
order to stress t:at :e c:ose TeEas as :is first c:oice1 a distortion t:at 8a3 :a>e been
concocted >er3 earl3 in :is <olitical career to defend :i8self a9ainst t:e constant c:ar9e
t:at :e =as a car<etba99er?
Odessa1 TeEas1 and t:e nearb3 cit3 of Midland =ere bot: located in t:e 9eolo9ical
for8ation ;no=n as t:e %er8ian !asin1 t:e scene of an oil boo8 t:at de>elo<ed in t:e
3ears after t:e Second *orld *ar? Odessa at t:is ti8e =as a co8<leE of 3ards and
=are:ouses =:ere oil drillin9 e@ui<8ent =as brou9:t for distribution to t:e oil ri9s t:at
=ere drillin9 all o>er t:e landsca<e?
At I,ECO1 !us: =or;ed for su<er>isor !ill Nelson1 and :ad one Hu9: E>ans a8on9 :is
co-=or;ers? Concernin9 t:is <eriod1 =e are re9aled =it: stories about :o= !us: and
!arbara 8o>ed into a s:ot9un :ouse1 an a<art8ent t:at :ad been di>ided b3 a <artition
do=n t:e 8iddle1 =it: a bat:roo8 t:e3 s:ared =it: a 8ot:er and dau9:ter <rostitute tea8?
T:ere =as a <er>asi>e odor of 9as1 =:ic: ca8e not fro8 a lea; in t:e o>en1 but fro8
nearb3 oil =ells =:ere t:e 9as =as flared off? Geor9e and !arbara =ere to s<end so8e ti8e
slu88in9 in t:is settin9? !ut !us: =as anEious to in9ratiate :i8self =it: t:e rou9:nec;s
and roustaboutsC :e be9an eatin9 t:e standard Odessa diet of a bo=l of c:ili =it: crac;ers
and beer for lunc:1 and c:ic;en-friend stea; for dinner? %er:a<s :is affected li;in9 for
countr3 and =estern 8usic1 <or; rinds1 and ot:er <ublic relations <lo3s 9o bac; to t:is ti8e?
!us: is also fond of recountin9 t:e stor3 of :o=1 on C:rist8as E>e1 12)/1 :e 9ot drun;
durin9 >arious I,ECO custo8er rece<tions and <assed out1 dead drun;1 on :is o=n front
la=n1 =:ere :e =as found b3 !arbara? Geor9e !us:1 =e can see1 is trul3 a re9ular 9u3?
Accordin9 to t:e official !us: >ersion of e>ents1 Geor9e and !ar <ere9rinated durin9 12)2
far fro8 t:eir belo>ed TeEas to >arious to=ns in California =:ere ,resser :ad subsidiaries?
!us: clai8s t:at :e dro>e a t:ousand 8iles a =ee; t:rou9: t:e CarriAo %lains and t:e
Cu3a8a 6alle3? ,urin9 t:at sa8e 3ear 0or =as it 12+5D4 t:e3 8o>ed to Midland1 anot:er
tu8ble=eed to=n in =est TeEas? Midland offered t:e ad>anta9e of bein9 t:e location of t:e
=est TeEas :ead@uarters of 8an3 of t:e oil co8<anies t:at o<erated in Odessa and t:e
surroundin9 area? In Midland1 Geor9e and !ar first sta3ed at a 8otel =:ile :e co88uted b3
car eac: da3 to t:e I,ECO =are:ouse in Odessa1 t=ent3 8iles to t:e sout:=est? T:en1 for
I.1+551 t:e3 bou9:t a :o8e on Ma<le Street in a <ost=ar 8ini-Le>itto=n de>elo<8ent
called Easter E99 Ro=?
Realit3 =as so8e=:at 8ore co8<leE? T:e !us: social circle in Odessa =as :ardl3
co8<osed of oil field rou9:nec;s? Rat:er1 t:eir <eer 9rou< =as co8<osed 8ore of t:e sorts
of <eo<le t:e3 :ad ;no=n in Ne= Ha>en" a cli@ue of =ell-:eeled recent 9raduates of
<resti9ious eastern colle9es =:o :ad been attracted to t:e %er8ian !asin in t:e sa8e =a3
t:at Stanford1 Ho<;ins1 Croc;er1 and t:eir il; =ere attracted to San rancisco durin9 t:e
9old rus:? Here =ere Tob3 Hilliard1 &o:n As:8un1 and %o8ero3 S8it:1 all fro8 %rinceton?
Earle Crai9 :ad been at (ale? Midland t:us boasted a (ale Club1 and Har>ard Club1 and a
%rinceton Club? T:e nati>es referred to t:is cli@ue as Ft:e (alies?F Also <resent on t:e scene
in Midland =ere &? Hu9: Liedt;e and *illia8 Lied;te1 =:o :ad 9ro=n u< in O;la:o8a1
but =:o :ad attended colle9e at A8:erst in Massac:usetts?
Man3 of t:ese indi>iduals :ad access to <atrician fortues bac; east for t:e >enture ca<ital
t:e3 8obiliAed be:ind t:eir >arious deals? Tob3 Hilliard7s full na8e =as Harr3 Talbot
Hilliard of oE C:a<el near %ittsbur9:1 =:ere t:e Mellons :ad t:eir <alatial residence?
Earle Crai9 =as also :oo;ed u< to bi9 8one3 in t:e sa8e area? T:e Lied;te brot:ers1 as =e
=ill see1 :ad connections to t:e bi9 oil 8one3 t:at :ad e8er9ed around Tulsa? Man3 of
t:ese F(aliesF also li>ed in t:e Easter E99 Ro= nei9:bor:ood? A fe= :ouses a=a3 fro8
Geor9e !us: t:ere li>ed a certain &o:n O>erbe3? Accordin9 to O>erbe31 t:e F<eo<le fro8
t:e east and t:e <eo<le fro8 TeEas or O;la:o8a all see8ed to :a>e t=o t:in9s in co88on?
T:e3 all :ad a c:ance to be stoc;bro;ers or in>est8ent ban;ers? And t:e3 all =anted to
learn t:e oil business instead?F Gfn .H O>erbe3 8ade :is li>in9 as a land8an? Since Geor9e
!us: =ould s:ortl3 also beco8e a land8an1 it is =ort: in>esti9atin9 =:at t:is occu<ation
actuall3 entailsC in doin9 so1 =e =ill 9ain a <er8anent insi9:t into !us:7s c:aracter? T:e
role of t:e land8an in t:e TeEas oil industr3 =as to tr3 to identif3 <ro<erties =:ere oil
8i9:t be found1 so8eti8es on t:e basis of lea;ed 9eolo9ical infor8ation1 so8eti8es after
obser>in9 t:at one of t:e 8aBor oil co8<anies =as drillin9 in t:e sa8e locale? T:e land 8an
=ould scout t:e <ro<ert31 and t:en atte8<t to 9et t:e o=ner of t:e land to si9n a=a3 t:e
8ineral ri9:ts to t:e <ro<ert3 in t:e for8 of a lease? If t:e <ro<ert3 o=ner =ere =ell
infor8ed about t:e <ossibilit3 t:at oil 8i9:t in fact be found on :is land1 t:e <rice of t:e
lease =ould ob>iousl3 9o u<1 because si9nin9 a=a3 t:e 8ineral ri9:ts 8eant t:at t:e
inco8e 0or Fro3altiesF4 fro8 an3 oil t:at 8i9:t be found =ould ne>er 9o to t:e o=ner of t:e
land? A cunnin9 land8an =ould tr3 to 9at:er as 8uc: insider infor8ation as :e could and
;ee< t:e ranc:er as 8uc: in t:e dar; as <ossible? In rural TeEas in t:e 12)57s1 t:e role of t:e
land8an could rat:er easil3 de9enerate into t:at of t:e rut:less1 8one3-9rubbin9 con artist
=:o =ould tr3 to con>ince an ill-infor8ed and <ossibl3 i9norant TeEas dirt far8er =:o =as
Bust co8in9 u< for air after t:e 9reat de<ression t:at t:e c:ances of findin9 oil on :is land
=ere Bust about Aero1 and t:at e>en a to;en fee for a lease on t:e 8ineral ri9:ts =ould be
e8inentl3 =ort: ta;in9?
Once t:e far8er or ranc:er :ad si9ned a=a3 :is ri9:t to future oil ro3alties1 t:e land8an
=ould turn around and atte8<t to Fbro;erF t:e lease b3 sellin9 it at an inflated <rice to a
8aBor oil co8<an3 t:at 8i9:t be interested in drillin91 or to so8e ot:er bu3er? T:ere =as a
li>el3 8ar;et in suc: leases in t:e restaurant of t:e Sc:arbauer Hotel in Midland1 =:ere
8a<s of t:e oil fields :un9 on t:e =alls and oil leases could c:an9e :ands re<eatedl3 in t:e
course in t:e course of a sin9le da3? So8eti8es1 if a land8an =ere forced to sell a lease to
t:e 8ineral ri9:ts of land =:ere :e reall3 t:ou9:t t:ere 8i9:t be oil1 :e =ould see; to
retain an o>erride1 <er:a<s a8ountin9 to a siEteent: or a t:irt3-second of t:e ro3alties fro8
future <roduction? !ut t:at =ould 8ean less cas: or e>en no cas: recei>ed no=1 and s8all-
ti8e o<erators li;e O>erbe31 =:o :ad no ca<ital resources of t:eir o=n1 =ere al=a3s
stra<<ed for cas:? O>erbe3 =as luc;3 if :e could realiAe a <rofit of a fe= :undred dollars
on t:e sale of a lease?
T:is for8 of acti>it3 clearl3 a<<ealed to t:e 8ean-s<irited and t:e 9reed31 to t:ose =:o
enBo3ed roo;in9 t:eir fello= 8an? It =as one t:in9 for O>erbe31 =:o 8a3 :a>e :ad no
alternati>e to su<<ort :is fa8il3? It =as @uite anot:er t:in9 for Geor9e Herbert *al;er
!us:1 a 3oun9 <lutocrat out slu88in9? !ut !us: =as dra=n to t:e land8an and ro3alt3
9a8e1 so 8uc: so t:at :e offered to raise ca<ital bac; east if O>erbe3 =ould Boin :i8 in a
<artners:i<? Gfn /H
O>erbe3 acce<ted !us:7s <ro<osition t:at t:e3 ca<italiAe a co8<an3 t:at =ould trade in t:e
>anis:ed :o<es of t:e ranc:ers and far8ers of nort:=est TeEas? !us: and O>erbe3 fle=
bac; east to tal; =it: Uncle Herbie in t:e oa;-<aneled board roo8 of G?H? *al;er N Co? in
*all Street? Accordin9 to Es@uire1 F!us:7s <artner1 &o:n O>erbe31 still re8e8bers t:e
diAA3in9 =:irl of a 8one3-raisin9 tri< to t:e East =it: Geor9e and Uncle Herbie" lunc: at
Ne= (or;7s $1 Club1 =ee;ends at #ennebun;<ort =:ere a bracin9 Sunda3 di< in t:e
Atlantic off *al;er7s %oint ended =it: a ser>ant =ra<<in9 3ou in a lar9e terr3 to=el and
:andin9 3ou a 8artini?F Gfn 2H
T:e result of t:e od3sse3 bac; east =as a ca<ital of I'5515551 8uc: of it 9at:ered fro8
Uncle Herbie7s clients in t:e Cit3 of London1 =:o =ere of course deli9:ted at t:e <ros<ect
of <arasitiAin9 TeEas ranc:ers? One of t:ose ea9er to cas: in =as &i883 Ga88ell of
Edinbur9:1 Scotland1 =:ose I>or3 and Si8e countin9 :ouse <ut u< I+51555 fro8 its
Atlantic Asset Trust? Ga88ell is toda3 t:e e8inence 9rise of t:e Scottis: in>es8ent
co88unit31 and :e :as retained a close <ersonal relation to !us: o>er t:e 3ears? Mar; t:is
Ga88ell =ellC :e =ill return to our narrati>e s:ortl3?
Eu9ene Me3er1 t:e o=ner of t:e *as:in9ton %ost and t:e fat:er of t:at <a<er7s <resent
o=ner1 #at:arine Me3er Gra:a81 anted u< an in>est8ent of I+51555 on t:e basis of t:e
taE-s:elter ca<abilities <ro8ised b3 !us:-Oberbe3? Me3er1 a <resident of t:e *orld !an;1
also <rocured an in>est8ent fro8 :is son-in-la= %:il Gra:a8 for t:e !us: >enture? at:er
%rescott !us: =as also counted in1 to t:e tune of about I+51555? In t:e da3s of real 8one31
t:ese =ere considerable su8s? T:e London in>estors 9ot s:ares of stoc; in t:e ne=
co8<an31 called !us:-O>erbe31 as =ell as !us:-O>erbe3 bonded debt?
!us: and O>erbe3 8o>ed into an office on t:e 9round floor of t:e %etroleu8 !uildin9 in
Midland?
T:e business of t:e land8an1 it :as been <ointed out1 rested entriel3 on <ersonal relations
and sc:8ooAe? One :ad to be a disse8bler and an intelli9encer? One :ad to learn to
culti>ate friends:i<s =it: t:e 9eolo9ists1 t:e scouts1 t:e <ett3 bureaucrats at t:e count3
court :ouse =:ere t:e land records =ere ;e<t1 t:e Bournalists at t:e local <a<er1 and =it:
one7s o=n ri>als1 t:e ot:er land8en1 =:o 8i9:t in>ite so8eone =it: so8e ris; ca<ital to
co8e in on a deal? Co88unit3 ser>ice =as an eEcellent 8ode of in9ratiation1 and Geor9e
!us: >olunteered for t:e Co88unit3 C:est1 t:e (MCA1 and t:e C:a8ber of Co88erce? It
8eant s8all tal; about =i>es and ;ids1 attendin9 c:urc:-- dece<tion <ostures t:at in a s8all
to=n :ad to <er>ade t:e s8allest details of one7s life? It =as at t:is ti8e in :is life t:at !us:
see8s to :a>e ac@uired t:e :abit of =ritin9 in9ratiatin9 little <ersonal notes to <eo<le :e
:ad recentl3 8et1 a :abit t:at :e =ould use o>er t:e 3ears to culti>ate and 8aintain :is
<ersonal net=or;? Out of all t:is in9ratiatin9 !abbitr3 and boosteris8 =ould co8e
ac@uaintances and t:e bits of infor8ation t:at could lead to =indfall <rofits?
T:ere :ad been a boo8 in Scurr3 Count31 but t:at =as subsidin9? !us: dro>e to %3ote1 to
Sn3der1 to Sterlin9 Cit31 to Mona:ans1 =it: Rattlesna;e Air orce !ase Bust outside of
to=n? Ho= 8an3 TeEas ranc:ers can re8e8ber sellin9 t:eir 8ineral ri9:ts for a <ittance to
s8ilin9 Geor9e !us:1 and t:en :a>in9 oil disco>ered on t:e land1 oil fro8 =:ic: t:eir
fa8il3 =ould ne>er earn a <enn3D
Across t:e street fro8 !us:-O>erbe3 =ere t:e offices of Liedt;e N Liedt;e1 Attorne3s at
la=? &? Hu9: Liedt;e and *illia8 Liedt;e =ere fro8 Tulsa1 O;la:o8a1 =:ere t:e31 li;e
!us:1 :ad 9ro=n u< ric: as t:e sons of a local Bud9e =:o :ad beco8e one of t:e to<
cor<orate la=3ers for Gulf Oil? T:e Liedt;e7s 9randfat:er :ad co8e fro8 %russia1 but :ad
ser>ed in t:e Confederate Ar83? &? Hu9: Liedt;e :ad found ti8e alon9 t:e =a3 to ac@uire
t:e notorious Har>ard Master of !usiness Ad8inistration de9ree in one 3ear? After ser>ice
in t:e na>3 durin9 t:e =ar1 t:e Liedt;es obtained la= de9rees of t:e Uni>ersit3 of TeEas
la= sc:ool1 =:ere t:e3 rented t:e ser>ant7s @uarters of t:e :o8e of US Senator L3ndon !?
&o:nson1 =:o =as a=a3 in *as:in9ton 8ost of t:e ti8e? ,urin9 t:ose 3ears1 &o:nson7s
:o8e =as occu<ied 8ost of t:e ti8e b3 :is <rote9e1 &o:n Connall3?
T:e Liedt;es co8bined t:e ra=1 uncout: <ri8iti>e accu8ulation 8entalit3 of t:e oil boo8
to=n =it: t:e refined arts of usur3 and s<eculation as Har>ard tau9:t t:e8? T:eir la=
<ractice =as a la= <ractice in na8e onl3C t:eir <ri8ar3 and al8ost eEclusi>e acti>it3 =as
bu3in9 u< ro3alt3 leases on be:alf of a 8one3 ba9s in Tulsa =:o =as a friend of t:eir
fa8il3C t:e Liedt;es 9ot a +R co88ission on e>er3 deal t:e3 :andled?
Hu9: Liedt;e =as al=a3s on t:e loo;out for t:e Main C:ance? ollo=in9 in t:e footste<s
of :is fello= Tulsan Ra3 #ra>is1 Hu9: Liedt;e sc:e8ed and sc:e8ed until :e :ad found a
=a3 to 9o be3ond :ustlin9 for ro3alt3 leases" :e concocted a 8et:od of tradin9 oil-
<roducin9 <ro<erties in suc: a =a3 as to <er8it t:e e>entual o=ner to defer all taE
liabilities until t:e field =as de<leted? So8eti8es Hu9: Liedt;e =ould co88ute bet=een
Midland and Tulsa on an al8ost dail3 basis? He =ould s<end t:e da3li9:t :ours <ro=lin9
t:e %er8ian !asin for a land deal1 8a;e t:e t:irteen :our dri>e to Tulsa o>erni9:t to
con>ince :is bac;ers to ante u< t:e cas:1 and t:en race bac; to Midland to close t:e deal
before t:e suc;er 9ot a=a3? It =as durin9 t:is <:ase t:at it occurred to Liedt;e t:at :e could
sa>e :i8self a lot of 8arat:on co88uter dri>in9 if :e could <ut to9et:er a 8illion dollars
in >enture ca<ital and Fin>entor3F t:e deals :e =as ot:er=ise forced to 8a;e a <iece8eal
and ad :oc basis? Gfn 15H
T:e Liedt;e brot:ers no= =anted to 9o be3ond ro3alt3 leases and land sale taE dod9es1 and
be9in lar9e-scale drillin9 for and <roduction of oil? Geor9e !us:1 b3 no= =ell >ersed in t:e
al<:as and o8e9as of oil as 9round rent1 =as t:in;in9 alon9 t:e sa8e lines? In a
con>er9ence t:at =as full of o8inous <ortent for t:e US econo83 of t:e 12/57s1 t:e Liedt;e
brot:ers and Geor9e !us: decided to <ool t:eir ca<ital and t:eir ra<acious talents b3 9oin9
into business to9et:er? O>erbe3 =as on board initiall31 but =ould soon fall a=a3?
T:e 3ear =as 12+'1 and Uncle Herbie7s G?H? *al;er N Co? beca8e t:e <rinci<al
under=riter of t:e stoc; and con>ertible debentures t:at =ere to be offered to t:e <ublic?
Uncle Herbie =ould also <urc:ase a lar9e <ortion of t:e stoc; :i8self? *:en t:e ne=
co8<an3 re@uired furt:er infusions of ca<ital1 Uncle Herbie =ould float t:e necessar3
bonds? &i883 Ga88ell re8ained a ;e3 <artici<ant and =ould find a seat on t:e board of
directors of t:e ne= co8<an3? Anot:er of t:e ;e3 in>estors =as t:e Clar; a8il3 Estate1
8eanin9 t:e trustees =:o 8ana9ed t:e Sin9er Se=in9 8ac:ine fortune? Gfn 11H So8e ot:er
8one3 ca8e fro8 >arious <ension funds and endo=8ents1 sources t:at =ould beco8e >er3
<o<ular durin9 t:e le>era9ed bu3out or93 !us: <resided o>er durin9 t:e 12/57s? Of t:e
ca<ital of t:e ne= !us:-Liedt;e concern1 about I+551555 =ould co8e fro8 Tulsa cronies
of t:e Liedt;e brot:ers1 and t:e ot:er I+551555 fro8 t:e circles of Uncle Herbie? T:e latter
=ere referred to b3 Hu9: Liedt;e as Ft:e Ne= (or; 9u3s?F
T:e na8e c:osen for t:e ne= concern =as Ja<ata %etroleu8? Accordin9 to Hu9: Liedt;e1
t:e ne= entre<reneurs =ere attracted to t:e na8e =:en t:e3 sa= it on a 8o>ie 8ar@uee1
=:ere t:e ne= release 6i>a Ja<ataK1 starrin9 Marlon !rando as t:e MeEican re>olutionar31
=as <la3in9? Liedt;e c:aracteristicall3 eE<lains t:at <art of t:e a<<eal of t:e na8e =as t:e
confusion as to =:et:er Ja<ata :ad been a <atriot or a bandit? Gfn 1$H
T:e !us:-Liedt;e co8bination concentrated its attention on an oil <ro<ert3 in Co;e Count3
called &a8eson ield1 a barren eE<anse of <rairie and sa9ebrus: =:ere siE =idel3 se<arated
=ells :ad been <roducin9 oil for so8e 3ears? Hu9: Liedt;e =as con>inced t:at t:ese siE oil
=ells =ere ta<<in9 into a sin9le under9round <ool of oil1 and t:at doAens or e>en :undreds
of ne= oil =ells drilled into t:e sa8e field =ould all <ro>e to be 9us:ers? In ot:er =ords1
Liedt;e =anted to 9a8ble t:e entire ca<ital of t:e ne= fir8 on t:e :3<ot:esis t:at t:e =ells
=ere1 in oil <arlance1 Fconnected?F One of Liedt;e7s Tulsa bac;ers =as su<<osedl3
uncon>inced1 and ar9ued t:at t:e =ells =ere too far a<artC t:e3 could not <ossibl3 connect?
FGodda8n1 t:e3 doKF =as Hu9: Liedt;e7s reBoinder? He insisted on s:ootin9 t:e =or;s in a
>a-ban@ue o<eration? Uncle Herbie7s circles =ere ner>ous" FT:e Ne= (or; 9u3s =ere Bust
about to <ee in t:eir <ants1F boasted Leidt;e 3ears later? !us: and Hu9: Liedt;e ob>iousl3
:ad t:e better infor8ation" t:e =ells =ere connected1 and 1$. =ells =ere drilled =it:out
encounterin9 a sin9le dr3 :ole? As a result1 t:e <rice of a s:are of stoc; in Ja<ata =ent u<
fro8 . cents a s:are to I$'?
,urin9 t:is ti8e1 Hu9: Liedt;e collaborated on se>eral s8all deals in t:e Midland area
=it: a certain T? !oone %ic;ens1 later one of t:e 8ost notorious cor<orate raiders of t:e
12/57s1 one of t:e ori9inators of t:e F9reen8ailF strate93 of eEtortion b3 =:ic: a raider
=ould accu8ulate <art of t:e s:ares of a co8<an3 and t:reaten to 9o all t:e =a3 to a :ostile
ta;eo>er unless t:e 8ana9e8ent of t:e co8<na3 a9reed to bu3 bac; t:ose s:ares at an
outra9eous <re8iu8? %ic;ens is t:e buccaneer =:o =as self-ri9:teousl3 indi9nant =:en t:e
&a<anese business co88unit3 atte8<ted to <re>ent :i8 fro8 introducin9 t:ese s:a8less
lootin9 <ractices into t:e &a<anese econo83?
%ic;ens1 too1 =as a <roduct of t:e !us:-Liedt;e social circle of Midland? *:en :e =as Bust
9ettin9 started in t:e 8id-fifties1 %ic;ens =anted to bu3 t:e Hu9oton %roduction Co8<an31
=:ic: o=ned t:e Hu9oton field1 one of t:e =orld7s 9reat ons:ore de<osits of natural 9as?
%ic;ens en9ineered t:e :ostile ta;eo>er of Hu9oton b3 turnin9 to Hu9: Liedt;e to be
introduced to t:e trustees of t:e Clar; a8il3 Estate1 =:o1 as =e :a>e Bust seen1 :ad <ut u<
<art of t:e ca<ital for Ja<ata? %ic;ens <ro8ised t:e Clar; Trustees a :i9:er return t:an =as
bein9 <ro>ided b3 t:e current 8ana9e8ent1 and t:is su<<ort <ro>ed to be decisi>e in
<er8ittin9 %ic;ens7s Mesa %etroleu8 to ta;e o>er Hu9oton1 launc:in9 t:is corsair on a
career of lootin9 and <illa9e t:at still continues? In 12//1 Geor9e !us: =ould 9i>e an
inter>ie= to a 8a9aAine o=ned b3 %ic;ens in =:ic: t:e 6ice %resident =ould defend
:ostile le>era9ed bu3outs as necessar3 to t:e interests of t:e s:are:olders?
In t:e 8eanti8e1 after t=o to t:ree 3ears of o<erations1 t:e oil flo= out of Ja<ata7s ;e3
&a8eson field :ad be9un to slo= do=n? Alt:ou9: t:ere =as still abundant oil in t:e 9round1
t:e natural <ressure :ad been ra<idl3 de<leted1 so !us: and t:e Liedt;es :ad to be9in
resortin9 to strata9e8s in order to brin9 t:e oil to t:e surface? T:e3 be9an <u8<in9 =ater
into t:e under9round for8ations in order to forced t:e oil to t:e surface? ro8 t:en on1
Fen:anced reco>er3F tec:ni@ues =ere necessar3 to ;ee< t:e &a8eson field on line?
,urin9 12++ and 12+-1 Ja<ata =as able to re<ort a s8all <rofit? In 12+.1 t:e 3ear of t:e
inci<ient Eisen:o=er recession1 t:is turned into a loss of I1++11/'1 as t:e oil fro8 t:e
&a8eson field be9an to slo= do=n? In 12+/1 t:e loss =as I)$.1.+$1 and in 12+2 t:ere =as
I$5.1.)$ of red in;? 12-5 0after !us: :ad de<arted fro8 t:e scene4 brou9:t anot:er loss1
t:is ti8e of I'.$1$+/1 It =as not until 12-1 t:at Ja<ata =as able to <ost a s8all <rofit of
I+51)/$? Gfn 1'H ,es<ite t:e fact t:at !us: and t:e Liedt;es all beca8e 8illionaires
t:rou9: t:e increased >alue of t:eir s:ares1 it =as not eEactl3 an en>iable recordC =it:out
t:e dee< <oc;ets of !us:7s Uncle Herbie *al;er and :is !ritis: bac;ers1 t:e entire >enture
8i9:t :a>e foundered at an earl3 date?
!us: and t:e Liedt;es :ad been >er3 luc;3 =it: t:e &a8eson field1 but t:e3 could :ardl3
eE<ect suc: results to be re<eated indefinitel3? In addition1 t:e3 =ere no= <ostin9 losses1
and t:e >alue of Ja<ata stoc; :ad 9one into a decline? !us: and t:e Liedt;e brot:ers no=
concluded t:at t:e e<oc: in =:ic: lar9e oil fields could be disco>ered =it:in t:e
continental United States =as no= o>er? Ma88ot: ne= oil fields1 t:e3 belie>ed1 could onl3
be found offs:ore1 located under :undreds of feet of =ater on t:e continental s:el>es1 or in
s:allo= seas li;e t:e Gulf of MeEico and t:e Caribbean? !3 a :a<<3 coincidence1 in 12+)
t:e US federal 9o>ern8ent =as Bust be9innin9 to auction t:e 8ineral ri9:ts for t:ese
offs:ore areas? *it: fat:er %rescott !us: directin9 :is <otent !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or; fro8 t:e US Senate =:ile re9ularl3 :ob-nobbin9 =it:
%resident Eisen:o=er on t:e 9olf lin;s1 Geor9e !us: could be confident of recei>in9
s<ecial <ri>ile9ed treat8ent =:en it ca8e to t:ese 8ineral ri9:ts? !us: and :is <artners
t:erefore Bud9ed t:e 8o8ent ri<e for launc:in9 a for-:ire drillin9 co8<an31 Ja<ata
Offs:ore1 a ,ela=are cor<oration t:at =ould offer its ser>ices to t:e co8<anies 8a;in9 u<
t:e Se>en Sisters international oil cartel in drillin9 under=ater =ells? )5R of t:e offs:ore
co8<an37s stoc; =ould be o=ned b3 t:e ori9inal Ja<ata fir8? T:e ne= co8<an3 =ould
also be a bu3er of offs:ore ro3alt3 leases? Uncle Herbie :el<ed arran9e a ne= issue of stoc;
for t:is Ja<ata offs:oot? T:e s:ares =ere eas3 to unload because of t:e 12+) boo8 in t:e
Ne= (or; stoc; 8ar;et? FT:e stoc; 8ar;et lent itself to s<eculation1F !us: =ould eE<lain
3ears later1 Fand 3ou could 9et e@uit3 ca<ital for ne= >entures?F Gfn 1)H
12+) =as also t:e 3ear t:at t:e US o>ert:re= t:e 9o>ern8ent of &aco<o ArbenA in
Guate8ala? T:is =as t:e be9innin9 of a dense flurr3 of US co>ert o<erations in central
A8erica and t:e Caribbean1 featurin9 es<eciall3 Cuba?
T:e first asset of Ja<ata Offs:ore =as t:e SCOR%ION1 a I '?+ 8illion dee<-sea drillin9 ri9
t:at =as financed b3 I1?+ 8illion fro8 t:e initial stoc; sale <lus anot:er I$ 8illion fro8
bonds 8ar;eted =it: t:e :el< of Uncle Herbie? T:e SCOR%ION =as t:e first t:ree- le99ed
self-ele>atin9 8obile drillin9 bar9e1 and it =as built b3 R? G? LeTourneau1 Inc?1 of
6ic;sbur91 Mississi<<i? T:e <latfor8 =ei9:ed so8e 2 8illion <ounds and 8easured 1/5 b3
1+5 feet1 and t:e t:ree le9s =ere 1)5 feet lon9 =:en full3 eEtended? T:e ri9 =as floated
into t:e desired drillin9 <osition before t:e le9s =ere eEtended1 and t:e 8ain bod3 =as t:en
<us:ed u< abo>e t:e =a>es b3 electric 8otors? T:e SCOR%ION =as deli>ered earl3 in
12+-1 and =as co88issioned at Gal>eston in Marc:1 12+-1 and =as <ut to =or; at
eE<lorator3 drillin9 in t:e Gulf of MeEico durin9 t:e rest of t:e 3ear?
,urin9 12+-1 t:e Ja<ata %etroleu8 officers included &? Hu9: Liedt;e as <resident1 Geor9e
H?*? !us: as >ice <resident1 and *illia8 !ru8le3 of Midland1 TeEas as treasurer? T:e
board of directors lined u< as follo=s"
Geor9e H?*? !us:1 Midland1 TeEasC
&?G?S? Ga88ell1 Edinbur9:? Scotland1 Mana9er of !ritis: Assets Trust1 Li8itedC &? Hu9:
Liedt;e1 Midland1 TeEasC *illia8 C? Liedt;e1 inde<endent oil o<erator1 Midland1 TeEasC
Art:ur E? %al8er1 &r?1 Ne= (or;1 N(1 a <artner in *int:ro<1 Sti8son1 %utna81 and RobertsC
G?H? *al;er &r? 0Uncle Herbie41 8ana9in9 <artner of G?H? *al;er and Co?1 Ne= (or;1 N(C
Ho=ard &? *:ite:ill1 inde<endent oil <roducer of Tulsa1 O;la:o8aC
Eu9ene ? *illia8s1 &r?1 secretar3 of t:e St? Louis Union Trust Co8<an3 of St? Louis1
MissouriC
,?,? !o>aird1 <resident of t:e !o>aird Su<<l3 Co? of Tulsa1 O;la:o8a1 and c:air8an of
t:e board of t:e O;la:o8a Cit3 branc: of t:e Tent: ederal ,istrict of t:e ederal Reser>e
!oardC and
Geor9e L? Cole8an1 in>est8ents1 Mia8i1 O;la:o8a?
An interi8 director t:at 3ear :ad been Ric:ard E? le8in9 of Robert le8in9 and Co?1
London1 En9land? Counsel =ere listed as !a;er1 !otts1 Andre=s N S:e<:erd of Houston1
TeEasC auditors =ere Art:ur Andersen in Houston1 and transfer a9ents =ere &?%? Mor9an N
Co?1 Inc?1 of Ne= (or; Cit3 and t:e irst National !an; and Trust Co8<an3 of Tulsa? Gfn
1+H
Geor9e !us: <ersonall3 =as 8uc: 8ore in>ol>ed =it: t:e financial 8ana98ent of t:e
co8<an3 t:an =it: its actual oil-field o<erations? His 8ain acti>it3 =as not findin9 oil or
drillin9 =ells but1 as :e :i8self <ut it1 Fstretc:in9 <a<erF -- rollin9 o>er debt and 8a;in9
ne= financial arran9e8ents =it: t:e creditors? Gfn 1-H
,urin9 12+-1 des<ite continuin9 losses and t:an;s a9ain to Uncle Herbie1 Ja<ata =as able
to float 3et anot:er offerin91 t:is ti8e a con>ertible debenture for I$?1+ 8illion for t:e
<urc:ase of a second Le Tourneau drillin9 <latfor81 t:e 6INEGAROON1 na8ed after a
=est TeEas stin9in9 insect? T:e 6INEGAROON =as deli>ered durin9 12+.1 and soon
scored a Fluc;3F :it drillin9 in bloc; /- off 6er8ilion %aris:1 Louisiana? T:is =as a
co8bination of 9as and oil1 and one =ell =as rated at 11' barrels of distillate and '?-
8illion cubic feet of 9as <er da3? Gfn 1.H T:is =as es<eciall3 re8unerati>e because Ja<ata
:ad ac@uired a :alf-interest in t:e ro3alties fro8 an3 oil or 9as t:at 8i9:t be found?
6INEGAROON t:en continued to drill of Louisiana on a far8out fro8 Continental Oil1
also off 6er8ilion %aris:?
As for t:e SCOR%ION1 durin9 <art of 12+. it =as under contract to t:e !a:a8a- California
Oil Co8<an31 drillin9 bet=een lorida and Cuba? It =as t:en leased b3 Gulf Oil and
Standard Oil of California1 on =:ose be:alf it started drillin9 durin9 12+/ at a <osition on
t:e Ca3 Sal !an;1 1'1 8iles sout: of Mia8i1 lorida1 and Bust +) 8iles nort: of Isabela1
Cuba? Cuba =as an interestin9 <lace Bust t:enC t:e US-bac;ed insur9enc3 of idel Castro
=as ra<idl3 under8inin9 t:e older US-i8<osed re9i8e of ul9encio !atista? T:at 8eant
t:at SCOR%IO =as located at a :ot corner?
,urin9 12+. a certain di>er9ence be9an to a<<ear bet=een Uncle Herbie *al;er1 !us:1 and
t:e FNe= (or; 9u3sF on t:e one :and1 and t:e Liedt;e brot:ers and t:eir Tulsa bac;ers on
t:e ot:er? As t:e annual re<ort for t:at 3ear noted1 FT:ere is no doubt t:at t:e drillin9
business in t:e Gulf of MeEico :as beco8e far 8ore co8<etiti>e in t:e last siE 8ont:s t:an
it :as been at an3 ti8e in t:e <ast?F ,es<ite t:at1 !us:1 *al;er and t:e Ne= (or; in>estors
=anted to <us: for=ard into t:e offs:ore drillin9 and drillin9 ser>ices business1 =:ile t:e
Liedt;es and t:e Tulsa 9rou< =anted to concentrate on ac@uirin9 oil in t:e 9round and
natural 9as de<osits?
T:e 12+/ annual re<ort notes t:at =it: no 8aBor disco>eries 8ade1 12+/ :ad been Fa
difficult 3ear?F It =as1 of course1 t:e 3ear of t:e brutal Eisen:o=er recession? SCO%R%ION1
6INEGAROON1 and NOLA I1 t:e offs:ore co8<an37s t:ree drillin9 ri9s1 could not be ;e<t
full3 occu<ied in t:e Gulf of MeEico durin9 t:e =:ole 3ear1 and so Ja<ata Offs:ore :ad
lost I+$)1))11 8ore t:an Ja<ata %etroleu87s o=n loss of I)$.1.+$ for t:at 3ear? T:e
Liedt;e >ie=<oint =as reflected in t:e notation t:at Fdis<osin9 of t:e offs:ore business :ad
been considered?F T:e 9reat t3coon !us: conceded in t:e Ja<ata Offs:ore annual re<ort for
12+/" F*e erroneousl3 <redicted t:at 8ost 8aBor GoilH co8<anies =ould :a>e acti>e
drillin9 <ro9ra8s for 12+/? T:ese drillin9 <ro9ra8s si8<l3 did not 8aterialiAe???F In 1225
!us: denied for 8ont:s t:at t:ere =as a recession1 and t:rou9: 1221 clai8ed t:at t:e
recession :ad ended =:en it :ad lon9 since turned into a de<ression? His blindness about
econo8ic conBunctures =ould a<<ear to be not:in9 ne=?
!3 12+21 t:ere =ere re<orts of increasin9 <ersonal tensions bet=een t:e do8ineerin9 and
abrasi>e &? Hu9: Liedt;e on t:e one :and and !us:7s Uncle Herbie *al;er on t:e ot:er?
Liedt;e =as obsessed =it: :is <lan for creatin9 a ne= 8aBor oil co8<an31 t:e boundless
a8bition t:at =ould <ro<el :i8 do=n a <at: littered =it: asset-stri<<ed cor<orations into
t:e de>astatin9 %ennAoil-Gett3-TeEaco =ars of a @uarter centur3 later? ,urin9 t:e course of
t:is 3ear1 t:e t=o 9rou<s of in>estors arri>ed at a se<aration t:at =as billed as Fa8icable1F
and =:ic: in an3 case ne>er interru<ted t:e close coo<eration a8on9 !us: and t:e Liedt;e
brot:ers? T:e solution =as t:at t:e e>er-<resent Uncle Herbie =ould bu3 out t:e Liedt;e-
Tulsa )5R sta;e in Ja<ata Offs:ore1 =:ile t:e Liedt;e bac;ers =ould bu3 out t:e !us:-
*al;er interest in Ja<ata %etroleu8?
or t:is to be acco8<lis:ed1 Geor9e !us: =ould re@uire 3et anot:er lar9e infusion of
ca<ital? Uncle Herbie no= raised 3et anot:er tranc:e for Geor9e1 t:is ti8e o>er I/551555?
T:e 8one3 alle9edl3 ca8e fro8 !us:-*al;er friends and relati>es? Gfn 1/H E>en if t:e
fait:ful efforts of Uncle Herbie are ta;en into account1 it is still <uAAlin9 to see a series of
lar9e infusions of cas: into a <oorl3 8ana9ed s8all co8<an3 t:at :ad <osted a series of
substantial losses and =:ose future <ros<ects =ere an3t:in9 but ros3? At t:is <oint it is
t:erefore le9iti8ate to <ose t:e @uestion" =as Ja<ata Offs:ore an intelli9ence co88unit3
front at its foundation in 12+)1 or did it beco8e one in 12+21 or <er:a<s at so8e later <ointD
T:is @uestion cannot be ans=ered =it: finalit3?
Geor9e !us: =as no= t:e <resident of :is o=n co8<an31 t:e undis<uted boss of Ja<ata
Offs:ore? Alt:ou9: t:e co8<an3 =as fallin9 be:ind t:e rest of t:e offs:ore drillin9
industr31 !us: 8ade a desultor3 atte8<t at eE<ansion t:rou9: di>ersification1 in>estin9 in a
<lastics 8ac:iner3 co8<an3 in Ne= &erse31 a TeEas <i<e linin9 co8<an31 and a 9as
trans8ission co8<an3C none of t:ese in>est8ents <ro>ed to be re8unerati>e?
!3 contrast1 Hu9: Liedt;e7s a<<roac: to business =as a99ressi>e to t:e <oint of bein9
<icares@ue? Liedt;e decided t:at :e =ould use t:e 8one3 :e :ad 9otten bac; for sellin9 :is
interest in Ja<ata Offs:ore ot Uncle Herbie in order to ta;e a 9iant ste< on t:e road to
buildin9 t:e to<-fli9:t oil co8<an3 of :is drea8s1 a ne= sister for t:e An9lo-A8erican oil
cartel? In Liedt;e7s Malt:usian 8entalit31 drillin9 for oil no lon9er 8ade sense1 since all t:e
8aBor finds :ad been 8ade" =:at counted no= =as bu3in9 u< t:e oil t:at alread3 eEisted?
His i88ediate tar9et =as Sout: %enn Oil Co8<an31 t:e o=ner of a <iece of t:e !radford
oil field1 and t:e <roducer of a brand of 8otor oil called %ennAoil1 =:ic: it sold b3 t:e @uart
in c:aracteristic 3ello= cans? Sout: %enn <ossessed a si9nificant @uantit3 of oil in t:e
9round? In order to seiAe control of Sout: %enn1 Liedt;e ca<italiAed on :is <ersonal
ac@uaintance =it: &? %aul Gett31 t:e founder of Gett3 Oil1 =:o8 :e :ad ;no=n since Gett3
:ad s:o=n u< at an en9a9e8ent <art3 in :onor of Liedt;e at t:e Tulsa :o8e of t:e S;ell3
fa8il3 durin9 t:e =anin9 3ears of *orld *ar II? &? %aul Gett3 o=ned about 15R of t:e
stoc; of Sout: %enn? Liedt;e asse8bled an in>est8ent <artners:i< and 8atc:ed Gett37s
sta;e =it: a 15R interest of :is o=n? Liedt;e :3<ocriticall3 reassured t:e 8ana9e8ent of
Sout:e %enn t:at :e =as accu8ulatin9 t:eir stoc; Ffor in>est8ent <ur<oses onl3?F *:en
Liedt;e :ad bou9:t as 8uc: stoc; as :e :ad funds to afford1 :e a<<ealed to Gett3 to :onor
a <re>ious co88itt8ent and install &? Hu9: Liedt;e as t:e ne= <resident of Sout: %enn?
Gett31 =:o :ad been a corsair of t:e stoc; 8ar;et durin9 t:e 12$57s1 =:en :e :ad
en9ineered t:e :ostile ta;eo>er of Tide *ater Associated Oil1 su<<orted Liedt;e1 and t:e
<re>ious Sout: %enn 8ana9e8ent =as ousted in fa>or of t:e Liedt;e tea8? &? Hu9: Lied;te
8er9ed Ja<ata %etroleu8 =it: Sout: %enn1 and 9a>e t:e ne= cor<oration t:e na8e
%ennAoil?
No= &? Hu9: Liedt;e1 follo=in9 in t:e footste<s of &? %aul Gett31 :ad carried out a :ostile
ta;eo>er of :is o=n? *it:in a cou<le of 3ears1 Liedt;e =ould eEecute a second cor<orate
raid1 t:is ti8e t:e ta;oe>er of United Gas %i<eline Co8<an3 of S:re>e<ort1 Louisiana?
United Gas o<erated /1/55 8iles of 9as <i<eline1 and carried about .R of t:e natural 9as
consu8ed in t:e United States? Hu9: and !ill Liedt;e calculated t:at t:e infrastructure of
United Gas :ad been eE<ensi>e to build and install1 but t:at it =ould be c:ea< to o<erate?
Runnin9 United Gas into t:e 9round could 9enerate <rodi9ious @uantities of cas:? T:is
cas: could t:en be 8obiliAed b3 t:e Liedt;es to bu3 u< ot:er co8<anies? In addition1
United Gas o=ned oil1 co<<er1 sul<:ur1 and ot:er 8ineral de<osits? United Gas =as a
cor<oration about siE ti8es t:e siAe of %ennAoil1 but t:e Liedt;es be9an to ac@uire s:ares?
%roble8s arose =:en t:e Liedt;e brot:ers7 intentions beca8e <ublic ;no=led9e" t:e <rice
of United Gas =ent u< s:ar<l31 and a ri>al 9rou< of bu3ers of United Gas stoc; a<<eared?
FAs t:e %ennAoil board <ondered its neEt 8o>e1 a Scots8an ser>in9 as director su99ested a
ne= strate93" a cas: tender offer1 a ta;eo>er <ractice t:at =as >irtuall3 un:eard of in t:e
US1 but =as =idel3 used in !ritain? %ennAoil could <ublicl3 announce an offerin9 <rice to
t:e <ublic for onl3 a <ortion of t:e s:aresC t:e stoc;:olders1 fearful t:at t:e stoc; <rice
=ould tu8ble once t:e offer =as closed1 =ould 7tender7 as 8an3 s:ares as %ennAoil could
afford to bu3? T:e co8<an37s t:understruc; 8ana9e8ent resisted in e>er3 =a3 <ossible1 but
t:e s:ares flooded in and before lon9 %ennAoil o=ned )$R of GUnited GasH?F Gfn 12H T:e
Scots8an in @uestion could onl3 :a>e been &?G?S? Ga88ell1 =:o :ad re8ained =it: t:e
Liedt;es as a 8e8ber of t:eir board? T:is =as t:e sa8e Ga88ell =:o8 !us: and Uncle
Herbie :ad brou9:t into t:e United States to in>est in !us:- O>erbe3 bac; in 12+5?
Ga88ell :ad brou9:t =it: :i8 t:e <articularl3 >irulent bacillus of !ritis: stoc;Bobbin9
8et:ods? %ennAoil :ad to borro= a @uarter of a billion dollars to bu3 u< t:e United 9as
stoc;1 but =:en t:e dust :ad settled1 %ennAoil :ad 9ro=n b3 +55R1 al8ost eEclusi>el3 on
t:e basis of borro=ed 8one31 usur3 and debt?
T:e ra<acious Liedt;e brot:ers t:en <roceeded to subBect United Gas to a brutal <rocess of
asset stri<<in9? T:e3 forced United Gas to <a3 I$5 8illion 8ore in di>idends to %ennAoil
t:an United Gas e>er earned? T:e3 detac:ed t:e 8ore <rofitable branc:es of United Gas1
es<eciall3 t:e oil and 8ineral de<osits1 and transferred t:e8 to %ennAoil? T:e3 forced
United Gas to for; o>er I155 8illion =ort: of <referred stoc; to %ennAoil in t:e for8 of
3et anot:er di>idend? T:is a8ounted to a transfer of I155 8illion of United Gas ca<ital into
t:e Liedt;e coffers?
!3 12.$1 Geor9e !us: =as a NiEon Ad8inistration cabinet 8e8ber and insider1 s<ea;in9
for Tric;3 ,ic; and #issin9er at t:e United Nations? Geor9e7s influence 8ust :a>e been
conduci>e to t:e efforts of t:e Lied;te brot:ers to <lace t=o of t:eir la=3ers fro8 !a;er N
!otts on t:e ederal %o=er Co88ission? *it: t:ese Liedt;e stoo9es in <lace1 t:e ederal
%o=er Co88ission <roceeded to a<<ro>e a series of transactions b3 =:ic: United Gas1
i9norin9 eEistin9 contracts1 di>erted natural 9as destined for deli>er3 in Louisiana in fa>or
of ot:er 8ar;ets =:ere t:e <rice =as 8uc: :i9:er? T:e result of t:is :i9:-:anded 9reed =as
a se>ere 9as s:orta9e in Louisiana1 =:ic: i8<acted bot: industrial users and :o8e
consu8<tion? T:e t:en Louisiana Go>ernor Ed=in Ed=ards declared durin9 t:e =inter of
12.$ t:at Ft:e :ealt: and safet3 of 8illions of Louisiana7s citiAens are 9ra>el3 t:reatenedF
as a result of t:ese Liedt;e 8ac:inations? Go>ernor Ed=ards denounced an Fabsolute
disre9ard for t:e <ublic interest in t:is stateF on t:e <art of %ennAoilOUnited Gas? T:ere
=ere la3offs at industrial <lants1 and at least one la=suit accused t:e Lied;te concerns of
breac:in9 t:eir eEisitin9 contracts? All in all it =as esti8ated 0b3 Middle Sout: utilities4
t:at a =:o<<in9 eEtra I$55 8illion :ad been added to t:e 9as and electric bills of
custo8ers in t:e ,ee< Sout:1 t:e <oorest <art of t:e United States1 in order to <ro>ide
alternate su<<lies of boiler fuels? !ut t:e Liedt;e brot:ers =ere not disturbed b3 all t:is1 for
t:e3 =ere beco8in9 8ulti8illionaires t:rou9: t:e lootin9 and asset-stri<<in9 of United
Gas?
In 12.)1 t:e Liedt;es decided t:at t:e des<oiled carcass of United Gas s:ould no= be cast
adrift? T:e stor3 of t:is s@ualid final c:a<ter of t:e <illa9in9 of United Gas =as entitled
FLo>e Her and Lea>e HerF b3 orbes 8a9aAine" FT:at1 sa3 t:e critics1 is Bust =:at t:e
Lied;te brot:ers did =it: United Gas-- ac@uirin9 it1 deflo=erin9 it1 t:en du8<in9 it?F Gfn
$5H As orbes also noted1 Fcontacts =it: 8en li;e &o:nson1 Connall31 and !us: ne>er did
t:e Lied;tes an3 :ar8?F It =as considered dubious t:at t:e <ost- Liedt;e United Gas could
a>oid colla<se as a result of its >astl3 =ea;ened condition? !ut1 =it: *ater9ate and t:e
cru8blin9 of t:e NiEon <o=er cartel1 t:e Lied;tes :ad no= 9one be3ond =:at t:e
*as:in9ton traffic =ould bear? ederal re9ulators forced t:e 9reed3 brot:ers to return t:e
I155 8illion <referred stoc; ca<ital transfer? T:e Liedt;es =ere also nailed for insider
tradin9 in bu3in9 1$+1555 %ennAoil s:ares Bust before t:e stoc; =ent u< as t:e ne=s of t:e
I155 8illion transfer beca8e ;no=n on *all StreetC t:e3 :ad to cou9: u< I15/11$+ in
<rofits t:us realiAed1 and t:e3 =ere obli9ed to si9n a consent decree t:at t:e3 =ould ne>er
re<eat a ca<er of t:is sort? !ut t:is =as a =:oll3 insi9nificant su8 =:en 8easured a9ainst
t:e lar9e oil reser>es fro8 United Gas t:at %ennAoil =as allo=ed to retain?
,urin9 t:e late 12.57s1 t:e Lied;te brot:ers =ould recei>e an entree into t:e %eo<le7s
Re<ublic of C:ina t:an;s to t:e <ersonal connections ac@uired t:ere b3 t:eir for8er
business <artner and lifeti8e cron31 Geor9e !us:? And later1 durin9 t:e Rea9an-!us: 3ears1
=:en federal re9ulator3 inter>ention a9ainst 8onstrous stoc; 8ar;et s=indles >irtuall3
disa<<eared as a result of Geor9e !us:7s Tas; orce on Re9ulator3 Relief1 &? Hu9: Liedt;e1
b3 t:at ti8e s<ortin9 t:e nic;na8e of FC:air8an Mao1F =ould be t:e <rota9onist of t:e
%ennAoilOGett3OTeEaco =ar1 a confla9ration t:at laid =aste to =:ole c:un;s of a fatall3
=ea;ened US econo83? And in t:ose future da3s1 &? Hu9: Liedt;e =ould re<eatedl3 flaunt
:is continuin9 close friends:i< =it: :is old business <artner Geor9e !us:? Gfn $1H
In 12+2--51 Geor9e !us: =as o<eratin9 out of :is ne= cor<orate base in Houston1 TeEas1
=:ere Ja<ata Offs:ore :ad transferred u<on se<aratin9 fro8 t:e Lied;tes? Econo8ic
conditions =ere slo=l3 i8<ro>in91 and Uncle Herbie7s abilit3 to 8obiliAe ca<ital <er8itted
Geor9e to 8o>e to=ards eE<andin9 :is fleet of offs:ore drillin9 e@ui<8ent? !3 12-'
Ja<ata Offs:ore :ad four o<erational ri9s" SI,E*IN,ER1 6INEGAROON1
SCOR%IONONOLA I1 and NOLA III? !us:7s interest =as attracted do=n to t:e Gulf at
Gal>eston1 east to Ne= Orleans1 t:en furt:er east and sout: to Mia8i1 and still furt:er sout:
t:e Cuba1 t:e tar9et of t:e i88ense co>ert action o<eration =:ic: t:e Eisen:o=er
Ad8inistration1 ad>ised b3 fat:er %rescott !us:1 =as asse8blin9 in sout: lorida and in
Guate8ala under t:e code na8e of &MO*A6E1 =:ic: in t:e s<rin9 of 12-1 =ould beco8e
8anifest to t:e =orld in t:e for8 of t:e !a3 of %i9s atte8<ted in>asion of Cuba?
In a Ja<ata Offs:ore Annual Re<ort issued a cou<le of 3ears later1 !us:
<ublis:ed t:e follo=in9 descri<tion of t:e nature of t:e co8<an37s business"
Historicall31 fe= 8aBor oil co8<anies :a>e o=ned t:eir o=n offs:ore drillin9 ri9s? T:ese
o<erators <refer to contract for t:e ser>ices of ri9s and t:eir cre=s fro8 inde<endent contractors1
nor8all3 on a fiEed cost <er da3 basis? T:is <olic3 enables o<erators to secure t:e best t3<e of ri9
for eac: Bob and relie>es t:e8 of t:e res<onsibilit3 of ;ee<in9 t:eir o=n ri9s bus3 =:en t:eir
<ro9ra8s are curtailed?
T:e contractors =:o su<<l3 t:ese ri9s co8<ete =it: eac: ot:er to <ro>ide t:e 8ost efficient cre=s
and e@ui<8ent? Since t:e cost of 8o>in9 suc: e@ui<8ent is 9reat1 contractors 8ust also :a>e t:e
ri9:t t3<e of ri9 a>ailable at or near t:e o<erator7s lease at t:e ti8e t:e o<erator =ants to drill :is
=ell?
Off-s:ore contract drillin9 differs fro8 contract drillin9 on land in 8an3 =a3s? Most land
contractors a9ree to drill a :ole to a certain de<t: for a fiEed cost? T:us1 t:e drillin9 :aAards
encountered on land are nor8all3 borne b3 t:e drillin9 contractor? Since off-s:ore contractors
nor8all3 furnis: e@ui<8ent on a da3-rate basis1 8ost ris;s in connection =it: a :ole drilled
offs:ore are borne b3 t:e o<erator? O<erators :a>e re<resentati>es aboard off-s:ore ri9s =:ic:
t:e3 :a>e en9a9ed to direct t:e actions to be ta;en in t:e e>ent <roble8s are encountered =:ile
drillin9?
A t3<ical land ri9 costs bet=een I+551555 and I111551555? A self-contained offs:ore ri9 costs
fro8 I'1+551555 to I.1+551555? T:us1 off-s:ore contractors :a>e a 8uc: 9reater in>est8ent in
e@ui<8ent t:an do land contractors? or t:is reason1 t:e nu8ber of co8<etin9 off-s:ore fir8s is
s8aller? Gfn $$H
T:is account 8a;es clear t:at t:e 8ost i8<ortant factor for Ja<ata Offs:ore =as contracts
fro8 t:e bi9 oil co8<anies of t:e Se>en Sisters An9lo-A8erican cartel1 t:e =orld oil
oli9o<ol3 =:ic: durin9 t:ese 3ears defended its do8ination of t:e =orld oil 8ar;et =it:
t:e assassination of Enrico Mattei1 t:e %resident of t:e Ente NaAionale Idrocarburi1 t:e
Italian State Oil Co8<an31 =:o :ad dared to undercut t:e arro9ant lootin9 8et:ods of t:e
Se>en Sisters and c:allen9e t:e oli9o<ol3 in nort: Africa and t:e Arab =orld? In t:e earl3
3ears of Ja<ata Offs:ore1 contracts :ad co8e fro8 Gulf Oil and Standard Oil of California1
as =e :a>e seen? ,urin9 t:e earl3 12-57s1 8ore and 8ore contracts ca8e fro8 co8<onents
of Ro3al ,utc: S:ell1 t:e An9lo-,utc: :eart of t:e Se>en Sisters cartel1 t:e do8inant
strate9ic force in t:e oli9o<ol3? Ja<ata Offs:ore soon :ad !ritis: insurance1 !ritis:
contracts1 !ritis: in>estors1 a !ritis: director1 and drillin9 sites in !ritis: Co88on=ealt:
oil fields in 8an3 <arts of t:e =orld? T:is s:ould co8e as no sur<rise" after all1 %rescott
!us:7s <artner1 A>erell Harri8an1 :ad been ran;lin ,?
Roose>elt7s s<ecial en>o3 to C:urc:ill durin9 t:e first 3ears of *orld *ar II1 and A>erell
later 8arried t:e di>orced for8er =ife of C:urc:ill7s son Randol<:?
Alt:ou9: Ja<ata Offs:ore =as a co8<an3 of 8odest di8ensions1 !us: ne>ert:eless
created a net=or; of subsidiaries =:ic: =as sus<iciousl3 co8<leE? T:is to<ic is difficult to
researc: because of t:e >er3 con>enient disa<<earance of t:e Ja<ata Offs:ore filin9s =it:
t:e Securities and EEc:an9e Co88ission in *as:in9ton for t:e 3ear 12-5-12-- =:ic:
=ere Finad>ertentl3F destro3ed b3 a federal =are:ouse? T:is is t:e ;ind of con>enient
ta8<erin9 =it: official records fro8 =:ic: !us: :as benefitted a9ain and a9ain o>er :is
career1 fro8 t:e co8bat re<ort on t:e San &acinto in 12)) to t:e disa<<earance of t:e
Has:e8i-%ottin9er ta<es and t:e s:reddin9 of Iran-contra docu8ents 8ore recentl3?
So8e illu8ination is <ro>ided b3 a s:ort <rofile of t:e Ja<ata Offs:ore cor<orate
substructure researc:ed b3 a Mr? Allan Mandel and sub8itted to TeEas Senator Ral<:
(arborou9: on October 1'1 12-)1 in t:e 8idst of !us:7s atte8<t to unseat t:e senator? Gfn
$'H T:is re<ort =as based on FStandard and %oors1 oil industr3 <ublications1 GandH <ersonal
inter>ie=s =it: Interior ,e<art8ent officials?F
At t:is ti8e1 Mr? Mandel found1 Ja<ata Offs:ore o=ned +5R of Seacat-Ja<ata Offs:ore
Co8<na31 =:ic: o<erated t:e drillin9 ri9 NOLA III in t:e %ersian Gulf? In addition1
Mandel identified t:e follo=in9 Ja<ata Offs:ore subsidiaries"
A? Ja<ata de MeEico
!? Ja<ata International Cor<oration
C? Ja<ata Linin9 Cor<oration
,? Ja>ala Oil Co8<an3
E? Ja<ata O>erseas Cor<oration
? Ja<ata o=ns )1 <ercent of A8ata Gas Cor<oration?
Ja<ata Linin9 =as t:e <i<e linin9 concernC it =as di>ested in 12-)? O=ners:i< of A8ata
Gas =as s:ared =it: t:e A8erican Researc: and ,e>elo<8ent Cor<oration of !oston? T:e
Ja<ata Annual Re<ort for 12-) is stran9el3 silent about t:e ot:er co8<anies1 =it: t:e
eEce<tion of Seacat Ja<ata?
Geor9e !us: :as al=a3s lo>ed secrec31 and t:is a<<ears to :a>e eEtended to t:e business
acti>ities -- or alle9ed business acti>ities -- of Ja<ata Offs:ore? A s8all =indo= on a =:ole
ran9e of secret and se8isecret acti>ities and transactions durin9 t:ese 3ears is <ro>ided b3
recentl3 <ublis:ed infor8ation about !us:7s s:ad3 business relations =it: &or9e ,iaA
Serrano of MeEico1 t:e for8er :ead 012.--12/14 of t:e MeEican national oil co8<an3
%e8eE1 =:o =as con>icted and Bailed for defraudin9 t:e MeEican 9o>ern8ent of I+/
8illion? ,urin9 12-51 !us: and ,iaA Serrano secretl3 =or;ed to9et:er to set u< a MeEican
drillin9 co8<an3 called %erforaciones Marinas del Golfo1 or %er8ar9o? At t:at ti8e ,iaA
Serrano :ad been =or;in9 as a sales8an for ,resser Industries1 !us:7s old fir8? ,iaA
Serrano ca8e into contact =it: an A8erican oil8an =:o =anted to drill in MeEicoC a ne=
MeEican la= sti<ulated t:at drillin9 contracts could be a=arded onl3 to MeEican nationals?
T:e A8erican oil8an =as Ed=in %aule3 of %an A8erican %etroleu8 Cor<? *:en ,iaA
Serrano =anted to bu3 drillin9 e@ui<8ent fro8 ,resser Industries1 ,resser de8anded t:at
,iaA ta;e on !us: as a co-o=ner in t:e >enture? !us:7s s<o;es8an %eter Hart conceded in
12// t:at !us: and Ja<ata :ad been <artners =it: ,iaA Serrano1 but alle9ed t:at t:e
<artners:i< :ad lasted for onl3 se>en 8ont:s?
,iaA Serrano is >er3 o<en about bein9 a <ersonal friend of !us:? FOne re8e8bers a 8an
t:at one li;es and a<<reciates1F sa3s ,iaA1 =:o =anted to beco8e t:e <resident of MeEico
before :e =as sentenced to fi>e 3ears in Bail for a<<ro<riatin9 9o>ern8ent 8oniesC t:e
business dealin9s s<a=ned Fa friends:i< of =:ic: I a8 8ost <roud?F In 12/$1 ,iaA Serrano
=as 8ade MeEican A8bassador to Mosco=1 and :e sto<<ed off to tal; =it: !us: in t:e
*:ite House on :is =a3 to :is ne= assi9n8ent?
!us: reci<rocates t:e friends:i<" FI :a>e :i9: re9ard for &or9e1F !us: told %eo<le
Ma9aAine in 12/1C FI consider :i8 a friend?F
One of &or9e ,iaA Serrano7s associates in t:e drillin9 deal =as :is lon9-ti8e <artner1 &or9e
Escalante1 =:o :as also re8ained in contact =it: !us: o>er t:e inter>enin9 3ears1 a fact
t:at !us:7s office also confir8s?
!us: =as clearl3 dis:onest in t:at t:e annual re<orts of Ja<ata Offs:ore do not 8ention
t:is deal =it: %er8ar9o1 =:ic: created a co8<an3 t:at =as in direct co8<etition =it:
Ja<ata Offs:ore itself1 8uc: to t:e detri8ent of t:at Fs:are:older >alueF =:ic: !us:
<rofessed to :old sacred =:ene>er :is cli@ue of cronies =as on t:e trac; of a ne= le>era9ed
bu3out? !us: 8a3 also :a>e ille9all3 concealed :is dealin9s fro8 t:e 9o>ern8ent? T:e
Ja<ata Offs:ore filin9s =it: t:e SEC bet=een 12++ and 12+2 are cr3<tic1 and t:e SEC files
on Ja<ata Offs:ore bet=een 12-5 and 12--1 =:en !us: :ad eEclusi>e control of t:e
co8<an31 =ere destro3ed b3 t:e SEC eit:er in 12/11 =:en !us: :ad Bust beco8e >ice
<resident1 or so8e=:at later1 in October1 12/'1 accordin9 to >arious SEC officials? %er:a<s
t:ese files =ere re8o>ed not Bust to <rotect !us:1 but also to <rotect Ja<ata Offs:ore as a
front o<eration for t:e US intelli9ence co88unit3? T:e 12-) Ja<ata offs:ore Annual re<ort
does note t:at t:e drillin9 bar9e NOLA I =as sold Fto a subsidiar3 of a MeEican drillin9
co8<an3F because it :ad beco8e Fa 8ar9inal o<erationF in t:at it could onl3 be used in t:e
su88er because of a lac; of sea=ort:iness in bad =eat:er1 but e>en t:is annual re<ort does
not na8e %er8ar9o1 =:ic: a<<ears to be t:e MeEican co8<an3 t:at bou9:t NOLA I? Gfn
$)H
,iaA recalls t:at !us: =as a :i9:l3 <olitical business8an bac; in 12-5" FIn t:ose da3s1 I
re8e8ber >er3 clearl31 :e =as a >er3 3oun9 c:a< and =:en =e =ere tal;in9 business =it:
:i8 at :is office :e s<ent 8ore ti8e on t:e tele<:one tal;in9 about <olitics t:an <a3in9
attention to t:e drillin9 affairs? He =as a born <olitician?F
!us:7s business dealin9s :ad brou9:t :i8 into direct contact =it: a nu8ber of t:e cor<orate
raiders =:o =ould later act out t:e <aroE3s8 of s<eculation1 lootin91 and usur3 t:at =ould
8ar; t:e Rea9an-!us: 3ears? T:e %er8ian basin of t:e 12)57s and 12+57s :ad attracted
suc: fi9ures as t:e Liedt;e brot:ers1 t:eir friend !laine #err1 and T? !oone %ic;ens1 all
leadin9 <ractitioners of t:e le>era9ed bu3outs1 :ostile ta;eo>ers1 9reen8ail1 8er9ers and
ac@uisitions of t:e 12/57s? Geor9e !us: =as in touc: =it: t:e81 and =it: t:e #ra>is fa8il3
of Tulsa? Nic; !rad3 of ,illon1 Reed =as an old friend of t:e fa8il3 =:o =ould also Boin in
t:e or93 of t:e ei9:ties? ran; LorenAo =ould also co8e into t:e <icture a little later on?
!us:7s 8ain business success =as in asse8blin9 t:is le9ion of 9reed as a base of <olitical
su<<ort for later on?
Ot:er=ise !us: =as a business8an of >er3 8ediocre success1 ;e<t afloat b3 constant
ca<ital infusions fro8 :is dotin9 Uncle Herbie?
NOTES"
1? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'?
$? See Sara: !artlett1 T:e Mone3 Mac:ine" Ho= ##R Manufactured %o=er and %rofits 0Ne= (or;1 122141
<<? 2-1$?
'? ,ar=in %a3ne1 Initiati>e in Ener93" ,resser Industries1 Inc?1 1//5-12./ 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1
12.241 <? $'$ ff?
)? !artlett1 T:e Mone3 Mac:ine1 <? $-/?
+? ,ar=in %a3ne1 Initiati>e in Ener931 <? $'$-$''?
-? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'?
.? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'?
/? F!us: !attle t:e 7*i8< actor71 Ne=s=ee;1 October 121 12/.?
2? See Ric:ard !en #ra8er1 FHo= He Got Here1F Es@uire1 &une 1221?
15? See T:o8as %etAin9er1 &r?1 Oil and Honor" T:e TeEaco-%ennAoil *ars 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 <? '. ff?
11? %etAin9er1 <? 2'?
1$? %etAin9er1 <? )5?
1'? See Ja<ata %etroleu8 annual re<orts1 Librar3 of Con9ress Microfor8 Readin9 Roo8?
1)? %etAin9er1 <? )1?
1+? See Ja<ata %etroleu8 Cor<oration annual re<ort for 12+-1 Microfor8 Readin9 Roo81 Librar3 of
Con9ress?
1-? Harr3 Hurt III1 <? 12)?
1.? FJa<ata %etroleu8 Cor<?1F ortune1 A<ril1 12+/?
1/? *alter %incus and !ob *ood=ard1 F,oin9 *ell *it: Hel< ro8 a8il31 riends1F *as:in9ton %ost1
Au9ust 111 12//?
12? %etAin9er1 <? -'?
$5? FLo>e Her And Lea>e Her1F orbes1 Se<te8ber 1+1 12.)1 <<? +)-+?
$1? See %etAin9er1 <<? -)--.?
$$? Ja<ata Offs:ore Annual Re<ort 12-)1 Microfor8 Readin9 Roo81 Librar3 of Con9ress?
$'? See !us: folder1 (arborou9: %a<ers1 Eu9ene C? !ar;er TeEas Histor3 Center1 Uni>ersit3 of TeEas1
Austin?
$)? See &onat:an #=itn31 FT:e MeEican Connection of Geor9e !us:1F !arron7s1 Se<te8ber 121 12//?
CHA%TER 6III-b - THE !A( O %IGS AN, THE
#ENNE,( ASSASSINATION
F???&MO*A6E ???<roliferated across GloridaH in <re<aration for t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion? A
subculture of fronts1 <ro<rietaries1 su<<liers1 transfer a9ents1 conduits1 du883 cor<orations1
blind dro<s1 detecti>e a9encies1 la= fir8s1 electronic fir8s1 s:o<<in9 centers1 airlines1 radio
stations1 t:e 8ob and t:e c:urc: and t:e ban;s" a false and secret ner>ous s3ste8 t=itc:in9
to sti8uli su<<lied b3 t:e corteE in Clandestine Ser>ices in Lan9le3? After defeat on t:e
beac: in Cuba1 &MO*A6E beca8e a continuin9 and eEtended Mia8i Station1 CIA7s lar9est
in t:e continental United States? A lar9e si9n in front of t:e G???H buildin9 co8<leE reads" US
GO6ERNMENT REGULATIONS %ROHI!IT ,ISCUSSION O THIS
ORGANIJATION OR ACILIT(?
,onald reed1 ,eat: in *as:in9ton 0*est<ort1 Connecticut1 12/541 <?
1)1?
T:e re>ie= offered so far of Geor9e !us:7s acti>ities durin9 t:e late 12+57s and earl3 12-57s
is al8ost certainl3 inco8<lete in >er3 i8<ortant res<ects? T:ere is 9ood reason to belie>e
t:at !us: =as en9a9ed in so8et:in9 8ore t:an Bust t:e oil business durin9 t:ose 3ears?
Startin9 about t:e ti8e of t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion in t:e s<rin9 of 12-11 =e :a>e t:e first
:ints t:at !us:1 in addition to =or;in9 for Ja<ata Offs:ore1 8a3 also :a>e been a
<artici<ant in certain co>ert o<erations of t:e US intelli9ence co88unit3?
Suc: <artici<ation =ould certainl3 be co:erent =it: Geor9e7s role in t:e %rescott !us:1
S;ull and !ones1 and !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an net=or;s? ,urin9 t:e t=entiet: centur31
t:e S;ull and !onesOHarri8an circles :a>e al=a3s 8aintained a siAable and often decisi>e
<resence inside t:e intelli9ence or9aniAations of t:e State ,e<art8ent1 t:e Treasur3
,e<art8ent1 t:e Office of Na>al Intelli9ence1 t:e Office of Strate9ic Ser>ices1 and t:e
Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? Indeed1 t:e Harri8an and related An9lo<:ile financier factions
of *all Street :a>e 9enerall3 re9arded t:ose <arts of t:e state a<<aratus dealin9 =it:
intelli9ence and co>ert o<erations as t:eir o=n >er3 s<ecial <ro<ert31 <ro<ert3 =:ic: :ad to
be ;e<t seeded =it: control net=or;s in order to be effecti>el3 steered fro8 abo>e? or
Geor9e !us: to interface =it: t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 =:ile ostensibl3 en9a9ed in :is
business career =ould be co:erent =it: t:at =ell-establis:ed <attern?
A bod3 of leads :as been asse8bled =:ic: su99ests t:at Geor9e !us: 8a3 :a>e been
associated =it: t:e CIA at so8e ti8e before t:e autu8n of 12-'? Accordin9 to &ose<:
Mc!ride of T:e Nation1 Fa source =it: close connections to t:e intelli9ence co88unit3
confir8s t:at !us: started =or;in9 for t:e a9enc3 in 12-5 or 12-11 usin9 :is oil business as
a co>er for clandestine acti>ities?F 1 !3 t:e ti8e of t:e #enned3 assassination1 =e :a>e an
official !I docu8ent =:ic: refers to FMr? Geor9e !us: of t:e Central Intelli9ence
A9enc31F and des<ite official disclai8ers t:ere is e>er3 reason to t:in; t:at t:is is indeed
t:e 8an in t:e *:ite House toda3? T:e 83ster3 of Geor9e !us: as a <ossible co>ert
o<erator :in9es on four <oints1 eac: one of =:ic: re<resents one of t:e 9reat <olitical and
es<iona9e scandals of <ost=ar A8erican :istor3? T:ese four cardinal <oints are"
1? T:e aborti>e !a3 of %i9s in>asion of Cuba1 launc:ed on A<ril 1--1.1 12-11 <re<ared
=it: t:e assistance of t:e CIA7s FMia8i StationF 0also ;no=n under t:e code na8e
&MO*A6E4? After t:e failure of t:e a8<:ibious landin9s of !ri9ade $+5-1 Mia8i station1
under t:e leaders:i< of T:eodore S:ac;le31 beca8e t:e focus for O<eration Mon9oose1 a
series of co>ert o<erations directed a9ainst Castro1 Cuba1 and <ossibl3 ot:er tar9ets?
$? T:e assassination of %resident &o:n ? #enned3 in ,allas on No>e8ber $$1 12-'1 and t:e
co>eru< of t:ose res<onsible for t:is cri8e?
'? T:e *ater9ate scandal1 be9innin9 =it: an A<ril1 12.1 >isit to Mia8i1 lorida b3 E?
Ho=ard Hunt on t:e tent: anni>ersar3 of t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion to recruit o<erati>es for
t:e *:ite House S<ecial In>esti9ations Unit 0t:e F%lu8bersF and later *ater9ate bur9lars4
fro8 a8on9 Cuban- A8erican !a3 of %i9s >eterans?
)? T:e Iran-contra affair1 =:ic: beca8e a <ublic scandal durin9 October- No>e8ber 12/-1
se>eral of =:ose central fi9ures1 suc: as eliE Rodri9ueA1 =ere also >eterans of t:e !a3 of
%i9s?
Geor9e !us:7s role in bot: *ater9ate and t:e October sur<riseOIran-contra co8<leE =ill be
treated in detail at later <oints in t:is boo;? Ri9:t no= it is i8<ortant to see t:at t:irt3 3ears
of co>ert o<erations1 in 8an3 res<ects1 for8 a sin9le continuous =:ole? T:is is es<eciall3
true in re9ard to t:e dra8atis <ersonae? Geor9ie Anne Ge3er <oints to t:e ob>ious in a
recent boo;" F???an entire ne= Cuban cadre no= e8er9ed fro8 t:e !a3 of %i9s? T:e na8es
Ho=ard Hunt1 !ernard !ar;er1 Rolando MartineA1 eliE Rodri9ueA and Eu9enio MartineA
=ould1 in t:e neEt @uarter centur31 <o< u<1 often decisi>el31 o>er and o>er a9ain in t:e 8ost
dan9erous A8erican forei9n <olic3 crises? T:ere =ere Cubans fl3in9 8issions for t:e CIA
in t:e Con9o and e>en for t:e %ortu9uese in AfricaC Cubans =ere t:e bur9lars of *ater9ateC
Cubans <la3ed ;e3 roles in Nicara9ua1 in Iran9ate1 in t:e A8erican 8o>e into t:e %ersian
Gulf?F $ eliE Rodri9ueA tells us t:at :e =as infiltrated into Cuba =it: t:e ot:er 8e8bers
of t:e FGre3 Tea8F in conBunction =it: t:e !a3 of %i9s landin9sC t:is is t:e sa8e 8an =e
=ill find directin9 t:e contra su<<l3 effort in central A8erican durin9 t:e 12/57s1 =or;in9
under t:e direct su<er>ision of ,on Gre99 and Geor9e !us:? ' T:eodore S:ac;le31 t:e
&MO*A6E station c:ief1 =ill later s:o= u< in !us:7s 12.2-/5 <residential ca8<ai9n?
To a >er3 lar9e de9ree1 suc: co>ert o<erations 0and t:e 9reat <olitical scandals attendant
u<on t:e84 :a>e dra=n u<on t:e sa8e <ool of <ersonnel? T:e3 are a si9nificant eEtent t:e
:andi=or; of t:e sa8e cro=d? It is t:erefore re>ealin9 to eEtra<olate for=ard and bac;=ard
in ti8e t:e indi>iduals and 9rou<s of indi>iduals =:o a<<ear as t:e cast of c:aracters in one
scandal and co8<are t:e8 =it: t:e cast of c:aracters for t:e ot:er scandals1 includin9 t:e
secondar3 ones t:at :a>e not been enu8erated :ere? Ho=ard Hunt1 for eEa8<le1 s:o=s u<
as a confir8ed <art of t:e o>ert:ro= of t:e Guate8alan 9o>ern8ent of &aco<o ArbenA in
12+)1 as an i8<ortant <art of t:e c:ain of co88and in t:e !a3 of %i9s1 as a <erson
re<eatedl3 accused of :a>in9 been in ,allas on t:e da3 #enned3 =as s:ot1 and as one of
t:e central fi9ures of *ater9ate? 0One =onders =:at secrets1 after all1 =ere contained in
Ho=ard Hunt7s safe1 t:e contents of =:ic: =ere so con>entientl3 Fdee< siEedF b3 !I
,irector %atric; Gra3?4
Geor9e !us: is de8onstrabl3 one of t:e 8ost i8<ortant <rota9onists of t:e *ater9ate
scandal1 and =as t:e o>erall director of Iran-contra? Since :e a<<ears es<eciall3 in Iran-
contra in close <roEi8it3 to !a3 of %i9s :oldo>ers1 it is surel3 le9iti8ate to =onder =:en
:is association =it: t:ose !a3 of %i9s Cubans 8i9:t :a>e started?
12+2 =as t:e 3ear t:at !us: started o<eratin9 out of :is Ja<ata Offs:ore :ead@uarters in
HoustonC it =as also t:e 3ear t:at idel Castro seiAed <o=er in Cuba? Officiall31 as =e :a>e
seen1 Geor9e =as no= a business8an =:ose =or; too; :i8 at ti8es to Louisiana1 =:ere
Ja<ata :ad offs:ore drillin9 o<erations? Geor9e 8ust :a>e been a fre@uent >isitor to Ne=
Orleans? !ecause of :is fa8il37s estate on &u<iter Island1 :e =ould also :a>e been a
fre@uent >isitor to t:e Hobe Sound area? And t:en1 t:ere =ere Ja<ata Offs:ore drillin9
o<erations in t:e lorida Strait? On all of t:ese acti>ities1 t:e official Fred Studeba;erF
bio9ra<:ical 8aterial and t:e Ja<ata Offs:ore annual re<orts are eEtre8el3 cr3<tic?
T:e &u<iter Island connection and fat:er %rescott7s !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and
!ones net=or;s are doubtless t:e ;e3? &u<iter Island 8eant A>erell Harri8an1 Robert
Lo>ett1 C? ,ou9las ,illon and ot:er An9lo<:ile financiers =:o :ad directed t:e US
intelli9ence co88unit3 lon9 before t:ere :ad been a CIA at all? And1 in t:e bac; 3ard of
t:e &u<iter Island Ol38<ians1 and under t:eir direction1 a <o=erful co>ert o<erations base
=as no= bein9 asse8bled1 in =:ic: Geor9e !us: =ould :a>e been <resent at t:e creation
as a 8atter of birt:ri9:t?
,urin9 12+2--51 Allen ,ulles and t:e Eisen:o=er Ad8inistration be9an to asse8ble in
sout: lorida t:e infrastructure for co>ert action a9ainst Cuba? T:is =as t:e &MO*A6E
ca<abilit31 later for8all3 constituted as t:e CIA Mia8i station? &MO*A6E =as an
o<erational center for t:e Eisen:o=er re9i8e7s <roBect of sta9in9 an in>asion of Cuba usin9
a secret ar83 of anti-Castro Cuban eEiles or9aniAed1 ar8ed1 trained1 trans<orted1 and
directed b3 t:e CIA? T:e Cubans1 called !ri9ade $+5-1 =ere trained in secret ca8<s in
Guate8ala1 and t:e3 :ad air su<<ort fro8 !-$- bo8bers based in Nicara9ua? T:is in>asion
=as crus:ed b3 Castro7s defendin9 forces in less t:an t:ree da3s?
!efore 9oin9 alon9 =it: t:e <lan so ea9erl3 touted b3 Allen ,ulles1 #enned3 :ad
establis:ed t:e <re-condition t:at under no circu8stances =:atsoe>er =ould t:ere be direct
inter>ention b3 US 8ilitar3 forces a9ainst Cuba? On t:e one :and1 ,ulles :ad assured
#enned3 t:at t:e ne=s of t:e in>asion =ould tri99er an insurrection =:ic: =ould s=ee<
Castro and :is re9i8e a=a3? On t:e ot:er1 #enned3 :ad to be concerned about <ro>o;in9 a
9lobal t:er8onuclear confrontation =it: t:e USSR1 in t:e e>entualit3 t:at N?S? #:rus:c:e>
decided to res<ond to a US Cuban 9a8bit b31 for eEa8<le1 cuttin9 off US access to !erlin?
Hints of t:e co>ert <resence of Geor9e !us: are scattered :ere and t:ere around t:e !a3 of
%i9s in>asion? Accordin9 to so8e accounts1 t:e code na8e for t:e !a3 of %i9s =as
O<eration %luto? ) !ut !a3 of %i9s >eteran Ho=ard Hunt scornfull3 denies t:at t:is =as t:e
code na8e used b3 &MO*A6E <ersonnelC Hunt =rites" FSo <er:a<s t:e %enta9on referred to
t:e !ri9ade in>asion as %LUTO? CIA did not?F + !ut Hunt does not tell us =:at t:e CIA
code na8e =as1 and t:e contents of Hunt7s *ater9ate era *:ite House safe1 =:ic: 8i9:t
:a>e told us t:e ans=er1 =ere of course Fdee<-siEedF b3 !I ,irector %atric; Gra3? One
code na8e fre@uentl3 used b3 CIA Mia8i Station <ersonnel a<<ears to :a>e been F,on
Eduardo1F rou9:l3 t:e S<anis: e@ui>alent of FMr? Ed=ardF or <er:a<s FMr? Ed?F -
Accordin9 to reliable sources and <ublis:ed accounts1 t:e CIA code na8e for t:e !a3 of
%i9s in>asion =as O<eration Ja<ata1 and t:e <lan =as so referred to b3 Ric:ard !issell of
t:e CIA1 one of t:e <lan7s <ro8oters1 in a briefin9 to %resident #enned3 in t:e Cabinet
Roo8 on Marc: $21 12-1? . ,oes O<eration Ja<ata :a>e an3t:in9 to do =it: Ja<ata
Offs:oreD T:e run-of-t:e-8ill !us:8an 8i9:t res<ond t:at E8iliano Ja<ata1 after all1 :ad
been a <ublic fi9ure in :is o=n ri9:t1 and t:e subBect of a recent Holl3=ood 8o>ies starrin9
Marlon !rando? As &? Hu9: Liedt;e :ad obser>ed1 :e =as t:e classic fi9ure for t:e
re>olutionar3-cu8- bandit? A 8ore ;no=led9eable !us:8an 8i9:t ar9ue t:at t:e 8ain
landin9 beac:1 t:e %la3a Giron1 is located sout: of t:e cit3 of Cienfue9os on t:e Ja<ata
%eninula1 on t:e sout: coast of Cuba?
T:en t:ere is t:e @uestion of t:e !ri9ade $+5- landin9 fleet1 =:ic: =as co8<osed of fi>e
older frei9:ters bou9:t or c:artered fro8 t:e Garcia Stea8s:i< Lines1 bearin9 t:e na8es of
Houston1 Rio Esondido1 Caribe1 Atlantic1 and La;e C:arles? In addition to t:ese >essels1
=:ic: =ere outfitted as trans<ort s:i<s1 t:ere =ere t=o so8e=:at better ar8ed fire su<<ort
s:i<s1 t:e !la9ar and t:e !arbara? 0In so8e sources !arbara &?4 / T:e !arbara =as
ori9inall3 an LCI 0Landin9 Craft Infantr34 of earlier >inta9e? Our attention is attracted at
once to t:e !arbara and t:e Houston1 in t:e first case because =e :a>e seen Geor9e !us:7s
:abit of na8in9 :is co8bat aircraft after :is =ife1 and1 in t:e second case1 because !us:
=as at t:is ti8e a resident1 booster1 and Re<ublican acti>ist of Houston1 TeEas? !ut of
course1 t:e a<<earance of na8es li;e FJa<ata1F !arbara1 and Houston can b3 itself onl3
arouse sus<icion1 and <ro>es not:in9?
After t:e i9no8inious defeat of t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion1 t:ere =as 9reat ani8osit3 a9ainst
#enned3 a8on9 t:e sur>i>ors of !ri9ade $+5-1 so8e of =:o8 e>entuall3 8ade t:eir =a3
bac; to Mia8i after bein9 released fro8 Castro7s <risoner of =ar ca8<s? T:ere =as also
9reat ani8osit3 a9ainst #enned3 on t:e <art of t:e &MO*A6E <ersonnel?
,urin9 t:e earl3 12+57s1 E? Ho=ard Hunt :ad been t:e CIA station c:ief in MeEico Cit3? As
,a>id Atlee %:illi<s 0anot:er e8bittered &MO*A6E >eteran4 tells us in :is autobio9ra<:ical
account1 T:e Ni9:t *atc:1 Ho=ard Hunt :ad been t:e i88ediate su<erior of a 3oun9 CIA
recruit na8ed *illia8 ? !uc;le31 t:e (ale 9raduate and S;ull and !ones 8e8ber =:o
later founded t:e National Re>ie=? In :is autobio9ra<:ical account =ritten durin9 t:e da3s
of t:e *ater9ate scandal1 Hunt includes t:e follo=in9 tirade about t:e !a3 of %i9s"
No e>ent since t:e co88uniAation of C:ina in 12)2 :as :ad suc: a <rofound effect on t:e
United States and its allies as t:e defeat of t:e US- trained Cuban in>asion bri9ade at t:e
!a3 of %i9s in A<ril 12-1?
Out of t:at :u8iliation 9re= t:e !erlin *all1 t:e 8issile crisis1 9uerrilla =arfare t:rou9:out
Latin A8erican and Africa1 and our ,o8inican Re<ublic inter>ention? Castros7 beac::ead
triu8<: o<ened a botto8less %andora7s boE of difficulties t:at affected not onl3 t:e United
States1 but 8ost of its allies in t:e ree *orld? T:ese blood3 and sub>ersi>e e>ents =ould
not :a>e ta;en <lace :ad Castro been to<<led? Instead of standin9 fir81 our 9o>ern8ent
<3ra8ided cruciall3 =ron9 decisions and allo=ed !ri9ade $+5- to be destro3ed? T:e
#enned3 ad8inistration 3ielded Castro all t:e eEcuse :e needed to 9ain a ti9:ter 9ri< on t:e
island of &ose Marti1 t:en 8o>ed s:a8efacedl3 into t:e s:ado=s and :o<ed t:e Cuban issue
=ould si8<l3 8elt a=a3?2
Hunt =as t3<ical of t:e o<inion t:at t:e debacle :ad been #enned37s fault1 and not t:e
res<onsibilit3 of 8en li;e Allen ,ulles and Ric:ard !issell1 =:o :ad desi9ned it and
reco88ended it? After t:e e8barrassin9 failure of t:e in>asion1 =:ic: ne>er e>o;ed t:e
:o<ed-for s<ontaneous anti-Castro insurrection1 #enned3 fired Allen ,ulles1 :is
Harri8anite de<ut3 !issell1 and CIA de<ut3 ,irector C:arles Cabell 0=:ose brot:er =as
t:e 8a3or of ,allas at t:e ti8e #enned3 =as s:ot4?
,urin9 t:e da3s after t:e !a3 of %i9s debacle1 #enned3 =as dee<l3 sus<icious of t:e
intelli9ence co88unit3 and of <ro<osals for 8ilitar3 escalation in 9eneral1 includin9 in
<laces li;e Sout: 6ietna8? #enned3 sou9:t to <rocure an outside1 eE<ert o<inion on
8ilitar3 8atters? or t:is :e turned to t:e for8er co88ander in c:ief of t:e Sout:=est
%acific T:eatre durin9 *orld *ar II1 General ,ou9las MacArt:ur? Al8ost ten 3ears a9o1 a
reliable source s:ared =it: one of t:e aut:ors an account of a 8eetin9 bet=een #enned3
and MacArt:ur in =:ic: t:e >eteran 9eneral =arned t:e 3oun9 <resident t:at t:ere =ere
ele8ents inside t:e US 9o>ern8ent =:o e8<:aticall3 did not s:are :is <atriotic 8oti>es1
and =:o =ere see;in9 to destro3 :is ad8inistration fro8 =it:in? MacArt:ur7s =arned t:at
t:e forces bent on destro3in9 #enned3 =ere centered in t:e *all Street financial
co88unit3 and its >arious tentacles in t:e intelli9ence co88unit3?
It is a 8atter of <ublic record t:at #enned3 8et =it: MacArt:ur in t:e latter <art of A<ril1
12-11 after t:e !a3 of %i9s? Accordin9 to #enned3 aide T:eodore Sorenson1 MacArt:ur
told #enned31 FT:e c:ic;ens are co8in9 :o8e to roost1 and 3ou :a<<en to :a>e Bust 8o>ed
into t:e c:ic;en :ouse?F 15 At t:e sa8e 8eetin91 accordin9 to Sorenson1 MacArt:ur
F=arned G#enned3H a9ainst t:e co88itt8ent of A8erican foot soldiers on t:e Asian
8ainland1 and t:e %resident ne>er for9ot t:is ad>ice?F 11 T:is <oint is 9rud9in9l3
confir8ed b3 Art:ur M? Sc:lesin9er1 a #enned3 aide =:o :ad a >ested interest in >ilif3in9
MacArt:ur1 =:o =rote t:at FMacArt:ur eE<ressed :is old >ie= t:at an3one =antin9 to
co88it A8erican 9round forces to t:e 8ainland Gof AsiaH s:ould :a>e :is :ead eEa8ined?F
1$ MacArt:ur restated t:is ad>ice durin9 a second 8eetin9 =it: #enned3 =:en t:e
General returned fro8 :is last tri< to t:e ar East in &ul31 12-1?
#enned3 >alued MacArt:ur7s <rofessional 8ilitar3 o<inion :i9:l31 and used it to ;ee< at
ar8s len9t: t:ose ad>isers =:o =ere ar9uin9 for escalation in Laos1 6ietna81 and
else=:ere? He re<eatedl3 in>ited t:ose =:o <ro<osed to send land forces to Asia to
con>ince MacArt:ur t:at t:is =ould as 9ood idea? If t:e3 could con>ince MacArt:ur1 t:en
:e1 #enned31 8i9:t also 9o alon9? At t:is ti8e1 t:e 9rou< <ro<osin9 escalation in 6ietna8
0as =ell as <re<arin9 t:e assassination of %resident ,ie84 :ad a :ea>3 !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8anOS;ull and !ones o>ertone" t:e :a=;s of 12-1--' =ere Harri8an1 McGeor9e
!und31 *illia8 !und31 Henr3 Cabot Lod9e1 and so8e ;e3 London oli9arc:s and
t:eoreticians of counterinsur9enc3 =ars? And of course1 Geor9e !us: durin9 t:ese 3ears
=as callin9 for escalation in 6ietna8 and c:allen9in9 #enned3 to F8uster t:e coura9eF to
tr3 a second in>asion of Cuba? In t:e 8eanti8e1 t:e &MO*A6E- Mia8i station co8<leE
=as 9ro=in9 ra<idl3 to beco8e t:e lar9est of Lan9le37s 8an3 satellites? Its center =as at t:e
for8er Ric:8ond Na>al Air Station sout: of Mia8i1 =:ic: :ad been a base for
antisub8arine bli8<s durin9 *orld *ar II? ,urin9 t:e 3ears after t:e failure of t:e !a3 of
%i9s1 t:is co8<leE :ad as 8an3 as '1555 Cuban a9ents and suba9ents1 =it: a s8all ar83 of
case officers to direct and loo; after eac: one? Accordin9 to one account1 t:ere =ere at least
++ du883 cor<orations to <ro>ide e8<lo38ent1 co>er1 and co88ercial dis9uise for all
t:ese o<erati>es? T:ere =ere detecti>e bureaus1 9un stores1 real estate bro;era9es1 boat
re<air s:o<s1 and <art3 boats for fis:in9 and ot:er entertain8ents? T:ere =as t:e
clandestine Radio S=an1 later rena8ed Radio A8ericas? T:ere =ere fleets of s<eciall3
8odified boats based at Ho8estead Marina1 and at ot:er 8arinas t:rou9:out t:e lorida
#e3s? A9ents =ere assi9ned to t:e Uni>ersit3 of Mia8i and ot:er educational institutions?
T:e raison d7Ttre of t:e 8assi>e ca<abilit3 co88anded b3 T:eodore S:ac;le3 =as no=
O<eration Mon9oose1 a <ro9ra8 for sabota9e raids and assassinations to be conducted on
Cuban territor31 =it: a s<ecial effort to eli8inate idel Castro <ersonall3? In order to run
t:ese o<erations fro8 US territor31 fla9rant and eEtensi>e >iolation of federal and state la=s
=as t:e order of t:e da3? ,ocu8ents re9ardin9 t:e incor<oration of businesses =ere
falsified? Inco8e taE returns =ere fa;ed? AA re9ulations =ere >iolated b3 <lanes ta;in9
off for Cuba or for for=ard bases in t:e !a:a8as and else=:ere? EE<losi>es 8o>ed across
:i9:=a3s t:at =ere full of ci>ilian traffic? T:e Munitions Act1 t:e Neutralit3 Act1 t:e
custo8s and i88i9rations la=s =ere routinel3 flaunted? 1' Abo>e all1 t:e dru9 la=s =ere
8assi>el3 >iolated as t:e 9allant anti-co88unist fi9:ters filled t:eir <lanes and boats =it:
ille9al narcotics to be s8u99led bac; into t:e US =:en t:e3 returned fro8 t:eir 8issions?
!3 12-'1 t:e dru9-runnin9 acti>ities of t:e co>ert o<erati>es =ere be9innin9 to attract
attention? &MO*A6E1 in su81 accelerated t:e slide of sout: lorida to=ards t:e status of
dru9 and 8urder ca<ital of t:e United States it ac:ie>ed durin9 t:e 12/57s1 =:en it beca8e
as notorious as C:ica9o durin9 %ro:ibition?
It cannot be t:e tas; of t:is stud3 to e>en be9in to treat t:e reasons for =:ic: certain
leadin9 ele8ents of t:e An9lo-A8erican financial oli9arc:31 <er:a<s actin9 =it: certain
;inds of su<<ort fro8 continental Euro<ean aristocratic and neofascist net=or;s1 ordered
t:e 8urder of &o:n ? #enned3? T:e !ritis: and t:e Harri8anites =anted escalation in
6ietna8C b3 t:e ti8e of :is assassination #enned3 =as co88itted to a <ullout of US
forces? #enned31 as s:o=n b3 :is A8erican Uni>ersit3 s<eec: of 12-'1 =as also interested
in see;in9 a 8ore stable <at: of =ar a>oidance =it: t:e So>iets1 usin9 t:e US 8ilitar3
su<eriorit3 de8onstrated durin9 t:e Cuban 8issile crisis to con>ince Mosco= to acce<t a
<olic3 of =orld <eace t:rou9: econo8ic de>elo<8ent? #enned3 =as interested in t:e
<ossibilities of anti-8issile strate9ic defense to <ut an end to t:at ni9:t8are of 8utuall3
assured destruction =:ic: a<<ealed to Henr3 #issin9er1 a dis9runtled for8er e8<lo3ee of
t:e #enned3 ad8inistration =:o8 t:e <resident :ad denounced as a 8ad8an? #enned3
=as considerin9 8o>es to li8it or <er:a<s abolis: t:e usur<ation of aut:orit3 o>er t:e
national currenc3 b3 t:e *all Street and London interests controllin9 t:e ederal Reser>e
S3ste8? If re-elected to a second ter81 #enned3 =as li;el3 to :a>e re-asserted <residential
control1 as distinct fro8 *all Street control1 o>er t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? T:ere is 9ood
reason to belie>e t:at #enned3 =ould :a>e ousted &? Ed9ar Hoo>er fro8 :is self- a<<ointed
life tenure at t:e !I1 subBectin9 t:at a9enc3 to <residential control for t:e first ti8e in
8an3 3ears? #enned3 =as co88itted to a >i9orous eE<ansion of t:e s<ace <ro9ra81 t:e
cultural i8<act of =:ic: =as be9innin9 to alar8 t:e finance oli9arc:s? Abo>e all1 #enned3
=as actin9 li;e a 8an =:o t:ou9:t :e =as <resident of t:e United States1 >iolatin9 t:e
colle9ialit3 of oli9arc:ical trustees:i< of t:at office t:at :ad been in force
since t:e final da3s of Roose>elt? #enned3 furt:er8ore :ad t=o 3oun9er brot:ers =:o
8i9:t succeed :i81 <uttin9 a stron9 <residenc3 be3ond t:e control of t:e Eastern
An9lo<:ile Liberal Establis:8ent for decades? Geor9e !us: Boined in t:e Harri8anite
o<<osition to #enned3 on all of t:ese <oints?
After #enned3 =as ;illed in ,allas on No>e8ber $$1 12-'1 it =as alle9ed t:at E? Ho=ard
Hunt and ran; Stur9is :ad bot: been <resent1 <ossibl3 to9et:er1 in ,allas on t:e da3 of t:e
s:ootin91 alt:ou9: t:e trut: of t:ese alle9ations :as ne>er been finall3 establis:ed? !ot:
Hunt and Stur9is =ere of course !a3 of %i9s >eterans =:o =ould later a<<ear center sta9e
in *ater9ate? T:ere =ere also alle9ations t:at Hunt and Stur9is =ere a8on9 a 9rou< of siE
to ei9:t derelicts =:o =ere found in boEcars sittin9 on t:e railroad trac;s be:ind t:e 9rass3
;noll near ,eale3 %laAa1 and =:o =ere rounded u< and ta;en in for @uestionin9 b3 t:e
,allas <olice on t:e da3 of t:e assassination? So8e sus<ected t:at Hunt and Stur9is :ad
<artici<ated in t:e assassination? So8e of t:ese alle9ations =ere at t:e center of t:e
celebrated 12/+ defa8ation case of Hunt >? Libert3 Lobb31 in =:ic: a lorida federal Bur3
found a9ainst Hunt? !ut1 since t:e ,allas %olice ,e<art8ent and Count3 S:eriff ne>er
<:oto9ra<:ed or fin9er<rinted t:e FderelictsF in @uestion1 it :as so far <ro>en i8<ossible
definiti>el3 to resol>e t:is @uestion? !ut t:ese alle9ations and t:eories about t:e <ossible
<resence and acti>ities of Hunt and Stur9is in ,allas =ere sufficientl3 =ides<read so as to
co8<el t:e Co88ission on CIA Acti>ities *it:in t:e United States 0t:e Roc;efeller
Co88ission4 to atte8<t to refute t:e8 in its 12.+ re<ort? 1)
Accordin9 to Geor9e !us:7s official bio9ra<:31 :e =as durin9 12-' a =ell-to-do
business8an residin9 in Houston1 t:e bus3 <resident of Ja<ata Offs:ore and t:e c:air8an
of t:e Harris Count3 Re<ublican Or9aniAation1 su<<ortin9 !arr3 Gold=ater as t:e GO%7s
li;el3 12-) <residential candidate1 =:ile at t:e sa8e ti8e acti>el3 <re<arin9 :is o=n 12-)
bid for t:e US Senate? !ut durin9 t:at sa8e <eriod of ti8e1 !us: 8a3 :a>e s:ared so8e
co88on ac@uaintances =it: Lee Har>e3 Os=ald?
!et=een October1 12-$ and A<ril1 12-'1 Lee Har>e3 Os=ald and :is Russian =ife Marina
=ere in fre@uent contact =it: a Russian e8i9rU cou<le li>in9 in ,allas" t:ese =ere Geor9e
de Mo:rensc:ildt and :is =ife &eanne? ,urin9 t:e *arren Co88ission in>esti9ation of t:e
#enned3 assassination1 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as inter>ie=ed at len9t: about :is contacts =it:
Os=ald? *:en1 in t:e s<rin9 of 12..1 t:e discreditin9 of t:e *arren Co88ission re<ort as
a blatant co>eru< :ad 8ade <ublic <ressure for a ne= in>esti9ation of t:e #enned3
assassination irresistible1 t:e House Assassinations Co88ittee <lanned to inter>ie= de
Mo:rensc:ildt once a9ain? !ut in Marc:1 12..1 Bust before de Mo:rensc:ildt =as sc:eduled
to be inter>ie=ed b3 Gaeton onAi of t:e House co88ittee7s staff1 :e =as found dead in
%al8 !eac:1 lorida? His deat: =as @uic;l3 ruled a suicide? One of t:e last <eo<le to see
:i8 ali>e =as Ed=ard &a3 E<stein1 =:o =as also inter>ie=in9 de Mo:rensc:ildt about t:e
#enned3 assassination for an u<co8in9 boo;? E<stein is one of t:e =riters on t:e #enned3
assassination =:o enBo3ed eEcellent relations =it: t:e late &a8es An9leton of t:e CIA? If
de Mo:rensc:ildt =ere ali>e toda31 :e 8i9:t be able to enli9:ten us about :is relations =it:
Geor9e !us:1 and <er:a<s afford us so8e insi9:t into !us:7s acti>ities durin9 t:is e<oc:?
&eanne de Mo:rensc:ildt reBected t:e findin9 of suicide in :er :usband7s deat:? FHe =as
eli8inated before :e 9ot to t:at co88ittee1F t:e =ido= told a Bournalist in 12./1 Fbecause
so8eone did not =ant :i8 to 9et to it?F S:e also 8aintained t:at Geor9e de Mo:rensc:ildt
:ad been surre<titiousl3 inBected =it: 8ind-alterin9 dru9s? 1+ After de Mo:rensc:ildt7s
deat:1 :is <ersonal address boo; =as located1 and it contained t:is entr3" F!us:1 Geor9e
H?*? 0%o<<34 1)1$ *? O:io also Ja<ata %etroleu8 Midland?F T:ere is of course t:e
<roble8 of datin9 t:is reference? Geor9e !us: :ad 8o>ed :is office and :o8e fro8
Midland to Houston in 12+21 =:en Ja<ata Offs:ore =as constituted1 so <er:a<s t:is
reference 9oes bac; to so8e ti8e before 12+2? T:ere is also t:e nu8ber" F)--'++?F T:ere
are1 of course1 nu8erous ot:er entries1 includin9 one *?? !uc;le3 of t:e !uc;le3 brot:ers
of Ne= (or; Cit31 *illia8 S? %ale3 of C!S1 <lus 8an3 oil 8en1 stoc; bro;ers1 and t:e li;e?
1-
Geor9e de Mo:rensc:ildt recounted a nu8ber of different >ersions of :is life1 so it is >er3
difficult to establis: t:e facts about :i8? Accordin9 to one >ersion :e =as t:e Russian
Count Ser9ei de Mo:rensc:ildt1 but =:en :e arri>ed in t:e United States in 12'/ :e carried
a %olis: <ass<ort identif3in9 :i8 as &erA3 Ser9ius >on Mo:rensc:ildt1 born in MoA3r1
Russia in 1211? He 8a3 in fact :a>e been a %olis: officer1 or a corres<ondent for t:e %olis:
Ne=s Ser>ice1 or none of t:ese? He =or;ed for a ti8e for t:e %olis: e8bass3 in
*as:in9ton ,C? So8e sa3 t:at de Mo:rensc:ildt 8et t:e C:air8an of Hu8ble Oil1 !laffer1
and t:at !laffer <rocured :i8 a Bob? Ot:er sources sa3 t:at durin9 t:is ti8e de
Mo:rensc:ildt =as affiliated =it: t:e *ar ,e<art8ent? Accordin9 to so8e accounts1 :e
later =ent to =or; for t:e renc: ,euEiV8e !ureau1 =:ic: =anted to ;no= about
<etroleu8 eE<orts fro8 t:e United States to Euro<e?
,e Mo:rensc:ildt in 12)1 beca8e associated =it: a certain !aron #onstantin >on Ma3dell
in a <ublic affairs >enture called Facts and il8?F Ma3dell =as considered a NaAi a9ent b3
t:e !I1 and in Se<te8ber 12)$ :e =as sent to Nort: ,a;ota for an intern8ent t:at =ould
last four 3ears? ,e Mo:rensc:ildt =as also re<ortedl3 in contact =it: &a<anese net=or;s at
t:is ti8e? In &une1 12)11 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as @uestioned b3 <olice at %ort Art:ur1 TeEas1
on t:e sus<icion of es<iona9e after :e =as found 8a;in9 s;etc:es of <ort facilities? ,urin9
12)1 de Mo:rensc:ildt a<<lied for a <ost in t:e US Office of Strate9ic Ser>ices 0OSS4?
Accordin9 to t:e official account1 :e =as not :ired? Soon after :e 8ade t:e a<<lication1 :e
=ent to MeEico =:ere :e sta3ed until 12))? In t:e latter 3ear :e establis:ed :is na8e as de
Mo:rensc:ildt1 Bettisonin9 t:e Ger8an >ersion of >on Mo:rensc:ildt1 and be9an stud3 for a
8aster7s de9ree in <etroleu8 en9ineerin9 at t:e Uni>ersit3 of TeEas? Accordin9 to so8e
accounts1 durin9 t:is <eriod de Mo:rensc:ildt =as in>esti9ated b3 t:e Office of Na>al
Intelli9ence because of alle9ed co88unist s38<at:ies? After t:e =ar1 de Mo:rensc:ildt
=or;ed as a <etroleu8 en9ineer in Cuba and 6eneAuela1 and in Caracas :e :ad se>eral
8eetin9s =it: t:e So>iet a8bassador? ,urin9 t:e <ost=ar 3ears :e also =or;ed in t:e
Ran9el3 oil field in Colorado? ,urin9 t:e 12+57s1 after :a>in9 8arried *inifred S:ar<less1
t:e dau9:ter of an oil 8illionaire1 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as acti>e as an inde<endent oil
entre<reneur?
In 12+.1 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as a<<ro>ed b3 t:e CIA Office of Securit3 to be :ired as a US
9o>ern8ent 9eolo9ist for a 8ission to (u9osla>ia? U<on :is return :e =as inter>ie=ed b3
one &? *alter Moore of t:e CIA7s ,o8estic Contact Ser>ice1 =it: =:o8 :e re8ained in
contact? ,urin9 12+/1 de Mor:ensc:ildt >isited G:ana1 To9o1 ,a:o8e3C durin9 12+2 :e
>isited Africa a9ain and returned b3 =a3 of %oland? In 12+2 :e 8arried &eanne1 :is fourt:
=ife1 a for8er ballet dancer and dress desi9ner =:o :ad been born in Manc:uria1 =:ere :er
fat:er :ad been one of t:e directors of t:e C:inese Eastern Railroad? ,urin9 t:e su88er of
12-51 Geor9e and &eanne de Mo:rensc:ildt told t:eir friends t:at t:e3 =ere 9oin9 to
e8bar; on a =al;in9 tour of 111555 8iles alon9 Indian trails fro8 MeEico to Central
A8erica? One of t:eir <rinci<al destinations =as Guate8ala Cit31 =:ere t:e3 =ere sta3in9
at t:e ti8e of t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion in A<ril1 12-11 after =:ic: t:e3 8ade t:eir =a3
:o8e b3 =a3 of %ana8a and Haiti? After t=o 8ont:s in Haiti1 t:e Mo:rensc:ildts returned
to ,allas1 =:ere t:e3 ca8e into contact =it: Lee Har>e3 Os=ald1 =:o :ad co8e bac; to
t:e United States fro8 :is soBourn in t:e So>iet Union in &une1 12-$? !3 t:is ti8e de
Mo:rensc:ildt =as also fre@uentin9 Ad8iral Henr3 C? !ruton and :is =ife1 to =:o8 :e
introduced t:e Os=alds? Ad8iral !ruton =as t:e for8er director of na>al co88unications1
and :ad su<erintended a co8<re:ensi>e 8oderniAation and reor9aniAation of t:e na>37s
8eans of ;ee<in9 in touc: =it: s:i<s1 <lanes1 8issiles1 sub8arines1 and t:e li;e?
It is establis:ed t:at bet=een October1 12-$ and late A<ril1 12-'1 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as a
>er3 i8<ortant fi9ure in t:e life of Os=ald and :is Russian =ife? ,es<ite Os=ald7s lac; of
social 9races1 de Mo:rensc:ildt introduced :i8 into ,allas societ31 too; :i8 to <arties1
assisted :i8 in findin9 e8<lo38ent1 and 8uc: 8ore? It =as t:rou9: de Mo:rensc:ildt t:at
Os=ald 8et a certain 6ol;8ar Sc:8idt1 a 3oun9 Ger8an 9eolo9ist =:o :ad studied =it:
%rofessor *il:el8 #uete8e3er1 an eE<ert in <s3c:oso8atic 8edicine and reli9ious
<:iloso<:3 at t:e Uni>ersit3 of Heidelber91 =:o co8<iled a detailed <s3c:olo9ical <rofile
of Os=ald? &eanne and Geor9e :el<ed Marina 8o>e :er belon9in9s durin9 one of :er 8an3
estran9e8ents fro8 Os=ald? Accordin9 to so8e accounts1 de Mo:rensc:ildt7s influence on
Os=ald =as so 9reat durin9 t:is <eriod t:at :e could >irtuall3 dictate i8<ortant decisions to
t:e 3oun9 eE-8arine si8<l3 b3 8a;in9 su99estions? Os=ald =as in a=e of de
Mo:rensc:ildt1 accordin9 to so8e?
Accordin9 to so8e >ersions1 de Mo:rensc:ildt =as a=are of Os=ald7s alle9ed A<ril 151
12-' atte8<t to assassinate t:e =ell-;no=n ri9:t-=in9 General Ed=in *al;er? Accordin9
to Marina1 de Mo:rensc:ildt once as;ed Os=ald1 FLee1 :o= did 3ou 8iss General *al;erDF
On A<ril 121 Geor9e and &eanne de Mo:rensc:ildt =ent to Ne= (or; Cit31 and on A<ril $2
t:e CIA Office of Securit3 found t:at it :ad no obBection to de Mo:rensc:ildt7s acce<tance
of a contract =it: t:e ,u>alier re9i8e of Haiti in t:e field of natural resource de>elo<8ent?
,e Mo:rensc:ildt a<<ears to :a>e de<arted for Haiti on Ma3 11 12-'? In t:e 8eanti8e
Os=ald :ad left ,allas and tra>eled to Ne= Orleans?
Accordin9 to Mar; Lane1 Ft:ere is e>idence t:at de Mo:rensc:ildt ser>ed as a CIA control
officer =:o directed Os=ald7s actions?F Muc: of t:e eEtensi>e <ublis:ed literature on de
Mo:rensc:ildt con>er9es on t:e idea t:at :e =as a bab3 sitter1 :andler1 case officer1 or
control a9ent for Os=ald on be:alf of so8e intelli9ence a9enc3? 1. ,e Mo:rensc:ildt7s
<edi9ree e>o;es :auntin9 <arallels to t:e t3<ical fi9ures of t:e %ERMIN,EM net=or;s of
Geor9es Mandel1 erenc Na931 MaE Ha9er8an1 MaE Seli98an1 Carlo d7A8elio1 Le=is
Morti8er !loo8field1 and Cla3 S:a=1 to =:ic: <ublic attention =as called durin9 t:e
in>esti9ations of Ne= Orleans district attorne3 &a8es Garrison?
It is t:erefore :i9:l3 interestin9 t:at Geor9e !us:7s na8e turned u< in t:e <ersonal address
boo; of Geor9e de Mo:rensc:ildt? T:e *arren Co88ission =ent to absurd len9t:s to co>er
u< t:e fact t:at Geor9e de Mo:rensc:ildt =as a deniAen of t:e =orld of t:e intelli9ence
a9encies? T:is included i9norin9 t:e =ell- de>elo<ed <a<er trial on de Mo:rensc:ildt as
NaAi and co88unist s38<at:iAer1 and later as a US asset abroad? T:e *arren Co88ission
concluded"
T:e Co88ission7s in>esti9ation :as de>elo<ed no si9ns of sub>ersi>e or dislo3al conduct
on t:e <art of eit:er of t:e de Mo:rensc:ildts? Neit:er t:e !I1 CIA1 nor an3 =itnesses
contacted b3 t:e Co88ission :as <ro>ided an3 infor8ation lin;in9 t:e de Mo:rensc:ildts
to sub>ersi>e or eEtre8ist or9aniAations? Nor :as t:ere been an3 e>idence lin;in9 t:e8 in
an3 =a3 =it: t:e assassination of %resident #enned3? 1/
On t:e da3 of t:e #enned3 assassination1 !I records s:o= Geor9e !us: as re<ortin9 a
ri9:t-=in9 8e8ber of t:e Houston (oun9 Re<ublicans for 8a;in9 t:reatenin9 co88ents
about %resident #enned3? Accordin9 to !I docu8ents released under t:e reedo8 of
Infor8ation Act1
On No>e8ber $$1 12-' Mr? GEORGE H?*? !USH1 ++$+ !riar1 Houston1 TeEas1
tele<:onicall3 ad>ised t:at :e =anted to relate so8e :ear sa3 t:at :e :ad :eard in recent
=ee;s1 date and source un;no=n? He ad>ised t:at one &AMES %ARROTT :ad been tal;in9
of ;illin9 t:e %resident =:en :e co8es to Houston?
%ARROTT is <ossibl3 a student at t:e Uni>ersit3 of Houston and is acti>e in <olitics in t:e
Houston area?
Accordin9 to related !I docu8entation1 Fa c:ec; =it: Secret Ser>ice at Houston1 TeEas
re>ealed t:at a9enc3 :ad a re<ort t:at %ARROTT stated in 12-1 :e =ould ;ill %resident
#enned3 if :e 9ot near :i8?F Here !us: is described as Fa re<utable business8an?F !I
a9ents =ere sent to interro9ate %arrott7s 8ot:er1 and later &a8es Milton %arrott :i8self?
%arrott :ad been disc:ar9ed fro8 t:e US Air orce for <s3c:iatric reasons in 12+2? %arrott
:ad an alibi for t:e ti8e of t:e ,allas s:ootin9sC :e :ad been in t:e co8<an3 of anot:er
Re<ublican acti>ist? Accordin9 to <ress accounts1 %arrott =as a 8e8ber of t:e ri9:t-=in9
faction of t:e Houston GO% =:ic: =as oriented to=ards t:e &o:n !irc: Societ3 and =:ic:
o<<osed !us:7s c:air8ans:i<? 12 Accordin9 to t:e San rancisco EEa8iner1 !us:7s <ress
office in Au9ust1 12// first said t:at !us: :ad not 8ade an3 suc: call1 and c:allen9ed t:e
aut:enticit3 of t:e !I docu8ents? Se>eral da3s later !us:7s s<o;es8an said t:at t:e
candidate Fdoes not recallF <lacin9 t:e call?
One da3 later after :e re<orted %arrott to t:e !I1 !us: recei>ed a :i9:l3 sensiti>e1 :i9:-
le>el briefin9 fro8 t:e !ureau"
Date: November 29, 1963
To: Director
Bureau of Intelligence and Reearc!
De"artment of #tate
$rom: %o!n &dgar 'oover, Director
#ub(ect: )##)##IN)TI*N *$ +R&#ID&NT %*'N $, -&NN&D.
N*/&0B&R 22, 1963
*ur 0iami, $lorida, *ffice on November 23, 1963 advied
t!at t!e *ffice of 1oordinator of 1uban )ffair in 0iami
advied t!at t!e De"artment of #tate feel ome miguided
anti21atro grou" mig!t ca"itali3e on t!e "reent ituation
and underta4e an unaut!ori3ed raid againt 1uba, believing
t!at t!e aaination of +reident %o!n $, -enned5 mig!t
!erald a c!ange in 6# "olic5, 7!ic! i not true,
*ur ource and informant familiar 7it! 1uban matter in
t!e 0iami area advie t!at t!e general feeling in t!e anti2
1atro 1uban communit5 i one of tunned dibelief and,
even among t!oe 7!o did not entirel5 agree 7it! t!e
+reident8 "olic5 concerning 1uba, t!e feeling i t!at t!e
+reident8 deat! re"reent a great lo not onl5 to t!e 6#
but to all 9atin )merica, T!ee ource 4no7 of no "lan for
unaut!ori3ed action againt 1uba,
)n informant 7!o !a furni!ed reliable information in t!e
"at and 7!o i cloe to a mall "ro21atro grou" in 0iami
!a advied t!at t!oe individual are afraid t!at t!e
aaination of t!e +reident ma5 reult in trong
re"reive meaure being ta4en againt t!em and,
alt!oug! "ro21atro in t!eir feeling, regret t!e
aaination,
T!e ubtance of t!e foregoing information 7a orall5
furni!ed to 0r, :eorge Bu! of t!e 1entral Intelligence
)genc5 and 1a"tain ;illiam &d7ard of t!e Defene
Intelligence )genc5 on November 23, 1963, b5 0r, ;,T,
$or5t! of t!i Bureau,
*illia8 T? ors3t:1 since deceased1 =as an official of t:e !I7s *as:in9ton :ead@uartersC
durin9 t:e ti8e :e =as attac:ed to t:e !ureau7s sub>ersi>e control section1 :e ran t:e
in>esti9ation of Re>? Martin Lut:er #in9? *as :e also a <art of t:e !I7s :arass8ent of ,r?
#in9D T:e efforts of Bournalists to locate Ca<tain Ed=ards :a>e not been successful?
T:is !I docu8ent identif3in9 Geor9e !us: as a CIA a9ent in No>e8ber1 12-' =as first
<ublis:ed b3 &ose<: Mc!ride in T:e Nation in &ul31 12//1 Bust before !us: recei>ed t:e
Re<ublican no8ination for <resident? Mc!ride7s source obser>ed" FI ;no= G!us:H =as
in>ol>ed in t:e Caribbean? I ;no= :e
=as in>ol>ed in t:e su<<ression of t:in9s after t:e #enned3 assassination? T:ere =as a >er3
definite =orr3 t:at so8e Cuban 9rou<s =ere 9oin9 to 8o>e a9ainst Castro and atte8<t to
bla8e it on t:e CIA?F $5 *:en <ressed for confir8ation or denial1 !us:7s s<o;es8an
Ste<:en Hart co88ented" FMust be anot:er Geor9e !us:?F *it:in a s:ort ti8e t:e CIA
itself =ould <eddle t:e sa8e da8a9e control line? On &ul3 121 12// in t:e =a;e of =ide
<ublic attention to t:e re<ort <ublis:ed in T:e Nation1 CIA s<o;es=o8an S:arron !asso
de<arted fro8 t:e nor8al CIA <olic3 of refusin9 to confir8 or den3 re<orts t:at an3 <erson
is or =as a CIA e8<lo3ee? CIA s<o;es=o8an !asso told t:e Associated <ress t:at t:e CIA
belie>ed t:at Ft:e record s:ould be clarified?F S:e said t:at t:e !I docu8ent Fa<<arentl3F
referred to a Geor9e *illia8 !us: =:o :ad =or;ed in 12-' on t:e ni9:t s:ift at CIA
:ead@uarters1 and t:at F=ould :a>e been t:e a<<ro<riate <lace to :a>e recei>ed suc: an !I
re<ort?F Accordin9 to :er account1 t:e Geor9e *illia8 !us: in @uestion :ad left t:e CIA to
Boin t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc3 in 12-)?
or t:e CIA to >olunteer t:e na8e of one of its for8er e8<lo3ees to t:e <ress =as a
s:oc;in9 >iolation of traditional 8et:ods1 =:ic: are su<<osedl3 desi9ned to ;ee< suc:
na8es a closel3 9uarded secret? T:is re>elation 8a3 :a>e constituted a >iolation of federal
la=? !ut no eEertions =ere too 9reat =:en it ca8e to da8a9e control for Geor9e !us:?
Geor9e *illia8 !us: :ad indeed =or;ed for t:e CIA1 t:e ,IA1 and t:e AleEandria1
6ir9inia ,e<art8ent of %ublic *elfare before Boinin9 t:e Social Securit3 Ad8inistration1 in
=:ose Arlin9ton1 6ir9inia office :e =as e8<lo3ed as a clai8s re<resentati>e in 12//?
Geor9e *illia8 !us: told T:e Nation t:at =:ile at t:e CIA :e =as FBust a lo=l3 researc:er
and anal3stF =:o =or;ed =it: docu8ents and <:otos and ne>er recei>ed intera9enc3
briefin9s? He :ad ne>er 8et ors3t: of t:e !I or Ca<tain Ed=ards of t:e ,IA? FSo it
=asn7t 8e1F said Geor9e *illia8 !us:? $1
Later1 Geor9e *illia8 !us: for8aliAed :is denial in a s=orn state8ent to a federal court in
*as:in9ton1 ,C? T:e affida>it ac;no=led9es t:at =:ile =or;in9 at CIA :ead@uarters
bet=een Se<te8ber 12-' and ebruar3 12-)1 Geor9e *illia8 !us: =as t:e Bunior <erson
on a t:ree to four 8an =atc: s:ift =:ic: =as on dut3 =:en #enned3 =as s:ot? !ut1 as
Geor9e *illia8 !us: 9oes on to sa31
I !ave carefull5 revie7ed t!e $BI memorandum to t!e Director,
Bureau of Intelligence and Reearc!, De"artment of #tate dated
November 29, 1963 7!ic! mention a 0r, :eorge Bu! of t!e
1entral Intelligence )genc5,,,,I do not recogni3e t!e content of t!e
memorandum a information furni!ed to me orall5 or ot!er7ie
during t!e time I 7a at t!e 1I), In fact, during m5 time at t!e 1I), I
did not receive an5 oral communication from an5 government
agenc5 of an5 nature 7!atoever, I did not receive an5 information
relating to t!e -enned5 aaination during m5 time at t!e 1I)
from t!e $BI,
Baed on t!e above, it i m5 concluion t!at I am not t!e 0r,
:eorge Bu! of t!e 1entral Intelligence )genc5 referred to in t!e
memorandum, 22
So =e are left =it: t:e stron9 sus<icion t:at t:e FMr? Geor9e !us: of t:e CIAF referred to
b3 t:e !I is our o=n Geor9e Herbert *al;er !us:1 =:o1 in addition to :is <ossible contact
=it: Lee Har>e3 Os=ald7s controller1 8a3 t:us also Boin t:e ran;s of t:e #enned3
assassination co>er-u<? It 8a;es <erfect sense for Geor9e !us: to be called in on a 8atter
in>ol>in9 t:e Cuban co88unit3 in Mia8i1 since t:at is a <lace =:ere Geor9e :as
traditionall3 :ad a constituenc3? Geor9e in:erited it fro8 :is fat:er1 %rescott !us: of &u<iter
Island1 and later <assed it on to :is o=n son1 &eb?
NOTES
1- &ose<: Mc!ride1 F7Geor9e !us:17 CIA O<erati>e1F T:e Nation1 &ul3 1-1 12//?
$- Geor9ie Anne Ge3er1 Guerilla %rince 0!oston" Little1 !ro=n1 12214?
'- eliE Ro9ri@ueA1 S:ado= *arrior 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and S:uster1 12/24?
)- On %luto1 see t:e East Ger8an stud3 b3 Guenter Sc:u8ac:er1 O<eration %luto 0!erlin1
,eutsc:er Militaer>erla91 12-)4?
+- E? Ho=ard Hunt1 Gi>e Us T:is ,a3 0Ne= Roc:elle" Arlin9ton House1 12.'41 <? $1)?
-- Secret A9enda?
.- or O<eration Ja<ata1 see Mic:ael R? !esc:loss1 T:e Crisis (ears" #enned3 and #:rus:c:e>1
12-5--' 0Ne= (or;" Ed=ard !urlin9a8e !oo;s1 122141 <? /2?
/- or t:e na8es of t:e s:i<s at t:e !a3 of %i9s1 see Luintin %ino Mac:ado1 La !atalla de Giron
0La Habana" Editorial de Ciencias Sociales1 12/'41 <<? .2-/5? T:is source @uotes one s:i< as t:e
!arbara &?F See also Sc:u8ac:er1 O<eration %luto1 <<? 2/-22? See also %eter *3den1 !a3 of %i9s1
T:e Untold Stor3 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and S:uster1 12.241 =:ic: also :as t:e !arbara &? Accordin9
to Luintin %ino 8aca:do1 t:e Houston :ad been 9i>en t:e ne= na8e of A9uBa 0S=ordfis:4 and t:e
!arbara t:at of !arracuda for t:e <ur<oses of t:is o<eration?
2- Ho=ard Hunt1 Gi>e Us T:is ,a31 <<? 1'-1)?
15- T:eodore Sorenson1 #enned3 0Ne= (or;" !anta81 12--41 <? '$2?
11- Sorenson1 #enned31 <? .$'?
1$- Art:ur M? Sc:lesin9er1 A T:ousand ,a3s 0!oston1 12-+41 <? ''2?
1'- See *arren Hinc;le and *illia8 *? Turner1 T:e is: is Red 0Ne= (or;" Har<er and Ro=1
12/141 <? 11$ ff?
1)- Re<ort to t:e %resident b3 t:e Co88ission on CIA Acti>ities *it:in t:e United States
0*as:in9ton" US Go>er8ent %rintin9 Office1 12.+41 <<? $+1-$-.?
1+- &i8 Marrs1 F*ido= dis<utes suicide1F ort *ort: E>enin9 Star-Tele9ra81 Ma3 111 12./
1-- A <:otoco<3 of Geor9e de Mo:rensc:ildt7s <ersonal address boo; is <reser>ed at t:e
Assassination Arc:i>es and Researc: Center1 *as:in9ton1 ,C? T:e !us: entr3 is also cited in
Mar; Lane1 %lausible ,enial 0Ne= (or;" T:under7s Mout: %ress1 122141 <? ''$?
1.- or de Mo:rensc:ildt1 see Mar; Lane1 %lausible ,enial1 Ed=ard &a3 E<stein1 Le9end" T:e
Secret *orld of Lee Har>e3 Os=ald 0London" Hutc:inson1 12./4C C? Robert !la;e3 and Ric:ard
N? !illin9s1 T:e %lot to #ill t:e %resident 0Ne= (or;" Ti8es !oo;s1 12/14C and Robert Sa8
Anson1 FT:e37>e #illed T:e %residentKF 0Ne= (or;" !anta81 12.+4?
1/- Re<ort of t:e *arren Co88ission on t:e Assassination of %resident #enned3 0Ne= (or;"
!anta81 12-)41 <? $-$?
12- Mi9uel Acoca1 F!I" 7!us:7 called about &# ;illin91F San rancisco EEa8iner1 Au9ust $+1
12//?
$5- &ose<: Mc!ride1 F7Geor9e !us:17 CIA O<erati>e1F T:e Nation1 &ul3 1-O$'1 12//1 <? )$
$1- &ose<: Mc!ride1 F*:ere *as Geor9eDF1 T:e Nation1 Au9ust 1'O$51 12//1 <? 11.?
$$- United States ,istrict Court for t:e ,istrict of Colu8bia1 Ci>il Action //-$-55 GHR1
Arc:i>es and Researc: Center >? Central Intelli9ence A9enc31 Affida>it of Geor9e *illia8 !us:1
Se<te8ber $11 12//?
C:a<ter -IM- !us: C:allen9es (arborou9: for t:e
Senate
!us:7s unsuccessful atte8<t in 12-) to unseat TeEas ,e8ocratic Senator Ral<: (arborou9:
is a 8atter of funda8ental interest to an3one see;in9 to <robe t:e =ells<rin9s of !us:7s
actual <olitical t:in;in9? In a societ3 =:ic: ;no=s not:in9 of its o=n recent :istor31 t:e
e>ents of a @uarter centur3 a9o 8i9:t be classed as re8ote and irrele>ant? !ut as =e re>ie=
t:e <rofile of t:e !us: Senate ca8<ai9n of 12-)1 =:at =e see co8in9 ali>e is t:e
c:aracteristic 8entalit3 t:at rules t:e O>al Office toda3? T:e 8ain traits are all t:ere" t:e
o>erridin9 obession =it: t:e race issue1 eEe8<lified in !us:7s bitter reBection of t:e ci>il
ri9:ts bill before t:e Con9ress durin9 t:ose 8ont:sC t:e 9enocidal bluster in forei9n affairs1
=it: <ro<osals for nuclear bo8bard8ent of 6ietna81 an in>asion of Cuba1 and a reBection
of ne9otiations for t:e return of t:e %ana8a CanalC t:e autono8ic refleE for union-bustin9
eE<ressed in t:e r:etoric of Fri9:t to =or;FC t:e <aean to free enter<rise at t:e eE<ense of
far8ers and t:e disad>anta9ed1 =it: all of t:is <ac;a9ed in a slic;1 de8a9o9ic tele>ision
and ad>ertisin9 effort?
,urin9 t:is Senate race1 !us: assu8ed t:e coloration of a Gold=ater Re<ublican? It
re8ains :i9:l3 si9nificant t:at !us: be9an :is <ublic <olitical career in t:e ideolo9ical
9uise of a sout:ern Re<ublican1 s<ecificall3 in TeEas? T:e Re<ublican %art3 in TeEas :ad
been in total ecli<se since t:e ti8e of Reconstruction1 =it: t:e state GO%ers co8<lainin9
t:at t:e3 =ere li>in9 in a one-<art3 state? ,urin9 t:e 12+57s1 t:e <ersonal <o<ularit3 of
Eisen:o=er and t:e increasin9 >isibilit3 of ultra-left *all Street in>est8ent ban;ers in t:e
circle of Adlai Ste>enson7s bac;ers be9an to offer t:e TeEas Re<ublicans so8e o<enin9s? In
12+$ and 12+-1 TeEas ,e8ocratic Go>ernor Allan S:i>ers su<<orted Eisen:o=er1 =:o
carried TeEas =it: a substantial 8aBorit3 bot: ti8es? In 12-51 TeEas :ad 9i>en its electoral
>otes to #enned31 alt:ou9: t:e 8ar9in of ,e8ocratic >ictor3 =as so t:in as to constitute an
e8barrass8ent to #enned37s runnin9 8ate1 TeEas Senator and ,e8ocratic MaBorit3 Leader
L3ndon !? &o:nson? !ut NiEon :ad carried t:e cit3 of Houston and Harris Count31 =:ic:
turned out to be t:e lar9est 8etro<olitan area to 9o for t:e NiEon-Lod9e tic;et t:at 3ear? In
12-51 TeEas Re<ublicans scored t:eir 9reatest success in a centur3 b3 elected &o:n To=er to
t:e US Senate on a <latfor8 t:at =as a :arbin9er of t:e Gold=ater 8o>e8ent? To=er =as
once as;ed if t:ere =as a sin9le do8estic le9islati>e <ro9ra8 of &o:n ? #enned3 t:at :e
could su<<ort1 and :is ans=er =as t:at :e could not t:in; of a sin9le one? T:is is t:e sa8e
To=er =:o =ould Boin =it: Ed8und Mus;ie and !rent Sco=croft in earl3 12/. to concoct
t:e absurd =:ite=as: of t:e Iran- contra affair t:at =ould eEonerate !us: and attribute t:e
central res<onsibilit3 to *:ite House c:ief of Staff ,on Re9an1 forcin9 :is ouster? T:is =as
t:e sa8e To=er =:ose no8ination b3 !us: to t:e <ost of Secretar3 of ,efense =ould be
derailed b3 accusation of alco:olis8 and =o8aniAin91 follo=ed b3 To=er7s deat: in a
83sterious air<lane cras: in earl3 1221?
T:e TeEas ,e8ocratic %art3 =as di>ided in t:ose da3s into t=o =in9s =:ic: fou9:t eac:
ot:er in t:e ,e8ocratic <ri8aries1 =:ic: =ere often tant8ount to election? One of t:ese
=in9s =as called liberal and =as identified abo>e all =it: !us:7s o<<onent1 Senator Ral<:
(arborou9:? T:e FliberalF :ere is lar9el3 a 8isno8erC 8ore accurate =ould be <o<ulist1 but
<o<ulist ennobled b3 t:e re>i>al of t:e classic nineteent: centur3 A8erican s3ste8 t:at
occurred in TeEas durin9 ran;lin ,? Roose>elt7s *orld *ar II 8obiliAation1 =:en diri9ist
reco>er3 <olicies <ulled t:e TeEas econo83 out of a sta9nation t:at :ad its roots in t:e
failure of <ost-1/-+ econstruction? T:e stron9 suits of t:ese <o<ulist ,e8ocrats =ere
education and infrastructure-- a 9ood first a<<roEi8ation of t:e actual business of
9o>ern8ent?
T:e ot:er =in9 =as called conser>ati>e1 and =as 9rou<ed around fi9ures li;e Allan
S:i>ers and L!&7s <rote9e &o:n Connall31 =it: =:o8 !us: :as :ad a :istor3 of
alternatin9 stretc:es of conflict and 8o8ents of ra<<roc:e8ent? L!& :i8self =as close
to t:e S:i>ers-Connall3 9rou<? T:e t3<ical fi9ure :ere is Connall31 t:e 9o>ernor =:o
=as =ounded in ,eale3 %laAa in ,allas t:e da3 t:at #enned3 =as ;illed1 and =:o later
=ent on t:e Boin t:e NiEon Ad8inistration as t:e Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3 =:o
a<<ro>ed t:e abolition of t:e <ost-12)) !retton *oods 9old reser>e standard in Ca8<
,a>id on Au9ust 1+1 12.1? Connall3 subse@uentl3 <la3ed out t:e lo9ic of beco8in9 not
Bust a Re<ublican1 but indeed a Re<ublican <residential candidate1 and of clas:in9 =it:
Geor9e !us: once or t=ice in t:e sno=s of Ne= Ha8<s:ire in 12.2-/5?
T:e TeEas ,e8ocratic %art3 also contained an arra3 of <ersonalities of national i8<ortance
=:ose <ositi>e traits are <art of =:at :as been lost in t:e descent into toda37s crisis" call
t:e8 <o<ulists1 call t:e8 t:e <ost-Ne= ,eal or t:e <ost-air ,eal1 but do not 8ista;e t:e
fact t:at t:e3 =ere better for t:e countr3 t:an t:eir successors? T:ese =ere <oliticians li;e
t:e le9endar3 S<ea;er of t:e House1 Sa8 Ra3burn1 Con9ress8an *ri9:t %at8an of t:e
House !an;in9 Co88ittee1 =:o =as a source of continuin9 <o<ulist irritation to t:e Ne=
(or; ban;in9 co88unit31 and To8 Clar;1 =:o =as Attorne3 General under Tru8an and
=:o later =ent on to t:e US Su<re8e Court1 and =:ose son1 Ra8sa3 Clar;1 :as been
distin9uis:ed b3 :is denunciation of t:e =ar cri8es of t:e !us: re9i8e in t:e Gulf =ar of
1221? A later 9eneration of t:is sa8e circle =as re<resented b3 for8er S<ea;er of t:e
House &i8 *ri9:t1 =:o =as :ounded fro8 office durin9 t:e first 3ear of Geor9e !us:7s
%residential tenure1 and b3 Con9ress8an Henr3 GonAaleA? GonAaleA stands out as one of
t:e >er3 fe= of t:e old TeEas <o<ulist ,e8ocrats left in elected office toda3? GonAaleA :as
<ut ne= luster on t:e ti8e-:onored 8a>eric; tradition b3 offerin9 a bill of i8<eac:8ent for
Ronald Rea9an in t:e =a;e of t:e Iran-contra re>elations of 12/-1 8ore recentl3 b3
sub8ittin9 a bill for t:e i8<eac:8ent of Geor9e !us: for :is ille9al conduct of O<eration
,esert S:ield1 and b3 raisin9 :is >oice as first in t:e Con9ress for t:e cause of :u8anit3
a9ainst 9enocide =it: a call for t:e liftin9 of t:e econo8ic sanctions a9ainst Ira@ to <re>ent
t:e needless slau9:ter of :undreds of t:ousands of c:ildren after t:e bo8bin9 ca8<ai9n
:ad ended? And e>en toda3 t:ere are still ot:ers of t:is tradition left in <ositions of ;e3
influence" for eEa8<le1 Con9ress8an &ac; !roo;s of t:e nint: district of TeEas1 t:e salt3
c:air8an of t:e House &udiciar3 Co88ittee1 =:o dared to sub<oena Attorne3 General
Ric:ard T:ornbur9: to a<<ear before :is co88ittee =it: a ducis tecu8 of t:e docu8ents of
t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice t:eft of co8<uter soft=are in t:e Insla= case?
One of t:e continuin9 <roBects of Geor9e !us:7s life :as been t:e eEtir<ation of <recisel3
t:is <o<ulist and so8eti8es diri9ist 9rou< of ,e8ocrats1 and t:eir re<lace8ent =it: Ffree
enter<riseF Re<ublican ideolo9ues1 or financier ,e8ocrats of t:e Llo3d !entsen >ariet3?
T:e TeEas and O;la:o8a <o<ulist ,e8ocrats 8ust be distin9uis:ed fro8 t:eir collea9ues
of t:e Old Sout: of Geor9ia1 Alaba8a1 and Mississi<<i? !ut for t:e Eastern Liberal
Establis:8ent1 it :as <ro>en 8ore con>enient to lu8< t:e8 all to9et:er under t:e <ur>e3ed
i8a9e of t:e racist1 bourbon-s=illin9 sout:ern Con9ressional co88ittee c:air8an
cons<irin9 in ci9ar-clouded roo8s to def3 t:e <o<ular =ill as eE<ressed b3 t:e tele>ision
net=or;s? All sout:ern ,e8ocrats of t:e old sc:ool tended to :a>e cri<<lin9 =ea;nesses on
t:e race issue and on t:e @uestion of union-bustin9? !ut on t:e ot:er side of t:e led9er1
8an3 sout:ern ,e8ocrats :ad an eEcellent 9ras< of infrastructure in t:e broadest sense"
internal i8<ro>e8ents li;e :i9:=a3s1 canals1 =ater <roBects1 rural electrification1 @ualit3
accessible <ublic education1 :ealt: ser>ices1 electric <o=er 9eneration?
T:e nascent sout:ern Re<ublicans of t:e fifties and siEties1 b3 contrast1 =ere 9enerall3 as
bad or =orse t:an t:e ,e8ocrats on race and labor relations1 and =ere at t:e sa8e suc:
fanatics of Ada8 S8it:7s Ffree 8ar;etF 83stification t:at all 9o>ern8ent co88itt8ent to
8aintainin9 infrastructure1 :ealt: care1 and education =ent b3 t:e boards? T:e onl3 <ositi>e
<oint left for so8e of t:ese e8er9in9 sout:ern Re<ublicans1 suc: as t:ose =:o folllo=ed
!arr3 Gold=ater in 12-)1 =as a <atriotic reBection of t:e 8ac:inations of t:e Eastern
Liberal Establis:8ent as e8bodied 8ost 9ra<:icall3 in t:e fi9ure of Ne= (or; Go>ernor
Nelson Roc;efeller? !us: =as indeed a Gold=ater 8an in t:ose da3s1 as =e =ill see? !ut
since !us: =as :i8self an or9an of t:at sa8e :ated Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent1 :e stood
utterl3 bereft of redee8in9 9race?
T:e enter<rise in =:ic: =e no= find !us: en9a9ed1 t:e creation of a Re<ublican %art3 in
t:e sout:ern states durin9 t:e 12-57s1 0includin9 t:e so-called <ost-12-1 Ft=o-<art3 TeEasF4
:as <ro>en to be an :istorical catastro<:e? In order to create a Re<ublican %art3 in t:e
sout:1 it =as first necessar3 to s8as: t:e old ,R Ne= ,eal constitutent coalition of labor1
t:e cities1 far8ers1 blac;s1 and t:e Solid Sout:? As !us: co8<lains in :is ca8<ai9n
autobio9ra<:3"
FT:e state =as solidl3 ,e8ocratic1 and t:e alle9iance of TeEans to t:e 7<art3 of our fat:ers7
beca8e e>en stron9er durin9 t:e lean 3ears of t:e ,e<ression? T:e ,e8ocratic ca8<ai9n
line in t:e 12'57s =as t:at t:e 7Hoo>er Re<ublicans7 =ere res<onsible for une8<lo38ent
and far8 foreclosuresC ran;lin ,? Roose>elt and t:e ,e8ocratic %art3 =ere said to be t:e
onl3 friends t:e <eo<le :ad?F Gfn 1H !ut as far as Geor9e !us: =as concerned1 all t:is =as
of no conse@uence" F%:iloso<:icall31 I =as a Re<ublican????F Gfn $H After !us: :ad declared
:is candidac3 for (arborou9:7s seat1 t:e >eteran <olitical =riters at t:e state ca<ital in
Austin s:oo; t:eir :eads" !us: :ad Ft=o crosses to bear - runnin9 as a Re<ublican and not
a nati>e TeEan?F Gfn 'H
T:e 8et:od t:at t:e sout:ern Re<ublicans de>ised to breac: t:is solid front =as t:e one
t:eoriAed 3ears later b3 Lee At=ater1 t:e 8ana9er of !us:7s 12// %residential ca8<ai9n?
T:is =as t:e tec:ni@ue of t:e F=ed9e issues1F so called <recisel3 because t:e3 =ere c:osen
to s<lit u< t:e old Ne= ,eal coalition usin9 t:e c:isels of ideolo93? T:e =ed9e issues are
also ;no=n as t:e F:ot-button social issues1F and t:e 8ost eE<losi>e a8on9 t:e8 :as
al=a3s tended to be race? T:e Re<ublicans could =in in t:e sout: b3 <ortra3in9 t:e
,e8ocratic %art3 :as <ro-blac;? At=ater :ad learned to be a cunnin9 and >icious
<ractitioner of t:e F=ed9e issueF 8et:od in t:e sc:ool of Stro8 T:ur8ond of Sout:
Carolina after t:e latter :ad s=itc:ed o>er to t:e Re<ublicans in t:e siEties? Racial
in>ecti>e1 anti-union de8a9o931 Bin9oistic c:au>inis81 t:e s8earin9 of o<<onents for t:eir
alle9ed fealt3 to Fs<ecial interestsF-- none of t:is be9an in t:e !a;er-At=ater effort of
12-/? T:ese =ere t:e stoc; in trade of t:e sout:ern strate931 and t:ese =ere all Leit8oti>s
of !us:7s 12-) effort a9ainst (arborou9:?
ro8 t:e >anta9e <oint of t:e <olice state conditions of t:e earl3 12257s1 =e can discern a
furt:er i8<lication of t:e sout:ern Re<ublican <roBect of =:ic: !us: =as in se>eral
8o8ents of t:e 12-57s a leadin9 o<erati>e? As t:e sout:ern GO% e8er9ed out of t:e <la3 of
9an9 and counter-9an9 bet=een McGo>ernite left liberal in>est8ent ban;ers and NiEon-
Rea9an ri9:t liberal in>est8ent ban;ers 0and !us: :as been bot:41 it 8ade <ossible t:at
Sout:ern Strate93 =:ic: elected NiEon in 12-/ and =:ic: :as 9i>en t:e Re<ublicans a
>irtual loc; on t:e electoral colle9e e>er since? T:e *ater9ate-Carter ano8al3 of 12.-
confir8s rat:er t:an alters t:is o>erall <icture?
T:e Sout:ern Strate93 t:at !us: turns out to :a>e been ser>in9 in t:e siEties =as not called
to t:e attention of t:e <ublic until so8e=:at after t:e 12-) election in =:ic: Gold=ater :ad
9arnered electoral >otes eEclusi>el3 in t:e sout:? As *illia8 Rus:er =rote in t:e National
Re>ie=" FT:e ,e8ocrats :ad for 3ears be9un eac: race =it: an assured batc: of dele9ates
fro8 t:e Sout:?F FT:e Re<ublican %art3 strate931F ar9ued Rus:er1 needs refi9urin91 9i>en a
c:ance to brea; into t:is bloc once denied t:e8????F His conclusion =as t:at FFRe<ublicans
can <ut t:e8sel>es in t:e <osition of :a>in9 t:e Sout:ern bloc as a startin9 :andica<C after
t:at1 t:e3 can co8<ete for t:e rest of t:e countr31 needin9 onl3 t:at +5 <er cent 8inus 0sa34
111 Gof t:e electoral colle9e >otesH?F ,oin9 all t:is1 Rus:er contended1 =ould allo=
Re<ublican %residential candidates to i9nore t:e F traditional centers of urban liberalis81F
es<eciall3 in t:e nort:east? Gfn )H T:ese ideas =ere furt:er refined in Ric:ard NiEon7s brain
trust1 <resided o>er b3 *all Street bond la=3er &o:n Mitc:ell at ))+ %ar; A>enue1 and
recei>ed t:eir definiti>e elaboration fro8 #e>in %:illi<s1 =:o in t:ose 3ears ad>anced t:e
t:esis t:at t:e F=:ole secret of <oliticsF is in F;no=in9 =:o :ates =:o1F =:ic: is of course
anot:er =a3 of s<ea;in9 of =ed9e issues?
T:e result of t:e successful a<<lication of t:e Sout:ern Strate93 in 12-/ and in t:e
follo=in9 3ears :as been a a <eriod of 8ore t:an t=o decades of one-<art3 Re<ublican
control o>er t:e EEecuti>e !ranc:1 of =:ic: Geor9e !us: <ersonall3 :as been t:e leadin9
beneficiar31 first t:rou9: :is 8ulti<le a<<oint8ents1 t:en t:rou9: t:e >ice- <residenc31 and
no= t:rou9: t:e <ossession of t:e *:ite House itself? T:is :as :ad t:e decisi>e structural
conse@uence of 8a;in9 <ossible t:e ;ind of continuous1 entrenc:ed bureaucratic <o=er t:at
=e see in t:e !us: re9i8e and its leadin9 functionaries? As =e =ill see1 suc: ad8inistrators
of t:e cor<orate state as &a8es !a;er and !rent Sco=croft1 for =:o8 t:e eEercise of
eEecuti>e <o=er :as lon9 since beco8e a =a3 of life1 a<<ear to t:e8sle>es and to ot:ers as
i88une to t:e <o<ular rec;onin9? T:e de8ocratic re<ublic re@uires t:e 8o8ent of
cat:arsis1 of t:ro=in9 t:e bu8s out1 if t:e arro9ance of t:e <o=erful is e>er to be
c:astened? If t:ere is no <ros<ect for t:e *:ite House c:an9in9 :ands1 t:is a8ounts to a
one- <art3 state? T:e sout:ern Re<ublican %art31 includin9 t=o- <art3 TeEas1 :as <ro>ided
t:e Re<ublican loc; on t:e *:ite House =:ic: :as <ro>en a 8i9:t3 sti8ulus to t:ose
tendencies to=ards aut:oritarian and e>en totalitarian rule =:ic: :a>e cul8inated in t:e
Ad8inistrati>e ascis8 of t:e current !us: re9i8e?
!us:7s o<<onent in t:at Gold=ater 3ear of 12-) =as Senator Ral<: *ebster (arborou9:?
(arborou9: :ad been born in C:andler1 TeEas in 125' as t:e se>ent: of ele>en c:ildren? He
attended <ublic sc:ools in C:andler and T3ler1 =or;ed on a far81 and =ent on to attend
Sa8 Houston State Teac:ers Colle9e and1 for one 3ear1 t:e US Militar3 Acade83 at *est
%oint? He =as a 8e8ber of t:e '-t: di>ision of t:e TeEas National Guard1 in =:ic: :e
ad>anced fro8 <ri>ate to ser9eant? After *orld *ar I :e =or;ed a <assa9e to Euro<e on
board a frei9:ter1 and found a Bob in Ger8an3 =or;in9 in t:e offices of t:e A8erican
C:a8ber of Co88erce in !erlin? He also <ursued studies in Stenda:l1 Ger8an3? He
returned to t:e United States to earn a la= de9ree at t:e Uni>ersit3 of TeEas in 12$.1 and
=or;ed as a la=3er in El %aso? At one <oint :e found a Bob as a :ar>est :and in t:e
O;la:o8a dust bo=l of t:e late 12$57s1 and also ser>ed a stint as a rou9:nec; in t:e oil
fields? (arborou9: entered <ublic ser>ice as an Assistant Attorne3 General of TeEas fro8
12'1 to 12')? After t:at1 :e =as a foundin9 director of t:e Lo=er Colorado Ri>er
Aut:orit31 a 8aBor =ater <roBect in central TeEas1 and =as t:en elected as a district Bud9e in
Austin?
(arborou9: ser>ed in t:e US Ar83 9round forces durin9 *orld *ar II1 and =as a 8e8ber
of t:e onl3 di>ision =:ic: too; <art in t:e <ost=ar occu<ation of Ger8an3 as =ell as in
MacArt:ur7s ad8inistration of &a<an? *:en :e left t:e 8ilitar3 in 12)- :e :ad attained t:e
ran; of lieutenant colonel? It clear fro8 an o>er>ie= of (arborou9:7s career t:at :is
>ictories and defeats =ere essentiall3 :is o=n1 t:at for :i8 t:ere =as no %rescott !us: to
secure lines of credit or to <rocure i8<ortant <osts b3 tele<:one calls to bi9=i9s in
free8asonic net=or;s?
(arborou9: :ad c:allen9ed Allan S:i>ers in t:e 9o>ernor7s contest of 12+$1 and :ad 9one
do=n to defeat? Successi>e bids for t:e state :ouse in Austin b3 (arborou9: =ere turned
bac; in 12+) and 12+-? T:en1 =:en Senator 0and for8er 9o>ernor4 %rice ,aniel resi9ned
:is seat1 (arborou9: =as finall3 >ictorious in a s<ecial election? He :ad t:en been re-
elected to t:e Senate for a full ter8 in 12+/?
(arborou9: =as distin9uis:ed first of all for :is >otin9 record on ci>il ri9:ts? &ust 8ont:s
after :e :ad entered t:e Senate1 :e =as one of onl3 fi>e sout:ern senators 0includin9 L!&4
to >ote for t:e =aters:ed Ci>il Ri9:ts Act of 12+.? In 12-51 (arborou9: =as one of four
sout:ern senators- a9ain includin9 L!&- =:o cast >otes in fa>or of t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts Act of
12-5? (arborou9: =ould be t:e lone senator fro8 t:e ele>en states for8erl3 co8<osin9 t:e
Confederate States of A8erica to >ote for t:e 12-) ci>il ri9:ts bill1 t:e 8ost s=ee<in9 since
Reconstruction? T:is is t:e bill =:ic:1 as =e =ill see1 <ro>ided !us: =it: t:e a88unition
for one of t:e <rinci<al t:e8es of :is 12-) election attac;s? Later1 (arborou9: =ould be
one of onl3 t:ree sout:ern senators su<<ortin9 t:e 6otin9 Ri9:ts Act of 12-+1 and one of
four su<<ortin9 t:e 12-/ o<en :ousin9 bill? Gfn +H
After (arborou9: :ad left t:e Senate1 :is bitter ene8ies at t:e ,allas Mornin9 Ne=s felt
obli9ed to concede t:at F:is na8e is <robabl3 attac:ed to 8ore le9islation t:an t:at of an3
ot:er senator in TeEas :istor3?F (arborou9: :ad beco8e t:e c:air8an of t:e Senate
Co88ittee on Labor and %ublic *elfare? Here :is lodestar =as infrastructure1 infrastructure
in t:e for8 of education and infrastructure in t:e for8 of <:3sical i8<ro>e8ents?
In education1 (arborou9: =as eit:er t:e aut:or or a leadin9 su<<orter of >irtuall3 e>er3
i8<ortant <iece of le9islation to beco8e la= bet=een 12+/ and 12.11 includin9 so8e nine
8aBor bills? As a fres:8an senator1 (arborou9: =as t:e co-aut:or of t:e National ,efense
Education Act of 12+/1 =:ic: =as t:e basis for federal aid to education1 <articularl3 to
:i9:er education?
Under t:e <ro>isions of N,EA1 a @uarter of a 8illion students =ere at an3 9i>en ti8e
enabled to <ursue under9raduate trainin9 =it: lo=-cost loans and ot:er benefits? or
9raduate students1 t:ere =ere t:ree-3ear fello=s:i<s t:at <aid tuition and fees <lus 9rants
for li>in9 eE<enses in t:e a8ount of I$$551 I$)551 and I$-55 o>er t:e t:ree 3ears--an
a8<le su8 in t:ose da3s? (arborou9: also s<onsored bills for 8edical education1 colle9e
classroo8 construction1 >ocational education1 aid to t:e 8entall3 retarded1 and librar3
facilities? (arborou9:7s !ilin9ual Education !ill <ro>ided s<ecial federal fundin9 for
sc:ools =it: lar9e nu8bers of students fro8 non-En9lis: s<ea;in9 bac;9rounds? So8e of
t:ese <oints =ere outlined b3 (arborou9: durin9 a ca8<ai9n s<eec: of Se<te8ber 1/1
12-)1 =it: t:e title FHi9:er Education as it relates to our national <ur<ose?F
As c:air8an of t:e >eterans7 subco88ittee1 (arborou9: aut:ored t:e Cold *ar GI !ill of
Ri9:ts1 =:ic: sou9:t to eEtend t:e benefits accorded >eterans of *orld *ar II and #orea1
and =:ic: =as to a<<l3 to ser>ice8en on dut3 bet=een &anuar31 12++ and &ul3 11 12-+? or
t:ese >eterans (arborou9: <ro<osed readBust8ent assistance1 educational and >ocational
trainin91 and loan assistance to allo= >eterans to <urc:ase :o8es and far8s at a 8aEi8u8
interest rate of +?$+R <er annu8? T:is bill =as finall3 <assed after 3ears of do99ed effort
b3 (arborou9: a9ainst t:e o<<osition of %residents Eisen:o=er1 #enned31 and &o:nson?
(arborou9: =as instru8ental in obtainin9 a fi>e 3ear eEtension of t:e Hill- !urton act1
=:ic: <ro>ided )1555 additional beds in 6eterans Ad8inistration Hos<itals? In <:3sical
i8<ro>e8ents1 (arborou9: su<<orted a<<ro<riations for coastal na>i9ation? He fou9:t for
I$2 8illion for t:e Rural Electrification Ad8inistration for counties in t:e Cor<us C:risti
area alone? In ele>en counties in t:at <art of TeEas1 (arborou9: :ad :el<ed obtain federal
9rants for I)?+ 8illion and loans of I?-) 8illion under t:e #enned3 Ad8inistration
accelerated <ublic =or;s <roBects <ro9ra8 to <ro>ide clean =ater and se=ers for to=ns and
cities t:at could not ot:er=ise afford t:e8? Concernin9 :is co88itt8ent to t:is t3<e of
infrastructure1 (arborou9: co88ented to a dinner in Cor<us C:risti" FT:ese are t:e
<roBects1 alon9 =it: t:e s:i< c:annels1 da8s and reser>oirs1 =ater researc: <ro9ra8s1
:urricane and flood control <ro9ra8s t:at brin9 dele9ations of cit3 officials1 8e8bers of
count3 court1 8e8bers of ri>er and =aters:ed aut:orities1 co-o< dele9ations1 into 83 office
literall3 b3 t:e t:ousands 3ear after 3ear for aid1 =:ic: is al=a3s 9i>en1 ne>er refused?F
(arborou9: =ent on" F*:ile our efforts and ac:ie>e8ents are lar9el3 un<ubliciAed???t:ere
is satisfaction be3ond acclai8 =:en a s8all to=n =it:out a =ater s3ste8 is enabled to
<ro>ide its <eo<le for t:e first ti8e =it: =ater and se=era9e???=:en t:e course of a ri>er is
s:ored u< a little to sa>e a far8er7s cro<s1 =:en a free=a3 o<ens u< ne= a>enues of
co88erce?F Gfn -H In t:e area of oil <olic31 al=a3s >ital in TeEas1 (arborou9: strained to
9i>e t:e industr3 e>er3t:in9 it could reasonabl3 eE<ect1 and 8ore? ,es<ite t:is1 :e =as
i8<lacabl3 :ated b3 8an3 business circles? In s:ort1 Ral<: (arborou9: :ad a real
co88itt8ent to racial and econo8ic Bustice1 and =as1 all in all1 a8on9 t:e best t:at t:e
<ost-Ne= ,eal ,e8ocratic %art3 :ad to offer? Certainl3 t:ere =ere =ea;nesses" one of t:e
<rinci<al ones =as to >eer in t:e direction of en>iron8entalis8? Here (arborou9: =as t:e
<ri8e 8o>er be:ind t:e Endan9ered S<ecies Act?
!us: 8o>ed to Houston in 12+21 brin9in9 t:e cor<orate :ead@uarters of Ja<ata Offs:ore
=it: :i8? Houston =as b3 far t:e bi99est cit3 in TeEas1 a center of t:e cor<orate
bureaucracies of fir8s doin9 business in t:e oil <atc:? T:ere =as also t:e !a;er and !otts
la= fir81 =:ic: =ould function in effect as <art of t:e !us: fa8il3 net=or;1 since !a;er
and !otts =ere t:e la=3ers =:o :ad been :andlin9 t:e affiars of t:e Harri8an railroad
interests in t:e sout:=est? One <ro8inent la=3er in Houston at t:e ti8e =as &a8es !a;er
III1 a scion of t:e fa8il3 ens:rined in t:e !a;er and !otts na8e1 but :i8self a <artner in
anot:er fir8 because of t:e so-called anti- ne<otis8 rule t:at <re>ented t:e c:ildren of
!a;er and !otts <artners fro8 Boinin9 t:e fir8 t:e8sel>es? Soon !us: =ould be :ob-
nobbin9 =it: !a;er and ot:er re<resentati>es of t:e Houston oli9arc:31 of t:e Hobb3 and
Cullen fa8ilies1 at t:e %etroleu8 Club and at 9arden <arties in t:e :ot1 :u8id1 subtro<ical
su88ers? Geor9e1 !arbara and t:eir c:ildren 8o>ed into a ne= :o8e on !riar ,ri>e?
Less t:an an :our7s dri>e b3 car sout: of Houston lies Gal>eston1 a <ort on t:e Gulf of
MeEico? Houston itself is connected to t:e Gulf b3 a s:i< c:annel =:ic: :as <er8itted t:e
cit3 to beca8e a lar9e <ort in its o=n ri9:t? !e3ond Gal>eston t:ere =as t:e Gulf1 and
be3ond t:e Gulf t:e Greater Antilles =it: Cuba set in t:e 8iddle of t:e arc:i<ela9o1 and
be3ond Cuba Guate8ala1 Nicara9ua1 Granada1 tar9ets of filibusterers old and ne=?
!efore lon91 !us: beca8e acti>e in t:e Harris Count3 Re<ublican %art31 =:ic: =as in t:e
<rocess of beco8in9 one of t:e GO% stron9<oints in t:e state=ide a<<aratus t:en bein9
asse8bled b3 %eter O7,onnell1 t:e Re<ublican state c:air8an1 and :is associate T:ad
Hutc:eson? !3 no= Geor9e !us: =as a 8illionaire in :is o=n ri9:t1 and 9i>en :is
i8<eccable *all Street connections it =as not sur<risin9 to find :i8 on t:e Harris Count3
GO% finance co88ittee1 a function t:at :e :ad underta;en in Midland for t:e Eisen:o=er-
NiEon tic;ets in 12+$ and 12+-? He =as also a 8e8ber of t:e candidates co88ittee?
In 12-$ t:e ,e8ocrats =ere <re<arin9 to no8inate &o:n Connall3 for 9o>ernor1 and t:e
TeEas GO% under O7,onnell =as able to 8ount a 8ore for8idable bid t:an <re>iousl3 for
t:e state :ouse in Austin? T:e Re<ublican candidate =as &ac; CoE1 a <art3 acti>ist =it: a
ri9:t-=in9 <rofile? !us: a9reed to ser>e as t:e Harris Count3 co-c:air8an of t:e &ac; CoE
for Go>ernor finance co88ittee? In t:e 9ubernatorial election of 12-$1 CoE recei>ed
.151555 >otes1 a sur<risin9l3 lar9e result? Connall3 =on t:e 9o>ernors:i<1 and it =as in t:at
ca<acit3 t:at :e =as <resent in t:e #enned3 8otorcade in ,allas on No>e8ber $$1 12-'?
,urin9 t:ese 3ears1 a si9nificant influence =as eEercised in t:e TeEas GO% b3 t:e &o:n
!irc: Societ31 =:ic: :ad 9ro=n u< durin9 t:e 12+57s t:rou9: t:e leaders:i< and financin9
of Robert *elc:? *ater for t:e !irc: 8ill =as abundantl3 <ro>ided b3 t:e liberal
Re<ublicanis8 of t:e Eisen:o=er ad8inistration1 =it: counted %rescott !us:1 Nelson
Roc;efeller1 Gordon Gra31 and Robert #eit: Gra3 a8on9 its 8ost infleuntial fi9ures? In
reaction a9ainst t:is *all Street liberalis81 t:e !irc:ers offered an ideolo93 of i8<otent
ne9ati>e <rotest based on self-ri9:teous c:au>inis8 in forei9n affairs and t:e 83stifications
of t:e free 8ar;et at :o8e? !ut t:e3 =ere :i9:l3 sus<icious of t:e financier cli@ues of
lo=er Man:attan1 and to t:at eEtent t:e3 :ad Geor9e !us:7s nu8ber?
!us: is still co8<lainin9 about t:e indi9nities :e suffered at t:e :ands of t:ese !irc:ers1
=it: =:o8 :e =as strainin9 to :a>e as 8uc: as <ossible in co88on? !ut :e 8et =it:
re<eated frustration1 because :is Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent <edi9ree =as al=a3s t:ere?
In :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 !us: la8ents t:at 8an3 TeEans t:ou9:t t:at Redboo;
Ma9aAine1 <ublis:ed b3 :is fat:er-in-la= Mar>in %ierce of t:e McCall Co<oration1 =as an
official <ublication of t:e Co88unist %art3?
!us: recounts a ca8<ai9n tri< =it: :is aide Ro3 Goodearle to t:e TeEas <an:andle1 durin9
=:ic: :e =as =or;in9 a cro=d at one of :is t3<ical free food1 free beer F<olitical
barbecues?F !us: 9a>e one of :is <al8 cards to a 8an =:o conceded t:at :e :ad :eard of
!us:1 but @uic;l3 added t:at :e could ne>er su<<ort :i8? !us: t:ou9:t t:is =as because :e
=as runnin9 as a Re<ublican? F!ut1F G!us:H t:en realiAed1 F83 bein9 a Re<ublican =asn7t
t:e t:in9 bot:erin9 t:e 9u3? It =as so8et:in9 =orse t:an t:at?F !us:7s interlocutor =as
u<set o>er t:e fact t:at Ja<ata Offs:ore :ad eastern in>estors? *:en !us: =:ined t:at all
oil co8<anies :ad eastern in>estors1 for suc: =as t:e nature of t:e business1 :is tor8entor
<ointed out t:at one of !us:7s 8ain ca8<ai9n contributors1 a <ro8inent Houston attorne31
=as not Bust a Fsonofabitc:1F but also a 8e8ber of t:e Ne= (or; Council on orei9n
Relations?
!us: eE<lains1 =it: t:e =:ine in :is lar3nE in o>erdri>e" FT:e lesson =as t:at in t:e 8inds
of so8e >oters t:e Council on orei9n Relations =as not:in9 8ore t:an a One *orld tool
of t:e Co88unist-*all Street internationalist cons<irac31 and to 8a;e 8atters =orse1 t:e
Houston la=3er :ad also =or;ed for %resident Eisen:o=er-- a ;no=n tool of t:e
Co88unists1 in t:e e3es of so8e &o:n !irc: 8e8bers?F urt:er elucidation is t:en added
in a footnote" FA decade and a :alf later1 runnin9 for %resident1 I ran into so8e of t:e sa8e
<olitical t3<es on t:e ca8<ai9n trail? !3 t:en1 t:e37d unco>ered an international cons<irac3
e>en 8ore sinister t:an t:e Council on orei9n Relations-- t:e Trilateral Co88ission1 a
9rou< t:at %resident Rea9an recei>ed at t:e *:ite House in 12/1?F T:is1=:ic: included t:e
eE<osure of !us:7s 8e8bers:i< not Bust in ,a>id Roc;efeller7s Trilateral1 but also in S;ull
and !ones1 about =:ic: !us: al=a3s refuses to co88ent? *:en Ronald Rea9an and ot:er
candidates too; u< t:is issue1 !us: ended u< loosin9 t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 and =it:
it :is best :o<e of ca<turin9 t:e %residenc3 in 12/5? !us:1 in s:ort1 :as been a=are since
t:e earl3 siEties t:at serious attention to :is oli9arc:ical <edi9ree causes :i8 to lose
elections? His res<onse :as been to see; to declare t:ese >er3 rele>ant 8atters off li8its1
and to order dirt3 tric;s and co>ert o<erations a9ainst t:ose =:o <ersist in 8a;in9 t:is an
issue? Gfn .H
%art of t:e influence of t:e !irc: Societ3 in t:ose da3s =as due to t:e su<<ort and
financin9 afforded b3 t:e Hunt d3nast3 of ,allas? In <articular1 t:e fabulousl3 =ealt:3
oil8an H?L? Hunt1 one of t:e ric:est 8en in t:e =orld1 =as an a>id s<onsor of ri9:t=in9
<ro<a9anda =:ic: :e <ut out under t:e na8e of LIE LINE? On at least one occasion Hunt
called !us: to ,allas for a 8eetin9 durin9 one of t:e latter7s TeEas <olitical ca8<ai9ns?
FT:ere7s so8et:in9 I7d li;e to 9i>e 3ou1F Hunt told !us:? !us: a<<eared =it: re8ar;able
alacrit31 and Hunt en9a9ed :i8 in a lon9 con>ersation about 8an3 t:in9s1 but 8entioned
neit:er <olitics nor 8one3? inall31 as !us: =as 9ettin9 read3 to lea>e1 Hunt :anded :i8 a
t:ic; bro=n en>elo<e? !us: ea9erl3 o<ened t:e en>elo<e in t:e fir8 eE<ectation t:at it
=ould contain a lar9e su8 in cas:? *:at :e found instead =as a t:ic; =ad of LIE LINE
literature for :is ideolo9ical refor8ation? Gfn /H
It =as in t:is conteEt t:at Geor9e !us:1 8ediocre oil8an1 fortified b3 :is *all Street and
S;ull and !ones connections1 but =it: al8ost no >isible @ualifications1 and scarcel3 ;no=n
in TeEas outside of Odessa1 Midland1 and Houston1 decided t:at :e :ad attained senatorial
caliber? In t:e Ro8an E8<ire1 8e8bers:i< in t:e Senate =as an :ereditar3 attribute of
<atrician fa8il3 ran;? %rescott !us: :ad left t:e Senate in earl3 &anuar3 of 12-'? !efore t:e
3ear =as out1 Geor9e !us: =ould 8a;e :is clai8? As Senator (arborou9: later
co88ented1 it =ould turn out to be an act of ter8erit3?
,urin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12-' !us: set about asse8blin9 an institutional base for :is ca8<ai9n?
T:e c:osen >e:icle =ould be t:e Re<ublican c:air8ans:i< of Harris Count31 t:e area
around Houston1 a bul=ar; of t:e TeEas GO%? !us: :ad been <artici<atin9 in t:e Harris
Count3 or9aniAation since 12-5?
One Sunda3 8ornin9 !us: in>ited so8e count3 Re<ublican acti>ists to :is :o8e on !riar
,ri>e? %resent =ere Ro3 Goodearle1 a 3oun9 inde<endent oil 8an =:o1 before !arbara
!us: a<<ro<riated it1 =as 9i>en t:e nic;na8e of Ft:e Sil>er oEF in t:e *as:in9ton scene?
Also <resent =ere &ac; Steel1 To8 and Nanc3 T:a=le31 and so8e ot:ers?
Goodearle1 <resu8abl3 actin9 as t:e la=3er for t:e !us: faction1 addressed t:e 8eetin9 on
t:e dan9ers <osed b3 t:e sectarians of t:e &o:n !irc: Societ3 to t:e <ros<ects of t:e GO% in
Houston and else=:ere? O>er lunc: <re<ared b3 !arbara !us:1 Goodearle outlined t:e
tactical situation in t:e Harris Count3 or9aniAation" a !irc:ite faction under t:e leaders:i<
of state senator *alter Men9don1 alt:ou9: still a 8inorit31 =as e8er9in9 as a <o=erful
inner-<art3 o<<osition a9ainst t:e liberals and 8oderates? In t:e last >ote for GO% count3
leader1 t:e !irc: candidate :ad been narro=l3 defeated? No=1 after t:ree 3ears in office1 t:e
8ore 8oderate count3 c:air8an1 &a8es A? !ertron1 =ould announce on ebruar3 /1 12-'
t:at :e could no lon9er ser>e as c:air8an of t:e Harris Count3 Re<ublican EEecuti>e
Co88ittee? His resi9nation1 :e =ould state1 =as Fnecessitated b3 ne9lect of 83 <ersonal
business due to 83 <olitical acti>ities?F Gfn 2H T:is =as doubtless >er3 con>enient in t:e
li9:t of =:at !us: :ad been <lannin9?
!ertron =as @uittin9 to 8o>e to lorida? In 12-11 !ertron :ad been attendin9 a Re<ublican
fundraisin9 9at:erin9 in *as:in9ton ,C1 =:en :e =as accosted b3 none ot:er t:an Senator
%rescott !us:? !us: too; !ertron aside and de8anded" F&i8831 =:en are 3ou 9oin9 to 9et
Geor9e in>ol>edDF FSenator1 I78 tr3in91F !etron re<lied1 e>identl3 =it: so8e >eEation?
F*e7re all tr3in9?F Gfn 15H In 12-1 or at an3 ot:er ti8e it is doubtful t:at Geor9e !us: could
:a>e found :is =a3 to t:e 8en7s roo8 =it:out t:e :el< of a <aid infor8ant sent b3 Senator
%rescott !us:?
Goodearle =ent on to tell t:e asse8bled Re<ublicans t:at unless a Fstron9 candidateF no=
entered t:e race1 a !irc:er =as li;el3 to =in t:e <ost of count3 c:air8an? !ut in order to
defeat t:e =ell-or9aniAed and Aealous !irc:ers1 said Goodearle1 an anti-!irc:er =ould :a>e
to underta;e a 9ruelin9 ca8<ai9n1 tourin9 t:e count3 and 8a;in9 s<eec:es to t:e
Re<ublican fait:ful e>er3 ni9:t for se>eral =ee;s? T:en1 under t:e ur9in9 of Goodearle1 t:e
asse8bled 9rou< turned to !us:" could :e be <re>ailed on to <ut :is :at in t:e rin9D !us:1
b3 :is o=n account1 needed no ti8e to t:in; it o>er1 and acce<ted on t:e s<ot?
*it: t:at1 Geor9e and !arbara =ere on t:e road in t:eir first ca8<ai9n in =:at !us: later
called Fanot:er a<<rentices:i<?F *:ile !arbara busied :erself =it: needle<oint in order to
sta3 a=a;e t:rou9: a s<eec: s:e :ad :eard re<eatedl31 Geor9e c:urned out a <itc: on t:e
>irtues of t:e t=o-<art3 s3ste8 and t:e ad>anta9es of :a>in9 a Re<ublican alternati>e to t:e
entrenc:ed Houston establis:8ent? In effect1 :is <latfor8 =as t:e Sout:ern Strate93 a>ant
la lettre? Local obser>ers soon noticed t:at !arbara !us: =as able to 9ain acce<tance as a
ca8<ai9n co8rade for Re<ublican >olunteers1 in addition ot bein9 estee8ed as t:e =ealt:3
candidate7s =ife?
*:en t:e >ote for count3 c:air8an ca8e1 t:e candidate o<<osin9 !us:1 Russell %rior1
<ulled out of t:e race for reasons t:at :a>e not been satisfactoril3 eE<lained1 t:us
<er8ittin9 !us: to be elected unani8ousl3 b3 t:e eEecuti>e co88ittee? Hencefort:1
=innin9 uno<<osed :as been !us:7s taste in elections" t:is is :o= :e =as returned to t:e
House for :is second ter8 in 12-/1 and !us: <ro<a9andists flirted =it: a si8ilar a<<roac:
to t:e 122$ <residential contest?
At t:e ti8e of :is election1 '/-3ear old Geor9e =as not eEactl3 a :ouse:old =ord1 not e>en
in Houston? In announcin9 :is >ictor31 t:e Houston C:ronicle <rinted t:e <icture of a totall3
different <erson1 ca<tioned as FGeor9e !us:1F t:e 8an =:o =anted to F:one t:e <art3 to a
fine ed9e for t:e i8<ortant Bob a:ead in 12-)F--t:at is to sa31 for t:e Gold=ater for
%resident ca8<ai9n? Gfn 11H As c:air8an1 !us: =as free to a<<oint t:e officers of t:e
count3 GO%? So8e of t:ese c:oices are not =it:out rele>ance for t:e future course of =orld
:istor3? or t:e <ost of <art3 counsel1 !us: a<<ointed *illia8 !? Cassin of !a;er and
!otts1 S:e<:erd and Coates la= fir8? or :is assistant count3 c:air8en1 !us: ta<<ed
Ant:on3 arris1 Gene Cross8an1 Ro3 Goodearle1 and for eEecuti>e director1 *illia8 R?
Si88ons? Not to be o>erlooo;ed is t:e c:oice of Ant:on3 &?%? FTou9: Ton3F arris? He :ad
been a Marine 9unner aboard di>e bo8bers and tor<edo bo8bers durin9 t:e =ar1 and :ad
later 9raduated fro8 t:e Uni>ersit3 of Houston La= Sc:ool1 subse@uentl3 settin9 u< a
9eneral la= <ractice in t:e Sterlin9 !uildin9 in do=nto=n Houston? T:e F%F stood for
%ereA1 and arris =as a =:eel:orse in t:e MeEican-A8erican co88unit3 =it: t:e FA8i9os
for !us:F in a nu8ber of ca8<ai9ns? arris =as an unsuccessful Con9ressional candidate1
but =as later re=arded b3 t:e NiEon ad8inistration =it: t:e <ost of United States Attorne3
in Houston? T:en arris =as elected to t:e Harris Count3 benc: in 12/5? *:en Geor9e
!us:7s for8er business <artner and constant cron31 &? Hu9: Liedt;e of %ennAoil1 sued
TeEaco for da8a9es in t:e celebrated Gett3 Oil case of 12/+1 it =as &ud9e Tou9: Ton3
arris =:o <resided o>er 8ost of t:e trial and 8ade t:e ;e3 rulin9s on t:e =a3 to t:e
9rantin9 of t:e bi99est da8a9e a=ard in :istor31 an unbelie>able I 1111$512.-1115?/'1 all
for t:e benefit of !us:7s 9ood friend &? Hu9: Liedt;e? Gfn 1$H
On Marc: $11 !us: told t:e Houston C:ronicle t:at t:e Harris Count3 GO% is
Fconser>ati>e1F and not FeEtre8ist"F FT:e Re<ublican <art3 in t:e <ast -- and so8eti8es
=it: Bustification-- :as been connected in t:e 8ind of t:e <ublic =it: eEtre8is81F said
!us:? F*e7re not1 or at least 8ost of us are not1 eEtre8ists? *e7re Bust res<onsible <eo<le?F
!us: <led9ed t:at :is 8essa9e =ould be t:e sa8e all o>er t:e count31 and t:at :e =ould
Fsa3 t:e sa8e t:in9s in Ri>er Oa;s as in t:e East End1 or in %asadena?F
At t:e sa8e ti8e t:at :e =as in>ei9:in9 a9ainst eEtre8is81 !us: =as dra9oonin9 :is <art3
a<<aratus to 8ount t:e Houston ,raft Gold=ater dri>e T:e 9oal of t:is effort =as to
<rocure 1551555 si9natures for Gold=ater1 =it: eac: si9ner also <lun;in9 do=n a dollar to
fill t:e GO% coffers? FAn eEcellent =a3 for t:ose =:o su<<ort Gold=ater-li;e 8e- to 8a;e
it ;no=n1F o<ined C:air8an Geor9e? !us: fostered a <artisan --one 8i9:t sa3 >indicti>e--
8ood at t:e count3 GO% :ead@uarters" t:e Houston C:ronicle of &une -1 12-' re<orts t:at
GO% acti>ists =ere a8usin9 t:e8sel>es b3 tossin9 darts at a balloons sus<ended in front of
a <:oto9ra<: of %resident &o:nson? !us: told t:e C:ronicle" FI sa= t:e incident and it did
not offend 8e? It =as Bust a 9a9?F
!ut !us:7s <ro-Gold=ater efforts =ere not uni>ersall3 a<<reciated? In earl3 &ul3 Crai9
%e<er1 t:e current c:air8an of t:e <art3 finance co88ittee1 stood u< in a <art3 9at:erin9
and attac;ed t:e leaders of t:e ,raft Gold=ater 8o>e8ent1 includin9 !us: as Fri9:t =in9
eEtre8ists?F !us: :ad not been <ur9in9 an3 !irc:ers1 but :e =as not =illin9 to <er8it suc:
attac;s fro8 :is left? !us: accordin9l3 <ur9ed %e<er1 de8andin9 :is resi9nation after a <ro-
Gold=ater 8eetin9 at =:ic: !us: :ad boasted t:at :e =as F155R for t:e draft Gold=ater
8o>e?F
A fe= =ee;s after oustin9 %e<er1 !us: contributed one of :is first <ublic <olitical
state8ents as an o< ed in t:e Houston C:ronicle of $/ &ul3 12-'? Concernin9 :e recent
or9aniAational <roble8s1 :e =:ined t:at t:e count3 or9aniAation =as Fafflicted =it: so8e
dr3-8artini critics =:o tal; and don7t =or;?F T:en1 in confor8it3 =it: :is fa8il3 doctrine
and :is o=n do8inant obsession1 !us: turned to t:e issue of race? As a conser>ati>e1 :e :ad
to la8ent t:at fact t:at FNe9roesF Ft:in; t:at conser>atis8 8eans se9re9ation?F Not:in9
could be furt:er fro8 t:e trut:? T:is =as rat:er t:e result of slanderous <ro<a9anda =:ic:
Re<ublican <ublic relations 8en :ad not sufficientl3 refuted" First1 t:e3 atte8<t to <resent
us as racists? T:e Re<ublican <art3 of Harris Count3 is not a racist <art3? *e :a>e not
<resented our stor3 to t:e Ne9roes in t:e count3? Our failure to attract t:e Ne9ro >oter :as
not been because of a racist <:iloso<:3C rat:er1 it :as been a <roduct of our not :a>in9 :ad
t:e or9aniAation to tac;le all <arts of t:e countr3?F *:at t:en =as t:e GO% line on t:e race
@uestionD F*e belie>e in t:e basic <re8iss t:at t:e indi>idual Ne9ro surrenders t:e >er3
di9nit3 and freedo8 :e is stru99lin9 for =:en :e acce<t 8one3 for :is >ote or =:en :e
9oes alon9 =it: t:e bloc; >ote dictates of so8e ,e8ocratic boss =:o couldn7t care less
about t:e @ualit3 of t:e candidates :e is <us:in9?F So t:e GO% =ould tr3 to se<arate t:e
blac; >oter fro8 t:e ,e8ocrats? !us: conceded" F*e :a>e a tou9: ro= to :oe :ere?F
After t:ese <ronounce8ents on race1 !us: t:en =ant on to t:e trade union front?
(arborou9:7s labor bac;in9 =as eEceedin9l3 stron91 and !us: lost no ti8e in assailin9 t:e
state AL-CIO and its Co88ittee on %olitical Education 0CO%E4 for 9earin9 u< to :el<
(arborou9: in :is race? or !us: t:is 8eant t:at t:e AL-CIO =as not su<<ortin9 t:e Ft=o
-<art3 s3ste8?F FA stron9 <itc: is bein9 8ade to dun t:e GunionH 8e8bers:i< to :el< elect
(arborou9:F-- :e c:ar9ed -- Flon9 before (arborou9:7s o<<onent is e>en ;no=n?F
!us: also s<o;e out durin9 t:is <eriod on forei9n affairs1 He de8anded t:at %resident
#enned3 F8uster t:e coura9eF to underta;e a ne= attac; on Cuba? Gfn 1'H
!efore announcin9 :is bid for t:e senate1 !us: decided to ta;e out =:at =ould a<<ear in
retros<ect to be a >er3 i8<ortant insurance <olic3 for :is future <olitical career? On A<ril
$$1 !us:1 =it: t:e su<<ort of Re<ublican state c:air8an %eter O7,onnell1 filed a suit in
federal court callin9 for t:e rea<<ortion8ent of t:e Con9ressional districts in t:e Houston
area? T:e suit ar9ued t:at t:e urban >oters of Harris Count3 =ere bein9 <artiall3
disenfranc:ised b3 a s3ste8 t:at fa>ored rural >oters and de8anded as a re8ed3 t:at a ne=
Con9ressional district be dra=n in t:e area? FT:is is not a <artisan 8atter1F co88ented t:e
ci>ic-8inded !us:? FT:is is so8et:in9 of concern to all Harris Count3 citiAens?F !us:
=ould later =in t:is suit1 and t:at =ould lead to a court-ordered redistrictin9 =:ic: =ould
create t:e Se>ent: Con9ressional ,istrict1 <ri8aril3 out of t:ose <recincts =:ic: !us: :ad
8ana9ed to carr3 in t:e 12-) Senate race? *as t:is t:e in>isible :and of S;ull and !onesD
T:is =ould also 8ean t:at t:ere =ould be no entrenc:ed incu8bent1 no incu8bent of an3
;ind1 in t:at Se>ent: ,istrict =:en !us: 9ot around to 8a;in9 :is bid t:ere in 12--? !ut
for no=1 t:is =as all still in t:e future?
On Se<te8ber 151 12-' !us: announced :is ca8<ai9n for t:e US Senate? He =as full3
endorsed b3 t:e state Re<ublican or9aniAation and its c:air8an1 %eter O7,onnell1 =:o
accordin9 to so8e accounts :ad encoura9ed !us: to run? !3 ,ece8ber + !us: :ad furt:er
announced t:at :e =as <lannin9 to ste< do=n as Harris Count3 c:air8an and de>ote
:i8self to full-ti8e state-=ide ca8<ai9nin9 startin9 earl3 in 12-)? At t:is <oint1 !us:7s
fore8ost strate9ic concern a<<ears to :a>e been 8one3--bi9 8one3? On October 121 t:e
Houston C:ronicle carried :is co88ent t:at oustin9 (arborou9: =ould re@uire nearl3 I$
8illion Fif 3ou =ant to do it ri9:t?F Muc: of t:is =ould 9o to t:e !ro=n and Sn3der
ad>ertisin9 a9enc3 in Houston for tele>ision and billboards? In 12-'1 t:is =as a
considerable su81 but !us:7s cron3 C? red C:a8bers1 also an oil8an1 =as co88itted to
raisin9 it? ,urin9 t:ese 3ears C:a8bers a<<ears to :a>e been one of !us:7s closest friends1
and :e recei>ed t:e ulti8ate a<ot:eosis of :a>in9 one of t:e !us: fa8il3 do9s na8ed in :is
:onor? Gfn 1)H
It is i8<ossible to establis: in retros<ect :o= 8uc: !us: s<ent in t:is ca8<ai9n? State
ca8<ai9n finance filin9s do eEist1 but t:e3 are fra98entar3 and 9rossl3 underesti8ate t:e
8one3 t:at =as actuall3 co88itted?
In ter8s of t:e tradeoffs of t:e ca8<ai9n1 !us: and :is :andlers =ere confronted =it: t:e
follo=in9 confi9uration" t:ere =ere t:ree co8<etitors for t:e Re<ublican senatorial
no8ination? T:e 8ost for8idable co8<etition ca8e fro8 &ac; CoE1 t:e Houston oil8an
=:o :ad run for 9o>ernor a9ainst Connall3 in 12-$1 and =:ose state=ide reco9nition =as
8uc: :i9:er t:an !us:7s? CoE =ould <osition :i8self to t:e ri9:t of !us: and =:o =ould
recei>e t:e endorse8ent of General Ed=in *al;er1 =:o :ad been forced to resi9n :is
infantr3 co88and in Ger8an3 because of :is radical s<eec:es to t:e troo<s? A for8er
,e8ocrat1 CoE =as re<orted to :a>e financial bac;in9 fro8 t:e Hunts of ,allas? CoE
ca8<ai9ned a9ainst 8edicare1 federal aid to education1 t:e =ar on <o>ert31 and t:e loss of
US so>erei9nt3 to t:e UN?
Co8<etin9 =it: CoE =as ,r? Milton ,a>is1 a t:oracic sur9eon fro8 ,allas =:o =as
eE<ected to be t:e =ea;est candidate but =:ose <ositions =ere <er:a<s t:e 8ost
distincti>e" Morris =as for Fno treaties =it: Russia1F t:e re<eal of t:e federal inco8e taE1
and t:e Fsellin9 off of eEcess 9o>ern8ent industrial <ro<ert3 suc: as T6A and REAF-- =:at
t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistrations =ould later call <ri>atiAation?
Co8<etin9 =it: !us: for t:e less 8ilitant conser>ati>es =as ,allas la=3er Robert Morris1
=:o reco88ended de<ri>in9 t:e US Su<re8e Court of a<<ellate Burisdiction in sc:ool
<ra3er cases? Gfn 1+H In order to a>oid a :u8iliatin9 second-round runoff in t:e <ri8ar31
!us: =ould need to score an absolute 8aBorit3 t:e first ti8e around? To do t:at :e =ould
:a>e to first co8<ete =it: CoE on a ri9:t-=in9 terrain1 and t:en 8o>e to t:e center after t:e
<ri8ar3 in order to ta;e >otes fro8 (arborou9: t:ere?
!ut t:ere =as also <ri8ar3 co8<etition on t:e ,e8ocratic side for (arborou9:? T:is =as
Gordon McLendon1 t:e o=ner of a radio net=or;1 t:e Libert3 !roadcastin9 S3ste81 t:at
=as loaded =it: debt? Libert3 !roadcastin97s to< creditor =as Houston ban;er Ro3 Cullen1
a !us: cron3? Ro3 Cullen7s na8e a<<ears1 for eEa8<le1 alon9 =it: suc: died-in - t:e =ool
!us:8en as *?S? arris: III1 &a8es A? !a;er III1 C? red C:a8bers1 Robert Mosbac:er1
*illia8 C? Liedt;e1 &r?1 &ose<: R? Neu:aus1 and *illia8 !? Cassin in a !us: ca8<ai9n ad
in t:e Houston C:ronicle of late A<ril1 12-)? *:en McLendon finall3 =ent ban;ru<t1 it
=as found t:at :e o=ed Ro3 Cullen 8ore t:an a 8illion dollars? So <er:a<s it is not
sur<risin9 t:at McLendon7s ca8<ai9n functioned as an auEiliar3 to !us:7s o=n efforts?
McLendon s<ecialiAed in s8earin9 (arborou9: =it: t:e !illie Sol Estes issue1 and it =as to
t:is t:at McLendon de>oted 8ost of :is s<ea;in9 ti8e and 8edia bud9et?
!illie Sol Estes in t:ose da3s =as notorious for :is con>iction for defraudin9 t:e US
9o>ern8ent of lar9e su8s of 8one3 in a sca8 in>ol>in9 t:e stora9e of c:e8icals t:at
turned out not to eEist? !illie Sol =as <art of t:e L!& <olitical 8ilieu? As t:e Estes scandal
de>elo<ed1 a re<ort e8er9ed t:at :e :ad 9i>en (arborou9: a <a38ent of I+51555 on No>? -1
12-5? !ut later1 after a t:orou9: in>esti9ation1 t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice :ad issued a
state8ent declarin9 t:at t:e c:ar9es in>ol>in9 (arborou9: =ere F=it:out an3 foundation in
fact and unsu<<orted b3 credible testi8on3?F FT:e case is closed1F said t:e &ustice
,e<art8ent? !ut t:is did not sto< !us: fro8 usin9 t:e issue to t:e :ilt" FI don7t intend to
8ud-slin9 =it: G(arborou9:H about suc: 8atters as t:e !illie Sol Estes case since
(arborou9:7s connections =it: Estes are a si8<le 8atter of record =:ic: an3 one can
c:ec;1F said !us:? FG(arborou9: isH 9oin9 to :a>e to <ro>e to t:e TeEas >oters t:at :is
connections =it: !illie Sol Estes =ere as casual as :e clai8s t:e3 =ere?F Gfn 1-H In a
release issued on A<ril $)1 !us: Fsaid :e =elco8es t:e assistance of Gordon McLendon1
(arborou9:7s <ri8ar3 o<<onent1 in tr3in9 to force t:e incu8bent Senator to ans=er?F !us:
added t:at :e <lanned to F:a88er at (arborou9: e>er3 ste< of t:e =a3F Funtil I 9et so8e
sort of ans=er?F
T:e ot:er accusation t:at =as used a9ainst (arborou9: durin9 t:e ca8<ai9n =as ad>anced
8ost notabl3 in an article <ublis:ed in t:e Se<te8ber1 12-) issue of Reader7s ,i9est? T:e
stor3 =as t:at (arborou9: :ad facilitated bac;in9 and subsidies t:rou9: t:e TeEas Area
Reconstruction Ad8inistration for an industrial de>elo<8ent <roBect in Croc;ett1 TeEas1
onl3 to :a>e t:e <roBect fail o=in9 to t:e inabilit3 of t:e co8<an3 in>ol>ed to build t:e
factor3 t:at =as <lanned? T:e accusation =as t:at Audio Electronics1 t:e <ros<ecti>e
factor3 builders1 :ad recei>ed a state loan of I'/'1555 to build t:e <lant1 =:ile to=ns<eo<le
:ad raised so8e I-51555 to bu3 t:e <lant site1 before t:e entire deal fell t:rou9:?
T:e Reader7s ,i9est told disa<<ro>in9l3 of (arborou9: addressin9 a 9rou< of '+ Croc;ett
residents on a tele<:one s@ua=; boE in Marc:1 12-'1 tellin9 t:e8 t:at :e =as aut:oriAed
b3 t:e *:ite House to announce Ft:at 3ou are 9oin9 to 9ain a fine ne= industr3-one t:at
=ill <ro>ide ne= Bobs for 1/5 <eo<le1 add ne= stren9t: to 3our area?F
T:e Reader7s ,i9est article left t:e distinct i8<ression t:at t:e I-51555 in>ested b3 local
residents :ad been lost? F!ecause <eo<le belie>ed t:at t:eir Senator7s 7*:ite House
announc8ent7 of t:e ARA loan to Audio 9uaranteed t:e fir87s soundness1 se>eral TeEans
in>ested in it and lost all? One 8an dro<<ed I)51555? A retired Air orce officer <lo=ed in
I.555?F It turned out in realit3 t:at t:ose =:o :ad in>ested in t:e real estate for t:e <lant
site :ad lost not:in91 but :ad rat:er been 8ade an offer for t:eir land t:at re<resented a
<rofit of one t:ird on t:e ori9inal in>est8ent1 and t:us stood to 9ain substantiall3?
!us: ca8<ai9n :ead@uarters i88ediatel3 9ot into t:e act =it: a state8ent t:at Fit is a
s:a8eF t:at TeEans :ad to <ic; u< t:e Reader7s ,i9est and find t:eir senator F:oldin9 t:e
:and of scandal?F FT:e citiAens of t:e area raised I-51555 in cas:1 in>ested it in t:e
co8<an31 and lost it because t:e <roBect =as a fraud and ne>er started?F (arborou9: s:ot
bac; =it: a state8ent of :is o=n1 <ointin9 out t:at !us:7s clai8s =ere Fbasel3 false1F and
addin9 t:at t:e Frec;less1 irres<onsible false c:ar9es b3 83 o<<onent furt:er de8onstrate
:is untrut:fulness and unfitness for t:e office of US Senator?F Most tellin9 =as
(arborou9:7s c:ar9e on :o= t:e Reader7s ,i9est 9ot interested in Croc;ett1 TeEas1 in t:e
first <lace" FT:e fact t:at 83 o<<onent7s 8ulti-8illionaire fat:er7s *all Street in>est8ent
ban;in9 connections enable t:e <lantin9 of false and libellous articles about 8e in national
8a9aAine li;e t:e Reader7s ,i9est =ill not enable t:e Connecticut candidate to bu3 a TeEas
seat in t:e US Senate?F T:at =as on tar9et1 t:at :urt? !us: =:ined in res<onse t:at it =as
(arborou9:7s state8ent =:ic: =as Ffalse1 libellous1 and :o9=as:1F and c:allen9in9 t:e
senator to <ro>e it or retract it? Gfn 1.H
!e3ond t:ese atte8<ts to s8ear (arborou9:1 it is once a9ain c:aracteristic t:at t:e <rinci<al
issue around =:ic: !us: built :is ca8<ai9n =as racis81 eE<ressed t:is ti8e as o<<osition
to t:e ci>il ri9:ts bill t:at =as before t:e Con9ress durin9 12-)? !us: did t:is certainl3 in
order to confor8 to :is <ro-Gold=ater ideolo9ical <rofile1 and in order to 9arner >otes
0es<eciall3 in t:e Re<ublican <ri8ar34 usin9 racist and states7 ri9:ts bac;las:1 but 8ost of
all in order to eE<ress t:e dee<est tenets of t:e <:iloso<:ical =orld- outloo; of :i8self and
:is oli9arc:ical fa8il3?
6er3 earl3 in t:e ca8<ai9n !us: issued a state8ent sa3in9" FI a8 o<<osed to t:e Ci>il
Ri9:ts bill no= before t:e Senate?F Not content =it: t:at1 !us: <roceeded i88ediatel3 to
ta< t:e =ells<rin9s of nullification and inter<osition" FTeEas :as a co8<arabl3 9ood record
in ci>il ri9:ts1F :e ar9ued1 Fand I78 o<<osed to t:e ederal Go>ern8ent inter>enin9 furt:er
into State affairs and indi>idual ri9:ts?F At t:is <oint !us: clai8ed t:at :is @uarrel =as not
=it: t:e entire bill1 but rat:er =it: t=o s<ecific <ro>isions1 =:ic: :e clai8ed :ad not been
a <art of t:e ori9inal draft1 but =:ic: :e :inted :ad been added to <lacate >iolent blac;
eEtre8ists? Accordin9 to :is state8ent of Marc: 1.1 F!us: <ointed out t:at t:e ori9inal
#enned3 Ci>il Ri9:ts bill in 12-$ did not contain <ro>isions eit:er for a <ublic
acco8odations section or a air E8<lo38ent %ractices Co88ission 0E%C4 section?F
FT:en1 after t:e :ot1 turbulent su88er of 12-$1 =:en it beca8e a<<arent t:at in order to 9et
t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts leaders7 su<<ort and >otes in t:e 12-) election so8et:in9 8ore 8ust be
done1 t:ese t=o bad sections =ere added to t:e bill1F accordin9 to !us:? FI su99est t:at
t:ese t=o <ro>isions of t:e bill-- =:ic: I 8ost :eatedl3 o<<ose -- =ere <oliticall3
8oti>ated and are c3nical in t:eir a<<roac: to a 8ost serious <roble8?F !ut soon
abandoned t:is :air-s<littin9 a<<roac:1 and on Marc: $+ :e told t:e &a3cees of T3ler FI
o<<ose t:e entire bill?F !us: eE<lained later t:at be3ond t:e <ublic acco8odations section
and t:e air E8<lo38ent %ractices Co88ittee1 :e found t:at Ft:e 8ost dan9erous <ortions
of t:e bill are t:ose =:ic: 8a;e t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice t:e 8ost <o=erful <olice force
in t:e Nation and t:e Attorne3 General t:e Nation7s 8ost <o=erful <olice c:ief?F
*:en Ted #enned3 of Massac:usetts deli>ered :is 8aiden s<eec: to t:e Senate in A<ril of
12-)1 :e included a <assa9e referrin9 to t:e late &o:n ? #enned31 sa3in9 t:at t:e dead
%resident :ad belie>ed t:at F=e s:ould not :ate1 but lo>e one anot:er?F !us: las:ed out at
#enned3 for =:at :e called Funfair criticis8 of t:ose =:o o<<ose t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts bill?F In
!us:7s inter<retation1 F#enned37s dra8atic1 al8ost tearful <lea for <assa9e of t:e bill
<resented all t:ose =:o disa9ree =it: it as :ate 8on9ers?F FT:e inference is clear1F !us:
said? FIn ot:er =ords1 Ted #enned3 =as sa3in9 t:at an3 one =:o o<<oses t:e <resent Ci>il
Ri9:ts bill does so because t:ere is :ate in :is :eart? Not:in9 could be furt:er fro8 t:e
trut:? T:is is not a @uestion of :ate or lo>e1 but of Constitutionalit3?F !us: Fand ot:er
res<onsible conser>ati>esF si8<l3 t:in; t:at t:e bill is <oliticall3 ins<ired? FT:is bill1F !us:
said1 =ould 8a;e furt:er inroads into t:e ri9:ts of indi>iduals and t:e States1 and e>en
<ro>ide for t:e ulti8ate destruction of our trial b3 Bur3 s3ste8? *e si8<l3 feel t:at t:is t3<e
of class le9islation1 based on furt:er federal control and inter>ention1 is bad for t:e nation?F
F!us: said t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts <roble8 is bascall3 a local <roble81 best left to t:e States to
:andle?F Here surel3 =as a res<ectable-soundin9 racis8 for t:e era of Sel8a and !ull
Connor?
!us: =as <ro>ided =it: ne= r:etorical a88unition =:en Alaba8a Go>ernor Geor9e
*allace >entured into t:e <residential <ri8aries of t:at 3ear and de8onstrated uneE<ected
>ote-9ettin9 <o=er in certain nort:ern states1 usin9 a <itc: t:at included o>ertl3 racist
a<<eals? In t:e =a;e of one suc: result in *isconsin1 !us: ca8<ai9n issued a release
@uotin9 t:e candidate as bein9 Fsure t:at a 8aBorit3 of A8ericans are o<<osed to t:e Ci>il
Ri9:ts bill no= bein9 debated in t:e Senate?F F!us: called attention to t:e sur<risin9 $+R
of t:e *isconsin <ri8ar3 >ote recei>ed b3 Go>ernor Geor9e C? *allace of Alaba8a1F said
t:e release? In !us:7s >ie=1 F3ou can be sure t:is bi9 >ote =as not cast for *allace :i8self1
but =as used as a 8eans of s:o=in9 <ublic o<<osition to t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts !ill?F FIf a
fla8bo3ant Go>ernor *allace can 9et t:at ;ind of a >ote in a nort:ern state suc: as
*isconsin1 it indicates to 8e t:at t:ere 8ust be 9eneral concern fro8 8an3 res<onsible
<eo<le o>er t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts bill all o>er t:e nation1F !us: said in Houston? FIf I =ere a
8e8ber of t:e Senate toda31 I =ould >ote a9ainst t:is bill in its entiret3?F
!us: =as described in t:e TeEas <ress as atte8<tin9 a 8elan9e of FGold=ater7s <olicies1
#enned37s st3le?F Gfn 1/H T:is co>era9e re>eals traits of t:e narcissistic 8ac:o in t:e )5-
3ear old <lutocrat" F:e is t:e sort of fello= t:e ladies turn t:eir :eads to see at t:e countr3
club c:arit3 ball?F Abundant ca8<ai9n financin9 allo=ed !us: Fto attract eEtra <eo<le to
rallies =it: free barbecue1 free drin;s1 and 8usical entertainers?F T:ese =ere billed b3 t:e
!us: ca8<ai9n as a return to t:e Fold fas:ioned <olitical rall31F and featured suc: 8usical
9rou<s as t:e !lac; Mountain !o3s and t:e !luebonnet !elles? At Garcia7s Restaurant in
Austin !us: encountered a 9rou< of t=o doAen or so s<ort3 3oun9 Re<ublican =o8en
:oldin9 !us: ca8<ai9n <lacards? FO: 9irlsKF crooned t:e candidate?
F(ou all loo; 9reat?K (ou loo; terrific? All dolled u<?F T:e =o8en F=ere 9a-9a about :i8
in return1F =rote <olitical re<orter Ronnie ,u99er in t:e TeEas Obser>er1 addin9 t:at !us:7s
Fca8<ai9n to beco8e t:is state7s second Re<ublican senator 9ets a lot of ener93 and s<ar;le
fro8 t:e 3oun9 Re<ublican 8atrons =:o are ent:usiastic about :i8 <ersonall3 and :a>e
<lent3 of 8one3 for bab3 sitters and not:in9 8uc: to do =it: t:eir ti8e?F !ut in
eE:ortations for 8ilitaristic ad>enturis8 abroad1 t:e substance =as indeed <ure Gold=ater?
As could be eE<ected fro8 t:e 8an =:o :ad so recentl3 c:allen9ed &o:n ? #enned3 to
F8uster t:e coura9eF to attac; Cuba1 an3 of !us:7s 8ost >e:e8ent <ronounce8ents
concerned Castro and Ha>ana1 and =ere doubtless 8uc: a<<reciated b3 t:e sur>i>ors of
!ri9ade $+5- and t:e Mia8i Cubans? !us: started off =it: =:at <assed for a 8oderate
<osition in TeEas Gold=ater circles" FI ad>ocate reco9nition of a Cuban 9o>ern8ent in
eEile and =ould encoura9e t:is 9o>ern8ent e>er3 =a3 to reclai8 its countr3? T:is 8eans
financial and 8ilitar3 assistance?F FI t:in; =e s:ould not be found =antin9 in coura9e to
:el< t:e8 liberate t:eir countr31Fsaid !us:? Candidate Morris :ad a si8ilar <osition1 but
bot: CoE and ,a>is called for an i88ediate restoration of t:e na>al bloc;ade of Cuba?
!us: t:erefore =ent t:e8 one u<1 and endorsed a ne= in>asion of Cuba? A !us: for Senate
ca8<ai9n broc:ure de<icted a nu8ber of ne=s<a<er articles about t:e cnadidate? T:e
:eadline of one of t:ese1 fro8 an unidentified ne=s<a<er1 reads as follo=s" FCU!A
IN6ASION URGE, !( GO% CAN,I,ATE?F T:e subtitle reads" FGeor9e !us:1 Houston
oil8an1 ca8<ai9nin9 for t:e Re<ublican no8ination to t:e US Senate called for a ne=
9o>ern8ent-in- eEile in>asion of Cuba1 no ne9otiation of t:e %ana8a Canal treat31 and a
freedo8 <ac;a9e in Austin?F Ot:er ca8<ai9n fl3ers state t:at FCuba???under Castro is a
8enace to our national securit3? I ad>ocate reco9nition of a Cuban 9o>ern8ent in eEile and
su<<ort of t:is 9o>ern8ent to reclai8 its countr3? *e 8ust reaffir8 t:e Monroe ,octrine?F
Anot:er ca8<ai9n :andout c:aracteriAes Cuba as Fan unredee8ed di<lo8atic disaster
abetted b3 a lac; of a fir8 Cuban <olic3?F
*:at !us: =as <ro<osin9 =ould :a>e a8ounted to a >ast and =ell-funded <ro9ra8 for
ar8in9 and financin9 anti-Castro Cuban eEiles in Mia8i1 and <uttin9 t:e United States
9o>ern8ent at t:e ser>ice of t:eir ad>entures-- <resu8abl3 far in eEcess of t:e substantial
<ro9ra8s t:at =ere alread3 bein9 funded? !eneficiaries =ould :a>e included T:eodore
S:ac;le31 =:o =as b3 no= t:e station c:ief at CIA Mia8i station1 eliE Rodri9ueA1 C:i C:i
Luintero1 and t:e rest of t:e bo3s fro8 t:e Enter<rise?
!us: attac;ed Senator &? *illia8 ulbri9:t1 ,e8ocrat of Ar;ansas1 for t:e latter7s call in a
s<eec: for a 8ore conciliator3 <olic3 to=ards Cuba1 endin9 t:e US econo8ic bo3cott? FI
>ie= t:e s<eec: =it: 9reat sus<icion1F said !us:? FI feel t:is is a trial balloon on t:e <art of
t:e State ,e<art8ent to see =:et:er t:e A8erican <eo<le =ill bu3 anot:er ste< in a
disastrous1 soft forei9n <olic3?F !us: called on Secretar3 of State ,ean Rus;1 a leadin9
:a=;1 to :old fir8 a9ainst t:e <olic3 s:ift t:at ulbri9:t =as <ro<osin9? Fulbri9:t sa3s
Cuba is a 7distasteful nuisance71 but I belie>e t:at Castro7s Co88unist re9i8e 25 8iles fro8
our s:ores is an intolerable nuisance? I a8 in fa>or onl3 of total liberation of Cuba1F
<roclai8ed !us:1 Fand I belie>e t:is can onl3 be ac:ie>ed b3 reco9nition of a Cuban
9o>ern8ent in eEile1 bac;ed u< to t:e fullest b3 t:e United States and t:e Or9aniAation of
A8erican States?F
In t:e 8iddle of A<ril a Re<ublican <olic3 foru8 :eld in Mia8i :eard a re<ort fro8 a
Cuban eEile leader t:at t:e So>iets :ad <osition 8issles on t:e ocean floor off Cuba1 =it:
t:e 8issles <ointed at t:e United States1 and t:at t:is :ad been confir8ed b3 di<lo8atic
sources in Ha>ana? T:is =ould a<<ear in retros<ect to :a>e been a <lanted stor3? or !us:
it =as ob>ious 9rist for :is ca8<ai9n 8ill? !us:1 s<ea;in9 in A8arillo1 called t:e re<ort
Ft:e 8ost alar8in9 ne=s in t:is :e8is<:ere in t=o 3ears?F He called for efforts to Fdri>e
t:e Co88unists out of Cuba?F
!ut1 in ;ee<in9 =it: t:e ti8es1 !us:7s 8ost 9enocidal ca8<ai9n state8ents =ere 8ade in
re9ard to 6ietna8? Here !us: 8ana9ed to identif3 :i8self =it: t:e =ar1 =it: its escalation1
and =it: t:e use of nuclear =ea<ons?
Senator Gold=ater :ad recentl3 raised t:e <ossibilit3 of usin9 tactical nuclear =ea<ons as
t:e 8ost effecti>e defoliants to stri< a=a3 t:e tri<le cano<3 Bun9le of 6ietna8? In a
res<onse to t:is1 an Associated %ress stor3 @uoted !us: as sa3in9 t:at :e =as in fa>or of
an3t:in9 t:at could be done safel3 to=ard finis:in9 t:e fi9:tin9 in Sout:east Asia? F!us:
said :e fa>ors a li8ited eEtension of t:e =ar in 6iet Na81 includin9 restricted use of
nuclear =ea<ons if 78ilitaril3 <rudent17F accordin9 to t:e A% release? Gfn 12H A !us:
ca8<ai9n release of &une 1 :as :i8 sa3in9 :e fa>ors a Fcautious1 Budicious1 and 8ilitaril3
sound eEtension of t:e =ar in 6ietna8?F T:is =as all before t:e Gulf of Ton;in incident and
=ell before US 9round troo<s =ere co88itted to 6ietna8?
!us: :ad se>eral ot:er notes to sound concernin9 t:e loo8in9 =ar in Sout:east Asia? In
Ma3 :e attac;ed t:e State ,e<ar8ent for Fda=dlin9F in 6ietna81 a <olic3 =:ic: :e said
:ad Fcost t:e li>es of so 8an3 3oun9 A8ericans?F He furt:er c:ar9ed t:at t:e US troo<s in
6ietna8 =ere bein9 issued Fs:odd3 =ar 8aterial?F Res<ondin9 to a <rediction fro8
,efense Secretar3 McNa8ara t:at t:e =ar 8i9:t last 15 3ears1 !us: retorted" FT:is =ould
not be t:e case if =e :ad de>elo<ed a =innin9 <olic3 fro8 t:e start of t:is dan9erous brus:
fire?F Also in Ma31 !us: res<onded to a %at:et Lao offensi>e in Laos as follo=s" FT:is
s:ould be a =arnin9 to us in 6ietna8? *:ene>er t:e Co88unist =orld-- eit:er Russian or
C:inese-- si9n a treat31 or an3 ot:er a9ree8ent1 =it: a nation of t:e free =orld1 t:at treat3
isn7t =ort: t:e <a<er it7s =ritten on?F
!us: <u9naciousl3 too; issue =it: t:ose =:o =anted to disen9a9e fro8 t:e 6ietna8
@ua98ire before t:e bul; of t:e =ar7s :u8an losses :ad occurred? He 8ade t:is <art of :is
Freedo8 %ac;a9e1F =:ic: =as a ;ind of 8anifesto for a =orld=ide US i8<erialist and
colonialist offensi>e --a <recursor of t:e ne= =orld order ante littera8? A Marc: '5
ca8<ai9n release <roclai8s t:e Freedo8 %ac;a9eF in t:ese ter8s" F7I do not =ant to
continue to li>e in a =orld =:ere t:ere is no :o<e for a real and lastin9 <eace17 !us: said?
He decried 7=it:dra=al s38<to8s7 <ro<ounded b3 UN A8bassador Adlai Ste>enson and
Senators *illia8 ulbri9:t and Mi;e Mansfield? 7Adlai :as <ro<osed =e GinterHnationaliAe
t:e %ana8a Canal17 !us: <ointed out1 7ulbri9:t as;s us to acco88odate Red Cuba and
rene9otiate our %ana8a treat31 and Mansfield su99ests =e =it:dra= fro8 t:e 6iet Na8
stru99le? T:is is t:e ;ind of retreatis8 =e :a>e 9ro=n accusto8ed to a8on9 our su<<osed
=orld leaders and it is Bust =:at t:e #re8lin ordered?7F
Nor did !us:7s obsession =it: %ana8a and t:e %ana8a Canal be9in =it: Norie9a? In :is
ca8<ai9n literature !us: <rinted :is basic <osition t:at t:e F%ana8a canal???is ours b3 ri9:t
of treat3 and :istorical circu8stance? T:e Canal is critical to our do8estic securit3 and US
so>erei9nt3 o>er t:e Canal 8ust be 8aintained?F *:at is 8eant b3 t:e ri9:t of :istorical
circu8stanceD FI a8 o<<osed to furt:er ne9otiation in %ana8a1F !us: stated re<eatedl3 in
:is ca8<ai9n s<eec:es and releases?
If !us: sa= a Sadda8 Hussein1 a dar;-s;inned1 Mosle8 non-ali9ned t:ird =orld nationalist
in t:e =orld of 12-)1 t:en t:at forei9n leader =as %resident Su;arno of Indonesia? Su;arno1
alon9 =it: Ne:ru1 Nasser1 N;ru8a1 Tito1 and !our9uiba =as one of t:e central fi9ures of
t:e non- ali9ned 8o>e8ent of t:e de>elo<in9 nations t:at :ad e8er9ed fro8 t:e !andun9
Conference of $2 Afro-Asian states in 12++? ,urin9 12-) Su;arno =as atte8<tin9 to
<re>ent t:e creation of Mala3sia out of t:e !ritis: Confederation of Mala3a? %art of
Su;arno7s bloc;in9 8anue>er =as t:e de<lo38ent of <ro-Indonesian 9uerillas into t:e
Malaccan <eninsula abo>e Sin9a<ore1 and into certain areas of nort:ern !orneo1 includin9
Sara=a; and Saba:? ro8 t:ere1 t:ese 9uerillas =ere causin9 <roble8s for !us:7s business
<artner in t:e oil trade1 t:e Sultan of !runei? !us: tar9etted Indonesia and Su;arno
<ersonall3 for a series of >iolent and abusi>e attac;s?
In A<ril1 Su;arno told t:e US A8bassador Ho=ard %? &ones t:at Ft:ere is one countr3
t:reatenin9 to sto< its forei9n aid to Indonesia? T:at countr3 t:in;s it can scare Indonesia? I
sa3 9o to :ell =it: 3our aid?F !us:1 fro8 !i9 S<rin91 co88ented in an A<ril $' state8ent"
FIt7s eas3 for %resident Su;arno of Indonesia to tell us to 79ot to :ell7 =it: our forei9n aid--
no= t:at :e :as alread3 recei>ed I/2) 8illion =ort:?F !us: eE<lained t:at :e :ad been in
!orneo durin9 12-'1 durin9 t:e ti8e t:at t:e Mal3sian ederation =as co8in9 into
eEistence Fin fa>or of t:e ree *orld?F FT:at1F said !us:1 F=as t:e 8ista;e t:e Mala3sian
ederation 8adeC co8in9 into t:e =orld of nations in fa>or of A8erica and t:e free =orld?
T:e >er3 neEt da3 Su;arno1 =:o8 =e7>e tried to bu3 =it: I/2) 8illion in aid1 turned on
Mala3sia and announced :e =ould destro3 t:e ne= ederation?F !us:7s release notes t:at
F!us:1 =:o =as %resident of Ja<ata Off-S:ore1 said one of t:e fir87s drillin9 ri9s =as at
t:at ti8e1 and is toda31 =or;in9 off t:e coast of !orneo?F *as t:is a conflict of interestD
*it: accents t:at <ro>ide an eerie <resenti8ent of t:e 1225-1221 Gulf crisis1 !us: =ent
on" FToda3 t:e borders of t:e Mala3sian ederation are lined =it: Indonesian troo<s1
bearin9 Russian-8ade ar8s1 <urc:ased =it: A8erican dollars? T:e Indonesians are still
<oised to crus: Mala3sia? And =:at :a>e =e doneD *e 9entl3 sla<<ed Su;arno on t:e
=rist1 t:en loaned :i8 anot:er I$5 8illion1 =:ic: :e used to bu3 a cou<le of Bet aircraft1
one of =:ic: :e uses to fl3 :is foul assi9nations around t:e far east? *:at =e s:ould :a>e
done1 and still s:ould do1 is tell Su;arno" 7(ou >iolate t:e sanctit3 of t:e Mal3sian border
and 3ou :a>e to deal =it: t:e force of t:e entire free =orldK7F S:ortl3 t:ereafter1 TeEas GO%
Senator &o:n To=er s<onsored a cutoff of US aid to Su;arno1 =:ic: <assed1 alt:ou9:
(arborou9: >oted to 8aintain t:e aid? !us: 8ade t:is t:e occasion for a ne= onslau9:t? In
a contorted ar9u8ent1 !us: <ointed out t:at (arborou9:7s >ote for aid to Indonesia :ad
co8e one da3 after Su;arno :ad eEtended Ft:e friendl3 :and of reco9nition to t:e
co88unist 9o>ern8ent of Nort: 6iet Na8? T:is countr31 Su;arno7s friend1 is =a9in9 a =ar
in =:ic: scarcel3 a da3 before (arborou9:7s >ote1 co88unist bullets sla88ed t:rou9: t:e
bod3 of a 3oun9 :elico<ter <ilot fro8 TeEas? (arborou9: >oted to 9i>e US aid to a countr3
t:at is friends =it: a 8ob t:at is ;illin9 3oun9 A8ericans and TeEans???He >otes to aid t:e
friends of a 8ob t:at is ;illin9 TeEas bo3s?F (arborou9: reBected t:is F=ild criticis81F and
said t:at t:e c:ar9es illustrated !us:7s lac; of co8<re:ension of t:e Fdelicate balance of
<o=er in forei9n affairs1 and :is lac; of ;no=led9e of t:e state of affairs in Sout:east Asia?F
(arborou9:7s <oint =as t:at t:e i8<ortant t:in9 =as to <re>ent an3 =ar bet=een Indonesia
and Mala3sia1 and t:at t:is tas; 8ust o>erride an3 desire to :u8iliate Su;arno?
!us:7s re8ar;s in t:is ca8<ai9n 8es: <erfectl3 =it: t:e US buildu< for t:e 12-+ 8ilitar3
cou< d7etat in Indonesia1 in =:ic: 8ore t:an $551555 <ersons =ere ;illed1 <ri8aril3 durin9
t:e course of anti- co88unist 8assacres carried out b3 t:e ar83 =it: t:e encoura9e8ent of
US ad>isors?
In econo8ic <olic31 !us:7s startin9 <oint =as al=a3s Funbridled free enter<rise1F as :e
stressed in a state8ent on une8<lo38ent on Marc: 1-" FOnl3 unbridled free enter<rise can
cure une8<lo38ent? !ut1 I don7t belie>e t:e federal 9o>ern8ent :as 9i>en t:e <ri>ate sector
of our econo83 a 9enuine o<<ortunit3 to relie>e t:is une8<lo38ent? or eEa8<le1 t:e
G&o:nson =ar on <o>ert3 <ro9ra8H contains a ne= >ersion of t:e CCC1 a ,o8estic %eace
Cor<s1 and >arious and sundr3 :alf-ba;ed <ies in t:e s;3?F !us:7s <rinted ca8<ai9n
literature stated under t:e :eadin9 of Ffederal econo83F t:at Ft:e free enter<rise s3ste8
8ust be unfettered? A stron9 econo83 8eans Bobs1 o<<ortunit31 and <ros<erit3? A controlled
econo83 8eans loss of freedo8 and bureaucratic bun9lin9?F On A<ril $1 !us: told t:e
>oters" F*e 8ust be9in a <:ase of re- e8<:asiAin9 t:e <ri>ate sector of our econo831
instead of t:e <ublic sector?F
!3 A<ril 1+1 !us: :ad been infor8ed t:at t:ere =ere so8e '' 8illion A8ericans li>in9 in
<o>ert31 to =:ic: :e re<lied" FI cannot see :o= dra<in9 a socialistic 8edi-care <ro9ra8
around t:e sa99in9 nec; of our social securit3 <ro9ra8 =ill be a blo= to <o>ert3? And I can
see onl3 one ans=er to Gt:e <roble8 of <o>ert3H" Let us turn our free enter<rise s3ste8
loose fro8 9o>ern8ent control?F Ot:er=ise1 !us: :eld it Ft:e res<onsibilit3 of t:e local
9o>ern8ent first to assu8e t:e burden of relie>in9 <o>ert3 =:ere>er its eEists1 and I ;no=
of 8an3 co88unities t:at are 8ore t:an ca<able of =or;in9 =it: t:is <roble8?F
!us:7s a<<roac: to far8 <olic3 =as alon9 si8ilar lines1 co8binin9 t:e r:etoric of Ada8
S8it: =it: intransi9ent defense of t:e food cartels? :is ca8<ai9n broc:ure :e o<ined t:at
FA9riculture???8ust be restored to a free 8ar;et econo831 subBect to t:e basic la=s of
su<<l3 and de8and?F On A<ril 2 in *aco1 !us: assailed t:e *:eat-Cotton subsid3 bill
=:ic: :ad Bust recei>ed t:e a<<ro>al of t:e House? FIf I a8 elected to t:e Senate1F said
!us:1 I =ill Bud9e eac: a9ricultural 8easure on t:e basis of =:et:er it 9ets t:e Go>ern8ent
furt:er into1 or out of1 <ri>ate business?F !us: added t:at far8 subsidies are a8on9 Four
8ost eE<ensi>e federal <ro9ra8s?F
Anot:er of !us:7s recurrent obsessions =as :is desire to brea; t:e labor 8o>e8ent? ,urin9
t:e 12-57s1 :e eE<ressed t:is in t:e conteEt of ca8<ai9ns to <re>ent t:e re<eal of section 1)
0b4 of t:e Taft-Hartle3 la=1 =:ic: <er8itted t:e states to outla= t:e closed s:o< and union
s:o<1 and t:us to <rotect state la=s 9uaranteein9 t:e so- called o<en s:o< or Fri9:t to
=or;1F a de>ice =:ic: in <ractice <re>ented t:e or9aniAation of lar9e sectors of t:e =or;in9
<o<ulation of t:ese states into unions? !us:7s editorialiAin9 ta;es :i8 bac; to t:e era =:en
t:e S:er8an Anti-trust Act =as still bein9 used a9ainst labor unions?
FI belie>e in t:e ri9:t-to-=or; la=s1F said !us: to a 9rou< of <ro8inent Austin
business8en at a lunc:eon in t:e Co88odore %err3 Hotel on Marc: +? FAt e>er3
o<<ortunit31 I ur9e union 8e8bers to resist <a38ent of <olitical assess8ents? If t:ere7s onl3
one in 155 =:o t:in;s for :i8self and >otes for :i8self1 t:en :e s:ould not be assessed b3
CO%E?F
On Marc: 12 !us: asserted t:at Flabor7s blatant attac; on ri9:t-to- =or; la=s is o<en
ad8ission t:at labor does :a>e a 8ono<ol3 and =ill ta;e an3 ste< to 8a;e t:is 8ono<ol3?
Union de8ands are a direct cause of t:e inflationar3 s<iral lo=erin9 t:e real inco8e of
=or;ers and increasin9 t:e costs of <roduction?F T:is is1 fro8 t:e <oint of scientific
econo8ics1 an absurdit3? !ut four da3s later !us: returned to t:e to<ic1 attac;in9 United
Auto *or;ers %resident *alter Reut:er1 a fi9ure =:o8 !us: re<eatedl3 sou9:t ot identif3
=it: (arborou9:1 for de8ands =:ic: F=ill onl3 cause t:e eEtinction of free enter<rise in
A8erica? A <erfect eEa8<le of labor7s <ricin9 a <roduct out of eEistence is found in *est
6ir9inia? &o:n L? Le=is7 eEcessi>e de8ands on t:e coal industr3 raised t:e <rice of coal1
forced t:e consu8er to use a substitute c:ea<er <roduct1 ;illed t:e coal industr3 and no=
*est 6ir9inia :as an eEcessi>e rate of une8<lo38ent?F
On Labor ,a31 !us: s<o;e to a rall3 in t:e court :ouse s@uare of Luana:1 and called for
F<rotection of t:e ri9:ts of t:e indi>idual laborer t:rou9: t:e state rat:er t:an t:e federal
9o>ern8ent? T:e indi>idual laborin9 8an is bein9 for9otten b3 t:e *alter Reut:ers and
Ral<: (arborou9:s1 and it7s u< to t:e business co88unit3 to <rotect our countr37s >aluable
labor resources fro8 eE<loitation b3 t:ese left -=in9 labor leaders1F said !us:1 =:o 8i9:t
Bust as =ell :a>e su99ested t:at t:e foE be allo=ed to 9uard t:e c:ic;en coo<?
East TeEas =as an area of unusuall3 :i9: racial tension1 and !us: s<ent 8ost of :is ti8e
t:ere attac;in9 t:e ci>il ri9:ts bill? !ut t:e alliance bet=een (arborou9: and bi9 labor =as
one of :is fa>orite t:e8es? T:e standard <itc: =ent so8et:in9 li;e t:is1 as before t:e Austin
business8en? (arborou9:1 :e =ould start off sa3in9 F8ore nearl3 re<resents t:e state of
Mic:i9an t:an :e does TeEas?F T:is1 as =e =ill see1 =as <artl3 an atte8<ted1 la8e rebuttal
of (arborou9:7s c:ar9e t:at !us: =as a nort:eastern car<etba99er? !us: =ould t:en
continue" FOne of t:e 8ain reasons (arborou9: re<resents TeEas so badl3 is t:at :e7s
s<endin9 8ost of :is ti8e re<resentin9 labor interests in ,etroit? His >otin9 record 8a;es
8en li;e *alter Reut:er and &a8es Hoffa >er3 :a<<3? T:is 8an :as >oted for e>er3 s<ecial
interest bill1 for e>er3 bi9 s<endin9 8easure t:at7s co8e to :is attention?F
,urin9 t:is <eriod Ca8co1 an oilfield e@ui<8ent co8<an3 of =:ic: !us: =as a director1
=as e8broiled in so8e bitter labor dis<utes? T:e re9ional office of t:e National Labor
Relations !oard sou9:t a federal inBunction a9ainst Ca8co in order to force t:e fir8 to re-
:ire four union or9aniAers =:o :ad been ille9all3 fired? Officials of t:e Mac:inists7 Union1
=:ic: =as tr3in9 to or9aniAe Ca8co1 also accused !us: of bein9 co8<licit in =:at t:e3
said =as Ca8co7s ille9al failure to carr3 out a 12-$ NLR! order directin9 Ca8co to re-:ire
ele>en =or;ers fired because t:e3 :ad attended a union 8eetin9? !us: ans=ered t:at :e
=as not 9oin9 to be inti8idated b3 labor? FAs e>er3bod3 ;no=s1 t:e union bosses are all-
out for Sen? Ral<: (arborou9:1 F countered !us:1 and :e :ad been too bus3 =it: Ja<ata to
<a3 attention to Ca8co an3=a3? Gfn $5H Accordin9 to Ro3 E>ans1 t:e Secretar3-Treasurer
of t:e TeEas AL-CIO1 !us: =as Fa 8e8ber of t:e dinosaur =in9 of t:e Re<ublican %art3?F
E>ans called !us: Ft:e Houston t:ro=bac;1F and 8aintained t:at !us: :ad Flost touc: =it:
an3one in TeEas eEce<t t:e radicals of t:e ri9:t?F
!ac; in ebruar31 (arborou9: :ad re8ar;ed in :is t3<ical <o<ulist >ein t:at :is le9islati>e
a<<roac: =as to F<ut t:e Ba8 on t:e lo=er s:elf so t:e little 8an can 9et :is :and in?F T:is
scandaliAed !us:1 =:o countered on ebruar3 $. t:at Fit7s a c3nical attitude and one t:at
tends to set t:e so-called little 8an a<art fro8 t:e rest of :is countr38en?F or !us:1 t:e
Ba8 =ould al=a3s re8ain under loc; and ;e31 eEce<t for t:e c:osen fe= of *all Street? A
fe= da3s later1 on Marc: +1 !us: elaborated t:at :e =as Fo<<osed to s<ecial interest
le9islation because it tends to :3<:enate A8ericans? I don7t t:in; =e can afford to :a>e
>eteran-A8ericans1 Ne9ro-A8ericans1 Latin-A8ericans and labor-A8ericans t:ese da3s?F
Here is !us: as <olitical <:iloso<:er1 8aintainin9 t:at t:e <o=er of t:e aut:oritarian state
8ust confront its citiAens in a =:oll3 ato8iAed for81 not or9aniAed into interest 9rou<s
ca<able of defendin9 t:e8sel>es?
!us: =as es<eciall3 irate about (arborou9:7s Cold *ar GI !ill1 =:ic: :e branded t:e
senator7s F<et <roBect?F Fortunatel31F said !us:1 F:e :as been unable to cra8 :is Cold *ar
GI !ill do=n Con9ress7 t:roat? It7s bad le9islation and s<ecial interest le9islation =:ic: =ill
erode our A8erican =a3 of life? I :a>e four sons1 and I7d sure :ate to t:in; t:at an3 of t:e8
=ould 8easure t:eir de>otion and ser>ice to t:eir countr3 b3 =:at s<ecial benefits Uncle
Sa8 could 9i>e t:e8?F Neil !us: =ould certainl3 ne>er do t:atK An3=a31 t:e Cold *ar GI
!ill =as not:in9 but a Fc3nical effort to 9et >otes1F !us: concluded?
T:ere =as a soft s<ot in !us:7s :eart for at least a fe= s<ecial interests1 :o=e>er? He =as a
de>oted su<<orter of t:e Fti8e-<ro>enF $.?+R oil de<letion allo=ance1 a taE =riteoff =:ic:
allo=ed t:e se>en sisters oil cartel to esca<e a si9nificant <ortion of =:at t:e3 ot:er=ise
=ould :a>e <aid in taEes? %ublic <ressure to reduce t:is allo=ance =as increasin91 and t:e
oil cartel =as <re<arin9 to concede a 8inor adBust8ent in t:e :o<es t:at t:is =ould
neutraliAe atte8<ts to 9et t:e de<letion allo=ance abolis:ed entirel3? !us: also called for
=:at :e described as a F8eanin9ful oil i8<ort <ro9ra81 one =:ic: =ould restrict i8<orts at
a le>el t:at =ill not be :ar8ful to our do8estic oil industr3?F FI ;no= =:at it is to earn a
<a3c:ec; in t:e oil business1F :e boasted? !us: also told TeEas far8ers t:at :e =anted to
li8it t:e i8<orts of forei9n beef so as to <rotect t:eir do8estic 8ar;ets?
(arborou9:7s counterattac; on t:is issue is of 9reat rele>ance to understandin9 =:3 !us:
=as so fanaticall3 co88itted to =a9e =ar in t:e Gulf to restore t:e de9enerate1
sla>e:oldin9 E8ir of #u=ait? (arborou9: <ointed out t:at !us:7s co8<an31 Ja<ata
Offs:ore1 =as drillin9 for oil in #u=ait1 t:e %ersian Gulf1 !orneo1 and Trinidad? FE>er3
<roducin9 oil =ell drilled in forei9n countries b3 A8erican co8<anies 8eans 8ore c:ea<
forei9n oil in A8erican <orts1 fe=er acres of TeEas land under oil and 9as lease1 less
inco8e to TeEas far8ers and ranc:ers??1F (arborou9: stated? Ft:is issue is clear-cut in t:is
ca8<ai9n - a ,e8ocratic senator =:o is fi9:tin9 for t:e life of t:e free enter<rise s3ste8 as
eEe8<lified b3 t:e inde<endent oil and 9as <roducers in TeEas1 and a Re<ublican candidate
=:o is t:e contractual driller for t:e international oil cartel?F In t:ose da3s t:e oil cartel did
not deal 8ildl3 =it: t:ose =:o attac;ed it in <ublic? One t:in;s a9ain of t:e Italian oil8an
Enrico Mattei? or !us:1 t:ese cartel interests =ould al=a3s be sacrosanct? On A<ril 11
!us: tal;ed of t:e 9eo<olitics of oil" FI =as in London at t:e ti8e of t:e SueA crisis and I
@uic;l3 sa= :o= t:e rest of t:e free =orld can beco8e co8<letel3 de<endent on A8erican
oil? *:en t:e Canal =as s:ut do=n1 free nations all o>er t:e =orld i88ediatel3 started
cr3in9 for TeEas oil?F
Later in t:e ca8<ai9n1 (arborou9: >isited t:e to=n of Glade=ater in East TeEas? T:ere1
standin9 in >ie= of t:e oil derric;s1 (arborou9: tal;ed about !us:7s o=ners:i< of %ennAoil
stoc;1 and about %ennAoil7s @uota of 11-25 barrels <er da3 of i8<orted oil1 c:ar9in9 t:at
!us: =as under8inin9 t:e TeEas <roducers b3 i8<ortin9 c:ea< forei9n oil?
T:en1 accordin9 to a ne=s<a<er account1 Ft:e senator s<iced :is c:ar9e =it: a reference to
t:e 7S:ei; of #u=ait and :is four =i>es and 155 concubines7 =:o1 :e said1 are li>in9 in
luEur3 off t:e oil fro8 !us:- drilled =ells in t:e %ersian Gulf and sold at cut-rate <rices in
t:e United States? He said t:at i8<orted oil sells for I1?$+ a barrel =:ile TeEas oil1 sellin9
at I'1 <a3s sc:ool1 cit31 count31 and federal taEes and ;ee<s <a3rolls 9oin9? (arborou9:
be9an :is da3 of ca8<ai9nin9 at a brea;fast =it: su<<orters in Lon9>ie=? Later1 in
Glade=ater1 :e said :e :ad seen a F!us: for SenatorF bu8<er stic;er on a car in Lon9>ie=?
7Isn7t t:at a co8e-do=n for an East TeEan to be a stra<-:an9er for a car<etba99er fro8
Connecticut =:o is drillin9 oil for t:e S:ei; of #u=ait to :el< ;ee< t:at :are8 9oin9D7F Gfn
$1H
(arborou9: c:allen9ed !us: re<eatedl3 to release 8ore details about :is o>erseas drillin9
and <roducin9 interests? He s<o;e of !us:7s FS?A? cor<orations drillin9 in t:e %ersian Gulf
in Asia?F He c:ar9ed t:at !us: :ad F9one to Latin A8erica to incor<orate t=o of :is
co8<anies to drill in t:e ar East1 instead of incor<oratin9 t:e8 in t:e United States?F T:at
in turn1 t:ou9:t (arborou9:1 Fraises @uestions of taE a>oidance?F FTell t:e81 Geor9e1F :e
Beered1 F=:at 3our 7S?A?7 co8<anies1 financed =it: A8erican dollars1 A8erican ca<ital1
A8erican resources1 are doin9 about A8erican inco8e taEes?F !us: <rotested t:at Fe>er3
sin9le taE dollar due b3 an3 co8<an3 t:at I o=n an interest in :as been <aid?F Gfn $$H
T:e status of t:e Rural Electrification Ad8inistration =as also a ca8<ai9n issue? Gold=ater
:ad said in ,en>er1 Colorado on Ma3 '1 12-' t:at t:e ti8e :ad co8e Fto dissol>e t:e Rural
Electrification Ad8inistration?F *is:in9 to a<<ear as an ort:odoE Gold=ater clone in e>er3
res<ect1 !us: :ad failed to distance :i8self fro8 t:is de8and? T:e REA =as Bustl3 <o<ular
for its efforts to brin9 electric <o=er to i8<o>eris:ed sectors of t:e countr3side?
(arborou9: noted first of all t:at !us: F=ouldn7t ;no= a cotton boll fro8 a corn s:uc;1F
but :e insisted on le>ellin9 Fso un-TeEan a blo= at t:e far8ers and ranc:ers of TeEas? To
sell t:e REA7s in TeEas to t:e <ri>ate <o=er 8ono<ol3 =ould be carr3in9 out t:e de8ands
of t:e bi9 Eastern <o=er structure and t:e =is:es of t:e Ne= (or; in>est8ent ban;ers =:o
:andle t:e <ri>ate <o=er 8ono<ol3 financin9? M3 o<<onent is in line to in:erit :is s:are of
t:at Ne= (or; in>est8ent ban;in9 structure1F (arborou9: told a 9at:erin9 of TeEas REA
officials?
ollo=in9 in %rescott !us:7s footste<s1 Geor9e !us: =as i8<lacabl3 :ostile to
9o>ern8ent-s<onsored infrastructure <roBects? Suc: <roBects are of course t:e essence of
t:e A8erican S3ste8 of <olitical econo83 as understood b3 ran;lin1 Ha8ilton1 Lincoln1
and ,R? One on9oin9 =ater <roBect in TeEas in 12-) =as t:e Trinit3 Ri>er <roBect?
Earl3 in t:e ca8<ai9n1 !us: said t:at :e could not su<<ort t:is <roBect because it =as
eEacerbatin9 a federal bude9t defecit t:at =as alread3 too :i9:? !ut t:is stance <ro>ed so
un<o<ular in t:e TeEas electorate t:at !us: later fli<-flo<<ed1 sa3in9 t:at :e :ad been
s38<at:etic to t:e Trinit3 Ri>er <roBect all alon91 and t:at 8a3be t:ere =as a =a3 to 9et it
done =it:out addin9 to t:e defecit?
On ot:er issues1 !us: :ad t:e follo=in9 <ositions"
On education" FEducation is a res<onsibilit3 of t:e States? ederal aid ine>itabl3 8eans
e>entual federal control? I fa>or retention of 8ore taE 8one3 b3 t:e States so as to build t:e
local and state education <ro9ra8s? *e 8ust 8eet t:e c:allen9e of education !UT at t:e
State and local le>els?F Has t:e Education %resident ad>ocated an3t:in9 differentD
On ood sta8<s" !us: called t:e8 a FNe= rontier 9i88ic;F =it: Finterestin9 blac;
8ar;et <ossibilities :ere?F
On sc:ool <ra3er !us: =as dul3 sancti8onious" FI a8 concerned about t:e erosion of our
8oral fibre and reli9ious :erita9e? I belie>e t:at <ra3ers in t:e <ublic sc:ools on a >oluntar3
basis are in ;ee<in9 =it: t:e 9reat traditions u<on =:ic: t:is countr3 =as founded???6icious
attac;s in t:e courts on <ra3ers in t:e sc:ools or in reference to God in our li>es 8ust be
re<udiated?F
On Red C:ina" !eiBin91 said !us: in 12-) F8ust ne>er be ad8itted to t:e UN? In t:e e>ent
t:is does occur1 t:en I ad>ocate =it:dra=al fro8 t:e United Nations?F !us: =as t:e 8an
=:o later cast :is >ote for t:e ad8ission of Red C:ina to t:e =orld bod3 in 12.1?
On t:e UN" T:e United Nations Fas <resentl3 constituted is 9ra>el3 deficient and :as been
a failure in <reser>in9 <eace? T:e United States :as ta;en t:e res<onsibilit3 for t:e freedo8
of t:e =estern =orld? T:is res<onsibilit3 =e 8ust not relin@uis: to t:e General Asse8bl3?
All nations s:ould <a3 t:eir dues or lose t:eir >ote?F
orei9n Aid1 !us:7s ca8<ai9n broc:ure reco88ends1 Fs:ould be reduced drasticall3 eEce<t
in t:ose areas =:ere tec:nolo9ical and 8ilitar3 assistance is necessar3 to t:e defense of t:e
free =orld and is econo8icall3 ad>anta9eous to t:e United States? *e s:ould use our
forei9n aid to stren9t:en our friends and eEtend freedo81 not to <lacate our ene8ies?F
T:e Nuclear test !an treat31 alt:ou9: ne9otiated b3 A>erell Harri8an :i8self1 =as reBected
b3 !us:? Accordin9 to ca8<ai9n :andouts1 t:e treat3 Fas ratified b3 t:e Senate1 =ill not
=or;? I =ould be for a treat3 =it: ade@uate1 fool<roof safe9uards?F !us: added t:at :e =as
ta;in9 t:is <osition Falt:ou9: an3one o<<osed Gto t:e treat3H is accused of =ar- 8on9erin9?
I78 t:e fat:er of fi>e c:ildren and Bust as concened as an3one else about t:e cleanliness of
t:e air and t:e sanctit3 of t:e :o8e1 but t:is is a :alf-=a3 8easure and doesn7t do t:e Bob?F
As t:e Re<ublican senatorial <ri8ar3 a<<roac:ed1 !us: declared t:at :e =as confident t:at
:e could =in an absolute 8aBorit3 and a>oid a runoff? On A<ril '51 :e <redicted t:at Hill
Rise =ould =in t:e #entuc;3 ,erb3 =it:out a runoff1 and t:at :e =ould also carr3 t:e da3
on t:e first round? T:ere =as no runoff in t:e #entuc;3 ,erb31 but !us: fell s:ort of :is
9oal? !us: did co8e in first =it: about ))R of t:e >ote or -$1+.2 >otes1 =:ile &ac; CoE
=as second =it: ))15.21 =it: Morris t:ird and ,a>is fourt:? T:e total nu8ber of >otes cast
=as 1)$12-11 so a second round =as re@uired?
CoE1 =:o :ad attracted .151555 >otes in :is 12-$ race a9ainst Connall3 for t:e
9o>ernors:i<1 =as at t:is <oint far better ;no=n around t:e state t:an !us:? CoE :ad t:e
bac;in9 of Gen? Ed=in *al;er1 =:o :ad 8ade a bid for t:e ,e8ocratic 9ubernatorial
no8ination in 12-$ :i8self and 9otten so8e 1'/1555 >otes? CoE also :ad t:e bac;in9 of
H?L? Hunt?
Morris :ad carried ,allas Count31 and :e ur9ed :is su<<orters to >ote a9ainst !us:? Morris
told t:e ,allas Mornin9 Ne= of Ma3 + t:at !us: =as Ftoo liberalF and t:at !us:7s stren9t:
in t:e <ri8ar3 =as due to FliberalF Re<ublican su<<ort?
!et=een earl3 Ma3 and t:e runoff election of &une -1 CoE 8ounted a >i9orous ca8<ai9n of
denunciation and eE<osure of !us: as a creature of t:e Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent1 *all
Street ban;in9 interests1 and of Gol=ater7s <rinci<al anta9onist for t:e GO% %residential
no8ination1 t:e :ated Go>? Nelson Roc;efeller of Ne= (or;? Accordin9 to a stor3 filed b3
Stuart Lon9 of t:e Lon9 Ne=s Ser>ice in Austin on Ma3 $+ and <reser>ed a8on9 t:e
(arborou9: <a<ers in t:e !ar;er TeEas Histor3 Center in Austin1 CoE7s su<<orters
circulated letters <ointin9 to %rescott !us:7s role as a <artner in !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an
as t:e basis for t:e c:ar9e t:at Geor9e !us: =as t:e tool of FLiberal Eastern #in98a;ers?F
Accordin9 to Lon91 t:e letters also include references to t:e Ne= (or; Council on orei9n
Relations1 =:ic: :e described as a Fblac;-tie dinner 9rou<?F Gfn $'H T:e <ro-CoE letters
also asserted t:at !us:7s Ja<ata Offs:ore Co8<an3 :ad a :istor3 of biddin9 on drillin9
contracts for Roc;efeller7s Standard Oil of Ne= &erse3?
One anti-!us: broc:ure <reser>ed a8on9 t:e (arborou9: <a<ers at t:e !ar;er Center in
Austin is entitled F*:o7s !e:ind t:e !us:DF 1 <ublis:ed b3 t:e Coalition of Conser>ati>es
to !eat t:e !us:es1 =it: one Harold ,e3o of ,allas listed as c:air8an?
T:e attac; on !us: :ere centers on t:e Council on orei9n Relations1 of =:ic: !us: =as
not at t:at ti8e a <ublic 8e8ber? T:e broc:ure lists a nu8ber of !us: ca8<ai9n
contributors and t:en identifies t:ese as 8e8bers of t:e CR? T:ese include ,illon
Anderson and &?C? Hutc:eson III of !a;er and !otts1 Andre=s and S:e<:erd1 Leland
Anderson of Anderson1 Cla3ton and Co8<an31 La=rence S? Reed of TeEas Gulf %roducin91
ran; Mic:auE1 *?A? #ir;land of t:e board of irst Cit3 National !an;? T:e broc:ure t:en
focuses on %rescott !us:1 identified as a F<artner =it: A>erell Harri8an in !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8an1 and Co8<an3? A>erell Harri8an is listed as a 8e8ber of t:e Council on orei9n
Relations? FCould it be t:at %rescott S? !us:1 in concert =it: :is Eastern CR friends1 is
raisin9 all t:ose 7(an;ee ,ollars7 t:at are flo=in9 into Geor9e7s ca8<ai9nD It is reliabl3
re<orted t:at Mr? Geor9e !us: :as contracted for eEtensi>e and eE<ensi>e tele>ision ti8e
for t:e last =ee; of t:e Runoff?F T:e broc:ure also tar9ets %aul #a3ser of Anderson1
Cla3ton and !us:7s Harris Count3 ca8<ai9n c:air8an? i>e officers of t:is co8<an31
na8ed as *?L? Cla3ton1 L? le8in91 Maurice McAs:an1 Leland Anderso1 and S3ndor
Oden1 are said to be 8e8bers of t:e CR?
On t:e CR itself1 t:e broc:ure @uotes fro8 Helen %? Lasell7s stud3 entitled F%o=er !e:ind
Go>ern8ent Toda31F =:ic: found t:at t:e CR Ffro8 its ince<tion :as :ad an i8<ortant
<art in <lannin9 t:e =:ole diabolical sc:e8e of creatin9 a ONE *ORL, E,ERATION
of socialist states under t:e United Nations?F FT:ese carefull3 =or;ed out1 detailed <lans1 in
connection =it: t:e *ORL, !AN# and t:e use of billions of taE- eEe8<t foundation
dollars1 =ere carried out secreti>el3 o>er a <eriod of 3ears? T:eir fruition could 8ean not
onl3 t:e absolute destruction of our for8 of 9o>ern8ent1 national inde<endence and
so>erei9nt31 but to a de9ree at least1 t:at of e>er3 nation in t:e =orld?F T:e Ne= *orld
Order1 =e see1 is reall3 not:in9 ne=? T:e broc:ure furt:er accuses one Mrs? M? S?
Ac:er8an1 a leadin9 !us: su<<orter in Houston1 of :a>in9 <ro8oted a =rite- in ca8<ai9n
for liberal1 !oston !ra:8in for8er Senator Henr3 Cabot Lod9e of Massac:usetts in t:e
TeEas <residential <ri8ar3? Lod9e :ad =on t:e 12-) Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar31 <ro8<tin9
!us: to announce t:at t:is =as 8erel3 a re9ional <:eno8enon and t:at :e =as Fstill for
Gold=ater?F
As t:e runoff >ote a<<roac:ed1 CoE focused es<eciall3 on t:e eastern financin9 t:at !us:
=as recei>in9? On Ma3 $+ in Abilene1 CoE assailed !us: for :a>in9 8ounted Fone of t:e
9reatest s<endin9 s<rees e>er seen in an3 <olitical ca8<ai9n?F CoE said t:at :e could not
:o<e to 8atc: t:is fundin9 Fbecause &ac; CoE is not1 nor =ill e>er be1 connected in an3
8anner =it: t:e Eastern ;in98a;ers =:o see; to control <olitical candidates?
Conser>ati>es of TeEas =ill ser>e notice on &une - t:at Bust as surel3 as Roc;efeller7s
8illions can7t bu3 <residential no8ination1 t:e 8illions at Geor9e !us:7s dis<osal can7t bu3
:i8 a senate no8ination?F CoE clai8ed t:at all of :is contributions :ad co8e fro8 inside
TeEas?
O7,onnells7s TeEas Re<ublican or9aniAation =as o>er=:el8in9l3 8obiliAed in fa>or of
!us:? !us: :ad t:e endorse8ent of t:e state7s leadin9 ne=s<a<ers? *:en t:e runoff finall3
ca8e1 !us: =as t:e =inner =it: so8e -$R of t:e >otes cast? (arborou9: co88ented t:at
!us: Fs8ot:ered &ac; CoE in 9reenbac;s?F
Gordon McLendon1 true to for81 :ad used :is o=n <re-<ri8ar3 tele>ision broadcast to
re:as: t:e !illie Sol Estes c:ar9es a9ainst (arborou9:? (arborou9: ne>ert:eless defeated
McLendon in t:e ,e8ocratic senatorial <ri8ar3 =it: al8ost +.R of t:e >ote? Gi>en t:e
lo<sided TeEas ,e8ocratic ad>anta9e in re9istered >oters1 and 9i>en L!&7s i8<osin9 lead
o>er Gold=ater at t:e to< of t:e ,e8ocratic tic;et1 it 8i9:t :a>e a<<eared t:at
(arborou9:7s >ictor3 =as no= a fore9one conclusion? T:at t:is =as not so =as due to t:e
internal di>isions =it:in t:e TeEas ,e8ocratic ran;s?
irst =ere t:e ,e8ocrats =:o ca8e out o<enl3 for !us:? T:e >e:icle for t:is defection =as
called Conser>ati>e ,e8ocrats for !us:1 c:aired b3 Ed ,ra;e1 t:e for8er leader of t:e
state7s ,e8ocrats for Eisen:o=er in 12+$? ,ra;e =as Boined b3 for8er Go>ernor Allan
S:i>ers1 =:o :ad also bac;ed I;e and ,ic; in 12+$ and 12+-? T:en t:ere =as t:e FEast
TeEas ,e8ocrats for Geor9e !us: Co88ittee1F c:aired b3 E?!? Ger8an31 t:e for8er state
,e8ocratic leader and in 12-) t:e c:air8an of t:e board of Lone Star Steel?
T:en t:ere =ere >arious for8s of co>ert su<<ort for !us:? Millionaire Houston oil8an
Llo3d !entsen1 =:o :ad been in Con9ress bac; in t:e late 12)57s1 :ad been in discussion as
a <ossible senate candidate? !us:7s basic contention =as t:at L!& :ad interfered in TeEas
<olitics to tell !entsen to sta3 out of t:e senate race1 t:us a>oidin9 a 8ore for8idable
<ri8ar3 c:allen9e to (arborou9:? On A<ril $) !us: stated t:at !entsen =as a F9ood
conser>ati>eF =:o :ad been ;e<t out of t:e race b3 F(arborou9:7s bleedin9 :eart act?F T:is
and ot:er indications <oint to a co>ert <olitical entente bet=een !us: and !entsen =:ic:
re-a<<eared durin9 t:e 12// <residential ca8<ai9n?
T:en t:ere =ere t:e forces associated =it: Go>ernor !i9 &o:n Connall3? (arborou9: later
confided t:at Connall3 :ad done e>er3t:in9 in :is <o=er to =rec; :is ca8<ai9n1 subBect
onl3 to certain restraints i8<osed b3 L!&? E>en t:ese li8itations did not a8ount to real
su<<ort for (arborou9: on t:e <art of L!&1 but =ere rat:er attributable to L!&7s desire to
a>oid t:e e8barrass8ent of seein9 :is nati>e state re<resented b3 t=o Re<ublican senators
durin9 :is o=n tenure in t:e *:ite House? !ut Connall3 still sabota9ed (arborou9: as
8uc: as L!& =ould let :i8 9et a=a3 =it:? Gfn $)H !us: and Connall3 :a>e :ad a co8<leE
relation1 =it: <oints of con>er9ence and 8an3 <oints of di>er9ence? !ac; in 12+-1 a
lobb3ist =or;in9 for TeEas oil8an Sid Ric:ardson :ad t:reatened to Frun G!us:7sH ass out
of t:e offs:ore drillin9 businessF unless %rescott !us: >oted for 9as dere9ulation in t:e
Senate? Gfn $+H Connall3 later beca8e t:e trustee for so8e of Ric:ardson7s interests? *:ile
>isitin9 ,allas on Marc: 121 !us: issued a state8ent sa3in9 t:at :e a9reed =it: Connall3
in :is criticis8s of attorne3 Mel>in !elli1 =:o :ad conde8ned t:e ,istrict Court in ,allas
=:en :is client1 &ac; Rub31 =as 9i>en t:e deat: sentence for :a>in9 slain Lee Har>e3
Os=ald t:e <re>ious No>e8ber?
In <ublic1 L!& =as for (arborou9:1 alt:ou9: :e could not =:oll3 <ass o>er t:e frictions
bet=een t:e t=o? S<ea;in9 at Stone=all after t:e ,e8ocratic national con>ention1 L!& :ad
co88ented" F(ou :a>e :eard and 3ou :a>e read t:at Sen? (arborou9: and I :a>e :ad
differences at ti8es? I :a>e read a 9ood deal 8ore about t:e8 t:an I =as e>er a=are of? !ut
I do =ant to sa3 t:is1 t:at I don7t t:in; t:at TeEas :as :ad a senator durin9 83 lifeti8e
=:ose record I a8 8ore fa8iliar =it: t:an Sen? (arborou9:7s? And I don7t t:in; TeEas :as
:ad a senator t:at >oted for t:e <eo<le 8ore t:an Sen? (arborou9: :as >oted for t:e8? And
no 8e8ber of t:e US Senate :as stood u< and fou9:t for 8e or fou9:t for t:e <eo<le 8ore
since I beca8e %resident t:an Ral<: (arborou9:?F or :is <art1 !us: 3ears later @uoted a
Ti8e Ma9aAine anal3sis of t:e 12-) senate race =:ic: concluded t:at Fif L3ndon =ould
sta3 out of it1 Re<ublican !us: =ould :a>e a c:ance? !ut &o:nson is not about to sta3 out
of it1 =:ic: 8a;es !us: t:e underdo9?F Gfn $-H
(arborou9: for :is <art :ad referred to L!& as a F<o=er-8ad TeEas <olitician1F and :ad
called on %resident #enned3 to ;ee< L!& out of TeEas <olitics? (arborou9:7s attac;s on
Connall3 =ere e>en 8ore eE<licit and colorful" :e accused Connall3 of actin9 li;e a
F>icero31 and =e 9ot rid of t:ose in TeEas =:en MeEico too; o>er fro8 S<ain?F Accordin9
to (arborou9:1 FTeEas :ad not :ad a <ro9ressi>e 9o>ernor since &i883 Alfred1F =:o :ad
:eld office in 12'+-'2? !us: too; <ains to s<ell out t:at t:is =as an attac; on ,e8ocrats *?
Lee O7,aniel1 Co;e Ste>enson1 !uford H? &ester1 Allan S:i>ers1 %rice ,aniel1 and &o:n
Connall3?
(arborou9: also criticiAed t:e ri9:t-=in9 oli9arc:s of t:e ,allas area for :a>in9
transfor8ed t:at cit3 fro8 a ,e8ocratic to=n to a Fcitadel of reaction?F or (arborou9:1
t:e ort *ort: Star-Tele9ra8 =as F=orse t:an %ra>da?F
(arborou9:7s strate93 in t:e No>e8ber election centered on identif3in9 !us: =it:
Gold=ater in t:e 8inds of >oters1 since t:e AriAona Re<ublican7s =arli;e r:etoric =as no=
dra99in9 :i8 do=n to certain defeat? (arborou9:7s first instict :ad been to run a substanti>e
ca8<ai9n1 stressin9 issues and :is o=n le9islati>e acco8<lis:8ents? (arborou9: in 12//
told !us: bio9ra<:er itA:u9: Green" F*:en I started 83 ca8<ai9n for re-election I =as
toutin9 83 record of siE 3ears in t:e senate? !ut 83 s<eec: ad>isors said1 all 3ou :a>e to do
is @uote !us:1 =:o :ad alread3 called :i8self 155 <er cent for Gold=ater and t:e 6ietna8
=ar? So t:at7s =:at I did1 and it =or;ed >er3 =ell?F Gfn $.H
Ca8<ai9nin9 in %ort Art:ur on Oct? '51 a <art of t:e state =:ere :is labor su<<ort loo8ed
lar9e1 (arborou9: re<eatedl3 attac;ed !us: as F8ore eEtre8e t:an !arr3 Gold=ater?F
Accordin9 to (arborou9:1 e>en after !arr3 Gold=ater :ad re<udiated t:e su<<ort of t:e
&o:n !irc: Societ31 !us: said t:at :e F=elco8ed su<<ort of t:e !irc: Societ3 and
e8braced it?F FLet7s 3ou elect a senator fro8 TeEas1 and not t:e Connecticut in>est8ent
ban;ers =it: t:eir I$1+5515551F (arborou9: ur9ed t:e >oters? Gfn $/H T:ese attac;s =ere
:i9:l3 effecti>e1 and !us:7s res<onse =as to 8obiliAe :is 8edia bud9et for 8ore screenin9s
of :is *orld *ar II Ffli9:t of t:e A>en9erF tele>ision s<ot1 =:ile :e <re<ared a last- 8inute
tele>ision dirt3 tric;? T:ere =as to be no debate bet=een !us: and (arborou9:1 but t:is did
not <re>ent !us: fro8 sta9in9 a tele>ised Fe8<t3 c:airF debate1 =:ic: =as aired on 8ore
t:an a doAen stations around t:e state on October $.? T:e !us: ca8<ai9n staff scri<ted a
debate in =:ic: !us: ans=ered doctored @uotes fro8 audio ta<es of (arborou9: s<ea;in91
=it: t:e sentences often cut in :alf1 ta;en out of conteEt1 and ot:er=ise distorted?
(arborou9: res<onded b3 sa3in9" FT:e snea;3 tric; 83 o<<onent is tr3in9 to <ull on 8e
toni9:t of <ullin9 sentences of 8ine out of conteEt =it: 83 recorded >oice and <la3in9 83
>oice as a <art of :is broadcast is ille9al under t:e la=1 and a discredit to an3one =:o
as<ires to be a US Senator? I intend to <rotest t:is ille9al tric; to t:e ederal
Co88unications Co88ission?F !us:7s 8et:od =as to Fcut 83 state8ents in :alf1 t:en let
:is Madison A>enue s<eec: =riters ans=er t:ose sin9le sentences?F FM3 o<<onent is an
eE<onent of eEtre8is81 <eddlin9 s8ear and fear =:ere>er :e 9oes?F FHis conduct loo;s
8ore li;e &o:n !irc: Societ3 conduct t:an United States Senate conduct1F (arborou9:
added? !us: also distorted t:e sound of (arborou9:7s >oice al8ost be3ond reco9nition?
(arborou9: <rotested to t:e CC in *as:in9ton1 alle9in9 t:at !us: :ad >iolated section
'1+ of t:e ederal Co88unications Act as it t:en stood1 because (arborou9:7s re8ar;s
=ere <re-censored and used =it:out :is <er8ission? (arborou9: also accused !us: of
>iolation of section '$+ of t:e sa8e act1 since it a<<eared t:at <arts of t:e Fe8<t3 c:airF
broadcast =ere 8aterial t:at :ad been <re>iousl3 broadcast else=:ere1 and =:ic: could not
be re-used =it:out <er8ission? T:e CC res<onded b3 sa3in9 t:at t:e ta<es used :ad been
8ade in :alls =:ere (arborou9: =as s<ea;in9?
All durin9 t:e ca8<ai9n1 (arborou9: :ad been tal;in9 about t:e dan9ers of electronic
ea>esdro<<in9? He :ad <ointed out t:at Fan3bod3 can be an ea>esdro<<er1 a =ireta<<er1 a
bu99er1 =:o :as a fe= dollars for t:e c:ea<er de>ices on t:e 8ar;et? Tin3 recorders and
8icro<:ones are no= 8ade to rese8ble la<el buttons or tie clas<s???Recorders can also be
found t:e siAe of a boo; or a ci9arette <ac;? T:ere is a briefcase a>ailable =it: a
8icro<:one built into t:e loc;1 and 8an3 a>ilable recorders 8a3 be carried in briefcases1
=:ile t:e =rist-=atc: 8icro<:one is no lon9er a <roduct used b3 ,ic; Trac3-- it can
actuall3 be bou9:t for I'.?+5?F (arborou9: c:ar9ed durin9 t:e <ri8ar3 ca8<ai9n <eriod
t:at :is *as:in9ton office :ad been =ireta<<ed1 and 3ears later indicated t:at t:e CIA :ad
been bu99in9 all of Ca<itol Hill durin9 t:ose 3ears? Gfn $2H
!us: =as also s8artin9 under (arborou9:7s re<eated references to :is Ne= En9land birt:
and bac;9round? !us: clai8ed t:at :e =as no car<etba99er1 but a TeEan b3 c:oice1 and
co8<ared :i8self in t:at re9ard to Sa8 Ra3burn1 Sa8 Houston1 Austin1 Colonel !ill
Tra>is1 ,a>3 Croc;ett1 &i8 !o=ie1 and ot:er :eroes of t:e Ala8o? !us: =as not :obbled
b3 an3 false 8odest3? At least1 !us: asserted la8el31 :e =as not as bi9 a car<etba99er as
!obb3 #enned31 =:o could not e>en >ote in Ne= (or; state1 =:ere :e =as 8a;in9 a
successful bid for election to t:e Senate? It Fde<ends on =:ose ba9 is bein9 car<eted1F !us:
=:ined?
In t:e last da3s of t:e ca8<ai9n1 Allan ,uc;=ort: of t:e <ro-!us: ,allas Mornin9 Ne=s
=as tr3in9 to con>ince :is readers t:at t:e race =as :eadin9 for a F<:oto finis:?F !ut in t:e
end1 %rescott7s net=or;s1 t:e 8illions of dollars1 t:e recordin9s1 and t:e endorse8ents of '-
ne=s<a<ers =ere of no a>ail for !us:? (arborou9: defeated !us: b3 a 8ar9in of 11)-'12+/
to 111')1''.? *it:in t:e conteEt of t:e L!& landslide >ictor3 o>er Gold=ater1 !us: :ad
done so8e=:at better t:an :is <art37s standard bearer" L!& beat Gold=ater in TeEas b3
11--'11/+ to 2+/1+--? (arborou9:1 t:an;s in <art to :is >ote in fa>or of t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts
Act1 =on a stron9 8aBorit3 of t:e blac; districts1 and also ran =ell a:ead a8on9 Latinos?
!us: =on t:e t:e usual Re<ublican counties1 includin9 t:e <oc;ets of GO% su<<ort in t:e
Houston area?
(arborou9: =ould continue for one 8ore ter8 in t:e Senate1 >ocall3 o<<osin9 t:e =ar in
6ietna8? In t:e closin9 da3s of t:e ca8<ai9n :e :ad s<o;en of !us: and :is retinue as
:arbin9ers of a Fti8e and societ3 =:en nobod3 s<ea;s for t:e =or;in9 8an?F Geor9e !us:1
defeated t:ou9: :e =as1 =ould no= redouble :is stru99le to 8a;e suc: a =orld a realit3?
(arborou9:1 alt:ou9: >ictorious1 a<<ears in retros<ect as t:e fadin9 rear9uard of an
i8<erfect but better A8erica t:at =ould disa<<ear durin9 t:e late siEties and se>enties?
NOTES"
1? Geor9e !us: and 6ictor Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 <? /)?
$? !us: and Gold1 <? /)?
'? &o:n R? #na99s1 T=o-%art3 TeEas 0Austin1 12/+41 <? ')?
)? or a su88ar3 of t:e sout:ern strate931 see Garr3 *ills1 NiEon A9onistes 0!oston1 12.541 <<? $-$ ff?
+? or a <rofile of (arborou9:7s >otin9 record on t:is and ot:er issues1 see C:andler ,a>idson1 Race and
Class in TeEas %olitics 0 %rinceton1 122541 <<? $2 ff?
-? or (arborou9:7s Senate ac:ie>e8ents u< to 12-)1 see Ronnie ,u99er1 FT:e Substance of t:e Senate
Contest1F in T:e TeEas Obser>er1 Se<t? 1/1 12-)?
.? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? .. ff?
/? See Harr3 Hurt III1 TeEas Ric: 0Ne= (or;41 <? 121?
2? On !us:7s dri>e to beco8e Harris Count3 c:air8an1 it is instructi>e to co8<are :is Loo;in9 or=ard
=it: t:e cli<<in9s fro8 t:e Houston C:ronicle of t:ose da3s <reser>ed on 8icrofic:e in t:e TeEas
Historical Societ3 in Houston? !us: sa3s t:at :e decided to run for t:e <ost in t:e s<in9 of 12-$1 but t:e
Houston <ress clearl3 situates t:e ca8<ai9n in t:e s<rin9 of 12-'? !us: also clai8s to :a>e been count3
c:iar8an for t=o 3ears1 =:ereas t:e Houston <a<ers s:o= t:at :e ser>ed fro8 ebruar3 $5 12-' to around
,ece8ber + 12-'1 less t:an one 3ear?
15? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une1 12/'1 <? 12-?
11? Houston C:ronicle1 $1 ebruar3 12-'?
1$? or Ant:on3 arris in t:e %ennAoil >s? TeEaco case1 see belo= and also T:o8as %etAin9er1 &r?1 Oil and
Honor 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 <assi8?
1'? !oston Globe1 &une 1$1 12//1 cited in Mic:ael R? !esc:loss1 T:e Crisis (ears1 <? +/1?
1)? See !arbara !us:1 C? red7s Stor3 0Ne= (or;1 12/)41 <?$? T:is is an eEa8<le of Mrs? !us:7s sin9ular
:abit of co8<osin9 boo;s in =:ic: s:e s<ea;s t:rou9: a canine <ersona1 a feat s:e :as re<eated for t:e
current fa8il3 <et and <ublic relations <lo31 Millie? In :er account of :o= C? red t:e do9 9ot :is na8e1
Geor9e !us: is :eard rulin9 out usual do9 na8es =it: t:e co88ent" FNot at all? *e !us:es :a>e al=a3s
na8ed our c:ildren after <eo<le =e lo>ed?F So1 =rites C? red1 FI a8 na8ed after Geor9e !us:7s best
friend1 C? red C:a8bers of Houston1 TeEas? I :a>e 8et :i8 8an3 ti8es and :e doesn7t reall3 see8 to
a<<reciate t:e 9reat :onor t:at t:e !us:es besto=ed u<on :i8?F
1+? See Ronnie ,u99er1 FT:e our Re<ublicans1F in T:e TeEas Obser>er1 A<ril 1.1 12-)?
1-? Luotations fro8 !us: and (arborou9: ca8<ai9n 8aterial1 eEce<t as ot:er=ise indicated1 are fro8
Senator (arborou9:7s <a<ers on de<osit in t:e Eu9ene C? !ar;er TeEas Histor3 Center at t:e Uni>ersit3 of
TeEas in Austin?
1.? See Ronnie ,u99er1 FT:e Substance of t:e Senate Contest1F in T:e TeEas Obser>er1 Se<te8ber 1/1
12-)?
1/? See FT:e Historic TeEas Senate Race1F in T:e TeEas Obser>er1 October '51 12-)?
12? Cited in Ronnie ,u99er1 FT:e Substance of t:e Senate Contest1F T:e TeEas Obser>er1 Se<te8ber 1/1
12-)?
$5? Ibid?
$1? ,allas Ne=s1 October $)1 12-)?
$$? ,allas Ne=s1 October '1 12-)?
$'? An untitled re<ort a8on9 t:e (arborou9: <a<ers in t:e !ar;er TeEas Histor3 Center refers to FSenator
!us:7s affiliation in a Ne= (or; ;nife-and-for;-club t3<e of or9aniAation called1 7T:e Council on orei9n
Relations?7 In a 9eneral s8ear--8ainl3 >ia t:e FI :a<<en to ;no=7 letter c:ain of co88unication--t:e elder
!us: =as fre@uentl3 attac;ed1 and t:e 3oun9er !us:es =ere 9reatl3 relie>ed =:en !arr3 Gold=ater
>olunteered =ords of affectionate <raise for :is for8er collea9ue durin9 a I155-a-<late ,allas dinner?F
$)? &ust :o= far t:ese efforts 8i9:t :a>e 9one is a 8atter of s<eculation? ,ou9las Cadd3 in :is boo;1 T:e
Hundred Million ,ollar %a3off 0Ne= Roc:elle41 <? '551 re<rints an internal 8e8orandu8 of t:e 8ac:inists
Non-%artisan %olitical Lea9ue =:ic: eE<resses alar8 about t:e election outloo; for (arborou9:1 =:o is
described as Ft:e last stand-u< ,e8ocratic liberal =e :a>e in t:e sout:?F T:e 8e8o1 fro8 &ac; O7!rien to
A?&? Ha3es1 is dated October $.1 12-)1 and cites re<orts fro8 >arious labor o<erati>es to t:e effect t:at Ft:e
7fiE is in7 to defeat Ral<: (arborou9: and to re<lace :i8 =it: a Re<ublican1 !us:1 t:e son of %rescott !us:
of Connecticut? T:e onl3 @uestion at issue is =:et:er t:is 7fiE7 is a <roduct of Go>ernor Connall3 alone or is
t:e <roduct of a Boint effort bet=een Connall3 and %resident &o:nson?F Accordin9 to t:e 8e8o1 F*alter
Reut:er called L3ndon &o:nson to eE<ress :is concern =it: t:e failure to in>ite Mrs? (arborou9: to
acco8<an3F L!&7s <lane t:rou9: TeEas? Labor leaders =ere tr3in9 to :el< raise 8one3 for last-8inute
tele>ision broadcasts b3 (arborou9:1 and also to eEtract 8ore >ocal su<<ort for t:e senator fro8 L!&?
$+? See !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? /$?
$-? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? /.?
$.? itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:" An Inti8ate %ortrait 0Ne= (or;1 12/24 1 <? /+?
$/? ,allas Ne=s1 October '11 12-)
$2? Ronnie ,u99er1 FGold=ater7s %olicies1 #ennd37s St3leF in TeEas Obser>er1 October '51 12-)?
C:a<ter -M- Rubbers Goes to Con9ress
,urin9 t:e :eat of t:e senate ca8<ai9n1 !us:7s redistrictin9 la=suit :ad <ro9ressed in a
=a3 t:at 8ust :a>e <ro>ided :i8 8uc: solace a8idst t:e bitterness of :is defeat? *:en
!us: =on :is suit in t:e Houston federal district court1 t:ere =as a loud s@ua=; fro8
Go>ernor &o:n Connall31 =:o called t:at au9ust tribunal as a FRe<ublican court?F !us:
=:ined t:at Connall3 =as bein9 F>itriolic?F ,urin9 !us:7s <ri8ar3 ca8<ai9n1 a t:ree-
Bud9e <anel of t:e federal circuit court of a<<eals :ad ruled t:at t:e state of TeEas 8ust be
redistricted? !us: called t:at result Fa real >ictor3 for all t:e <eo<le of TeEas?F !3 Marc:1
!us:7s redistrictin9 suit :ad recei>ed fa>orable action b3 t:e US Su<re8e Court? T:is
8eant t:at t:e =a3 =as clear to create a no-incu8bent1 desi9ner district for Geor9e in a
8aster<iece of 9err38anderin9 t:at =ould 8a;e :i8 an elected official1 t:e first
Re<ublican Con9ress8an in t:e recent :istor3 of t:e Houston area?
T:e ne= Se>ent: ,istrict =as dra=n to create a liberal Re<ublican seat1 carefull3 ta;in9
into account =:ic: areas !us: :ad succeeded in carr3in9 in t:e senate race? *:at e8er9ed
=as for t:e 8ost <art a lill3-=:ite1 sil;-stoc;in9 district of t:e affluent u<<er 8iddle and
u<<er crust? T:ere =ere also s8all blac; and His<anic encla>es? In t:e <recinct boEes of t:e
ne= district1 !us: :ad rolled u< an ei9:t to fi>e 8ar9in o>er (arborou9:? Gfn 1H
!ut before 9earin9 u< a Con9ressional ca8<ai9n in t:e Se>ent: ,istrict in 12--1 !us: first
:ad to Bettison so8e of t:e useless ideolo9ical ballast :e :ad ta;en on for :is 12-)
Gold=ater <rofile? ,urin9 t:e 12-) ca8<ai9n1 !us: :ad s<o;en out 8ore fran;l3 and 8ore
bluntl3 on a series of <olitical issues t:an :e e>er :as before or since? A<art fro8 t:e
Gold=ater coloration1 one co8es a=a3 =it: t:e i8<ression t:at 8uc: of t:e ti8e t:e
s<eec:es =ere not Bust in>entions1 but often reflected :is o=n oli9arc:ical instincts and
dee<l3-rooted obsessions? In late 12-) and earl3 12-+1 !us: =as afflicted b3 a :an9o>er
induced b3 =:at for :i8 :ad been an un<recedented or93 of self-re>elation?
T:e 12-+--- 8odel Geor9e !us: =ould beco8e a 8oderate1 abandonin9 t:e s:rillest notes
of t:e 12-) conser>ati>e crusade?
irst ca8e an E<isco<alian 8ea cul<a? As !us:7s ad8irer itA:u9: Green re<orts1 Fone of
:is first ste<s =as to s:uc; off a bot:erso8e trace fro8 :is 12-) ca8<ai9n? He :ad
es<oused so8e conser>ati>e ideas t:at didn7t Bibe =it: :is o=n 8oderate attitude?F %re>ious
state8ents =ere beco8in9 ino<erati>e1 one 9at:ers1 =:en !us: discussed t:e 8atter =it:
:is An9lican <astor1 &o:n Ste>ens? F(ou ;no=1 &o:n1F said !us:1 FI too; so8e of t:e far
ri9:t <ositions to 9et elected? I :o<e I ne>er do it a9ain? I re9ret it?F His radical stance on
t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts bill =as alle9edl3 a bi9 <art of :is Fre9ret?F Ste>ens later co88ented" FI
sus<ect t:at :is 9oal on ci>il ri9:ts =as t:e sa8e as 8ine" it7s Bust t:at :e =anted to 9o
t:rou9: t:e eEistin9 aut:orities to attain it? In t:at =a3 not:in9 =ould 9et done? Still1 :e
re<resents about t:e best of noblesse obli9e?F Gfn $H It =as c:aracteristicall3 t:rou9: an
atte8<ted <ur9e in t:e Harris Count3 GO% or9aniAation t:at !us: si9nalled t:at :e =as
re>ersin9 :is field? His 9a8bit :ere =as to call on <art3 acti>ists to ta;e an Fanti -eEtre8ist
and anti-intolerance <led9e1F as t:e Houston C:ronicle re<orted on Ma3 $-1 12-+? Gfn 'H
!us: attac;ed unna8ed a<ostles of F9uilt b3 associationF and Ffar-out fear <s3c:olo931 and
:is <ronounce8ents touc:ed off a bitter and <rotracted ro= in t:e Houston GO%? !us:
8ade clear t:at :e =as tar9ettin9 t:e &o:n !irc: Societ31 =:ose acti>ists :e :ad been ea9er
to lure into :is o=n 12-) effort? No= !us: beat u< on t:e !irc:ers as a =a3 to correct :is
ri9:t-=in9 <rofile fro8 t:e 3ear before? !us: said =it: :is usual tortured s3ntaE t:at !irc:
8e8bers clai8 to Fab:or s8ear and slander and 9uilt b3 association1 but :o= 8an3 of
t:e8 s<ea; out a9ainst it <ublicl3DF
T:is =as soon follo=ed b3 a !us:-ins<ired 8o>e to oust !ob Gilbert1 =:o :ad been !us:7s
successor as t:e GO% count3 c:air8an durin9 t:e Gold=ater <eriod? !us:7s retainers <ut
out t:e line t:at t:e FeEtre8istsF :ad been 9ainin9 too 8uc: <o=er under Gilbert1 and t:at
:e t:erefore 8ust 9o? T:e !us: faction b3 no= :ad enou9: clout to oust Gilbert on &une
1$1 12-+? T:e e8inence 9rise of t:e ri9:t-=in9 faction1 State senator *alter Men9don1 told
t:e <ress t:at t:e ouster of Gilbert :ad been dictated b3 !us:?
!us: =:ined in res<onse t:at :e =as >er3 disa<<ointed =it: Men9don? FI :a>e sta3ed out
of count3 <olitics? I belie>ed all Re<ublicans :ad bac;ed 83 ca8<ai9n1F !us: told t:e
Houston C:ronicle on t:e da3 Gilbert fell?
On &ul3 1 t:e Houston <a<ers re<orted t:e election of a ne=1 Fanti- eEtre8istF Re<ublican
count3 leader? T:is =as &a8es M? Ma3or1 =:o defeated &a8es !o=ers b3 a 8ar9in of 2+
>otes a9ainst /5 in t:e count3 eEecuti>e co88ittee? Ma3or =as endorsed b3 !us:1 as =ell
as b3 Senator To=er? !o=ers =as an auctioneer =:o called for a return to t:e Gold=ater
F8a9ic?F GO% state c:air O7,onnell :o<ed t:at t:e ne= c:air8an =ould be able to <ut an
end to Ft:e 9reat deal of dissension =it:in t:e <art3 in Harris Count3 for se>eral 3ears?F
,es<ite t:is <ious =is:1 acri8onious faction fi9:tin9 tore t:e count3 or9aniAation to <ieces
o>er t:e neEt se>eral 3ears? At one <oint t:e Ri<on Societ31 a nation=ide liberal Re<ublican
9rou<in9 =:ic: clai8ed to be <art of a 8oderatin9 rebuildin9 effort after t:e Gold=ater
debacle1 inter>ened in t:e count3 to <rotect Ma3or a9ainst t:e ri9:t-=in9 o<<osition? In so
doin91 t:e Ri<on Societ3 =as also inter>enin9 in fa>or of !us:? T:e Ri<on <eo<le <ointed
to t:e 9uerilla =arfare a9ainst Ma3or as Fanot:er de8onstration of t:e <ersistent stren9t: of
t:e far ri9:t =it:in t:e TeEas GO%?F S:ortl3 after t:is scara8ouc:e1 t:e dissident faction of
t:e Harris Count3 GO% controlled /. of 1/2 <recinct c:airs?
!ut at t:e sa8e ti8e !us: too; care to <olice :is left flan;1 distancin9 :i8self fro8 t:e
be9innin9s of t:e 8o>e8ent a9ainst t:e =ar in 6ietna8 =:ic: :ad been >isible b3 t:e
8iddle of 12-+? A re8ar;able docu8ent of t:is 8anue>er is t:e teEt of t:e debate bet=een
!us: and Ronnie ,u99er1 t:e =riter and editor of t:e TeEas Obser>er? T:e debate =as :eld
&ul3 11 12-+ before t:e &unior !ar of TeEas con>ention in ort *ort:? ,u99er :ad endorsed
!us:--in a =a3 ,u99er said =as Fnot =it:out =:i8sical intentF in t:e GO% senate <ri8ar3
t:e 3ear before? ,u99er =as no radicalC at t:is <oint =as not reall3 a9ainst t:e 6ietna8 =ar1
and :e actuall3 endorsed t:e <olic3 of L!&1 sa3in9 t:at t:e %resident :ad Fno eas3 =a3 out
of 6iet Na81 but :e is see;in9 and see;in9 :ard for an :onorable =a3 out?F Gfn )H
Ne>ert:eless1 ,u99er found t:at L!& :ad 8ade a series of 8ista;es in t:e i8<le8entation
of :is <olic3? ,u99er also e8braced t:e <ro>isos ad>anced b3 Senator ulbri9:t to t:e
effect t:at Fsee;in9 a co8<lete 8ilitar3 >ictor3 =ould cost 8ore t:an t:e re@uire8ents of
our interest and :onor?F So ,u99er ar9ued a9ainst an3 furt:er escalation1 and ar9ued t:at
anti-=ar de8onstrations and ci>il disobedience could be beneficial?
!us:7s first real cause for alar8 =as seein9 Ft:e ci>il ri9:ts 8o>e8ent bein9 8ade o>er
into a 8assi>e >e:icle =it: =:ic: to attac; t:e %resident7s forei9n <olic3 in 6ietna8?F He
started b3 attac;in9 Conrad L3nn1 a FNe9ro la=3erF =:o :ad told students at F83 old
uni>ersit3- (ale Uni>ersit3F - t:at FT:e United States =:ite su<re8acists7 ar83 :as been
sent to su<<ress t:e non-=:ite <eo<le of t:e =orld?F Accordin9 to !us: FT:e (ale ,ail3
Ne=s re<orted t:at t:e audience a<<lauded =:en GL3nnH annunced t:at se>eral Ne9roes :ad
9one to Asia to enlist in t:e Nort: 6iet Na8 ar83 to fi9:t a9ainst t:e United States?F T:en
!us: turned to :is real tar9et1 Martin Lut:er #in9? #in91 :e said1 =:o is Fidentified =it:
t:e freedo8 of t:e Ne9ro cause1 sa3s in !oston t:e ot:er da3 t:at :e doesn7t =ant to sit at a
se9re9ated lunc: counter =:ere 3ou :a>e strontiu8 25 in t:e 8il;1 o>erloo;in9 t:e fact t:at
it7s t:e co88unists =:o are testin9 in t:e at8os<:ere toda31 t:e Red C:inese? It7s not t:e
United States?F T:en t:ere =as !a3ard Rustin1 Fa leadin9 indi>idual in t:e Ne9ro stru99le
for freedo81 G=:oH calls for =it:dra=al fro8 6iet Na8?F T:is is all :3<ocritical in !us:7s
>ie=1 since Ft:e3 tal; about ci>il ri9:ts in t:is countr31 but t:e3 are =illin9 to sacrifice t:e
indi>idual ri9:ts in t:e co88unist countries?F
!us: =as e@uall3 riled u< o>er anti-=ar de8onstrations1 since t:e3 =ere <eo<led b3 =:at
:e called FeEtre8ists"F FI a8 sure 3ou ;no= =:at an eEtre8ist is? T:at7s a 9u3 =:o ta;es a
9ood idea and carries it to si8<l3 <re<osterous ends? And t:at7s =:at7s :a<<ened? Of course1
t:e re-e8er9ence of t:e <olitical beatni; is causin9 8e <ersonall3 a 9ood deal of <leasure?
Man3 conser>ati>es =inced durin9 12-) as =e =ere labelled eEtre8ists of t:e ri9:t? And
certainl3 =e =ere e8barrassed b3 t:e booin9 of Nelson Roc;efeller at t:e con>ention1 and
so8e of t:e co88ents t:at referred to t:e s8ell of fascis8 in t:e air at t:e Re<ublican
con>ention1 and t:in9s li;e t:is1 and =e =inced?F
*ar8in9 to t:e subBect1 !us: continued" FLet 8e 9i>e 3ou so8e eEa8<les of t:is ;ind of
left =in9 eEtre8is8? A>erell Harri8an-- surel3 not ;no=n for :is reactionar3 >ie=s--
s<ea;in9 at Cornell Uni>ersit31 tal;in9 about 6iet Na8 before a cro=d t:at calls FLiarKF
GT:e3H booed :i8 to t:e state :e could :ardl3 finis:1 and finall3 :e 9ot so frustrated :e
as;ed1 7Ho= 8an3 in t:e audience are co88unistsD7 And a bunc: of <eo<le t:ere --s8all I
=ill ad8it--:eld u< t:eir :ands?F
So eEtre8ists1 for !us:1 =ere t:ose =:o assailed Roc;efeller and Harri8an?
!us: defended t:e House Co88itte on Una8erican Acti>ities a9ainst t:e de8onstrations
or9aniAed b3 &a8es ore8an and SNCC1 co88iserated =it: a State ,e<art8ent official
=:o :ad been branded a fascist at Io=a State1 and =ent on to assail t:e !er;ele3 Ffilt:3
s<eec:F 8o>e8ent? As an eEa8<le of t:e F<ure nai>eteF of ci>il ri9:ts leaders1 :e cited
Coretta Scott #in9 =:o F8ana9ed to lin; 9lobal <eace and ci>il ri9:ts1 so8e:o= 8ana9ed
to tie t:ese t=o t:in9s to9et:er <:iloso<:icall3F -- =:ic: !us: <rofessed not to fat:o8? FIf
=e can be non->iolent in Sel8a1 =:3 can7t =e be non->iolent in 6iet Na81F Ossie ,a>is
:ad said1 and !us: <ro<osed :e be a=arded t:e F9reen *ienerF for :is Fabsurd t:eor31F for
F=:at7s 9ot to be t:e fuAAiest t:in;in9 of t:e 3ear?F
!e3ond t:is ine>itable obsession =it: race1 !us: =as fran;l3 a :a=;1 fran;l3 for
escalation1 o<enin9 t:e door to nuclear =ea<ons in 6iet Na8 onl3 a little 8ore subtl3 t:an
:e :ad t:e 3ear before" FAnd so I stand :ere as one =:o sa3s I =ill bac; u< t:e %resident
and 8ilitar3 leaders no 8atter =:at =ea<ons t:e3 use in Sout:east Asia?F
,urin9 12-)1 12-+ and 12--1 !us: =as still functionin9 as t:e full- ti8e <resident of
Ja<ata Offs:ore1 alt:ou9: so8e of :is co-=or;ers co8<lained t:at :e =as e>en less sin9le-
8inded about 8a;in9 8one3? ,urin9 t:is <eriod1 t:e co8<an37s o<erations =ere ra<idl3
eE<andin9 and LeTourneau7s 6ic;sbur9 3ard turned out a series of offs:ore drillin9
<latfor8s1 includin9 so8e of ne= desi9n? !usiness :ad been 9ood durin9 12-)1 =it: net
inco8e u< /+R o>er t:e <re>ious 3ear? !us: =rote in t:e 12-) Ja<ata %etroleu8 Annual
Re<ort" FT:e offs:ore drillin9 industr3 in =:ic: =e o<erate continues stron9 and acti>e1
=it: >irtuall3 all e@ui<8ent in t:e Gulf of MeEico e8<lo3ed 155R of t:e ti8e?
urt:er8ore1 ot:er 8ar;et around t:e =orld are acti>e1 and ne= 8ar;ets are o<enin9 u<?F
T:e latest LeTourneau drillin9 <latfor8 =as t:e MA6ERIC#1 =:ic: =as at t:at ti8e t:e
lar9est self-ele>atin9 drillin9 bar9e in action an3=:ere in t:e =orld? T:e self-ele>atin9
bar9es =ere 8obile ri9s =it: le9s t:at rested on t:e botto8 of t:e ocean? FT:e 8aEi8u8
de<t: of =ater in =:ic: self-ele>atin9 bar9es can =or; is li8ited b3 t:e len9t: of t:eir
le9s1F !us: re8inded t:e s:are:olders? Ma>eric; =ent to =or; for t:e California Co8<an3?
T:e MA6ERIC# desi9n =as so <ro8isin91 !us: told t:e s:are:olders1 t:at Ja<ata :ad
co8<leted ne9otiations to build t=o ne= ri9s of t:e MA6ERIC# class1F =:ic: =ould 9o to
=or; for S:ell? Gulf oil =as also anEious to :ire one of Ja<ata7s ne= ri9s?
T:e SCOR%ION1 =:ic: :ad been t:e first of t:e self-ele>atin9 8obile bar9es1 s<ent 12-)
off t:e coast of Lousiana1 under contract to S:ell oil? T:e 6INEGAROON s<ent t:e first
:alf of t:e 3ear off Trinidad1 and t:en 8o>ed to a <osition off t:e coast of Louisiana? T:e
SI,E*IN,ER1 Ja<ata7s s:i<-s:a<ed floatin9 drillin9 >essel1 :ad been to=ed b3 Ro3al
,utc: S:ell7s !runei S:ell %etroleu8 Co8<na3 Ltd? to a <osition off t:e sultanate of
!runei on t:e nort: coast of !orneo? !us: =rote in t:e 12-) Ja<ata annual re<ort t:at
F!runei S:ell %etroleu8 Co8<na31 Ltd?1 :as notified 3our co8<an3 of S:ell7s intention to
eEercise its o<tion1 contained in t:e drillin9 contract1 to <urc:ase t:e SI,E*IN,ER?
Mone3 deri>ed fro8 t:e sale of SI,E*IN,ER =ill be used to defra3 <art of t:e cost of t:e
ne= ri9s? S:ell <lans to 8o>e t:e SI,E*IN,ER to t:e %ersian Gulf =:ere Seacat- Ja<ata1
our %ersian Gulf affiliate1 =ill o<erate t:e SI,E*IN,ER =it: anot:er S:ell subsidiar3?F
A8on9 t:e older ri9s1 t:e NOLA I1 t:e *orld *ar II frei9:ter :ull =it: a drillin9 a<<aratus
built in1 =as no= considered obsolete? T:e NOLA I =as sold to a MeEican drillin9
co8<an31 <resu8abl3 one connected to ,iaA Serrano or one of :is cor<orate fronts? T:e
NOLA III1 =:ic: :ad been sold in 12-1 to Ja<ata-Seacat Offs:ore Co8<an31 one of !us:7s
subsidiaries1 =as still acti>e in t:e Frelati>el3 cal8 =atersF of t:e %ersian Gulf? F,urin9
12-)1 NOLA III =or;ed for #u=ait S:ell %etroleu8 ,e>elo<8ent Co8<an3 and
Continental Oil Co8<an31F !us: =rote in :is 12-) annual re<ort? So t:e Sultan of !runei
and t:e E8ir of #u=eit =ere indeed !us:7s business <artners?
T:e Ja<ata fleet of drillin9 ri9s =as under9oin9 continuous 8oderniAation1 =it: t:e s:i<-
s:a<ed floatin9 ri9s bein9 <:ased out in fa>or of t:e self-ele>atin9 drillin9 <latfor8s? In
12-)1 t:ree of Ja<ata7s fi>e ri9s =ere s:i<-s:a<ed floaters1 but b3 12--1 !us: =rote1 onl3
t:e NOLA III =ould re8ain acti>e in t:is class? One t:reat to t:e Ja<ata fleet =as <osed b3
t:e :urricanes in t:e Gulf" in 12-) :urricane Hilda :ad done so8e da8a9e to SCOR%ION1
6INEGAROON1 and t:e ne= MA6ERIC#?
Sur>e3in9 t:e =orld 8ar;et for drillin9 ri9s1 !us: <ointed out t:at Fdisco>eries off t:e
coast of Ni9eria are dra=in9 ri9s to t:at area?F T:ere =as also t:e recent disco>er3 of oil in
t:e Nort: Sea1 =it: t:e result t:at1 Fdurin9 t:e su88er1 t:e United #in9do8 leased a >ast
area off its east coast for offs:ore eE<loration?F FMost of t:e =orld7s 8aBor oil co8<anies
are in>estin9 :ea>il3 in t:e Nort: Sea1F !us: obser>ed? T:ere =as also t:e %ersian Gulf1
=:ere Fa 8aBor lease sale off t:e Nort:ern Coast of t:e %ersian Gulf is bein9 co8<leted b3
t:e Iranian 9o>ern8ent as t:is re<ort 9oes to <ress?F FAll of t:ese de>elo<8ents are
eE<ected to :a>e a beneficial effect on Ja<ata7s business o>er t:e neEt se>eral 3ears1F !us:
concluded?
In 12-+1 !us: =as able to boast in :is last Ja<ata Annual Re<ort t:at earnin9s <er s:are
:ad risen for t:e siEt: 3ear out of t:e se>en of :is tenure? One se>ere setbac; :ad been t:e
destruction of t:e MA6ERIC# <latfor8 b3 Hurricane !ets3 in t:e Gulf? !ut !us: =as able
to reassure t:e s:areolders" FI a8 <leased to note t:at =it:in t:ree =ee;s of Hurricane
!ets31 3our co8<an3 :ad been <aid t:e full >alue b3 t:e insurance co8<anies? T:e
co>era9e =as carried =it: Llo3ds of London and !ritis: Insurance Co8<anies1 and t:e
offs:ore drillin9 business s:ould be 9rateful for t:e =a3 in =:ic: t:ese co8<anies :a>e
res<onded =:en disaster :as struc;?F
!us:7s =orld offs:ore drillin9 8ar;et sur>e3 no= included t:e coast of Ni9era1 t:e Iranian
leases in t:e nort:ern %ersian Gulf1 Austrialian off-s:ore fields t:en o<enin9 u<1 t:e Gulf of
SueA1 and t:e be9innin9 of drillin9 in t:e Nort: Sea fields b3 bot: !ritain and Nor=a3?
Ja<ata1 said !us:1 =as ;ee<in9 in close contact =it: !ritis: %etroleu81 Continental1 and
S:ell? On t:e =orld oil 8ar;et o>erall1 !us: @uoted &o:n Loudon1 t:e senior 8ana9in9
director of t:e Ro3al ,utc: S:ell Grou< as sa3in9 t:at in $+ 3ears t:e free =orld =as 9oin9
to re@uire t:ree ti8es t:e current a8ount of oil for its consu8<tion?
Later1 t:e SI,E*IN,ER co8<leted its tri< fro8 t:e Sultan of !runei7s do8ains off t:e
coast of nort:ern !orneo1 and be9an o<eratin9 in t:e %ersian Gulf? !ut to re<lace
SI,E*IN,ER1 Sout:eastern-Jaa<ata ,rllin91 a one-t:ird o=ned affiliate1 :ad built a ne=
ri9 in &a<an at a cost of so8e I-?+ 8illion1 and t:is ri9 :ad been 8o>ed to t:e !orneo coast
under contract to S:ell? Seacat Ja<ata7s NOLA III :ad left t:e %ersian Gulf and =as no=
o<eratin9 in t:e Gulf of Tunis1 =:ence it =ould <roceed to t:e Red Sea coast of Et:io<ia?
6INEGAROON =as =or;in9 off t:e coast of Louisiana for C:e>ron1 and a ne= ri91
tentati>el3 labelled RIG /1 =as also destined for t:e Gulf of MeEico? O<<ortunities see8ed
i88inent in Australia1 =:ere Ja<ata :ad set u< a s<ecial relations:i< =it: Oil ,rillin9 and
EE<loration Ltd? of Australia?
In 12--1 t:e 3ear t:at !us: sa3s :e left t:e 8ana9e8ent of Ja<ata to de>ote :i8self full-
ti8e to <olitics1 Ja<ata eE<erienced anot:er increase in earnin9s <er s:are? Accordin9 to t:e
12-- Ja<ata Annual Re<ort1 Ja<ata7s Fnet <rofits for 12-- eEceeded t:e net <rofits of
se>eral ortune +55 co8<anies?F T:e >alue of Ja<ata7s offs:ore drillin9 fleet =as an
esti8ated I') 8illion1 and t:e co8<an37s stoc; =as no= tradin9 on t:e A8erican Stoc;
EEc:an9e? *it: de<arture of Geor9e H?*? !us: as c:air8an of t:e board1 t:e cor<orate
<ersonalities of Ja<ata under=ent a s:a;eu<? Alon9 =it: !us: de<arted :is 8aternal Uncle
Herbie1 a;a G?H? *al;er &r?1 t:e Mana9in9 ,irector of G?H? *al;er and Co?1 Ne= (or;?
&?*? Gardner =as out as <resident1 re<laced b3 *illia8 H? l3nn? T:e ne= c:air8an of t:e
board and c:ief eEecuti>e officer =as no= ,? ,o3le MiAe1 =:o :ad <re>iousl3 been a
8e8ber of t:e board? T:e Under=ood1 Neu:aus Co? interests ;e<t t:eir seat on t:e Ja<ata
board1 but t:eir re<resentati>e c:an9ed fro8 Milton R? Under=ood to *illia8 Sta8<s
arris: III1 !us:7s !ee>ille :untin9 <artner and t:e 9randson of t:e Standard Oil eEecuti>e
=:o :ad been eE<osed for dealin9 =it: NaAi fir8s? Added to t:e board =ere also t=o
re<resentati>es of leadin9 Houston la= fir8s1 includin9 R?%? !us:8an of 6inson1 El;ins1
*ee8s1 and Searls and !?&? Mac;in of !a;er1 !otts1 S:e<:erd and Coates? &ud9in9 fro8
t:e <resence of arris: and t:e Houston la=3ers1 =e 8a3 conclude t:at alt:ou9: !us: :ad
de<arted fro8 t:e for8al structure of Ja<ata1 :e still :ad board 8e8bers to re<resent :is
interests1 =:ic: =as i8<ortant in li9:t of t:e Ja<ata stoc; :e continued to :old? T:e sole
Ne= (or;er on t:e <ost-!us: board =as also a ne= face1 Mic:ael M? T:o8as of Le:8an
!rot:ers?
Ne= drillin9 <latfor8s included t:e EN,EA6OUR1 HERON1 and CHA%%ARAL1 <lus a
-5R s:are of a s:i<-s:a<ed floatin9 >essel off t:e coast of Austrialia? Gulf Oil of ,en8ar;
:ad si9ned a I2 8illion contract for a ne= <latfor8 called t:e MAERS# EM%LORER1 t:e
first of a ne= 9eneration of LeTourneau drillin9 units? CHA%%ARAL =as under contract to
AGI%1 a subsidiar3 of t:e Italian state oil co8<na3 ENI1 for o<erations in t:e Adriatic Sea?
6INEGAROON =as under contract to %etrobras of !raAil? Ja<ata7s offs:ore drillin9
acti>it3 b3 no= co8<re:ended areas off ,en8ar;1 !raAil1 Ital31 En9land1 t:e %ersian Gulf1
Australia1 and Louisiana?
Turnin9 to t:e =orld drillin9 8ar;et1 t:e ne= <ost-!us: 8ana9e8ent offered t:e follo=in9
o>er>ie=" FT:e offs:ore drillin9 industr31 in =:ic: Ja<ata is a si9nificant <artici<ant1 :as
unde9one a substantial c:an9e in c:aracter and sco<e in t:e <ast fi>e 3ears? i>e 3ears a9o1
al8ost all t:e offs:ore drillin9 units =ere o<eratin9 in one 9eo9ra<:ical area1 t:e Gulf of
MeEico? Toda31 siE se<arate offs:ore <ro>inces :a>e e8er9ed as s:o=in9 solid e>idence of
:a>in9 8aBor :3drocarbon de<osits?F *orld :oriAons =ere >ast1 =it: t:e Ja<ata
8an9e8ent countin9 se>enteen countries =it: offs:ore oil or 9as <roduction alread3
under=a31 and fift3 ot:er countries eE<lorin9 or drillin9 for oil? Ja<ata7s abilit3 to o<erate
in suc: <laces as t:e Nort: Sea1 Austrialia1 and #u=ait is indicati>e not Bust of a >er3 close
relations:i< bet=een Ja<ata and t:e se>en sisters oil cartel1 but of an eEcellent entree =it:
t:e inner sanctu8 of t:at cartel1 t:e Ro3al ,utc: S:ell-!ritis: %etroleun neEus1 =:ic:
eEercised t:e decisi>e influence on t:e <olicies and contin9enc3 <lannin9 of t:e cartel?
Ro3al ,utc: S:ell =as for eEa8<le t:e co8<an3 t:at a>ailed itself of t:e ser>ices of Lord
6ictor Rot:sc:ild for its future <lannin9?
T:e 12-- Ja<ata Annual re<ort esti8ated t:at about +5R of t:e co8<an37s <rofits ca8e
fro8 US o<erations1 $5R fro8 t:e Nort: Sea1 15R fro8 t:e Middle East1 15R fro8
Austrialia1 and 15R fro8 a subsidiar3 called *illia8s-Mc*illia8s1 =:ic: carried on
dred9in9 o<erations in t:e Gulf of MeEico and t:e lo=er Mississi<<i Ri>er? One can
i8a9ine t:at Geor9e !us: :ad to so8e de9ree <artici<ated in t:e ne9otiations for t:ese
o<erations? ,urin9 :is 3ears =it: Ja<ata1 it =ould t:us a<<ear t:at :e :ad been able to
eEtend t:e sco<e of :is acti>it3 fro8 t:e Cuban-Caribbean arena to t:e %ersian Gulf1 ot:er
<arts of t:e Arab =orld1 !raAil1 Scandina>ia1 and t:e Adriatic =aters bet=een Ital3 and
(u9osla>ia?
As t:e 12-- Con9ressional election a<<roac:ed1 !us: =as o<ti8istic about :is c:ances of
finall3 9ettin9 elected? T:is ti8e1 instead of s=i88in9 a9ainst t:e tide of t:e Gold=ater
catacl3s81 !us: =ould be fa>ored b3 t:e classic 8id-ter8 election refleEt =:ic: al8ost
al=a3s :el<s t:e Con9ressional candidates of t:e <art3 out of <o=er? And L!& in t:e *:ite
House =as >ulnerable on a nu8ber of <oints1 fro8 t:e escalation of t:e 6iet Na8 =ar to
sta9flation? T:e desi9ner 9err38anderin9 of t:e ne= Houston con9ressional district :ad
functioned <erfectl31 and so :ad :is de8a9o9ic s:ift to=ards t:e F>ital centerF of 8oderate
conser>atis8? !ecause t:e district =as ne=l3 dra=n1 t:ere =ould be no =ell-;no=n
incu8bent to contend =it:? And no=1 b3 one of t:e con>enient coincidences t:at see8 to
be stre=n t:rou9: !us:7s life 1 t:e onl3 obstacle bet=een :i8 and election =as a tro9lod3te
,e8ocratc conser>ati>e of an u9l3 and >indicti>e t3<e1 t:e sort of fi9ure =:o =ould 8a;e
e>en !us: loo; reasonable?
T:e ,e8ocrat in @uestion =as ran; !riscoe1 a for8er district attorne3? Accordin9 to t:e
TeEas Obser>er1 Fran; !riscoe =as one of t:e 8ost >icious <rosecutors in Houston7s
:istor3? He actuall3 8aintained a 7ten 8ost =anted con>ictions list7 b3 =:ic: :e ;e<t t:e
<ublic ad>ised of :o= 8uc: luc; :e :ad 9ettin9 con>ictions a9ainst :is c:osen defendants
t:en bein9 :eld in custod3? No=1 as a candidate for Con9ress1 !riscoe is runnin9 red-e3ed
for t:e ri9:t-=in9 in Houston? He is anti-,e8ocratic1C anti-ci>il ri9:tsC anti-forei9n aidC
anti-=ar on <o>ert3? T:e fact t:at :e calls :i8self a ,e8ocrat is utterl3 irrele>ant?F !3
contrast1 fro8 t:e <oint of >ie= of t:e TeEas Obser>er1 FHis o<<onent1 Geor9e !us:1 is a
conser>ati>e 8an? He fa>ors t:e =ar in 6ietna8C :e =as for Gold=ater1 alt:ou9: <robabl3
reluctantl3C :e is nobod37s firebrand? (et !us: is si8<l3 ci>iliAed in race relations1 and :e is
no= o<enl3 reBectin9 t:e su<<ort of t:e &o:n !irc: Societ3? T:is is one case =:ere electin9
a Re<ublican to Con9ress =ould :el< <reser>e t:e t=o-<art3 balance of t:e countr3 and at
t:e sa8e ti8e s<are TeEas t:e e8barrass8entF of :a>in9 so8ebod3 li;e !riscoe 9o to
*as:in9ton? Gfn +H !us:7s ideolo9ical face-liftin9 =as =or;in9? FI =ant conser>atis8 to be
sensiti>e and d3na8ic1 not scared and reactionar31F !us: told t:e *all Street &ournal?
!riscoe a<<ears in retros<ect as a candidate 8ade to order for !us:7s ne= 8oderate <rofile1
and t:ere are indications t:at is Bust =:at :e =as? Sources in Houston recall t:at in 12--
t:ere =as anot:er ,e8ocratic candidate for t:e ne= Con9ressional seat1 a 8oderate and
attracti>e ,e8ocrat na8ed *ildent:al? T:ese sources sa3 t:at !us:7s bac;ers <ro>ided
lar9e-scale financial su<<ort for !riscoe in t:e ,e8ocratic <ri8ar3 ca8<ai9n1 =it: t:e
result t:at *ildent:al lost out to !riscoe1 settin9 u< t:e race t:at !us: found to :is
ad>anta9e? A desi9ner district =as not enou9: for Geor9eC :e also re@uired a desi9ner
o<<onent if :e =as to <re>ail-- a fact =:ic: 8a3 be rele>ant to t:e final e>aulation of =:at
:a<<ened in 12//?
One of t:e ;e3 <oints of differentiation bet=een !us: and !riscoe =as on race? T:e district
:ad about 1+R blac; <o<ulation1 but 8a;in9 so8e inroads :ere a8on9 re9istered
,e8ocrats =ould be of decisi>e i8<ortance for t:e GO% side? !us: 8ade sure t:at :e =as
seen s<onsorin9 a blac; baseball tea81 and tal;ed a lot about :is =or; for t:e United Ne9ro
Colle9e und =:en :e :ad been at (ale? He told t:e <ress t:at Fblac; <o=erF a9itators =ere
not a <roble8 a8on9 t:e 8ore res<onsible blac;s in Houston FI t:in; t:e da3 is <ast1F !us:
noted1 F=:en =e can afford to :a>e a lil3 =:ite district? I =ill not atte8<t to a<<eal to t:e
=:ite bac;las:? I a8 in ste< =it: t:e 12-57s?F !us: e>en too; u< a <osition in t:e Office of
Econo8ic O<<ortunit3 anti-<o>et3 a<<aratus in t:e cit3? He su<<orted %roBect Head Start?
!3 contrast1 !riscoe FaccusedF !us: of courtin9 blac; su<<ort1 and re8inded !us: t:at
ot:er TeEas Con9ress8en :ad been >otin9 a9ainst ci>il ri9:ts le9islation =:en it ca8e u<
in Con9ress? !riscoe :ad anta9oniAed <arts of t:e blac; co88unit3 b3 :is relentless <ursuit
of t:e deat: <enalt3 in cases in>ol>in9 blac; ca<ital defendants? Accordin9 to t:e Ne= (or;
Ti8es1 FNe9ro leaders :a>e 8ounted a @uiet ca8<ai9n to 9et Ne9roes to >ote for G!us:H?F
!riscoe7s ca8<ai9n ads stressed t:at :e =as a ri9:t-=in9er and a TeEan1 and accused !us:
of bein9 Ft:e darlin9 of t:e Lindse3 GsicH- &a>its cro=d1F endorsed b3 labor unions1 liberal
<rofessors1 liberal Re<ublicans and liberal s3ndicated colu8nists? !riscoe =as <roud of :is
endorse8ents fro8 Go>? &o:n Connall3 and t:e Conser>ati>e Action Co88ittee1 a local
ri9:t-=in9 9rou<? One endorse8ent for !us: t:at caused !riuscoe so8e difficult3 =as t:at
of !us: 8entor Ric:ard M? NiEon? !3 12--1 NiEon =as on t:e co8ebac; trail1 :a>in9
=i:stood t:e >irtual ner>ous brea;do=n :e :ad under9one after losin9 :is bid for t:e
9o>ernors:i< of California in 12-$? NiEon =as no= in t:e course of asse8blin9 t:e
dele9ates t:at =ould 9i>e :i8 t:e GO% <residential no8ination in Mia8i in 12-/? NiEon
ca8e to Houston and 8ade ca8<ai9n a<<earances for !us:1 as :e :ad in 12-)?
!us: :ad brou9:t in a ne= 9rou< of :andlers and i8a9e-8on9ers for t:is 12-- race? His
ca8<ai9n 8ana9er =as &i8 Allison fro8 Midland? Harr3 Trelea>en =as brou9:t in desi9n
!us:7s <ro<a9anda?
Trelea>en :ad been =or;in9 at t:e &? *alter T:o8<son Ad>ertisin9 A9enc3 in Ne= (or;
Cit31 but :e too; a lea>e of absence fro8 &? *alter to co8e to =or; for !us: in TeEas? At &?
*alter T:o8<son1 Trelea>en :ad sold t:e <roducts of %an A8erican1 RCA1 ord1 and Lar;
ci9arettes? He =as attracted to !us: because :e :ad <lent3 of 8one3 and =as =illin9 to
s<end it liberall3? After t:e ca8<ai9n =as o>er1 Trelea>en =rote a lon9 8e8o about =:at
:e :ad done? He called it FU<set" T:e Stor3 of a Modern %olitical Ca8<ai9n?F One of t:e
basic <oints in Trelea>en7s sellin9 of !us: =as t:at issues =ould <la3 no role? FMost
national issues toda3 are so co8<licated1 so difficult to understand1 and :a>e o<inions on
t:at t:e3 eit:er inti8idate or1 8ore often1 bore t:e a>era9e >oter???e= <oliticians reco9niAe
t:is fact?F In :is 8e8o1 Trelea>en describes :o= :e =al;ed around Houston in t:e :ot
Au9ust of 12-- and as;ed <eo<le =:at t:e3 t:ou9:t of Geor9e !us:? He found t:at 8an3
considered !us: to be Fan eEtre8el3 li;eable <erson1F but t:at Ft:ere =as a :aAiness about
eEactl3 =:ere :e stood <oliticall3?F
or Trelea>en1 t:is =as an ideal situation? FT:ere7ll be fe= o<<ortunities for lo9ical
<ersuasion1 =:ic: is all ri9:t-- because <robabl3 8ore <eo<le >ote for irrational1 e8otional
reasons t:an <rofessional <oliticians sus<ect?F Trelea>en7s a<<roac: =as t:at F<oliticians
are celebrities?F Trelea>en <ut /+R of !us:7s :eft3 ca8<ai9n bud9et into ad>ertisin91 and
+2R of t:at =as for tele>ision? Ne=s<a<er ad 9ot 'R? Trelea>en ;ne= t:at !us: =as
be:ind in t:e <olls? F*e can turn t:is into an ad>anta9e1F :e =rote1 Fb3 creatin9 a 7fi9:tin9
underdo9 7 i8a9e? !us: 8ust con>ince >oters t:at :e reall3 =ants to be elected and is
=or;in9 :ard to earn t:eir >ote? %eo<le s38<at:iAe =it: a 8an =:o tries :ard" t:e3 are also
flattered t:at an3one =ould reall3 eEert :i8self to 9et t:eir >ote? !us:1 t:erefore1 8ust be
s:o=n as a 8an =:o7s =or;in9 :is :eart out to =in?F
As &oe McGinnis su88ed u< t:e tele>ision ads t:at resulted" FO>er and o>er1 on e>er3
tele>ision set in Houston1 Geor9e !us: =as seen =it: :is coat slun9 o>er a s:oulderC :is
slee>es rolled u<C =al;in9 t:e streets of :is districtC 9rinnin91 9ri<<in91 s=eatin91 lettin9 t:e
>oter ;no= :e cared? About =:at1 =as ne>er 8ade clear?F Gfn .H
Coac:ed b3 t:ese <rofessional s<in doctors1 !us: =as actin9 as 8ainstrea81 fair1 and
conciliator3 as could be? In an eEc:an9e =it: !riscoe in t:e Houston C:ronicle a fe= da3s
before t:e election1 :e ca8e out for Fa 8an7s ri9:t to Boin a union and :is ri9:t to stri;e1 but
I additionall3 =ould fa>or fair le9islation to see t:at no stri;e can cri<<le t:is nation and
endan9er t:e 9eneral =elfare?F !ut :e =as still for t:e TeEas ri9:t to =or; la=? !us:
su<<orted L!&7s F<resent 6ietna8 <osition?? I =ould li;e to see an All -Asian Conference
con>ened to atte8<t to settle t:is :orrible =ar? T:e Re<ublican leaders:i<1 %resident
&o:nson1 and Secretar3 Rus; and al8ost all but t:e real 7do>es7 endorse t:is?F !us: =as
a9ainst Fs=ee<in9 9un control?F !riscoe =anted to cut FeEtra>a9ant do8estic s<endin91F
and t:ou9:t t:at 8one3 8i9:t be found b3 forcin9 rance and t:e USSR to finall3 <a3 u<
t:eir =ar debts fro8 t:e t=o =orld =arsK
*:en it ca8e to urban rene=al1 !us: s<o;e u< for t:e C:arles %erc3 National Ho8e
O=ners:i< oundation1 =:ic: carried t:e na8e of a leadin9 liberal Re<ublican senator?
!us: =anted to <lace t:e federal e8<:asis on suc: t:in9s as Fre:abilitatin9 old :o8es?F FI
fa>or t:e conce<t of local o<tion on urban rene=al? Let t:e <eo<le decide1F :e said1 =it: a
sli9:t nod in t:e direction of t:e e8er9in9 Ne= Left?
In !us:7s ca8<ai9n ads :e in>ited t:e >oters to Fta;e a cou<le of 8inutes and see if 3ou
don7t a9ree =it: 8e on siE i8<ortant <oints1F includin9 6ietna81 inflation1 ci>il
disobedience1 Bobs1 >otin9 ri9:ts1 and FeEtre8is8F 0!us: =as a9ainst t:e far ri9:t and t:e
far left4? And t:ere =as Geor9e1 billed as Fsuccessful business8an???ci>ic leader???=orld
tra>eler??=ar :ero1F bare:eaded in a =:ite s:irt and tie1 =it: :is Bac;et slun9 o>er :is
s:oulder in t:e <ost-#enned3 fas:ion?
In t:e conteEt of a <ro-GO% trend t:at brou9:t +2 fres:8an Re<ublican Con9ress8en into
t:e House1 t:e bi99est influE in t=o decades1 !us:7s calculated a<<roac: =or;ed? !us: 9ot
about '+R of t:e blac; >ote1 ))R of t:e usuall3 3ello=-do9 ,e8ocrat rural >ote1 and .5R
in t:e eEclusi>e Ri>er Oa;s suburb? Still1 :is 8ar9in =as not lar9e" !us: 9ot +/R of t:e
>otes in t:e district? !ob Gra31 t:e candidate of t:e Constitution %art31 9ot less t:an 1R?
,es<ite t:e role of blac; >oters in :is narro= >ictor31 !us: could not refrain fro8 =:inin9?
FIf t:ere =as a disa<<ointin9 as<ect in t:e >ote1 it =as 83 bein9 s=a8<ed in t:e blac;
<recincts1 des<ite our 8a;in9 an all-out effort to attract blac; >oters? It =as bot: <uAAlin9
and frustratin91F !us: obser>ed in :is 12/. ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3? Gfn -H After all1 !us:
co8<lained1 :e :ad <ut t:e GO%7s funds in a blac;- o=ned ban; =:en :e =as <art3
c:air8anC :e :ad o<ened a <art3 office =it: full-ti8e staff near TeEas Sout:ern a blac;
colle9e1C :e :ad =or;ed closel3 =it: !ill Trent of t:e United Ne9ro Colle9e und1 all =it:
scant <a3off as !us: sa= it? Man3 blac; >oters :ad not been <re<ared to re=ard !us:7s
noblesse obli9e and t:at t:re= :i8 into a ra9e state1 =:et:er or not :is t:3roid =as alread3
=or;in9 o>erti8e in 12--?
*:en !us: 9ot to *as:in9ton in &anuar31 12-.1 t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an net=or;s
deli>ered" !us: beca8e t:e first fres:8an 8e8ber of t:e House of eit:er <art3 to be 9i>en
a seat on t:e *a3s and Means Co88ittee since 125)? And :e did t:is1 it 8ust be recalled1
as a 8e8ber of t:e 8inorit3 <art31 and in an era =:en t:e fres:8an Con9ress8an =as
su<<osed to be seen and not :eard? T:e *a3s and Means Co88ittee in t:ose 3ears =as still
a real center of <o=er1 one of t:e 8ost strate9ic <oints in t:e House alon9 =it: t:e Rules
Co88ittee and a fe= ot:ers? !3 Constitutional <ro>ision1 all taE le9islation :ad to ori9inate
in t:e House of Re<resentati>es1 and 9i>en t:e traditions of co88ittee or9aniAation1 all taE
bills :ad to ori9inate in t:e *a3s and Means Co88ittee? In addition to t:e national
i8<ortance of suc: a co88ittee assi9n8ent1 *a3s and Means o>ersa= t:e le9islation
i8<actin9 suc: >ital TeEas and district concerns as oil and 9as de<letion allo=ances1 and
t:e li;e?
Later =riters :a>e 8ar>elled at !us:7s ac:ie>e8ent in 9ettin9 a seat on *a3s and Means?
or &o:n R? #na99s1 t:is reflected Ft:e 9reat <otential national Re<ublicans :eld for Geor9e
!us:?F T:e Houston C:ronicle1 =:ic: :ad su<<orted !riscoe in t:e election1 found t:at
=it: t:is a<<oint8ent Ft:e GO% =as able to <oint u< to t:e state one benefit of a t=o-<art3
s3ste8?F Gfn /H In t:is case1 unli;e so 8an3 ot:ers1 =e are able to establis: :o= t:e
in>isible :and of S;ull and !ones actuall3 =or;ed to <rocure !us: t:is i8<ortant <olitical
<lu8? T:is is due to t:e indiscretion of t:e 8an =:o =as c:air8an of *a3s and Means for
8an3 3ears1 ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an *ilbur ,? Mills of Ar;ansas? Mills =as :ounded out
of office because of an alco:olis8 <roble81 and later found =or; as an attorne3 for a taE
la= fir8? As;ed about t:e !us: a<<oint8ent to t:e co88ittee :e controlled bac; in 12-.1
Mills said" FI <ut :i8 on? I 9ot a <:one call fro8 :is fat:er tellin9 8e :o= 8uc: it 8attered
to :i8? I told :i8 I =as a ,e8ocrat and t:e Re<ublicans :ad to decideC and :e said t:e
Re<ublicans =ould do it if I Bust as;ed &err3 ord?F Mills said t:at :e :ad as;ed ord and
&o:n *? !3rnes of *isconsin1 =:o =as t:e ran;in9 Re<ublican on *a3s and Means1 and
!us: =as in1 t:an;s once a9ain to ,add3 *arbuc;s1 %rescott !us:? Gfn 2H
*ilbur Mills 8a3 :a>e let :i8self in for a lot of trouble in later 3ears b3 not al=a3s
treatin9 Geor9e =it: due res<ect? !ecause of !us:7s obsession =it: birt: control for t:e
lo=er orders1 Mills 9a>e !us: t:e nic;na8e FRubbers1F =:ic: stuc; =it: :i8 durin9 :is
3ears in Con9ress? Gfn 15H %o<<3 !us: =as not a8used? One da3 Mills 8i9:t <onder in
retros<ect1 as so 8an3 ot:ers :a>e1 on !us:7s >indicti>eness?
On one occasion Mills <rolon9ed t:e @uestionin9 of *alter Reut:er of t:e UA*1 =:o =as
a<<earin9 as a =itess in :earin9s before t:e co88ittee1 to let Geor9e !us: 9et a fe=
@uestions in and loo; 9ood for t:e :o8e-to=n <ress? Mills7 career in <ublic life =as
destro3ed durin9 t:e ord %residenc3 =:en :e =as found ca>ortin9 drun; in <ublic =it:
t:e dancer ann3 oEe? T:is ca8e in an era =:en t:e C:urc: and %i;e co88ittees of
Con9ress :ad been <oundin9 t:e CIA1 and =:en Geor9e !us: =as about to ta;e o>er as
CIA ,irector? T:e fall of *ilbur Mills1 to9et:er =it: t:e #orea9ate scandal of alle9ed
Con9ressional influence <eddlin91 a<<eared at t:e ti8e as retaliation desi9ned to ;noc; t:e
Con9ress on t:e defensi>e?
Geor9e and !arbara clai8 to :a>e bou9:t a :o8e on Hillbroo; Lane in nort:=est
*as:in9ton si9:t unseen o>er t:e tele<:one fro8 Sen? Mil=ard Si8<son of *3o8in91 t:e
fat:er of Sen? Al Si8<son1 t:e current GO% 8inorit3 =:i<? Later t:e fa8il3 8o>ed to
%alisade Lane?
!us:7s Con9ressional office in t:e Lon9=ort: !uildin9 =as run b3 ad8inistrati>e assistant
Rose Ja8aria1 =it: %ete Roussel actin9 as t:e Con9ress8an7s <resse secretar31 and &i8
Allison and Aleene S8it: also on t:e staff? !us: sa3s t:at :is closest cronies in t:ose da3
included !ill Stei9er of *isconsin1 Re<? Sonn3 Mon9o8er3 of Mississi<<i1 liberal
Re<ublican !arber Conable of Ne= (or; 0later attac;ed as F!arbarian CannibalF in so8e
de>elo<in9 countries =:en :e =as %resident of t:e *orld !an; in t:e Rea9an- !us: 3ears41
To8 #le<<e of Nort: ,a;ota and &o:n %aul Ha88ersc:8idt of Ar;ansas 0a lon9-ter8
all34?
In &anuar31 12-/1 L!& deli>ered :is State of t:e Union 8essa9e to Con9ress1 e>en as t:e
6iet Con97s Tet offensi>e =as 8a;in9 a s:a8bles of :is 6ietna8 =ar <olic3? T:e
Re<ublican re<l3 ca8e in a series of s:ort state8ents b3 for8er %resident Eisen:o=er1
House Minorit3 leader &err3 ord1 Re<? Mel>in Laird1 Senator Ho=ard !a;er1 and ot:er
8e8bers of Con9ress? Anot:er tribute to t:e efforts of t:e %rescott !us:-S;ull and !ones
net=or;s =as t:e fact t:at a8id t:is <arade of Re<ublican =ort:ies t:ere a<<eared1 =it:
tense Ba= and fist clenc:ed to <ound on t:e table1 Re<? Geor9e !us:?
T:e &o:nson Ad8inistration :ad clai8ed t:at austerit3 8easures =ere not necessar3 durin9
t:e ti8e t:at t:e =ar in 6ietna8 =as bein9 <rosecuted? L!& :ad <ro8ised t:e <eo<le F9uns
and butter1F but no= t:e econo83 =as be9innin9 to 9o into decline? !us:7s o>erall <ublic
r:etorical stance durin9 t:ese 3ears =as to de8and t:at t:e ,e8ocratic ad8inistration
i8<ose s<ecific austerit3 8easures and re<lace bi9- s<endin9 <ro9ra8s =it: a<<ro<riate
defecit-cuttin9 ri9or? Here is =:at !us: told a nation=ide net=or; tele>ision audience on
&an? $'1 12-/"
FT:e nation faces t:is 3ear Bust as it did last a tre8endous deficit in t:e ederal bud9et1 but in t:e
%resident7s 8essa9e t:ere =as no sense of sacrifice on t:e <art of t:e Go>ern8ent1 no assi9n8ent
of <riorities1 no :int of t:e need to <ut first t:in9s first? And t:is rec;less <olic3 :as i8<osed t:e
cruel taE of risin9 <rices on t:e <eo<le1 <us:ed interest rates to t:eir :i9:est le>els in 155 3ears1
s:ar<l3 reduced t:e rate of real econo8ic 9ro=t: and saddled e>er3 8an and =o8an and c:ild in
A8erican =it: t:e lar9est taE burden in our :istor3?
FAnd =:at does t:e %resident sa3D He sa3s =e 8ust <a3 still 8ore taEes and :e <ro<oses drastic
restrictions on t:e ri9:ts of A8ericans to in>est and tra>el abroad? If t:e %resident =ants to control
inflation1 :e7s 9ot to cut bac; on ederal s<endin9 and t:e best =a31 t:e best =a3 to sto< t:e 9old
drain is to li>e =it:in our 8eans in t:is countr3?F Gfn 11H
T:ose =:o =anted to read !us:7s li<s at a distance bac; in t:ose da3s found t:at :e =as
indeed co88itted to a ;ind of austerit3? In Ma3 of 12-/1 =it: &o:nson alread3 a la8e duc;1
t:e *a3s and Means Co88ittee a<<ro>ed =:at =as dubbed on Ca<itol Hill t:e F15-/-)F
defecit control <ac;a9e? T:is 8andated a taE increase of I15 billion <er 3ear1 cou<led =it:
a I) billion cut in eE<enditures? !us: Boined =it: four *a3s and Means Re<ublicans 0t:e
ot:ers =ere Conable1 Sc:neebeli1 and !attin4 to a<<ro>e t:e 8easure? Gfn 1$H
!ut t:e <rinci<al focus of !us:7s acti>it3 durin9 :is tenure in t:e House of Re<resentati>es
centered on a <roBect t:at =as 8uc: 8ore sinister and far-reac:in9 t:an t:e 8ere
i8<osition of bud9et austerit31 destructi>e as t:at de8and =as at t:e ti8e? *it: a =ill
infor8ed b3 t:e ideas about <o<ulation1 race1 and econo8ic de>elo<8ent t:at =e :a>e seen
current in %rescott !us:7s circles at !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an1 Geor9e !us: =ould no=
beco8e a <rota9onist of a series of institutional c:an9es =:ic: =ould contribute to t:at
o>erall de9radation of t:e cultural <aradi98 of =estern ci>iliAation =:ic: =as e8er9ent at
t:e end of t:e 12-57s?
T:e bac;dro< for t:is transfor8ation in t:e cultural 8atriE of Nort: A8erica1 =estern
Euro<e1 and t:e rest of t:e =orld =as t:e end of t:e 9lobal <ost=ar econo8ic boo8 t:at
:ad be9un at t:e end of t:e 12)57s? T:e eE<ansion of t:e US econo83 :ad been eE:austed
b3 t:e ti8e of t:e 12+/ recession1 alt:ou9: it :ad been re>i>ed to so8e de9ree b3 t:e
i8<ulse i8<arted to t:e s<ace <ro9ra8 b3 t:e #enned3 Ad8inistration? !ut e>en before t:e
A<ollo astronauts :ad reac:ed t:e 8oon1 NASA =as in t:e <rocess of bein9 9utted b3 t:e
cost- accountants of t:e &o:nson re9i8e? US ca<ital structures =ere su<<orted into t:e
siEties on t:e basis of a round of in>est8ents in =estern Euro<e1 but t:e Italian and ederal
Ger8an recessions of 12-) and 12-- =ere t:e si9nal t:at t:e <ost=ar reconstruction boo8
=as o>er? In t:e fall of 12-.1 so8e 8ont:s after !us: :ad entered Con9ress1 t:e ter8inal
a9on3 of t:e !ritis: <ound sterlin9 as a reser>e currenc3 :ad 9ri<<ed t:e currenc3
eEc:an9es of t:e =orld? In t:e s<rin9 of 12-/1 t:e 9old and dollar crisis =ould brin9 t:e
entire =orld 8onetar3 s3ste8 to t:e brin; of a <anic colla<se? T:e =orld =as be9innin9 to
eE<erience t:e first <aroE3s8s of t:at colla<se of t:e 12)) !retton *oods 8onetar3 s3ste8
=:ic: =ould beco8e official at Ca8< ,a>id on Au9ust 1+1 12.11 =:en NiEon =ould
announce t:e end of t:e 9old con>ertibilit3 of t:e dollar and also <roclai8 F%:ase OneF of a
=a9e and <rice freeAe austerit3 for t:e A8erican labor force? Gfn 1'H
To understand !us:7s actions durin9 t:ese 3ears1 =e 8ust understand t:e :i9:l3 subBecti>e
and ideolo9iAed reactions of t:e An9lo-A8erican finance oli9arc:3 to t:ese e>ents? As =e
:a>e seen reflected in t:e 8entalit3 of A>erell Harri8an and %rescott !us:1 t:e An9lo-
A8erican financier elite is funda8entall3 :ostile to 8odern industrial- tec:nolo9ical
de>elo<8ent and to lar9e-scale 8odern urban life? T:e :o<es of t:e An9lo- A8erican elite
for t:e <ost=ar =orld =ere eE<ressed in t:e Mor9ent:au %lan for t:e destruction of Ger8an
industr3 and t:e de<o<ulation of central Euro<e? T:ese <lans :ad <ro>en to be untenable in
t:e li9:t of t:e So>iet t:reat to Euro<e1 and t:e oli9arc:3 :ad been obli9ed to acce<t a
<ost=ar Euro<ean reco>er3 =:ic: =as >er3 lucrati>e for *all Street1 brutall3 austere for
t:e Ger8ans1 and =:ic: ;e<t t:e So>iets at ba3 for t:e duration of t:e Cold *ar? !ut e>en
=it:in t:e conteEt of t:e <ost=ar boo81 t:e Malt:usian dis<osition of t:e oli9arc:3
re8ained1 as eE<ressed in t:e accelerated lootin9 of t:e for8er colonial sector1 t:e ra<ine of
t:e oil cartel1 and t:e sabota9e of industrial and infrastructural eE<ansion inside t:e US to
t:e eEtent t:at traffic =ould bear? As t:e <ost=ar boo8 s:o=ed increased si9ns of
eE:austion at t:e end of t:e 12-57s1 t:e oli9arc:ical elite felt t:at t:e 8o8ent :ad co8e to
assert t:e Malt:usian i8<ulse 8ore a99ressi>el3?
or t:e An9lo-A8erican finance oli9arc:s1 t:e leadin9 <roble8s of t:e =orld t:en as no=
could be su88ed u< under t:e :eadin9s of o>er<o<ulation1 es<eciall3 a8on9 t:e non-=:ite
et:nic 9rou<s of t:e <lanet1 and industrial <ollution? T:e re8edies1 t:en as no=1 =ere to be
sou9:t in li8itin9 <o<ulation 9ro=t:1 or better 3et reducin9 t:e eEistin9 <o<ulation
=:ere>er <ossible1 =:ile at t:e sa8e ti8e s:uttin9 do=n indsutr3? In t:is =a3 t:e oli9arc:s
sou9:t to return to t:eir bucolic and 8edie>al drea8 =orld1 and es<eciall3 to a de9raded
and ser>ile 8ass <s3c:olo93 a9reeable to oli9arc:ical for8s of do8ination? or oli9arc:s
li;e !us: are =ell a=are t:at t:ere are onl3 t=o =a3s to or9aniAe :u8an affairs1 na8el3 t:e
re<ublican and t:e oli9arc:ical 8odes? T:e re<ublican 8ode de<ends u<on t:e <resence of
citiAens-- =ell educated1 tec:nolo93-oriented1 8ature1 and coura9eous <eo<le =:o are
=illin9 to t:in; for t:e8sel>es? Oli9arc:ical for8s function best in t:e <resence of a
culturall3 <essi8istic1 :edonist1 su<ersititious 8ass of <assi>e =itnesses to t:e <assin9
scene?
T:us1 at t:e end of t:e 12-57s1 London financiers and t:eir *all Street counter<arts 8ade
a>ailable abundant foundation fundin9 for suc: <roBects as t:e Tri<le Re>olution1 =:ic:
<ro<osed t:e no=- acco8<lis:ed transition fro8 a <roducti>e societ3 to a <ost-industrial
societ31 and t:e 12-/ foundin9 of t:e Club of Ro8e =it: its absurd FLi8its to 9ro=t:F
:oaE of a fe= 3ears later1 t:e international fla9s:i< for t:e Malt:usian re>i>al? *:at t:e
oli9arc:3 :ad in 8ind =as not Bust a 8inor adBust8ent of t:e Jeit9eist" t:e 9reenin9 of t:e
=estern cultural <aradi98 8ade 8andator3 t:e @uic; erosion of t:e i8<erati>es of
subduin9 and do8inatin9 nature contained in t:e first boo; of Genesis1 t:e de8olition of
t:e beliefs in education1 science and <ro9ress =:ic: :ad ani8ated t:e <:iloso<:3 and
nation buildin9 of St? Au9ustine1 C:arle8a9ne1 t:e Italian Renaissance1 LeibnitA1 ran;lin1
and t:e A8erican Re>olution?
T:e i8<le8entation of t:is intent on t:e :o8e front dictated t:e dis8antlin9 of a
constituenc3-based <olitical structure t:at assu8ed t:at t:e <ur<ose of 9o>ern8ent =as to
8ana9e econo8ic de>elo<8ent and e@uitabl3 to distribute t:e fruits of 8aterial and cultural
<ro9ress? T:is :ad to be re<laced b3 an aut:oritarian-totalitarian re9i8e =:ose 8ain
function =as t:e i8<osition of austerit3 and sacrifices? Malt:usianis8 at :o8e also
9enerated <roble8s abroad1 to =:ic: t:e #issin9er NSC and t:e #issin9er State
,e<art8ent =ere to <ro>e t:e8sel>es es<eciall3 sensiti>e? Alt:ou9: t:e Malt:usian
oli9arc:3 sou9:t to den3 t:at industr3 and <o<ulation 9ro=t: re<resented real <o=er1 t:e3
=ere at <ains to slo= de8o9ra<:ic and industrial 9ro=t: abroad1 usin9 >arious :ollo=
<reteEts? AleEander #in91 alon9 =it: Aurelio %eccei one of t:e founders of t:e Club of
Ro8e1 once conceded t:at t:e real <ur<ose of :is institution =as to bloc; t:e de8o9ra<:ic
eE<ansion of t:e non-=:ite <eo<les of t:e =orld? or %rescott !us: and Geor9e !us:1 t:e
de<o<ulation of t:e t:ird =orld1 t:e 9enocide of non-=:ite <o<ulations1 =as and is a life-
lon9 and consu8in9 obsession?
!3 an3 definition a racist li;e !us: 8i9:t offer1 t:e =:ite race1 or 8ore <recisel3 t:e
An9lo-SaEon race1 is a s8all and d=indlin9 8inorit3 of :u8anit3? Ne>ert:eless1 t:e
co8<ulsi>e i8<erati>e of t:e London-Ne= (or; financiers is t:eir co88itt8ent to An9lo-
SaEon do8ination of t:e <lanet? T:is 8eans t:at in t:e >ie= of t:e financiers1 non- =:ites
and non-An9lo-SaEons 8ust be <re>ented fro8 8ulti<l3in9 inside t:e i8<erial :o8eland
and if <ossible deci8ated1 so as to a>oid c:allen9es to An9lo-SaEon financier rule? Outside
US borders1 t:e An9lo-A8erican elite <rescribes =ar1 fa8ine1 and <estilence to cut a
blood3 s=at: t:rou9: t:e bro=n1 blac;1 red and 3ello= races so as to reduce t:eir 8ilitar3
and econo8ic <otential? If <ossible1 in t:e >ie= of t:e oli9arc:s1 non-=:ite <o<ulations in
areas of 9reat oil and ot:er strate9ic ra= 8aterials =ealt: s:ould be =i<ed out co8<letel3
so t:at t:ese areas can be re-coloniAed b3 t:e An9lo- SaEon 8aster race1 =:o =ill enBo3 t:e
use of t:e ra= 8aterials into t:e future? T:ese are t:e <oints at =:ic: =e see Geor9e !us:
in action durin9 :is Con9ressional 3ears?
T:e econo8ics of Malt:us1 t:e Club of Ro8e1 and of (ale econo8ist Geor9e !us: lead
ineEorabl3 to =orld de<ression and an econo8ic brea;do=n crisis so se>ere as to <ut t:e
future <ros<ects of =orld ci>iliAation itself into t:e 9ra>est Beo<ard3? !us:7s 8ost
fanaticall3 :eld beliefs concernin9 An9lo-SaEon race su<eriorit3 are e@uall3 ban;ru<t and
9rotse@ue? Hu8an bein9s :a>e no 9enetic-racial identit3? Hu8an bein9s belon9 to cultures1
=:ic: are learned as c:ildren are reared in t:e :o8e and educated in sc:ools1 but =:ic:
:a>e not:in9 to do =it: :eredit3 or blood1 as t:e A8erican eE<erience itself in its better
8o8ents 8ost i8<ressi>el3 docu8ents? Indeed1 t:ere is no suc: t:in9 as a race or breed
a8on9 :u8ans as t:ese cate9ories eEist a8on9 do9s and :orses? A8on9 t:ese ani8als1 race
or breed defines a fiEed re<ertoire of be:a>ior and reaction1 a fiEed 8ental dis<osition
=:ic: rules out 8ost c:an9es t:at education 8i9:t brin9? A8on9 :u8an bein9s1 it is Bust
t:e o<<osite" an3 c:ild of =:ate>er color or et:nic bac;9rund1 if <laced as an infant in a
fa8il3 of a different color and lan9ua9e1 =ill in>ariabl3 be accultured into t:e ci>iliAation
of t:e ne= fa8il3? T:is reflects t:e uni>ersalit3 of t:e :u8an <ersonalit3 be3ond all
distinctions of race1 color1 reli9ion1 culture1 and nationalit31 and <ro>es t:e t:esis of t:e
,eclaration of Inde<endence t:at all 8en are created e@ual? T:e uni>ersalit3 of a<ostolic
C:ristianit3 as a =orld reli9ion see;in9 to reac: out to all et:nic 9rou<s on t:e <lanet
=it:out eEce<tion is eE<ressed in t:e idea t:at eac: and e>er3 concrete :u8an indi>idual is
>er3 <racticall3 t:e li>in9 i8a9e of God1 and no difference of color or FraceF can c:an9e
t:is in t:e sli9:test?
Oli9arc:ical t:in;in9 reBects all t:is? Oli9arc:s :a>e :istoricall3 been obsessed =it:
Bustif3in9 and <er<etuatin9 t:e irrational and destructi>e do8ination of a feudal aristocrac31
9enerall3 in t:e for8 of a titled nobilit3 rulin9 t:rou9: usurious ban;in9 <ractices1 secret
intelli9ence a9encies1 and 8ilitaris81 at t:e eE<ense of t:e <ro9ress of :u8anit3? If t:e
:u8an <ersonalit3 is indeed uni>ersal1 t:en t:ere is no suc: t:in9 as an :erditar3
aristocrac31 and t:e conce<t of oli9arc:3 itself is in bi9 trouble? !ut feudal aristocrats1
breedin9 :orses and do9s as t:eir status s38bols1 are often i8becilic enou9: to t:in; t:at
t:e3 :a>e beco8e aut:orities on :u8an 9enetics?
T:ere is also a reason =:3 A8erican elitists li;e t:e Harri8ans and t:e !us:es beco8e
suc: fanatics for eu9enics and <o<ulation reduction? T:is :as to do =it: t:e <osition of
suc: fa8ilies as >irtual <ar>enu u<starts =it:in t:e An9lo-A8erican :ierarc:3? In order to
:a>e standin9 in t:e oli9arc:3 it is necessar3 to :a>e a <atent of nobilit3 9oin9 bac; at t:e
>er3 least a centur3 or t=o1 =it: four to fi>e :undred 3ears bein9 <referable? T:is <uts
fa8ilies li;e Harri8an or !us: into a >irtual status frenA3? *:en *? A>erell Harri8an =as
a c:ild1 %resident T:eodore Roose>elt <ublicl3 attac;ed :is fat:er1 t:e railroad builder E?&?
Harri8an1 as a robber baron and a <ublic 8enace for t:e countr3? An associate of *?
A>erell Harri8an in t:e State ,e<art8ent once recounted :is i8<ression t:at t:e 3oun9er
Harri8an and indeed t:e rest of :is fa8il3 :ad ne>er 9otten o>er t:e colossal :u8iliation of
t:is incident? T:is interestin9 fact casts li9:t on t:e tireless efforts of A>erell7s 8ot:er to
bu3 t:e fa8il3 status and res<ectabilit3 b3 fundin9 eu9enics researc: to in>esti9ate t:e
cri8inal tendencies of t:ose incorri9ible lo=er orders and 8ental defecti>es? T:e
Harri8ans =ere b3 i8<lication a race a<art? It also :el<ed to eE<lain =:at t:e associate
described A>erell7s life-lon9 :istor3 as a co8<ulsi>e liar =:ene>er a situation e8er9ed in
=:ic: :e could i8<ro>e :is i8a9e at t:e eE<ense of ot:ers b3 l3in9?
Alt:ou9: <er:a<s i8<ressi>e b3 A8erican standards1 Geor9e !us:7s <edi9ree dis<la3ed its
o=n 9ra>e =ea;nesses =:en eEa8ined =it:in t:e fra8e of reference of t:e trans- Atlantic
An9lo-A8erican oli9arc:3 of t:e t=entiet: centur31 and t:is doubtless i8<arted eEtra
fanaticis8 to Geor9e7s fanatical <ursuit of racial <urit3 in t:e :alls of Con9ress?
In 12-2 !us: told t:e House of Re<resentati>es t:at1 unless t:e 8enace of :u8an
<o<ulation 9ro=t: =ere Freco9niAed and 8ade 8ana9eable1 star>ation1 <estilence and =ar
=ill sol>e it for us?F !us: re<eatedl3 co8<ared <o<ulation 9ro=t: to a disease? G2 bisH In
re8ar;s to t:e House &ul3 '51 12-21 :e li;ened t:e fi9:t a9ainst t:e <olio >irus to t:e
crusade to reduce t:e =orld7s <o<ulation? Ur9in9 t:e federal 9o>ern8ent to ste< u<
<o<ulation control efforts1 :e said" F*e :a>e a clear <recedent" *:en t:e Sal; >accine =as
disco>ered1 lar9e-scale <ro9ra8s =ere underta;en to distribute it? I see no reason =:3
si8ilar <ro9ra8s of education and fa8il3 <lannin9 assistance s:ould not be instituted in t:e
United States on a 8assi>e sco<e?F
As &essica Mat:e=s1 >ice-<resident of one of *as:in9ton7s 8ost influential Aero-9ro=t:
outfits1 t:e *orld Resources Institute1 later =rote of !us: in t:ose 3ears" FIn t:e 12-5s and
7.5s1 !us: :ad not onl3 e8braced t:e cause of do8estic and international fa8il3 <lannin91
:e :ad a99ressi>el3 sou9:t to be its c:a8<ion???? As a 8e8ber of t:e *a3s and Means
Co88ittee1 Re<? !us: s:e<:erded t:e first 8aBor brea;t:rou9: in do8estic fa8il3
<lannin9 le9islation in 12-.1F and Flater co -aut:ored t:e le9islation co88onl3 ;no=n as
Title M1 =:ic: created t:e first federal fa8il3 <lannin9 <ro9ra8????F
FOn t:e international front1F Mat:e=s =rote1 !us: Freco88ended t:at t:e U?S? su<<ort t:e
United Nations <o<ulation fund???? He ur9ed1 in t:e stron9est =ords1 t:at t:e U?S? and
Euro<ean countries 8a;e 8odern contrace<ti>es a>ailable Fon a 8assi>e scale1F to all t:ose
around t:e =orld =:o =anted t:e8?
!us: belon9ed to a s8all 9rou< of con9ress8en =:o successfull3 cons<ired to force a
<rofound s:ift in t:e official U?S? attitude and <olic3 to=ard <o<ulation eE<ansion?
E8bracin9 t:e Fli8its to 9ro=t:F ideolo93 =it: a >en9eance1 !us: and :is coterie1 =:ic:
included suc: ultraliberal ,e8ocrats as t:en- Senator *alter Mondale 0Minn?4 and Re<?
&a8es Sc:euer 0N?(?41 labored to enact le9islation =:ic: institutionaliAed <o<ulation
control as U?S? do8estic and forei9n <olic3?
!us: be9an :is Malt:usian acti>is8 in t:e House in 12-/1 =:ic: =as t:e 3ear in =:ic:
%o<e %aul 6I issued :is en3clical FHu8anae 6itae1F =:ic: contained a <ro<:etic =arnin9
of t:e dan9er of coercion b3 9o>ern8ents for t:e <ur<ose of <o<ulation control? T:e %o<e
=rote" FLet it be considered also t:at a dan9erous =ea<on =ould be <laced in t:e :ands of
t:ose <ublic aut:orities =:o <lace no :eed of 8oral eEi9encies???? *:o =ill sto< rulers fro8
fa>orin91 fro8 e>en i8<osin9 u<on t:eir <eo<le1 t:e 8et:od of contrace<tion =:ic: t:e3
Bud9ed to be 8ost efficaciousDF or <oorer countries =it: a :i9: <o<ulation rate1 t:e
enc3clical identified t:e onl3 rational and :u8ane <olic3" FNo solution to t:ese difficulties
is acce<table =:ic: does >iolence to 8an7s essential di9nit3????T:e onl3 <ossible solution ???
is one =:ic: en>isa9es t:e social and econo8ic <ro9ress bot: of indi>iduals and of t:e
=:ole of :u8an societ3????F
T:is =as a direct c:allen9e to t:e cultural <aradi98 transfor8ation =:ic: !us: and ot:er
eE<onents of t:e oli9arc:ical =orld outloo; =ere <ro8otin9? Not for t:e first ti8e nor for
t:e last ti8e1 !us: issued a direct attac; on t:e Hol3 See? &ust da3s after Hu8anae 6itae
=as issued1 !us: declared" FI :a>e decided to 9i>e 83 >i9orous su<<ort for <o<ulation
control in bot: t:e United States and t:e =orld?F He also las:ed out at t:e %o<e? For t:ose
of us =:o =:o feel so stron9l3 on t:is issue1 t:e recent en3clical =as 8ost discoura9in9?F
,urin9 :is four 3ears in Con9ress1 !us: not onl3 introduced ;e3 <ieces of le9islation to
enforce <o<ulation control bot: at :o8e and abroad? He also continuousl3 introduced into
t:e con9ressional debate rea8s of <ro<a9anda about t:e t:reat of <o<ulation 9ro=t: and t:e
inferiorit3 of blac;s1 and :e set u< a s<ecial Re<ublican tas; force =:ic: functioned as a
foru8 for t:e 8ost rabid Malt:usian ideolo9ues?
F!us: =as reall3 out front on t:e <o<ulation issue1F a <o<ulation- control acti>ist recentl3
said of t:is <eriod of 12-.-.1? FHe =as sa3in9 t:in9s t:at e>en =e =ere reluctant to tal;
about <ublicl3?F
!us:7s o<en <ublic ad>ocac3 of 9o>ern8ent 8easures tendin9 to=ards Aero <o<ulation
9ro=t: =as a radical de<arture fro8 t:e <olicies built into t:e federal bureaucrac3 u< until
t:at ti8e? T:e cli8ate of o<inion Bust a fe= 3ears earlier1 in ,ece8ber 12+21 is illustrated
b3 t:e co88ents of %resident Eisen:o=er1 =:o :ad said1 Fbirt: control is not our business?
I cannot i8a9ine an3t:in9 8ore e8<:aticall3 a subBect t:at is not a <ro<er <olitical or
9o>ern8ental acti>it3 ??? or res<onsibilit3?F
As a con9ress8an1 !us: <la3ed an absolutel3 <i>otal role in t:is s:ift? S:ortl3 after arri>in9
in *as:in9ton1 :e tea8ed u< =it: fello= Re<ublican Her8an Sc:neebeli to offer a series
of a8end8ents to t:e Social Securit3 Act to <lace <riorit3 e8<:asis on =:at =as
eu<:e8isticall3 called Ffa8il3 <lannin9 ser>ices?F T:e a>o=ed 9oal =as to reduce t:e
nu8ber of c:ildren born to =o8en on =elfare?
!us:7s and Sc:neebeli7s a8end8ents reflected t:e Malt:usian- 9enocidalist >ie=s of ,r?
Alan Gutt8ac:er1 t:en <resident of %lanned %arent:ood1 and a <rote9e of its founder1
Mar9aret San9er? In t:e 3ears before t:e 9risl3 outco8e of t:e NaAi cult of race science and
eu9enics :ad in:ibited <ublic calls for defense of t:e F9ene <ool1F San9er :ad de8anded
t:e =eedin9 out of t:e FunfitF and t:e Finferior races1F and :ad ca8<ai9ned >i9orousl3 for
steriliAation1 infanticide and abortion1 in t:e na8e of Frace better8ent?F
Alt:ou9: %lanned %arent:ood =as forced durin9 t:e fascist era and i88ediatel3 t:ereafter
to tone do=n San9er7s racist r:etoric fro8 Frace better8entF to Ffa8il3 <lannin9F for t:e
benefit of t:e <oor and blac;s1 t:e or9aniAation7s basic 9oal of curbin9 t:e <o<ulation
9ro=t: rate a8on9 FundesirablesF ne>er reall3 c:an9ed? !us: <ublicl3 asserted t:at :e
a9reed F11555 <ercentF =it: %lanned %arent:ood
,urin9 :earin9s on t:e Social Securit3 a8end8ents1 !us: and =itness Alan Gutt8ac:er
:ad t:e follo=in9 collo@u3" !us:" Is t:ere an3 Go<<osition to %lanned %arent:oodH fro8
an3 ot:er or9aniAations or 9rou<s1 ci>il ri9:ts 9rou<sD
Gutt8ac:er" *e do :a>e <roble8s? *e are in a sensiti>e area in re9ard <articularl3 to t:e
Ne9ro? T:ere are so8e ele8ents in t:e Ne9ro 9rou< t:at feel =e are tr3in9 to ;ee< do=n
t:enu8bers? *e are >er3 sensiti>e to t:is? *e :a>e a co88unit3 relations de<art8ent
:eaded b3 a 8ost ca<able Ne9ro social =or;er to tr3 to :andle t:at <art of t:e <roble8?
T:is does1 of course1 cause us a 9ood bit of concern?
!us:" I a<<reciate t:at? or t:e record1 I =ould li;e to sa3 I a8 11555 <ercent in accord
=it: t:e 9oals of 3our or9aniAation? I t:in; <er:a<s 8ore t:an an3 ot:er t3<e of
or9aniAation 3ou can do 8ore in t:e field of <o>ert3 and 8ental :ealt: and e>er3t:in9 else
t:an an3 ot:er 9rou< t:at I can t:in; of? I co88end 3ou?
Gutt8ac:er Gto !us:H" Ma3 I use 3ou as a <ublic s<ea;erD
Li;e :is fat:er before :i81 !us: su<<orted %lanned %arent:ood at e>er3 o<<ortunit3? Ti8e
after ti8e1 :e rose on t:e floor of t:e House to <raise %lanned %arent:ood7s =or;? In 12-.1
!us: called for F:a>in9 t:e 9o>ern8ent a9encies =or; e>en 8ore closel3 =it: 9oin9
<ri>ate a9encies suc: as %lanned %arent:ood?F A 3ear later1 :e ur9ed t:ose interested in
Fad>ancin9 t:e cause of fa8il3 <lannin91F to Fcall 3our local %lanned %arent:ood CenterF
to offer F:el< and su<<ort?F
T:e !us:-Sc:neebeli a8end8ents =ere ai8ed at reducin9 t:e nu8ber of c:ildren born to
blac;s and <oor =:ites? T:e le9islation re@uired all =elfare reci<ients1 includin9 8ot:ers of
3oun9 c:ildren1 to see; =or;1 and barred increases in federal aid to states =:ere t:e
<ro<ortion of de<endent c:ildren on =elfare increased?
Reducin9 t:e =elfare rolls =as a <ri8e !us: concern? He fre@uentl3 8oti>ated :is
<o<ulation-control crusade =it: t:inl3 >eiled a<<eals to *illie Horton-st3le racis8? Tal;in9
about t:e rise in t:e =elfare rolls in a &ul3 12-/ state8ent1 !us: la8ented t:at Four national
=elfare costs are risin9 <:eno8enall3?F *orse1:e =arned1 t:ere =ere far too 8an3 c:ildren
bein9 born to =elfare 8ot:ers" FT:e fastest-9ro=in9 <art of t:e relief rolls e>er3=:ere is
aid for de<endent c:ildren--A,C? At t:e end of t:e 12-/ fiscal 3ear1 a little o>er I$ billion
=ill be s<ent for A,C1 but b3 fiscal 12.$ t:is =ill increase b3 o>er .+ <ercent?F
!us: e8<:asiAed t:at 8ore c:ildren are born into non-=:ite <oor fa8ilies t:an to =:ite
ones? !lac;s 8ust reco9niAe1 :e said1 Ft:at t:e3 cannot :o<e to ac@uire a lar9er s:are of
A8erican <ros<erit3 =it:out cuttin9 do=n on birt:s????F
orcin9 8ot:ers on =elfare to =or; =as belie>ed to be an effecti>e 8eans of reducin9 t:e
nu8ber of blac; c:ildren born1 and !us: s<onsored a nu8ber of 8easures to do Bust t:at? In
12.51 :e :el<ed lead t:e fi9:t on t:e Hill for %resident NiEon7s notorious =elfare bill1 t:e
a8il3 Assistance %ro9ra81 ;no=n as A%? !illed as a boon to t:e <oor because it <ro>ided
an inco8e floor1 t:e 8easure called on e>er3 able-bodied =elfare reci<ient1 eEce<t 8ot:ers
=it: c:ildren under siE1 to ta;e a Bob ? T:is soon beca8e ;no=n as NiEon7s F=or;fareF
sla>e-labor bill? Monetarist t:eoreticians of econo8ic austerit3 =ere @uic; to see t:at
forced labor b3 =elfare reci<ients could be used to brea; t:e unions =:ere t:e3 eEisted1
=:ile lo=erin9 =a9es and =orsenin9 =or;in9 conditions for t:e entire labor force? *elfare
reci<ients could e>en be :ired as scabs to re<lace =or;ers bein9 <aid accordin9 to nor8al
<a3 scales? T:ose =or;ers1 after t:e3 :ad been fired1 =ould t:e8sel>es end u< destitute and
on =elfare1 and could t:en be forced to ta;e =or;fare for e>en lo=er =a9es t:an t:ose =:o
:ad been on =elfare at t:e outset of t:e <rocess? T:is =as ;no=n as Frec3clin9?F
Critics of t:e NiEon =or;fare bill <ointed out t:at it contained no 8ini8u8 standards
re9ardin9 t:e ;inds of Bobs or t:e le>el of =a9es =:ic: =ould be forced u<on =elfare
reci<ients1 and t:at it contradicted t:e ori9inal <ur<ose of =elfare1 =:ic: =as to allo=
8ot:ers to sta3 :o8e =it: t:eir c:ildren? urt:er1 it =ould set u< a <ool of >irtual sla>e-
labor1 =:ic: could be used to re<lace =or;ers earnin9 :i9:er =a9es?
!ut !us: t:ou9:t t:ese tou9: 8easures =ere eEactl3 =:at t:e eE<losion of t:e =elfare rolls
de8anded? ,urin9 House debate on t:e 8easure A<ril 1+1 12.51 !us: said :e fa>ored A%
because it =ould force t:e laA3 to =or;" FT:e fa8il3 assistance <lan ??? is oriented to=ard
=or;1F :e said? FT:e <resent federal-state =elfare s3ste8 encoura9es idleness b3 8a;in9 it
8ore <rofitable to be on =elfare t:an to =or;1 and <ro>ides no 8et:od b3 =:ic: t:e State
8a3 li8it t:e nu8ber of indi>iduals added to t:e rolls?F
!us: :ad onl3 Fone 8aBor =orr31 and t:at is t:at t:e =or; incenti>e <ro>isions =ill not be
enforced???? it is essential t:at t:e <ro9ra8 be ad8inistered as >isualiAed b3 t:e *a3s and
Means Co88itteeC na8el31 if an indi>idual does not =or;1 :e =ill not recei>e funds?F T:e
Manc:ester Sc:ool7s Iron La= of *a9es as eE<ounded b3 Geor9e !us:1 self -st3led eE<ert
in t:e dis8al science??
In 12-.1 !us: Boined =it: Re<? &a8es Sc:euer 0,-N?(?41 to successfull3 s<onsor le9islation
t:at re8o>ed <ro:ibitions a9ainst 8ailin9 and i8<ortin9 contrace<ti>e de>ices? More t:an
o<enin9 t:e door to renc:-8ade condo8s1 !us:7s 9oal :ere =as a ;ind of ideolo9ical
succes de scandale? T:e Aero- 9ro=t: lobb3 dee8ed t:is a 8aBor brea;t:rou9: in 8a;in9
t:e <ara<:enalia for do8estic <o<ulation control accessible?
In ra<id succession1 !us: introduced le9islation to create a National Center for %o<ulation
and a8il3 %lannin9 and *elfare1 and to redesi9nate t:e ,e<art8ent of t:e Interior as t:e
,e<art8ent of Resources1 En>iron8ent and %o<ulation?
On t:e forei9n <olic3 front1 :e :el<ed s:ift U?S? forei9n assistance a=a3 fro8 fundin9
de>elo<8ent <roBects to 9ra<<le =it: t:e <roble8 of :un9er in t:e =orld1 to under=ritin9
<o<ulation control? FI <ro<ose t:at =e totall3 re>a8< our forei9n aid <ro9ra8 to 9i>e
<ri8ar3 e8<:asis to <o<ulation control1F :e stated in t:e su88er of 12-/1 addin9" FIn 83
o<inion1 =e :a>e 8ade a 8ista;e in our forei9n aid b3 concentratin9 on buildin9 :u9e steel
8ills and concrete <lants in underde>elo<ed nations????F
One of !us:7s 8ore i8<ortant initiati>es on t:e do8estic side =as :is s<onsor:i< of t:e
a8il3 %lannin9 Ser>ices and %o<ulation Researc: Act of 12.51 brainc:ild of Sen?
&ose<: T3din9s of Mar3land? Si9ned into la= b3 %resident NiEon on ,ece8ber $)1 12.51
t:e T3din9s-!us: bill drasticall3 increased t:e federal financial co88it8ent to <o<ulation
control1 aut:oriAin9 an initial I'/$ 8illion for fa8il3 <lannin9 se>ices1 <o<ulation researc:1
<o<ulation education and infor8ation t:rou9: 12.'? Muc: of t:is 8one3 =as funnelled
t:rou9: <ri>ate institutions1 <articularl3 local clinics run b3 !us:7s belo>ed %lanned
%arent:ood? T:e T3din9s-!us: 8easure 8andated t:e notorious Title M1 =:ic: eE<licitl3
<ro>ided Ffa8il3 <lannin9 assistanceF to t:e <oor? !us: and :is Aero- 9ro=t: co:orts tal;ed
constantl3 about t:e i8<ortance of disse8inatin9 birt: control to t:e <oor? T:e3 clai8ed
t:at t:ere =ere o>er + 8illion <oor =o8en =:o =anted to li8it t:eir fa8ilies1 but could not
afford to do so?
On October $'1 12-21 !us: <raised t:e Office of Econo8ic O<<ortunit3 for carr3in9 out
so8e of t:e F8ost successfulF fa8il3 <lannin9 <roBects1 and said :e =as F<leasedF t:at t:e
NiEon ad8inistration Fis 9i>in9 t:e8 additional financial 8uscle b3 increasin9 t:eir funds
+5 <ercent--fro8 I1+ 8illion to I$$ 8illion?F
T:is increased effort :e attributed to t:e NiEon ad8inistration7s F9oal to reac: in t:e neEt
fi>e 3ears t:e + 8illion =o8en in need of t:ese ser>icesF--all of t:e8 <oor1 8an3 of t:e8
fro8 racial or et:nic 8inorities? He added" FOne needs onl3 to loo; @uic;l3 at t:e re<ort
<re<ared b3 t:e %lanned %arent:ood-*orld %o<ulation Researc: ,e<art8ent to see :o=
ineffecti>e federal1 state1 and local 9o>ern8ents :a>e been in <ro>idin9 suc: necessar3
ser>ices? T:ere is certainl3 not:in9 ne= about t:e fact t:at un=anted <re9nancies of our
<oor and near-<oor =o8en ;ee< t:e incidence of infant 8ortalit3 and 8ental retardation in
A8erica at one of t:e :i9:est le>els of all t:e de>elo<ed countries?F
T:e rates of infant 8ortalit3 and 8ental retardation !us: =as so concerned about1 could
:a>e been si9nificantl3 reduced1 :ad t:e 9o>ern8ent <ro>ided sufficient financin9 to <re-
natal care1 nutrition1 and ot:er factors contributin9 to t:e :ealt: of infants and c:ildren? On
t:e sa8e da3 :e si9ned t:e T3din9s-!us: bill1 NiEon >etoed--=it: !us:7s su<<ort- -
le9islation t:at =ould :a>e set u< a t:ree-3ear1 I$$+ 8illion <ro9ra8 to train fa8il3
doctors?
!us: see8ed to be con>inced t:at 8ental retardation1 in <articular1 =as a 8atter of
:eredit3? T:e eu9enicists of t:e 12$57s :ad s<un t:eir <seudoscientific t:eories around
F:ereditar3 feeble- 8indedness1F and clai8ed t:at t:e F#alli;a;s and t:e &u;esF b3
re<roducin9 successi>e Ffeeble-8indedF 9enerations :ad cost Ne= (or; state tens of
8illions of dollars o>er decades? !ut =:at about learnin9 disorders li;e d3sleEia1 =:ic: :as
been ;no=n to afflict oli9arc:ical fa8iles !us: =ould consider =ealt:31 =ell-bred1 and
ableD Nelson Roc;efeller1 !us:7s friend Nic; !rad31 and !us:7s o=n son Neal :a>e
suffered fro8 d3sleEia1 a readin9 disorder? !ut t:ese oli9arc:s are not li;el3 to fall >icti8 to
t:e in>oluntar3 steriliAation as F8ental defecti>esF =:ic: t:e3 =is: to inflict on t:ose t:e3
ter8 t:e lo=er orders?
In introducin9 t:e House >ersion of t:e T3din9s bill on be:alf of :i8self and !us:1 Re<?
&a8es Sc:euer 0,-N?(?4 ranted t:at =:le 8iddle-class =o8en F:a>e been li8itin9 t:e
nu8ber of offs<rin9 for 3ears ??? =o8en of lo=-inco8e fa8iliesF did not? FIf <o>ert3 and
fa8il3 siAe are so closel3 related =e as;1 P*:3 don7t <oor =o8en sto< :a>in9 babiesD7F
T:e !us:-T3din9s bill too; a 9iant ste< to=ard forcin9 t:e8 to do so?
A8on9 !us:7s 8ost i8<ortant contributions to t:e neo-Malt:usian cause =:ile in
Con9ress =as :is role in t:e Re<ublican Tas; orce on Eart: Resources and %o<ulation?
T:e tas; force1 =:ic: !us: :el<ed found and t:en c:aired1 c:urned out a stead3 strea8 of
<ro<a9anda clai8in9 t:at t:e =orld =as alread3 seriousl3 o>er<o<ulatedC t:at t:ere =as a
fiEed li8it to natural resources and t:at t:is li8it =as ra<idl3 bein9 reac:edC and t:at t:e
en>iron8ent and natural s<ecies =ere bein9 sacrificed to :u8an <ro9ress? !us:7s tas; force
sou9:t to accredit t:e idea t:at t:e :u8an race =as bein9 Fdo=n bred1F or reduced in
9enetic @ualit3s b3 t:e <o<ulation 9ro=t: a8on9 blac;s and ot:er non-=:ite and :ence
alle9edl3 inferior races at a ti8e =:en t:e An9lo- SaEons =ere :ardl3 able to <re>ent t:eir
nu8bers fro8 s:rin;in9?
Co8<rised of o>er $5 Re<ublican con9ress8en1 !us:7s Tas; orce =as a ;ind of
Malt:usian >an9uard or9aniAation =:ic: :eard testi8on3 fro8 assorted Frace scientists1
s<onsored le9islation and ot:er=ise <ro<a9andiAed t:e Aero- 9ro=t: outloo;? In its +5- odd
:earin9s durin9 t:ese 3ears1 t:e tas; force <ro>ided a <ublic foru8 to nearl3 e>er3 =ell-
;no=n Aero-9ro=t: fanatic1 fro8 %aul E:rlic:1 founder of Jero %o<ulation Gro=t: 0J%G41
to race scientist *illia8 S:oc;le3 to t:e ;e3 Aero-9ro=t: ad>ocates infestin9 t:e federal
bureaucrac3?
Gi>in9 a <resti9ious Con9ressional <latfor8 to a discredited racist c:arlatan li;e *illia8
S:oc;le3 in t:e 3ear after t:e assassination of ,r? Martin Lut:er #in9 <oints u< t:e
arro9ance of !us:7s co88itt8ent to eu9enics? S:oc;le31 li;e :is co-t:in;er Art:ur &ensen1
:ad caused a furore durin9 t:e 12-57s b3 ad>ancin9 :is t:esis1 alread3 re<eatedl3 dis<ro>en1
t:at blac;s =ere 9enticall3 inferior to =:ites in co9niti>e faculties and intelli9ence? In t:e
sa8e 3ear in =:ic: !us: in>ited :i8 to a<<ear before t:e GO% tas; force1 S:oc;le3 :ad
=ritten" FOur nobl3 intended =elfare <ro9ra8s 8a3 be encoura9in9 d3s9enics--
retro9ressi>e e>olution t:rou9: dis<ro<ortionate re<roduction of t:e 9eneticall3
disad>anta9ed???*e fear t:at 7fatuous beliefs7 in t:e <o=er of =elfare 8one31 unaided b3
eu9enic foresi9:t1 8a3 contribute to a decline of :u8an @ualit3 for all se98ents of societ3?F
To :alt =:at :e sa= as <er>asi>e do=n breedin9 of t:e @ualit3 of t:e US 9ene <ool1
S:oc;le3 ad>ocated a <ro9ra8 of 8ass steriliAation of t:e unfit and 8entall3 defecti>e
=:ic: :e called :is F!onus SteriliAation %lan?F Mone3 bonuses for allo=in9 oneself to be
steriliAed =ould be <a3ed to an3 <erson not <a3in9 inco8e taE =:o :ad a 9enetic
deficienc3 or c:ronic disease1 suc: as diabetes or e<ile<s31 or =:o could be s:o=n to be a
dru9 addict? FIf Gt:e 9o>ern8ent <aidH a bonus rate of I11555 for eac: <oint belo= 155 IL1
I'51555 <ut in trust for so8e .5 IL 8oron of $5- c:ild <otential1 it 8i9:t return I$+51555
to taE<a3ers in reduced cost of 8ental retardation care1 F S:oc;le3 said?
T:e s<ecial tar9et of S:oc;le37s <rescri<tions for 8ass steriliAations =ere blac;s1 =:o8 :e
sa= as re<roducin9 too fast? FIf t:ose blac;s =it: t:e least a8ount of Caucasian 9enes are
in fact t:e 8ost <rolific and t:e least intelli9ent1 t:en 9enetic ensla>e8ent =ill be t:e
destin3 of t:eir neEt 9eneration1F :e =rote? Loo;in9 at t:e recent <ast1 S:oc;le3 said in
12-." FT:e lesson to be dra=n fro8 NaAi :istor3 is t:e >alue of free s<eec:1 not t:at
eu9enics is intolerable?F As for %aul E:rlic:1 :is <ro9ra8 for 9enocide included a call to :e
US 9o>ern8e8t to <re<are Ft:e addition of???8ass steriliAation a9entsF to t:e US food and
=ater su<<l31 and a Ftou9: forei9n <olic3F includin9 ter8ination of food aid to star>in9
nations? As radical as E:rlic: 8i9:t :a>e sounded t:en1 t:is latter <oint :as beco8e a sta<le
of forei9n <olic3 under t:e !us: Ad8inistration?
On &ul3 $)1 12-21 t:e tas; force :eard fro8 Gen? *illia8 ,ra<er1 t:en national c:air8an of
t:e %o<ulation Crisis Co88ittee1 and a close friend of !us:7s fat:er1 %rescott? Accordin9 to
!us:7 resu8e of :is fa8il3 friend7s testi8on31 ,ra<er =arned t:at t:e <o<ulation eE<losion
=as li;e a Frisin9 tide1F and asserted t:at Four stri>in9s for t:e indi>idual 9ood =ill beco8e
a scour9e to t:e co88unit3 unless =e use our God- 9i>en brain <o=er to brin9 bac; a
balance bet=een t:e birt: rate and t:e deat: rate?F ,ra<er las:ed out at t:e Cat:olic
C:urc:1 c:ar9in9 t:at its o<<osition to contrace<tion and steriliAation =as frustratin9
<o<ulation -control efforts in Latin A8erica?
A =ee; later1 !us: in>ited Oscar Har;a>31 c:ief of t:e ord oundation7s <o<ulation
<ro9ra81 to testif3? In su88ariAin9 Har;a>37s re8ar;s for t:e Au9ust ) Con9ressional
Record1 !us: co88ented" FT:e <o<ulation eE<losion is co88onl3 reco9niAed as one of
t:e 8ost serious <roble8s no= facin9 t:e nation and t:e =orld? Mr? Har;a>3 su99ested1
t:erefore1 t:at =e 8ore ade@uatel3 fund <o<ulation researc:? It see8s inconsistent t:at
cancer researc: funds total I$+5-$.+ 8illion annuall31 8ore t:an ei9:t ti8es t:e a8ount
s<ent on re<roducti>e biolo93 researc:?F
In re<ortin9 on testi8on3 b3 ,r? *illia8 McElro3 of t:e National Science oundation1
!us: stressed t:at FOne of t:e crises t:e =orld =ill face as a result of <resent <o<ulation
9ro=t: rates is t:at1 assu8in9 t:e =orld <o<ulation increases $ <ercent annuall31 urban
<o<ulation =ill increase b3 - <ercent1 and 9:etto <o<ulation =ill increase b3 1$ <ercent?F
In ebruar3 12-21 !us: and ot:er 8e8bers <ro<osed le9islation to establis: a Select &oint
Co88ittee on %o<ulation and a8il3 %lannin91 t:at =ould1 !us: said1 Fsee; to focus
national attention on t:e do8estic and forei9n need for fa8il3 <lannin9?7 *e need to 8a;e
<o<ulation and fa8il3 <lannin9 :ouse:old =ords1F !us: told :is House collea9ues? F*e
need to ta;e t:e sensationalis8 out of t:is to<ic so t:at it can no lon9er be used b3 8ilitants
=:o :a>e no real ;no=led9e of t:e >oluntar3 nature of t:e <ro9ra8 but1 rat:er1 are usin9 it
as a <olitical ste<<in9stone?F FA t:orou9: in>esti9ation into birt: control and a collection of
data =:ic: =ould 9i>e t:e Con9ress t:e criteria to deter8ine t:e effecti>eness of its
<ro9ra8s 8ust co8e s=iftl3 to sta>e off t:e nu8ber of future 8out:s =:ic: =ill feed on an
e>er -decreasin9 <ro<ortion of food1F !us: continued? F*e need an e8<:asis on t:is
critical <roble8??? =e need a 8assi>e <ro9ra8 in Con9ress =it: :earin9s to e8<:asiAe t:e
<roble81 and ear8ar;ed a<<ro<riations to do so8et:in9 about it? *e need 8assi>e
coo<eration fro8 t:e *:ite House li;e =e :a>e ne>er :ad before and =e need a
deter8ination b3 t:e eEecuti>e branc: t:at t:ese funds =ill be s<ent as ear8ar;ed?F
On Au9ust -1 12-21 !us:7s GO% tas; force introduced a bill to create a Co88ission on
%o<ulation and t:e A8erican uture =:ic:1 !us: said1 =ould Fallo= t:e leaders:i< of t:is
countr3 to <ro<erl3 establis: criteria =:ic: can be t:e basis for a national <olic3 on
<o<ulation?F T:e 8o>e ca8e in res<onse to %resident NiEon7s call of &ul3 1/ to create a
blue-ribbon co88ission to draft a U?S? <o<ulation <olic3? !us: =as triu8<:ant o>er t:is
de>elo<8ent1 :a>in9 re<eatedl3 ur9ed suc: a ste< at >arious <oints in t:e <receedin9 fe=
3ears? On &ul3 $11 :e 8ade a state8ent on t:e floor of t:e House to Fco88end t:e
%residentF for :is action? F*e no= ;no=1F :e intoned1 Ft:at t:e fantastic rate of <o<ulation
9ro=t: =e :a>e =itnessed t:ese <ast $5 3ears continues =it: no letu< in si9:t? If t:is
9ro=t: rate is not c:ec;ed no=-- in t:is neEt decade--=e face a dan9er t:at is as
defenseless as nuclear =ar?F
Headed b3 &o:n ,? Roc;efeller III1 t:e co88ission re<resented a radical1 9o>ern8ent-
sanctioned attac; on :u8an life? Its final re<ort1 issued in 12.$1 asserted t:at Ft:e ti8e :as
co8e to c:allen9e t:e tradition t:at <o<ulation 9ro=t: is desirable" *:at =as unintended
8a3 turn out to be un=anted1 in t:e societ3 as in t:e fa8il3?F Not onl3 did t:e co88ission
de8and an end to <o<ulation 9ro=t: and econo8ic <ro9ress1 it also attac;ed t:e
foundations of *estern ci>iliAation b3 insistin9 t:at 8an7s reason :ad beco8e a 8aBor
i8<edi8ent to ri9:t li>in9? FMass urban industrialis8 is based on science and tec:nolo931
efficienc31 ac@uisition1 and do8ination t:rou9: rationalit31F ra>ed t:e co88ission7s re<ort?
FT:e eEercise of t:ese sa8e >alues no= contain t:e <otential for t:e destruction of our
:u8anit3? Man is losin9 t:at balance =it: nature =:ic: is an essential condition of :u8an
eEistence?F
T:e co88ission7s <rinci<al conclusion =as t:at Ft:ere are no substantial benefits to be
9ained fro8 continued <o<ulation 9ro=t:1F C:air8an Roc;efeller eE<lained to t:e Senate
A<<ro<riations Co88ittee? T:e co88ission 8ade a :ost of reco88endations to curb bot:
<o<ulation eE<ansion and econo8ic 9ro=t:? T:ese included" liberaliAin9 la=s restrictin9
abortion and steriliAationC :a>in9 t:e 9o>ern8ent fund abortionsC and <ro>idin9 birt:
control to teena9ers? T:e co88ission :ad a <rofound i8<act on A8erican attitudes to=ard
t:e <o<ulation issue1 and :el<ed accelerate t:e <lun9e into outri9:t 9enocide? Co88ission
EEecuti>e director C:arles *estoff =rote in 12.+ t:at t:e 9rou< Fre<resented an i8<ortant
effort b3 an ad>anced countr3 to de>elo< a national <o<ulation <olic3--t:e basic t:rust of
=:ic: =as to slo= 9ro=t: in order to 8aEi8iAe t:e F@ualit3 of life?F T:e colla<se of t:e
traditional fa8il3-centered for8 of societ3 durin9 t:e 12.57s and 12257s =as but one
conse@uence of suc: reco88endations? It also is =idel3 ac;no=led9ed t:at t:e co88ission
!us: fou9:t so lon9 and so :ard to create bro;e do=n t:e last barriers to le9aliAed abortion
on de8and? Indeed1 Bust one 3ear after t:e co88ission7s final re<ort =as issued1 t:e
Su<re8e Court deli>ered t:e Roe >? *ade decision =:ic: did Bust t:at?
A=are t:at 8an3 blac;s and ot:er 8inorities :ad noticed t:at t:e <o<ulation control
8o>e8ent =as a 9enocide <ro9ra8 ai8ed at reducin9 t:eir nu8bers1 t:e co88ission =ent
out of its =a3 to co>er its real intent b3 sti<ulatin9 t:at all races s:ould cut bac; on t:eir
birt: rates? !ut t:e racist ani8us of t:eir conclusions could not be :idden? Co88ssion
EEecuti>e ,irector *estoff1 =:o o=ed :is Bob and :is fundin9 to !us: 9a>e a :int of t:is in
a boo; :e :ad =ritten in 12--1 before Boinin9 t:e co88ission staff1 =:ic: =as entitled
ro8 No= to Jero1 and in =:ic: :e be8oaned t:e fact t:at t:e blac; fertilit3 rate =as so
8uc: :i9:er t:an t:e =:ite?
T:e <o<ulation control or Aero <o<ulation 9ro=t: 8o>e8ent =:ic: 9re= ra<idl3 in t:e late
12-5s t:an;s to free 8edia eE<osure and foundation 9rants for a strea8 of <seudoscientific
<ro<a9anda about t:e alle9ed F<o<ulation bo8bF and t:e Fli8its to 9ro=t:1F =as a
continuation of t:e old <re=ar <rotofascist eu9enics 8o>e8ent1 =:ic: :ad been forced to
9o into te8<orar3 ecli<se =:en t:e =orld recoiled in :orror at t:e atrocities co88itted b3
t:e NaAis in t:e na8e of eu9enics? !3 t:e 8id-12-5s1 t:e sa8e old crac;<ot eu9enicists :ad
resurrected t:e8sel>es as t:e <o<ulation- control and en>iron8entalist 8o>e8ent? %lanned
%arent:ood =as a <erfet eEa8<le of t:e trans8o9rification? No=1 instead of de8andin9 t:e
steriliAation of t:e inferior races1 t:e ne=l3 <ac;a9ed eu9enicists tal;ed about t:e
<o<ulation bo8b1 and 9i>in9 t:e <oor Fe@ual accessF to birt: contol1 and Ffreedo8 of
c:oice?F !ut not:in9 :ad substanti>el3 c:an9ed-- includin9 t:e use of coercion? *:ile !us:
and ot:er ad>ocates of 9o>ern8ent Ffa8il3 <lannin9F <ro9ra8s insisted t:ese =ere stricl3
>oluntar31 t:e realit3 =as far different? !3 t:e 8id-12.5s1 t:e nu8ber of in>oluntar3
steriliAations carried out b3 <ro9ra8s =:ic: !us: :el<ed brin9 into bein91 :ad reac:ed
:u9e <ro<ortions? *it:in t:e blac; and 8inorit3 co88unities1 =:ere 8ost of t:e
steriliAations =ere bein9 done1 <rotests arose =:ic: cul8inated in federal liti9ation as a suit
=as brou9:t?
In :is 12.) rulin9 on t:is suit1 ederal ,istrict &ud9e Ger:ard Gesell found t:at1 FO>er t:e
last fe= 3ears1 an esti8ated 1551555 to 1+51555 lo=-inco8e <ersons :a>e been steriliAed
annuall3 under federall3 funded <ro9ra8s? Alt:ou9: Con9ress :as been insistent t:at all
fa8il3 <lannin9 <ro9ra8s function on a <urel3 >oluntar3 basis1F &ud9e Gesell =rote1 Ft:ere
is uncontro>erted e>idence ??? t:at an indefinite nu8ber of <oor <eo<le :a>e been
i8<ro<erl3 coerced into acce<tin9 a steriliAation o<eration under t:e t:reat t:at >arious
federall3 su<<orted =elfare benefits =ould be =it:dra=n unless t:e3 sub8itted to
irre>ersible steriliAation?F Gesell concluded fro8 t:e e>idence t:at t:e Fdi>idin9 line
bet=een fa8il3 <lannin9 and eu9enics is 8ur;3?F
As =e :a>e seen1 Geor9e !us: in:erited :is obsession =it: <o<ulation control and racial
Fdo=n breedin9F fro8 :is fat:er1 %rescott1 =:o staunc:l3 su<<orted %lanned %arent:ood
datin9 bac; at least to t:e 12)5s? In fact1 %rescott7s affiliation =it: Mar9aret San9er7s
or9aniAation cost :i8 t:e Senate race in 12+51 a defeat :is son :as al=a3s bla8ed on t:e
Cat:olic C:urc:1 and =:ic: is at t:e root of Geor9e7s lifelon9 >endetta a9ainst t:e %a<ac3?
%rescott7s 12+5 defeat still ran;led1 as s:o=n b3 !us:7s eEtraordinar3 9esture in e>o;in9 it
durin9 testi8on3 :e 9a>e on t:e ot:er side of Ca<itol Hill before Senator Gruenin97s
subco88ittee of t:e Senate Go>ern8ent O<erations Co88ittee on No>e8ber $1 12-.?
!us:7s >en9eful tirade is =ort: @uotin9 at len9t:"
FI 9et t:e fellin9 t:at it is a little less unfas:ionable to be in fa>or of birt: control and <lanned
<arent:ood toda3 t:an it used to be? If 3ou =ill eEcuse one <ersonal reference :ere" M3 fat:er1
=:en :e ran for t:e US Senate in 12+51 =as defeated b3 -55 or .55 >otes? On t:e ste<s of se>eral
Cat:olic C:urc:es in Connecticut1 t:e Sunda3 before t:e election1 <eo<le stood t:ere <assin9 out
<a8<:lets sa3in91 7Listen to =:at t:is co88entator :as to sa3 toni9:t? Listen to =:at t:is
co88entator :as to sa3?7 T:at ni9:t on t:e radio1 t:e co88entator ca8e on and said1 FOf interest
to >oters in Connecticut1 %rescott !us: is :ead of t:e %lanned %arent:ood !irt: Control Lea9ue17
or so8et:in9 li;e t:is? *ell1 :e lost b3 about -55 >otes and t:ere are so8e us =:o feel t:at t:is
:ad so8et:in9 to do =it: it? I do not t:in; t:at an3bod3 can 9et a=a3 =it: t:at t3<e of t:in9 an3
8ore?F
T:e Harri8an fa8il3 s<onsored t:e creation of t:e eu9enics 8o>e8ent in t:e United
States1 =:ic: successfull3 ca8<ai9ned for t:e 8ass steriliAation of t:e Ffeeble-8indedF and
Fraciall3 inferiorF durin9 t:e 12$5s--<ractices later co<ied1 not ori9inated1 b3 t:e NaAis? As
<art of t:is ca8<ai9n1 t:e Harri8ans :el<ed or9aniAe a series of international eu9enics
conferences? At t:e 12'$ conference1 :eld at t:e Museu8 of Natural Histor3 in Ne= (or;1
t:e 9uest of :onor =as none ot:er t:an ,r? Ernst Rudin1 t:e :ead of t:e Ger8an Societ3 for
Racial H39iene1 =:o1 Bust a fe= 3ears later1 drafted t:e NaAi 8isce9enation la=s a9ainst te
&e=s1 93<sies1 and Sla>s?
A8on9 t:e A8ericans =:o rubbed s:oulders =it: Rudin at t:e 12'$ conference =as Gen?
*illia8 ,ra<er1 a Ne= (or; in>est8ent ban;er and close <ersonal friend of %rescott !us:1
=:o beca8e one of t:e 8ost influential crusaders for radical <o<ulation control 8easures?
He ca8<ai9ned endlessl3 for Aero <o<ulation 9ro=t:1 and <raised t:e C:inese Co88unists
for t:eir Finno>ati>eF 8et:ods of ac:ie>in9 t:at 9oal? ,ra<er7s 8ost influential outlet =as
t:e %o<ulation Crisis Co88ittee 0%CC4-,ra<er und1 set u< in 12-+ b3 Hu9: Moore1 =:o
:ad ta;en o>er t:e Hu8an !etter8ent Association1 a leadin9 eu9enics outfit1 in 12'.1
rena8in9 it t:e Association for 6oluntar3 SteriliAation?
In 12-.--/1 a %CC-,ra<er und offs:oot1 t:e Ca8<ai9n to C:ec; t:e %o<ulation
EE<losion1 ran a nation=ide ad>ertisin9 ca8<ai9n :3<in9 t:e <o<ulation eE<losion fraud1
and attac;in9 t:ose--<articularl3 at t:e 6atican--=:o stood in t:e =a3 of radical <o<ulation
control?
In a 12.1 article1 ,ra<er li;ened t:e de>elo<in9 nations to an Fani8al reser>e177 =:ere1
=:en t:e ani8als beco8e too nu8erous1 t:e <ar; ran9ers Farbitraril3 reduce one or anot:er
s<ecies as necessar3 to <reser>e t:e balanced en>iron8ent for all ot:er ani8als?
F!ut =:o =ill be t:e <ar; ran9er for t:e :u8an raceD177 :e as;ed? F*:o =ill cull out t:e
sur<lus in t:is countr3 or t:at countr3 =:en t:e <ressure of too 8an3 <eo<le and too fe=
resources increases be3ond enduranceD *ill t:e deat:-dealin9 Horse8en of t:e
A<ocal3<se--=ar in its 8odern nuclear dress1 :un9er :auntin9 :alf t:e :u8an race1 and
disease--=ill t:e 9aunt and forbiddin9 Horse8en beco8e %ar; Ran9er for t:e t=o-le99ed
ani8al called 8anD77
,ra<er collaborated closel3 =it: Geor9e !us: durin9 t:e latter7s con9ressional career? As
noted abo>e1 !us: in>ited ,ra<er to testif3 to :is Tas; orce on Eart: Resources and
%o<ulationC re<ortedl31 ,ra<er :el<ed draft t:e !us:-T3din9s bill?
!us: felt an o>er=:le8in9 affinit3 for t:e bestial and de9raded i8a9e of 8an reflected in
t:e ra>in9 state8ents of ,ra<er? In Se<te8ber 12-21 !us: 9a>e a 9lo=in9 tribute to ,ra<er
t:at =as <ublis:ed in t:e cf$ Con9ressional Record cf1 ? FI =is: to <a3 tribute to a 9reat
A8erican177 said !us:? FI a8 >er3 8uc: a=are of t:e si9nificant leaders:i< t:at General
,ra<er :as eEecuted t:rou9:out t:e =orld in assistin9 9o>ern8ents in t:eir efforts to sol>e
t:e a=eso8e <roble8s of ra<id <o<ulation 9ro=t:? No ot:er <erson in t:e <ast fi>e 3ears
:as s:o=n 8ore initiati>e in creatin9 t:e a=areness of t:e =orld7s leaders in reco9niAin9
t:e econo8ic conse@uences of our <o<ulation eE<losion?77
In a 12.' <ublication1 !us: <raised t:e %CC itself for :a>in9 <la3ed a F8aBor role in
assistin9 9o>ern8ent <olic3 8a;ers and in 8obiliAin9 t:e United States7 res<onse to t:e
=orld <o<ulation c:allen9e????77 T:e %CC 8ade no bones about its ad8iration for !us:C its
ne=sletters fro8 t:e late 12-5s-earl3 12.5s feature nu8erous articles :i9:li9:tin9 !us:7s
role in t:e con9ressional <o<ulation-control ca8<ai9n? In a 12.2 re<ort assessin9 t:e
:istor3 of Con9ressional action on <o<ulation control1 t:e %CCO,ra<er und <laced !us:
s@uarel3 =it: t:e F8ost cons<icuous acti>ists177 on <o<ulation-control issues1 and lauded
:i8 for F<ro<osin9 all of t:e 8aBor or contro>ersial reco88endations77 in t:is arena =:ic:
ca8e before t:e U?S? Con9ress in t:e late 12-5s?
,ra<er7s son1 *illia8 III1 :as ent:usiasticall3 carried out :is fat:er7s 9enocidal le9ac3--
fre@uentl3 =it: t:e :el< of !us:? In 12/51 ,ra<er1 an ent:usiastic bac;er of t:e Carter
ad8inistration7s notorious cf$ Global $555 cf1 re<ort1 ser>ed as national c:air8an of t:e
!us: <residential ca8<ai9n7s finance co88itteeC in earl3 12/11 !us: con>inced Rea9an to
a<<oint ,ra<er to :ad t:e U?S? EE<ort-I8<ort !an;? At t:e ti8e1 a ,ra<er aide1 S:aron
Ca8<1 disclosed t:at ,ra<er intended to reorient t:e ban;7s functions to=ard e8<:asiAin9
<o<ulation control <roBects?
In 12/.1 a9ain at !us:7s be:est1 ,ra<er =as na8ed b3 Rea9an as ad8inistrator of t:e
United Nations ,e>elo<8ent %ro9ra81 =:ic: functions as an adBunct of t:e *orld !an;1
and :as :istoricall3 <us:ed <o<ulation reduction a8on9 T:ird *orld nations? In late
&anuar3 of 12211 ,ra<er 9a>e a s<eec: to a conference in *as:in9ton1 in =:ic: :e stated
t:at t:e core of !us:7s Fne= =orld order77 s:ould be <o<ulation reduction?
!us: =as not reluctant to feature anti-blac; bac;las: t:e8es in ot:er <arts of :is <olitical
re<ertoire? In t:e =a;e of t:e assassination of ,r? Martin Lut:er #in9 in A<ril1 12-/1 lar9e
scale riots and lootin9 bro;e out in *as:in9ton and ot:er cities? !us: =as @uic; to
introduce a bill =:ic: <ro>ided t:at an3 <erson con>icted of brea;in9 t:e la= durin9 ci>il
disorders =ould be :encefort: <ro:ibited fro8 retainin9 or 9ettin9 federal Bobs? !us:
clai8ed t:at durin9 t:e *as:in9ton riot t:at follo=ed t:e 8urder of #in91 of t:e first 112
riot sus<ects brou9:t to court1 15R said t:e3 =or;ed for t:e federal 9o>ern8ent?Gfn 1+H
!us:7s ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3 and t:e aut:oriAed and adulator3 ca8<ai9n bio9ra<:3 b3
itA:u9: Green 8a;e >irtuall3 no 8ention of t:ese Con9ressional acti>ities in t:e ser>ice
of racis81 Malt:usianis81 and de<o<ulation? Instead1 !us: and :is i8a9e-8on9ers <refer to
focus on t:e Con9ress8an7s :eroic fi9:t a9ainst racis8 as eE<ressed in an A<ril1 12-/
o<<osition in !us:7s district a9ainst t:e bill t:at =as later to beco8e t:e air Housin9 Act
of 12-/? T:is bill contained Fo<en :ousin9F <ro>isions <ro:ibitin9 t:e discri8ination in t:e
sale1 rentin91 or financin9 of :ousin9 on t:e basis of race1 color1 reli9ion1 seE1 or national
ori9in? !us: decided to >ote for t:e bill? FLetters fro8 t:e district =ere o>er=:el8in9l3
a9ainst t:e bill? After I >oted for it1 t:e 8ail 9ot :ea>ier? And u9lier1F :e =rote later?
FT:reats =ere directed not onl3 a9ainst 8e but a9ainst 8e8bers of 83 staff?F
As !us: tells it1 :e t:en decided to confront :is critics at a rall3 sc:eduled to be :eld in t:e
Me8orial-*est section of :is district? FT:e <lace =as Ba88ed? &ud9in9 fro8 t:e boos and
catcalls =:en I =as introduced1 it =as also seet:in9? T:e tone =as set b3 anot:er s<ea;er
on t:e <ro9ra81 =:o <redicted t:at t:e o<en :ousin9 bill 7=ill lead to 9o>ern8ent control
of <ri>ate <ro<ert31 t:e Co88unists7 nu8ber one 9oal?7F
In order to reduce t:e seet:in9 8asses to docilit31 !us: be9an b3 citin9 t:e !ritis: E8<ire
liberal1 cultural relati>ist81 and t:eoretician of For9anic c:an9e1F Ed8und !ur;e" F(our
re<resentati>e o=es 3ou not onl3 :is industr31 but :is Bud98ent1F !ur;e :ad said? !us: t:en
recalled t:at blac;s1 His<anics1 and ot:er 8inorities =ere ris;in9 t:eir li>es in t:e 6ietna8
=ar? Ho= could t:e3 be denied o<en :ousin9D FSo8e:o= it see8s funda8ental t:at a 8an
s:ould not :a>e a door sla88ed in :is face because :e is a Ne9ro or s<ea;s =it: a Latin
A8erican accent?F O<en :ousin9 =ould be a ra3 of :o<e for blac;s and ot:er 8inorities
Floc;ed out b3 :abit and discri8ination1F !us: concluded? !us: sa3s :e loo;ed at t:e no=
silent faces of t:e audience1 and t:en turned to t:an; t:e 8oderator? FFIt =as t:en t:at t:e
a<<lause be9an1 9ro=in9 louder until t:ere =as a standin9 o>ation? All t:e u9liness t:at :ad
9one before see8ed to =as: a=a31 and I sensed t:at so8et:in9 s<ecial :ad :a<<ened?F
ConBurin9 u< t:e >ision of t:is alle9ed triu8<: in t:e late 12/57s1 !us: :ad t:e 9all to
=rite" FMore t:an t=ent3 3ears later I can trut:full3 sa3 t:at not:in9 I7>e eE<erienced in
<ublic life1 before or since1 :as 8easured u< to t:e feelin9 I :ad =:en I =ent :o8e t:at
ni9:t?F His s3co<:ant1 t:e 83t:o9ra<: itA:u9: Green1 adds" F!us: :ad s<o;en fro8 :is
<ersonall3 :eld >alues? He clearl3 :ad found t:e decent core of t:ose =:o :ad :eard :i8?
Co8<laints a9ainst :is >ote on t:is issue slo=ed to a tric;le? T:is 8atter =as anot:er
8ar;er on :is trail to=ard t:e acce<tance of blac; A8ericans?F Gfn 1-H
T:ese accounts :a>e not:in9 to do =it: a true :istorical record1 but rat:er illustrate t:e
blatant1 Goebbels-st3le bi9 lies =:ic: are s:a8elessl3 dis:ed u< b3 t:e !us: <ro<a9andists?
T:e 83t:olo9iAed accounts of t:is e<isode =is: to lea>e t:e distinct i8<ression of !us: as
a 12-57s fi9:ter for ci>il ri9:ts1 in contradiction to :is entire <olitical career1 fro8 t:e 12-)
ci>il ri9:ts bill to racist eu9enics to *illie Horton? Co8<arin9 t:ese fantastic accounts to
t:e realit3 of !us:7s 9enocidal dail3 =or; in t:e Con9ress1 =e also obtain t:e <ro<er
fra8e=or; in =:ic: to e>aluate t:e trut: of !us:7s <ublic eE<lanations of :is role in Iran-
contra and ot:er scandals? !us: stands out as one of t:e 8ost acco8<lis:ed liars in t:e
:i9:l3 co8<etiti>e field of <ost=ar A8erican <olitics?
!ut =e s:all not conclude t:at !us: de>oted t:e entiret3 of :is Con9ressional career to t:e
<ro8otion of race science and 9lobal de<o<ulation? He =as also concerned =it: <ro>idin9
constituent ser>ice? T:is ser>ice ca8e in t:e for8 of !us:7s central role in t:e
i8<le8entation of a so<:isticated strate93 b3 t:e oil cartel to 8aintain its 9round-rent taE
<ri>ile9es at t:e :i9:est rate t:at t:e cli8ate of <ublic o<inion =ould <er8it? *it:in t:is
strate931 !us: =or;ed to <rotect t:e oil de<letion allo=ance as t:e <rinci<al taE 9i>ea=a3
enBo3ed b3 t:e cartel?
T:e oil de<letion allo=ance =as a $.?+R taE =riteoff for oil <roducers t:at :ad been
introduced in 12$-1 alle9edl3 to stren9t:en t:e US <etroleu8 industr3? T:e i8<act of a
$.?+R de<eltion allo=ance =as t:at 8an3 of t:e lar9est oil co8<anies1 includin9 so8e of
t:e =ealt:iest cor<orate 9iants1 <aid a >er3 lo= rate of cor<orate inco8e taE? On &ul3 151
12-21 Con9ress8an !ertra8 %odell of Ne= (or; =rote an o<en letter to House *a3s and
Means C:air8an *ilbur Mills in =:ic: :e <ointed out t:at1 <ri8aril3 as a result of t:e :i9:
oil de<letion allo=ance1 Gulf oil :ad <aid an effecti>e taE rate of onl3 ?/1R on 8ore t:an a
billion dollars of 12-/ inco8e1 =:ile Mobil :ad <aid '?'R1 and Atlantic Ric:field :ad <aid
1?$R? In :is letter1 %odell <aid ironic tribute to t:e oil cartel7s F<assionate de>otion to old-
fas:ioned >irtues1 suc: as 9reedF to t:e <oint t:at t:e Foil industr3 8a;es t:e 8afia loo;
li;e a <us:cart o<erationF =:ile Ft:rou9: our >arious taE loo<:oles1 <rofessional taE
e>aders li;e t:e oil industr3 c:urn li;e <anAers o>er foot soldiers?F Gfn 1.H
In 12+51 %resident Tru8an :ad declared t:at no taE loo<:ole =as Fso ine@uitableF as t:e
de<letion allo=ance1 and cited t:e eEa8<le of one oil8an =:o enBo3ed a taE-free inco8e of
alo8st I+ 8illion t:an;s to t:is <ro>ision? Tru8an clai8ed t:at :e =anted to cut t:e
de<letion allo=ance to 1+R1 but Con9ress8en o<<osed to t:e :i9: de<letion allo=ance
later clai8ed t:at :e :ad done >er3 little to carr3 out t:is <led9e? Senators of t:e stri<e of
Hu8<:re31 ,ou9las1 *illia8s of ,ela=are and ot:er offered a8end8ents to reduce t:e
de<letion allo=ance to 1+R1 or to restrict t:e $.?+R to oil <roducers =it: inco8es belo= a
certain le>el1 but t:ese efforts =ere defeated in 12+11 12+)1 12+/1 12-$1 12-)1 and 12-.?
!ut in 12-2 t:e issue =as bac; in t:e for8 of a cla8or for taE refor8 as t:e econo83
deteriorated1 and a 9reat deal of <ublic :eat =as focussed on t:e $.?+R for Roc;efeller7s oil
cartel?
Con9ress8an C:arles 6anic; of O:io1 =:o =as <rofilin9 :i8self as a leadin9 taE refor8er1
calculated t:at t:e oil de<letion allo=ance :ad resulted in t:e loss of o>er I1)5 billion in
taE re>enues since t:e ti8e it =as instituted?
In res<onse to t:is <ublic :ue and cr3 a9ainst t:e $.?+R1 t:e <ublic relations 8en of t:e oil
cartel de>ised an elaborate <ublic c:arade1 =it: t:e de<letion allo=ance to be cut sli9:tl3 in
order to turn off t:e <ublic <ressure and sa>e t:e bul; of t:e =rite-off? In Ma3 of 12-2
c:air8an Mills said t:at t:e $.?+R =as a Fs38bolicF fi9ure and could be sli9:tl3 tri88ed?
In &ul31 t:e *a3s and Means Co88itte re<orted out a 8easure to cut t:e de<letion
allo=ance to $5R? Con9ress8an 6anic; =as :a<<3 to :a>e so8et:in9 to s:o= for :is
efforts" F*e7>e reall3 9ot a refor8 bill no=1F :e told t:e <ress? !us: =as 9oin9 alon9 =it:
t:e $5R1 but defended t:e <rinci<le of a substantial de<letion allo=ance? Accordin9 to
!us:1 FunrefutedF eE<ert testi8on3 :ad <ro>en t:at a taE incenti>e =as necessar3 for oil
and 9as eE<loration Fdue to t:e serious 9as reser>e s:orta9es in t:is countr3?F F,e<letion1F
said !us:1 F:as beco8e a s38bol to so8e <eo<le and =it:out eEa8inin9 t:e reasons for its
eEistence or its funda8ental i8<ortance to t:is countr31 so8e =ant to slu9 a=a3 at it?F Gfn
1/H
On Au9ust $/1 12-2 Con9ress8an Geor9e !us: and TeEas Senator &o:n To=er fle= to San
Cle8ente to 8eet =it: %resident NiEon on t:is issue? NiEon :ad said durin9 t:e 12-/
ca8<ai9n t:at :e fa>ored t:e $.?+R allo=ance1 but :e =as =illin9 to <la3 ball =it: t:e oil
cartel? NiEon1 !us: and To=er =ere Boined in San Cle8ente b3 Treasur3 Secretar3 ,a>id
#enned31 =:o =as <re<arin9 to testif3 on oil taEes before t:e Russell Lon97s Senate
inance Co88ittee? To=er and !us: instructed NiEon t:at t:e oil cartel =as =illin9 to
acce<t so8e reduction of t:e de<letion allo=ance1 and t:at t:e Ad8inistration s:ould
8erel3 state t:at it =as =illin9 to acce<t =:ate>er t:e Con9ress a<<ro>ed? Accordin9 to
one :istorian of t:e oil industr31 FT:is =as t:e first ste< in <re<aration for t:e 7stin9?7 !ut
t:ere =as one sli9:t stu8ble before t:e con 8en 9ot t:eir si9nals =or;ed out <erfectl3?F Gfn
12H
#enned3 9ot confused b3 t:e $5R fi9ure t:at :ad been bandied about in t:e <ublic debate?
He told t:e Senate t:at =:ile NiEon =ould <refer to ;ee< t:e $.?+R fi9ure1 :e =as also
=illin9 to co8e do=n to $5R? T:is =as 8ore t:an t:e to;en concession t:at t:e oil cartel
:ad been <re<ared to 8a;e? On October . t:e House <assed t:e $5R fi9ure b3 a >ote of
'2) to '51 =it: !us: >otin9 for t:e cut? T:is entailed >er3 little ris;1 since Senator Russell
Lon9 of t:e Senate inance Co88ittee1 :i8self an oil <roducer t:rou9: :is <artici<ation in
t:e Lon9 fa8il3 *in or Lose Cor<oration1 =as un=illin9 to reduce t:e de<letion allo=ance
belo= $'R? NiEon7s de<ut3 *:ite House counsel Harr3 S? ,ent =rote a letter to a count3
Bud9e in Midland1 TeEas1 of all <laces1 =:ic: stated t:at Treasur3 Secretar3 #enned3 :ad
been in error about NiEon seein9 t=o alternati>es1 $.?+R or $5R1 and t:at Ft:e %resident
=ill abide b3 t:e Bud98ent of Con9ress?F An aide of Senator %roE8ire co8<lained" FIf t:e
co88ittee cuts bac; t:e de<letion allo=ance b3 a 8odest a8ount--sa3 to $'R--it 8a3
re<resent a lo= enou9: <rofile t:at Senate liberals =ill :a>e a 8ore difficult ti8e cuttin9 it
furt:er?F T:e $'R fi9ure =as t:e one t:at =as ulti8atel3 acce<ted1 and t:e reduction in t:e
de<letion allo=ance t:us acco8<lis:ed =as calculated to :a>e increased t:e taE bill of t:e
do8estic US oil and 9as co8<anies b3 t:e triflin9 su8 of I1.+ 8illion <er 3ear? T:e issue
:ad been defused1 and t:e cartel could resu8e its nor8al o<erations1 t:an;s in <art to t:e
ste=ards:i< of Geor9e !us:?
!3 t:e ti8e of t:e House *a3s and Means Co88itte >ote of &ul31 12-21 referenced abo>e1
t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es =as alread3 toutin9 !us: as a li;el3 Senate candidate1 and !us: =as
indeed to be a candidate for t:e Senate fro8 TeEas in 12.5? In !us:7s ca8<ai9n
autobio9ra<:31 :e atte8<ts to <ortra3 :is decision to run for t:e Senate a second ti8e as a
decision assisted b3 for8er %resident L3ndon !? &o:nson? T:at1 =e s:ould sa31 is alread3
bad enou9:? !ut in realit31 t:e decisi>e encoura9e8ent1 funds1 and t:e <ro8ise of future
ad>ance8ent t:at 8o>ed !us: to atte8<t t:e lea< into t:e Senate once a9ain ca8e fro8
one Ric:ard Mil:ous NiEon1 and t:e 8one3 in>ol>ed ca8e fro8 t:e circles of NiEon7s
CREE%?
NiEon1 it =ill be recalled1 :ad ca8<ai9ned for !us: in 12-) and 12--1 and =ould do so
also in 12.5? ,urin9 t:ese 3ears1 !us:7s <ositions ca8e to be al8ost <erfectl3 alli9ned =it:
t:e t:e line of t:e I8<erial %residenc3? And1 t:an;s in lar9e <art to t:e =or;in9s of :is
fat:er7s !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an net=or;s--%rescott :ad been a fiEture in in Eisen:o=er
*:ite House =:ere NiEon =or;ed1 and in t:e Senate o>er =:ic: NiEon fro8 ti8e to ti8e
<resided-- !us: beca8e a NiEon all3 and cron3? !us:7s NiEon connection1 =:ic: <ro-!us:
<ro<a9anda tends to 8ini8Ae1 =as in fact t:e ;e3 to !us:7s career c:oices in t:e late 12-57s
and earl3 12.57s?
!us:7s inti8ate relations =it: Tric;3 ,ic; are best illustrated in !us:7s close brus: =it: t:e
12-/ GO% >ice-<residential no8ination at t:e Mia8i con>ention of t:at 3ear?
Ric:ard NiEon ca8e into Mia8i a:ead of Ne= (or; Go>ernor Nelson Roc;efeller and
California Go>ernor Ronald Rea9an in t:e dele9ate count1 but Bust before t:e con>ention
Rea9an1 encoura9ed b3 :is 9ro=in9 su<<ort1 announced t:at :e =as s=itc:in9 fro8 bein9 a
fa>orite son of California to t:e status of an all-out candidate for t:e <residential
no8ination? Rea9an atte8<ted to con>ince 8an3 conser>ati>e sout:ern dele9ations to
s=itc: fro8 NiEon to :i8self1 since :e =as t:e <urer ideolo9ical conser>ati>e and better
lo>ed in t:e sout: t:an t:e ne= 0or old4 Tric;3 ,ic;? NiEon7s defense of :is sout:ern
dele9ate base =as s<ear:eaded b3 Sout: Carolina Senator Stro8 T:ur8ond1 =:o ;e<t t:e
>ast 8aBorit3 of t:e dele9ates in line1 so8eti8es =it: t:e :el< of t:e unit rule? FT:ur8ond7s
<oint of reasonin9 =it: Sout:ern dele9ates =as t:at NiEon =as t:e best conser>ati>e t:e3
could 9et and still =in1 and t:at :e :ad obtained assurances fro8 NiEon t:at no >ice-
<residential candidate intolerable to t:e Sout: =ould be selected1F =rote one obser>er of
t:e Mia8i con>ention? Gfn $5H *it: t:e sout:ern conser>ati>es 9uaranteed a >eto <o=er
o>er t:e second s<ot on t:e tic;et1 T:ur8ond7s efforts =ere successfulC a leader of t:e
Louisiana caucas =as :eard to re8ar;" FIt brea;s 83 :eart t:at =e can7t 9et be:ind a fine
8an li;e Go>ernor Rea9an1 but Mr? NiEon is deser>in9 of our c:oice1 and :e 8ust recei>e
it?F
T:ese =ere t:e circu8stances in =:ic: NiEon1 :a>in9 =on t:e no8ination on t:e first
ballot1 8et =it: :is ad>isers a8idst t:e 9rotes@ue arc:itecture of t:e fifteent: floor of t:e
Mia8i %laAa-Hilton in t:e earl3 8ornin9 of Au9ust 21 12-/? T:e =a3 NiEon tells t:e stor3
in :is 8e8oirs1 :e :ad alread3 <rett3 8uc: settled on Go>? S<iro A9ne= of Mar3land1
reasonin9 t:at F=it: Geor9e *allace in t:e race1 I could not :o<e to s=ee< :e Sout:? It =as
absolutel3 necessar31 t:erefore1 to =in t:e entire ri8land of t:e Sout:--t:e border states--as
=ell as t:e 8aBor states of t:e Mid=est and *est?F T:erefore1 sa3s NiEon1 :e let :is
ad>isors 8ention na8es =it:out tellin9 t:e8 =:at :e :ad alread3 lar9el3 decided? FT:e
na8es 8ost 8entioned b3 t:ose attendin9 =ere t:e fa8iliar ones" Ro8ne31 Rea9an1 &o:n
Lindsa31 %erc31 Mar; Hatfield1 &o:n To=er1 Geor9e !us:1 &o:n 6ol<e1 Roc;efeller1 =it:
onl3 an occasional 8ention of A9ne=1 so8eti8es alon9 =it: Go>ernors &o:n Lo>e of
Colorado and ,aniel E>ans of *as:in9ton?F Gfn $1H NiEon also sa3s t:at :e offered t:e >ice
<residenc3 to :is close friends Robert inc: and Ro9ers Morton1 and t:en told :is <eo<le
t:at :e =anted A9ne=?
!ut t:is account disin9enuousl3 underesti8ates :o= close !us: ca8e to t:e >ice-
<residenc3 in 12-/? Accordin9 to a =ell-infor8ed1 but fa>orable1 s:ort bio9ra<:3 of !us:
<ublis:ed as :e =as about to ta;e o>er t:e *:ite House1 Fat t:e 12-/ GO% con>ention t:at
no8inated NiEon for %resident1 !us: =as said to be on t:e four-na8e s:ort list for >ice
<resident? He attributed t:at to t:e ca8<ai9nin9 of :is friends1 but t:e seriousness of
NiEon7s consideration =as =idel3 attested? Certainl3 NiEon =anted to <ro8ote !us: in one
=a3 or anot:er?F Gfn $$H T:eodore H? *:ite <uts !us: on NiEon7s conser>ati>e list alon9
=it: To=er and Ho=ard !a;er1 =it: a se<arate cate9or3 of liberals and also F<olitical
eunuc:sF li;e A9ne= and Massac:usetts Go>ernor &o:n 6ol<e? Gfn $'H &ules *itco>er
t:ou9:t t:e reason t:at !us: :ad been eli8inated =as t:at :e F=as too 3oun91 onl3 a House
8e8ber1 and :is selection =ould cause trouble =it: &o:n To=er1F =:o =as also an as<irant?
Gfn $)H T:e acce<ted =isdo8 is t:at NiEon decided not to c:oose !us: because1 after all1 :e
=as onl3 a one -ter8 Con9ress8an? Most li;el31 NiEon =as concerned =it: co8<arisons
t:at could be dra=n =it: !arr3 Gold=ater7s 12-) c:oice of Ne= (or; Con9ress8an !ill
Miller for :is runnin9 8ate? NiEon feared t:at if :e1 onl3 four 3ears later1 =ere to c:oose a
Con9ress8an =it:out a national <rofile1 t:e :ostile <ress =ould co8<are :i8 to Gold=ater
and brand :i8 as 3et anot:er Re<ublican loser?
Later in Au9ust1 !us: tra>eled to NiEon7s beac:front 8otel suite at Mission !a31 California
to discuss ca8<ai9n strate93? It =as decided t:at !us:1 Ho=ard !a;er1 Re<? Clar;
MacGre9or of Minnesota1 and Go>? 6ol<e =ould all function as Fsurro9ate candidates1F
ca8<ai9nin9 and standin9 in for NiEon at en9a9e8ents NiEon could not fill? And t:ere is
Geor9e1 in a <icture on t:e to< of t:e front <a9e of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of Au9ust 1.1 12-/1
Boinin9 =it: t:e ot:er t:ree to sla< a 9rinnin9 and eu<:oric NiEon on t:e bac; and s:a;e :is
:and before t:e3 =ent fort: to t:e :ustin9s?
!us: :ad no <roble8s of :is o=n =it: t:e 12-/ election1 since :e =as runnin9 uno<<osed
-- a neat tric; for a Re<ublican in Houston1 e>en ta;in9 t:e desi9ner 9err38anderin9 into
account? Runnin9 uno<<osed see8s to be !us:7s idea of an ideal election? Accordin9 to t:e
Houston C:ronicle1 F!us: :aGdH beco8e so <oliticall3 for8idable nobod3 cared to t;e :i8
on1F =:ic: s:ould :a>e beco8e re@uired readin9 for Gar3 Hart so8e 3ears later? !us: :ad
9reat :o<es t:at :e could :el< deli>er t:e TeEas electoral >otes into t:e NiEon colu8n? T:e
GO% =as countin9 on furt:er o<en =arfare bet=een (arborou9: and Connall31 but t:ese
di>isions <ro>ed to be insufficient to <re>ent Hubert Hu8<:re31 t:e ,e8ocratic no8inee1
fro8 carr3in9 TeEas as :e =ent do=n to defeat? As one account of t:e 12-/ >ote <uts it"
TeEas Fis a lar9e and eE:austin9 state to ca8<ai9n in1 but :ere s<ecial e8<:asis =as laid on
7surro9ate candidates7" notabl3 Con9ress8an Geor9e !us:1 a fit-loo;in9 fello= of eEcellent
birt: =:o re<resented t:e s<ace-to=n suburbs of Houston and =as not o<<osed in :is
district--an indication of t:e stren9t: of t:e Re<ublican tec:nocrac3 in TeEas?F 0%er:a<s1 if
tec:nocrac3 is a s3non38 for F<lu8bers?F4 *innin9 a second ter8 =as no <roble8C !us:
=as1 :o=e>er 8i9:til3 e8barrassed b3 :is inabilit3 to deli>er TeEas for Tric;3 ,ic;? F7I
don7t ;no= =:at =ent =ron917 !us: 8uttered =:en inter>ie=ed in ,ece8ber? 7T:ere =as a
:ell of a lot of 8one3 s<ent17F 8uc: of it co8in9 fro8 t:e <redecessor or9aniAations to t:e
CREE%? Gfn $+H As usual1 !us: :ad a <ost festu8 t:eor3 of =:at :ad 9one =ron9" :e
bla8ed it on t:e blac; >oters? In Houston1 !us: found1 t:ere =ere +/1555 >oters1 and NiEon
onl3 9ot /55 of t:e8? F(ou7d t:in;1F said !us:1 Ft:at t:ere =ould :a>e been 8ore <eo<le
Bust co8e in t:ere and 8a;e a 8ista;eKF Gfn $-H *:en in 12.) !us: briefl3 a<<eared to be
t:e front-runner to be c:osen for t:e >ice <residenc3 b3 t:e ne= %resident Gerald ord1 t:e
*as:in9ton %ost <ointed out t:at alt:ou9: !us: =as 8a;in9 a serious bid1 :e :ad al8ost
no @ualifications for t:e <ost? T:at criticis8 a<<lied e>en 8ore in 12-/" for 8ost <eo<le1
!us: =as a rat:er obscure TeEas <ol1 and :e :ad one lost state=ide race <re>ious to t:e
election t:at 9ot :i8 into Con9ress? T:e fact t:at :e 8ade it into t:e final round at t:e
Mia8i Hilton =as anot:er tribute to t:e net=or; 8obiliAin9 <o=er of %rescott !us:1 !ro=n
!rot:ers1 Harri8an1 and S;ull and !ones?
As t:e 12.5 election a<<roac:ed1 NiEon 8ade !us: an attracti>e offer? If !us: =ere
=illin9 to 9i>e u< :is a<<arentl3 safe Con9ressional seat and :is <lace on t:e *a3s and
Means Co88ittee1 NiEon =ould be :a<<3 to :el< finance t:e senate race? If !us: =on a
Senate seat1 :e =ould be a front-runner to re<lace S<iro A9ne= in t:e >ice-<residential s<ot
for 12.$? If !us: =ere to lose t:e election1 :e =ould t:en be in line for an a<<oint8ent to
an i8<ortant <ost in t:e EEecuti>e !ranc:1 8ost li;el3 a cabinet <osition? T:is deal =as
enou9: of an o<en secret to be discussed in t:e TeEas <ress durin9 t:e fall of 12.5" at t:e
ti8e1 t:e Houston %ost @uoted !us: in res<onse to <ersistent *as:in9ton ne=s<a<er re<orts
t:at !us: =ould re<lace A9ne= on t:e 12.$ tic;et? !us: said t:at =as Ft:e 8ost =ildl3
s<eculati>e <iece I7>e seen in a lon9 ti8e?F FI :ate to =aste ti8e tal;in9 about suc: =ild
s<eculation1F !us: said in Austin? FI ou9:t to be out t:ere s:a;in9 :ands =it: t:ose <eo<le
=:o stood in t:e rain to su<<ort 8e?F Gfn $.H
At t:is ti8e !us: calculated t:at a second c:allen9e to (arborou9: =ould :a>e a 9reater
c:ance for success t:an :is first atte8<t? True1 12.5 =as anot:er off-3ear election in =:ic:
,e8ocrats runnin9 a9ainst t:e Re<ublican NiEon *:ite House =ould :a>e a certain
statistical ad>anta9e? 12.5 =as also t:e 9reat 3ear of t:e Silent MaBorit31 Middle A8erica
bac;las: a9ainst t:e 6ietna8 =ar <rotesters? T:is =as to be t:e 3ear in =:ic: %at !uc:anan
and *illia8 Safire of t:e NiEon *:ite House =ould ar8 A9ne= =it: a series of
>ulcaniAed1 one-line Ain9ers =:ic: t:e >ice <resident =ould t:en ta;e on t:e <olitical lo=
road" F<usillani8ous <uss3footers1F F>icars of >acillation1F F:o<eless1 :3sterical
:3<oc:ondriacs1F Fnatterin9 nabobs of ne9ati>is81F Fradic-libsF and Feffete snobs1F so =ent
t:e alliteratin9 A9ne= sound bites? T:is =as t:e Con9ressional election 3ear t:at <ea;ed in
t:e near- insurrection a9ainst NiEon in San &ose1 California on October $21 12.51 =:en
NiEon1 Go>ernor Rea9an1 and Senator Geor9e Mur<:3 ca8e close to bein9 la<idated b3
and an9r3 cro=d in an incident so <erfect for NiEon7s <ro<a9anda needs t:at <er:a<s onl3
t:e 8ost acco8<lis:ed a9ents <ro>ocateurs could :a>e carried it off? In suc: an
at8os<:ere1 !us: could see :i8self >eerin9 off s:ar<l3 to :ard-:at r:etoric 1 attac;in9
(arborou9: for bein9 in lea9ue =it: >iolent and obscene de8ostrators after (arborou9:7s
endorse8ent of t:e >er3 ta8e October1 12.5 Moratoriu8 de8onstrations a9ainst t:e =ar in
*as:in9ton?
In an ob>ious slei9:t of :and1 !us: uses :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3 to 8a;e it loo; li;e it
=as L!&1 not NiEon1 =:o ur9ed :i8 to run? He tells of :o= :e :ad been t:e onl3
Re<ublican at Andre=s Air orce !ase to see L!& off after NiEon =as inau9urated? He tells
us t:at :e >isited L!& on :is celebrated ranc: on t:e ban;s of t:e %edernales Ri>er1 and =as
dri>en b3 t:e for8er %resident o>er dirt roads in L!&7s Lincoln Continental at s<eeds of /5
8iles <er :our? All a clic:e1 as is t:e scene =:ere !us: as;s L!& =:et:er :e s:ould tr3 ot
unseat (arborou9:? !us: :as L!& ans=er =it: t:e little stor3 t:at e>er3 sc:oolbo3 ;ne= in
t:e late 12-57s1 and =:ic: L!& 8ust :a>e recounted ten t:ousand ti8es o>er :is career1
=:ic: =as t:at :e :ad ser>ed in bot: t:e House and t:e Senate1 and t:at Ft:e difference
bet=een bein9 a 8e8ber of t:e Senate and a 8e8ber of t:e House is t:e difference
bet=een c:ic;en salad and c:ic;en s:it?F Gfn '5H *e s:ould also recall t:at <oor old L!& in
t:ese declinin9 3ears =as a :ated recluse1 so des<erate for co8<anions:i< t:at :e ea9erl3
e>en =elco8ed t:e <s3c:oseEual anal3tic sessions of ,oris #earns of t:e #enned3 Sc:ool
of Go>ern8ent? Of course1 !us: =as an9lin9 to in9ratiate :i8self =:ere>er :e could1 of
course L!& still :ad so8e assets t:at 8i9:t 8a;e a difference in a TeEas senate race1 and
!us: =ould ne>er be indifferent to 8ar9inal ad>anta9e? %art of it =as Geor9e7s instincti>e
<lo3 of tradin9 on %rescott7s old friends:i<s" L!& and %rescott :ad ser>ed to9et:er on t:e
Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee in t:e 12+57s? !ut !us:7s account is ulti8atel31 as is
t3<ical of :i81 a calculated dece<tion? No1 no1 Geor9e" L!& resented (arborou9: for :a>in9
o<<osed :i8 on 6ietna81 but L!& =as a :as-been in 12.51 and it =as Tric;3 ,ic; =:o told
3ou to 8a;e 3our senate bid in 12.51 and =:o s=eetened t:e <ot =it: bi9 buc;s and t:e
<ro8ise of <resti9ious <osts if 3ou failed?
In Se<te8ber1 t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es re<orted t:at NiEon =as acti>el3 recruitin9 Re<ublican
candidates for t:e Senate? FI8<lies He *ill %artici<ate in T:eir Ca8<ai9ns and Offer &obs
to LosersFC Financial Aid is Hinted1F said t:e subtitles Gfn $/H? It =as 8ore t:an :inted1 and
t:e article listed Geor9e !us: as first on t:e list? As it turned out1 !us:7s senate race =as t:e
sin9le 8ost i8<ortant focus of NiEon7s efforts in t:e entire countr31 =it: bot: t:e %resident
and A9ne= acti>el3 en9a9ed on t:e 9round? !us: =ould recei>e 8one3 fro8 a NiEon slus:
fund called t:e FTo=n:ouseF fund1 an o<eration in t:e CREE% orbit? !us: =as also t:e
reci<ient of t:e lar9esse of *? Cle8ent Stone1 a C:ica9o insurance t3coon =:o :ad donated
:ea>il3 to NiEon7s 12-/ ca8<ai9n? !us:7s friend To=er =as t:e c:air8an of t:e GO%
Senatorial Ca8<ai9n Co88ittee1 and !us:7s for8er ca8<ai9n aide1 &i8 Allison1 =as no=
t:e de<ut3 c:air8an of t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee?
!us: :i8self =as ensconced in t:e coils of t:e GO% fund-raisin9 bureaucrac3? *:en in
Ma31 12-21 NiEon7s cron3 Robert inc:1 t:e Secretar3 of Healt:1 Education1 and *elfare
8et =it: 8e8bers of t:e Re<ublican !oosters Club1 12-21 !us: =as =it: :i81 alon9 =it:
To=er1 Ro9ers Morton1 and Con9ress8an !ob *ilson of Califronia? T:e !oosters alon9
=ere esti8ated to be 9ood for about I1 8illion in fundin9 for GO% candidates in 12.5? Gfn
$2H
!3 ,ece8ber of 12-2 it =as clear to all t:at !us: =ould 9et al8ost all of t:e cas: in t:e
TeEas GO% coffers1 and t:at E99ers1 t:e <art37s candidate for 9o>ernor1 =ould 9et s:ort
s:rift indeed? On ,ece8ber $2 t:e Houston C:ronicle front <a9e o<ined" FGO% Mone3 To
!ac; !us:1 Not E99ers?F T:e ,e8ocratic Senate candidate =ould later accuse NiEon7s
cro=d of Ftr3in9 to bu3F t:e Senate election for !us:" F*as:in9ton :as been s:o>ellin9 so
8uc: 8one3 into t:e Geor9e !us: ca8<ai9n t:at no= ot:er Re<ublican candidates around
t:e countr3 are de8andin9 an accountin91F said !us:7s o<<onent? Gfn '1H
!ut t:at o<<onent =as Llo3d !entsen1 not Ral<: (arborou9:? All calculations about t:e
12.5 Senate race :ad been u<set =:en1 at a relati>el3 late :our1 !entsen1 ur9ed on b3 &o:n
Connall31 announced :is candidac3 in t:e ,e8ocratic <ri8ar3? (arborou9:1 bus3 =it: :is
=or; as C:air8an of t:e Senate Labor Co88ittee1 started :is ca8<ai9nin9 late? !entsen7s
<itc: =as to attac; anti-=ar <rotesters and radicals1 <ortra3in9 (arborou9: as bein9 a
rin9leader of t:e eEtre8ists?
(arborou9: :ad lost so8e of :is >i8 o>er t:e 3ears since 12-)1 and :ad >eered into su<<ort
for 8ore ecolo9ical le9islation and e>en for so8e of t:e anti-:u8an F<o<ulation <lannin9F
8easures t:at !us: and :is circles :ad been <ro<osin9? !ut :e fou9:t bac; 9a8el3 a9ainst
!entsen? *:en !entsen boasted of :a>in9 done a lot for t:e C:icanos of t:e Rio Grande
6alle31 (arborou9: countered" F*:at :as Llo3d !entsen e>er done for t:e >alle3D T:e
>alle3 is not for sale? (ou can7t bu3 <eo<le? I ne>er :eard of :i8 doin9 an3t:in9 for 8i9rant
labor? All I e>er :eard about =as :is fat:er =or;in9 t:ese =etbac;s? All I e>er :eard =as
t:e8 eE<loitin9 =etbac;s1F said (arborou9:? *:en !entsen boasted of :is record of
eE<erience1 (arborou9: counter-attac;ed" FT:e onl3 eE<erience t:at 83 o<<onents :a>e
:ad is in re<resentin9 t:e financial interest of bi9 business? T:e3 :a>e bot: s:o=n 8ar;ed
insensiti>it3 to t:e needs of t:e a>era9e citiAen of our state?F
!ut1 on Ma3 $1 !entsen defeated (arborou9:1 and an era ca8e to an end in TeEas <olitics?
!us:7s 15 to 1 =in in :is o=n <ri8ar3 o>er :is old ri>al fro8 12-)1 Robert Morris1 =as
scant consolation? *:ereas it :ad been clear :o= !us: =ould :a>e run a9ainst (arborou9:1
it =as not at all clear :o= :e could differentiate :i8self fro8 !entsen? Indeed1 to 8an3
<eo<le t:e t=o see8ed to be t=ins" eac: =as a <lutocrat oil8an fro8 Houston1 eac: one
=as a99ressi>el3 An9lo-SaEon1 eac: one :ad been in t:e House of Re<resentati>es1 eac:
one flaunted a record as a *orld *ar II air8an? In fact1 all !entsen needed to do for t:e rest
of t:e race =as to a<<ear <lausible and <olite1 and let t:e o>er=:el8in9 ,e8ocratic
ad>anta9e in re9istered >oters1 es<eciall3 in t:e 3ello=- do9 ,e8ocrat rural areas1 do :is
=or; for :i8? T:is !entsen <osture =as <unctuated fro8 ti8e to ti8e b3 a<<eals to
conser>ati>es =:o t:ou9:t t:at !us: =as too liberal for t:eir tastes?
!us: :o<ed for a ti8e t:at :is slic; tele>ision <ac;a9in9 could sa>e :i8? His 8an Harr3
Trelea>en =as once 8ore brou9:t in? !us: <aid 8ore t:an :alf a 8illion dollars1 a tid3 su8
at t:at ti8e1 to Glenn Ad>ertisin9 for a series of #enned3es@ue Fnatural loo;F ca8<ai9n
s<ots? Soon !us: =as ca>ortin9 on t:e tube in all of :is arid >a<idit31 Bo99in9 across t:e
street1 trottin9 do=n t:e ste<s1 boundin9 around *as:in9ton and <la3in9 touc: football1
al=a3s filled =it: 3out:1 >i9or1 action1 and t:r3oEin? T:e %lain ol;s <raised !us: as F&ust
fantasticF in t:ese s<ots? Sufferin9 t:e >oters to co8e unto :i81 !us: res<onded to all
co8ers t:at :e Funderstands1F =it: t:e s:ot fadin9 out before :e could sa3 =:at it =as :e
understood or =:at :e 8i9:t <ro<ose to do? Gfn '$H FSure1 it7s tou9: to be u< a9ainst t:e
8ac:ine1 t:e bi9 bo3s1F said t:e S;ull and !ones candidate in t:ese s<otsC !us: actuall3
:ad 8ore 8one3 to s<end t:an e>en t:e =ell-:eeled !entsen? T:e unif3in9 slo9an for
i8<artin9 t:e <ro<er s<in to !us: =as FHe can do 8ore?F FHe can do 8oreF :ad <roble8s
t:at =ere e>ident e>en to so8e of t:e 12.5 !us:8en" FA fe= in t:e !us: ca8< @uestioned
t:at 9eneral a<<roac: because once ad>ertisin9 <ro9ra8s are set into 8otion t:e3 are
eEtre8el3 difficult to c:an9e and t:ere =as t:e concern t:at if NiEon s:ould be un<o<ular
at ca8<ai9n7s end1 t:e t:e8e line =ould beco8e1 7He can do 8ore for NiEon17 =it: ob>ious
do=nsides? Gfn ''H Alt:ou9: !entsen7s s<ots =ere said to 9i>e :i8 Fall t:e ani8ation of a
cada>er1F :e =as 8ore substanti>e t:an !us:1 and :e =as 8o>in9 a:ead?
*ere t:ere issues t:at could :el< Geor9eD His ads <ut :is o<<osition to sc:ool busin9 to
ac:ie>e racial balance at t:e to< of t:e list1 but t:is =ed9e-8oner9in9 9ot :i8 no=:ere?
!ecause of :is ser>ilit3 to NiEon1 !us: :ad to su<<ort t:e buAA-=ord of a F9uaranteed
annual inco8e1F =:ic: =as t:e label under =:ic: NiEon =as 8ar;etin9 t:e =or;fare sla>e
labor <ro9ra8 alread3 described1 but to 8an3 in TeEas t:at sounded li;e a ne= 9i>e-a=a31
and !entsen =as @uic; to ta;e ad>anta9e? !us: bra99ed t:at :e :ad been one of t:e
ori9inal s<onsors of t:e bill t:at :ad Bust se8i-<ri>atiAed t:e US %ost Office ,e<art8ent as
t:e %ostal Ser>ice? !us: ca8e on as a Ffiscal conser>ati>e1F but t:is also =as of little :el<
a9ainst !entsen?
In an inter>ie= on =o8en7s issues1 !us: first Bo;ed t:at t:ere reall3 =as no consensus
a8on9 =o8en -- Ft:e conce<t of a =o8en7s 8o>e8ent is unreal--3ou can7t 9et t=o =o8en
to a9ree on an3t:in9?F On abortion :e co88ented" FI realiAe t:is is a <oliticall3 sensiti>e
area? !ut I belie>e in a =o8an7s ri9:t to c:ose? It s:ould be an indi>idual 8atter? I t:in;
ulti8atel3 it =ill be a constitutional @uestion? I don7t fa>or a federal abortion la= as suc:?F
After 12/51 for t:ose =:o c:oose to belie>e :i81 t:is c:an9ed to stron9 o<<osition to
abortion?
One issue t:at :el<ed !entsen =as Finflationar3 recession1F also called sta9flation? FI t:in;
Gt:e %residentH s:ould use t:e 8oral <ersuasion of t:e *:ite House to :el< ;ee< =a9es and
<rices =it:in reason1 instead of follo=in9 <olicies =:ic: :a>e <ut nearl3 $ 8illion
A8ericans out of Bobs =it:out sto<<in9 inflation1F said !entsen? !us: =as stuc; =it:
<arrottin9 t:e lines of t:e 12.5 8odel NiEon1 =:ic: =as about read3 for a closeout?
Could NiEon and A9ne= :el< !us:D A9ne=7s 8essa9e fell flat in TeEas1 since :e ;ne= it
=as too dan9erous to tr3 to 9et to t:e ri9:t of !entsen and attac; :i8 fro8 t:ere? Instead1
A9ne= =ent t:rou9: t:e foll=in9 contortion" a >ote for !entsen1 A9ne= told audiences in
Lubboc; and A8arillo1 Fis a >ote to ;ee< *illia8 ulbri9:t c:air8an of t:e Senate orei9n
Relations Co88ittee1F and t:at =as not =:at FTeEans =ant at all?F A9ne= tried to <ut
!entsen in t:e sa8e boat =it: Fradical liberalsF li;e (arborou9:1 ulbri9:t1 McGo>ern1 and
#enned3? !entsen in>ited A9ne= to 8o>e on to Ar;ansas and fi9:t it out =it: ulbri9:t1
and t:at =as t:at?
Could NiEon :i8self :el< !us:D NiEon did ca8<ai9n in t:e state? !entsen t:en told a
9rou< of FAn9lo-A8ericanF business8en" TeEans =ant Fa 8an =:o can stand alone
=it:out bein9 <ro<<ed u< b3 t:e *:ite House?F In t:e end !entsen defeated !us: b3 a >ote
of 1112.1.$- to !us:7s 115'+1.2)1 about +'R to ).R? T:e official !us:8an eE<lanation
=as t:at t:ere =ere t=o <ro<osed a8end8ents to t:e TeEas constitution on t:e ballot1 one
to allo= saloons1 and one to allo= all unde>elo<ed land to be taEed at t:e sa8e rate as
far8land? Accordin9 to !us:8an a<olo9etics1 t:ese t=o <ro<ositions attracted so 8uc:
interest a8on9 F3ello= do9F rural conser>ati>es t:at '551555 eEtra >oters ca8e out1 and
t:is 9a>e !entsen :is critical 8ar9in of >ictor3? T:ere =as also s<eculation t:at NiEon and
A9ne= :ad attracted so 8uc: attention t:at 8ore >oters :ad co8e out1 but 8an3 of t:ese
=ere !entsen su<<orters? On t:e ni9:t of t:e election1 !us: said t:at :e Ffelt li;e General
Custer? T:e3 as;ed :i8 =:3 :e :ad lost and :e said FT:ere =ere too 8an3 Indians?7 All I
can sa3 at t:is <oint is t:at t:ere =ere too 8an3 ,e8ocrats1F said t:e fres: t=o-ti8e loser?
!entsen su99ested t:at it =as ti8e for !us: to be a<<ointed to a :i9: <osition in t:e
9o>ern8ent? Gfn ')H
!us:7s ot:er consolation =as a tel9ra8 dated No>e8ber +1 12.5"
ROM %ERSONAL EM%ERIENCE I #NO* THE ,ISA%%OINTMENT THAT (OU AN,
(OUR AMIL( MUST EEL AT THIS TIME? I AM SURE1 HO*E6ER1 THAT (OU *ILL
NOT ALLO* THIS ,EEAT TO ,ISCOURAGE (OU IN (OUR EORTS TO CONTINUE
TO %RO6I,E LEA,ERSHI% OR OUR %ART( AN, THE NATION?
RICHAR, NIMON
T:is =as NiEon7s eu<:e8istic =a3 of reassurin9 !us: t:at t:e3 still :ad a deal? Gfn '+H
NOTES"
1? See itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:1 <? 2$1 and !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? 25?
$? Ste>ens7 re8ar;s =ere <art of a %ublic !roadcastin9 S3ste8 FrontlineF docu8entar3 <ro9ra8 entitled
FCa8<ai9n" T:e C:oice1F of No>e8ber $)1 12//? Cited b3 itA:u9: Green1 <? 21?
'? or t:e c:ronicles of t:e Harris Count3 GO%1 see local <ress articles a>ailable on 8icrofic:e at t:e TeEas
Historical Societ3 in Houston?
)? FGeor9e !us: >s? Obser>er Editor1F T:e TeEas Obser>er1 &ul3 $'1 12-+?
+? TeEas Obser>er1 October 1)1 12--?
-? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? 21?
.? &oe McGinniss1 T:e Sellin9 of t:e %resident 12-/ 0Ne= (or;1 12-/41 <<? )$-)+?
/? See #na99s1 T=o-%art3 TeEas1 <? 111?
2? Con9ressional Luarterl31 %resident !us:" T:e C:allen9e A:ead 0 *as:in9ton1 12/241 <? 2)?
15? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F in TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'?
11? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &aunar3 $)1 12-/?
1$? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 .1 12-/?
1)? T:e follo=in9 account of !us:7s Con9ressional record on <o<ulation and related is issues is deri>ed
fro8 t:e 9round-brea;in9 researc: of #at:leen #lenets;31 to =:o8 t:e aut:ors are <leased to ac;no=led9e
t:eir indebtedness? T:e 8aterial t:at follo=s incor<orates sections of #at:leen #lenets;31 F!us: !ac;ed
NaAi 7Race Science17F EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 Ma3 '1 1221 and Ne= ederalist1 A<ril $21 1221?
1+? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 A<ril 111 12-/?
1-? !us:1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <<? 2$-2'1 and Green1 Geor9e !us:1 <<? 15-- 15.?
1.? See Robert S:errill1 T:e Oil ollies of 12.5-12/5 0Ne= (or;1 12/'4 1 <<? -1--+?
1/? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 $$1 12-2?
12? S:errill1 <? -)?
$5? Nor8an Mailer1 Mia8i and t:e Sie9e of C:ica9o 0Ne= (or;1 12-/41 <<? .$-.'?
$1? Ric:ard NiEon1 RN" T:e Me8oirs of Ric:ard NiEon1 <? '1$?
$$? Con9ressional Luarterl31 %resident !us: 0*as:in9ton1 12/241 <? 2)?
$'? T:eodore H? *:ite1 T:e Ma;in9 of t:e %resident 12-/ 0Ne= (or;1 12-241 <? $+1?
$)? &ules *itco>er1 T:e Resurrection of Ric:ard NiEon1 <? '+$?
$+? Le=is C:ester et al?1 T:e %residential Ca8<ai9n of 12-/ 0London" ,eutc:1 12-241 <? -$$?
$-? C:ester et al?1 <? .-'?
$.? Houston %ost1 October $21 12.5?
$/? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 1'1 12-2?
$2? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Se<t1 $.1 12-2?
'5? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <<? 2/-15'?
'1? Houston C:ronicle1 October -1 12.5?
'$? See FTubin9 =it: Llo3dOGeor9e1F T:e TeEas Obser>er1 October '51 12.5?
''? #na99s1 T=o-%art3 TeEas1 <? 1)/?
')? Houston %ost1 No>e8ber +1 12.5?
'+? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <a9e 15$?
C:a<ter -MI- United Nations A8bassador1 #issin9er
Clone
At t:is <oint in :is career1 Geor9e !us: entered into a <:ase of close association =it: bot:
Ric:ard NiEon and Henr3 #issin9er? As =e =ill see1 !us: =as a 8e8ber of t:e NiEon
cabinet fro8 t:e s<rin9 of 12.1 until t:e da3 t:at NiEon resi9ned? *e =ill see !us: on a
nu8ber of i8<ortant occasions literall3 actin9 as NiEon7s s<ea;in9 tube1 es<eciall3 in
international crisis situations? ,urin9 t:ese 3ears1 NiEon =as !us:7s <atron1 <ro>idin9 :i8
=it: a<<oint8ents and ur9in9 :i8 to loo; for=ard to bi99er t:in9s in t:e future? On certain
occasions1 :o=e>er1 !us: =as u<sta9ed b3 ot:ers in :is @uest for NiEon7s fa>or? T:en t:ere
=as #issin9er1 far and a=a3 t:e 8ost <o=erful fi9ure in t:e *as:in9ton re9i8e of t:ose
da3s1 =:o beca8e !us:7s boss =:en t:e latter beca8e t:e US A8bassador to t:e United
Nations in Ne= (or; Cit3? Later1 on t:e ca8<ai9n trail in 12/51 !us: =ould offer to 8a;e
#issin9er Secretar3 of State in :is ad8inistration?
!us: =as no= listin9 a net =ort: of o>er I1?' 8illion Gfn 1H1 but t:e fact is t:at :e =as no=
une8<lo3ed1 but anEious to assu8e t:e neEt official <ost1 to ta;e t:e neEt ste< of =:at in
t:e career of a Ro8an Senator =as called t:e cursus :onoru81 t:e <atrician career1 for t:is
is =:at :e felt t:e =orld o=ed :i8?
NiEon :ad <ro8ised !us: an attracti>e and <resti9ious <olitical <lu8 in t:e EEecuti>e
branc:1 and it =as no= ti8e for NiEon to deli>er? !us:7s <roble8 =as t:at in late 12.5
NiEon =as 8ore interested in =:at anot:er TeEan could contribute to :is Ad8inistration?
T:at ot:er TeEan =as &o:n Connall31 =:o :ad <la3ed t:e role of !us:7s ne8esis in t:e
elections Bust concluded b3 >irtue of t:e encoura9e8ent and decisi>e su<<ort =:ic:
Connall3 :ad 9i>en to t:e !entsen candidac3? NiEon =as no= fascinated b3 t:e <ros<ect of
includin9 t:e ri9:t-=in9 ,e8ocrat Connall3 in :is cabinet in order to <ro>ide :i8self =it:
a <atina of bi-<artisans:i<1 =:ile e8<:asiAin9 t:e dissension a8on9 t:e ,e8ocrats1
stren9t:enin9 Tric;3 ,ic;7s c:ances of successfull3 eEecutin9 :is Sout:ern Strate93 a
second ti8e durin9 t:e 12.$ elections?
T:e =ord a8on9 NiEon7s inner circle of t:is <eriod =as FT:e !oss is in lo>e1F and t:e
obBect of :is affections =as !i9 &a=n? NiEon clai8ed t:at :e =as not :a<<3 =it: t:e stature
of :is current cabinet1 tellin9 :is do8estic <olic3 ad>isor &o:n E:rlic:8ann in t:e fall of
12.5 t:at FE>er3 cabinet s:ould :a>e at least one <otential %resident in it? Mine doesn7t?F
NiEon :ad tried to recruit leadin9 ,e8ocrats before1 as;in9 Senator Henr3 &ac;son to be
Secretar3 of ,efense and offerin9 t:e <ost of United Nations A8bassador to Hubert
Hu8<:re3?
*it:in :ours after t:e <olls :ad closed in t:e TeEas senate race1 !us: =as recei>ed a call
fro8 C:arles !artlett1 a *as:in9ton colu8nist =:o =as <art of t:e %rescott !us: net=or;?
!artlett ti<<ed !us: to t:e fact t:at Treasur3 Secretar3 ,a>id #enned3 =as lea>in91 and
ur9ed :i8 to 8a;e a 9rab for t:e Bob? !us: called NiEon and <ut in :is re@uest? After t:at1
:e =aited b3 t:e tele<:one? !ut it soon beca8e clear t:at Tric;3 ,ic; =as about to recruit
&o:n Connall3 and =it: :i81 <er:a<s1 t:e i8<ortant TeEas electoral >otes in 12.$?
Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3K One of t:e t:ree or four to< <osts in t:e cabinetK And t:at before
!us: :ad been 9i>en an3t:in9 for all of :is useless slo99in9 t:rou9: t:e 12.5 ca8<ai9nK
!ut t:e Bob =as about to 9o to Connall3? O>er t=o decades1 one can al8ost :ear !us:7s
=:inin9 co8<laint?
T:is 8o>e =as not totall3 un<re<ared? ,urin9 t:e fall of 12.51 =:en Connall3 =as
ca8<ai9nin9 for !entsen a9ainst !us:1 Connall3 :ad been in>ited to <artici<ate in t:e As:
Co88ission1 a stud3 9rou< on 9o>ern8ent re-or9aniAation c:aired b3 Ro3 As:? FT:is
*:ite House access =as dan9erousl3 under8inin9 Geor9e !us:1F co8<lained TeEas GO%
c:air8an O7,onnell? A <ersonal friend of !us: on t:e *:ite House staff na8ed %eter
lani9an1 9enerated a 8e8o to *:ite House c:ief of staff H?R? Halde8an =it: t:e
notation" FConnall3 is an i8<lacable ene83 tof t:e Re<ublican <art3 in TeEas1 and1
t:erefore1 attracti>e as :e 8a3 be to t:e %resident1 =e s:ould a>oid usin9 :i8 a9ain?F
NiEon found Connall3 an attracti>e <olitical <ro<ert31 and :ad soon a<<ointed :i8 to t:e
8ain *ite House <anel for intelli9ence e>aulations" FOn No>e8ber '51 =:en Connall37s
a<<oint8ent to t:e orei9n Intelli9ence Ad>isor3 !oard =as announced1 t:e senior senator
fro8 TeEas1 &o:n To=er1 and Geor9e !us: =ere instantl3 in touc: =it: t:e *:ite House to
eE<ress t:eir 7eEtre8e7 distress o>er t:e a<<oint8ent? Gfn $H To=er =as indi9ant because :e
:ad been <ro8ised b3 E:rlic:8an so8e ti8e before t:at Connall3 =as not 9oin9 to recei>e
an i8<ortant <ost? !us:7s <ersonal <li9:t =as e>en 8ore <oi9nant" FHe =as out of =or;1
and :e =anted a Bob? As a defeated senatorial candidate1 :e :o<ed and full3 eE<ected to 9et
a 8aBor Bob in t:e ad8inistration? (et t:e ad8inistration see8ed to be <a3in9 8ore
attention to t:e >er3 ,e8ocrat =:o :ad <ut :i8 on t:e Bob 8ar;et *:at 9i>esD !us: =as
Bustified in as;in9?F Gfn 'H
T:e a<<oint8ent of Connall3 to re<lace ,a>id #enned3 as Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3 =as
concluded durin9 t:e first =ee; of ,ece8ber1 12.5? !ut it could not be announced =it:out
causin9 an u<:ea>al a8on9 t:e TeEas Re<ublicans until so8et:in9 :ad been done for la8e
duc; Geor9e? On ,ece8ber .1 NiEon retainer H?R? Halde8ann =as =ritin9 8e8os to
:i8self in t:e *:ite House? T:e first =as" FConnall3 set?F T:en ca8e" FHa>e to do
so8et:in9 for !us: ri9:t a=a3?F Could !us: beco8e t:e ,irector of NASAD Ho= about
t:e S8all !usiness Ad8inistrationD Or t:e Re<ublican National Co88itteeD Or t:en a9ain1
:e 8i9:t li;e to be *:ite House Con9ressional liaison1 or <er:a<s undersecretar3 of
co88erce? As one account <uts it1 Fsince no Bob i88ediatel3 ca8e to 8ind1 !us: =as
assured t:at :e =ould co8e to t:e *:ite House as a to< <residential ad>iser on so8et:in9
or ot:er1 until anot:er fittin9 Bob o<ened u<?F !us: =as called to t:e *:ite House on
,ece8ber 21 12.5 to 8eet =it: NiEon and tal; about a <ost as Assistant to t:e %resident
F=it: a =ide ran9e of uns<ecified 9eneral res<onsibilities1F accordin9 to a *:ite House
8e8o initialed b3 H?R? Halde8ann? !us: acce<ted suc: a <ost at one <oint in :is :a99lin9
=it: t:e NiEon *:ite House? !ut !us: also sou9:t t:e UN Bob1 ar9uin9 t:at t:ere F=as a
dirt: GsicH of NiEon ad>ocac3 in Ne= (or; Cit3 and t:e 9eneral Ne= (or; area t:at :e
could fill t:at need in t:e Ne= (or; social circles :e =ould be 8o>in9 in as A8bassador?
Gfn )H NiEon7s UN A8bassador :ad been C:arles (ost1 a ,e8ocrat =:o =as no= lea>in9?
!ut t:e *:ite House :ad alread3 offered t:at Bob to ,aniel %atric; Mo3ni:an1 =:o :ad
acce<ted? !ut1 a<<arentl3 a fe= :ours after t:e !us:-NiEon 8eetin91 =ord ca8e in t:at
Mo3ni:an =as not interested?
!ut t:en Mo3ni:an decided t:at :e did not =ant t:e UN a8bassador <ost after all1 and1
=it: a si9: of relief1 t:e *:ite House offered it to !us:? !us:7s a<<oint8ent =as
announced on ,ece8ber 111 Connall37s on ,ece8ber 1)?F Gfn +H In offerin9 t:e <ost to
!us:1 Halde8ann :ad been brutall3 fran;1 tellin9 :i8 t:at t:e Bob1 alt:ou9: of cabinet ran;1
=ould :a>e no <o=er attac:ed to it? !us:1 stressed Halde8ann1 =ould be ta;in9 orders
directl3 fro8 #issin9er? FI co88ented t:at e>en if so8ebod3 =:o too; t:e Bob didn7t
understand t:at1 Henr3 #issin9er =ould 9i>e :i8 a t=ent3-four :our cras: course on t:e
subBect1F !us: sa3s :e re<lied? Gfn -H
NiEon told :is cabinet and t:e Re<ublican Con9ressional leaders:i< on ,ece8ber 1)1 12.5
=:at :ad been in t:e =or;s for so8e ti8e1 t:at Connall3 =as Fco8in9 not onl3 as a
,e8ocrat but as Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3 for t:e neEt t=o full 3ears?F Gfn .H E>en 8ore
:u8iliatin9 for !us: =as t:e fact t:at our :ero :ad been on t:e recei>in9 end of Connall37s
assistance? As NiEon told t:e cabinet" FConnall3 said :e =ouldn7t ta;e it until Geor9e !us:
9ot =:ate>er :e =as entitled to? I don7t ;no= =:3 Geor9e =anted t:e UN a<<oint8ent1 but
:e =anted it so :e 9ot it?F Onl3 t:is <recondition fro8 Connall31b3 i8<lication1 :ad finall3
<ro8<ted NiEon to ta;e care of <oor Geor9e? NiEon turned to Senator To=er1 =:o =as in
t:e 8eetin9" FT:is is :ard for 3ou? I a8 for e>er3 Re<ublican runnin9? *e need &o:n To=er
bac; in 12.$?F To=er re<lied" FI78 a <ra98atic 8an? &o:n Connall3 is <:iloso<:icall3
attuned to 3ou? He is articulate and <ersuasi>e? I for one =ill defend :i8 a9ainst t:ose in
our o=n <art3 =:o 8a3 not li;e :i8?F Gfn /H
T:ere is e>idence t:at NiEon considered Connall3 to be a <ossible successor in t:e
<residenc3? Connall37s a<<roac: to t:e international 8onetar3 crisis t:en unfoldin9 =as t:at
Fall forei9ners are out to scre= us and it7s our Bob to scre= t:e8 first1F as :e told C? red
!er9sten of #issin9er7s NSC staff? NiEon7s bu8blin9 8ana9e8ent of t:e international
8onetar3 crisis =as one of t:e reasons =:3 :e =as *ater9ated1 and !i9 &a=n =as certainl3
seen b3 t:e financiers as a bi9 <art of t:e <roble8? !us: =as :u8iliated in t:is e<isode1 but
t:at is not:in9 co8<ared to =:at later :a<<ened to bot: Connall3 and NiEon? Connall3
=ould be indicted =:ile !us: =as in %e;in91 and later :e =ould face t:e furt:er :u8ilation
of <ersonal ban;ru<tc3? In t:e >ie= of &a8es Reston1 &r?1 FGeor9e !us: =as to 8aintain a
s8olderin91 >isceral disli;e of Connall31 one t:at lasted =ell into t:e 12/57s?F Gfn 2H As
ot:ers disco>ered durin9 t:e Gulf =ar1 !us: is >indicti>e?
!us: a<<eared before t:e Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee for :is <ro for8a and
<erfunctor3 confir8ation :earin9s on ebruar3 /1 12.1? It =as a free ride? Man3 of t:e
senators :ad ;no=n %rescott !us:1 and se>eral =ere still %rescott7s friends? Actin9 li;e
friends of t:e fa8il31 t:e3 9a>e !us: friendl3 ad>ice =it: a tone t:at =as con9ratulator3
and =ar81 and a>oided an3 tou9: @uestions? Stuart S38in9ton =arned !us: t:at :e =ould
:a>e to deal =it: t:e Fdualit3 of aut:orit3F bet=een :is no8inal boss1 Secretar3 of State
*illia8 Ro9ers1 and :is real boss1 NSC c:ief #issin9er? T:ere =as onl3 <assin9 reference
to !us:7s ser>ice of t:e oil cartel durin9 :is ti8e in t:e House1 and !us: >e:e8entl3 denied
t:at :e :ad e>er tried to F<lacateF t:e Foil interests?F Claiborne %ell said t:at !us: =ould
en:ance t:e luster of t:e UN <ost?
On <olic3 8atters1 !us: said t:at it =ould F8a;e senseF for t:e UN Securit3 Council to
conduct a debate on t:e =ars in Laos and Ca8bodia1 =:ic: =as so8et:in9 t:at t:e US :ad
been atte8<tin9 to <rocure for so8e ti8e? !us: t:ou9:t t:at suc: a debate could be used as
a foru8 to eE<ose t:e a99ressi>e acti>ities of t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese? No senator as;ed !us:
about C:ina1 but !us: told Bournalists =aitin9 in t:e :all t:at t:e @uestion of C:ina =as
no= under intensi>e stud3? T:e *as:in9ton %ost =as i8<ressed b3 !us:7s Flit:e and
3out:ful 9ood loo;s?F !us: =as easil3 confir8ed?
At !us:7s s=earin9 in later in ebruar3 NiEon1 <robabl3 anEious to cal8 !us: do=n after
t:e strains of t:e Connall3 affair1 :ad recalled t:at %resident *illia8 Mc#inle3 :ad lost an
election in O:io1 but ne>ert:less 9one on to beco8e %resident? F!ut I78 not su99estin9
=:at office 3ou s:ould see; and at =:at ti8e1F said NiEon? T:e da3 before1 Senator Adlai
Ste>enson III of Illinois :ad told t:e <ress t:at !us: =as Ftotall3 un@ualifiedF and t:at :is
a<<oint8ent :ad been Fan insultF to t:e UN? !us: <resented :is credentials on Marc: 1?
T:en !us:1 F:andso8e and tri8F at ).1 8o>ed into a suite at t:e *aldorf-Astoria Hotel in
Man:attan1 and settled into :is usual :3<er;inetic1 t:r3roid-dri>en life st3le? T:e
*as:in9ton %ost 8ar>elled at :is F=:irl=ind sc:eduleF =:ic: see8ed 8ore suitable for a
F<olitical as<irant t:an one usuall3 associated =it: a di<lo8at?F He rose e>er3 8ornin9 at .
AM1 and t:en 8ounted :is eEerc3cle for a t=el>e 8inute =or;out =:ile ta;in9 in a
tele>ision ne=s <ro9ra8 t:at also lasted eEactl3 t=el>e 8inutes? He ate a s8all brea;fast
and left t:e *aldorf at /1 to be dri>en to t:e US 8ission to t:e UN at Turtle !a3 =:ere :e
9enerall3 arri>ed at /"15? T:en :e =ould 9et t:e o>erni9:t cable traffic fro8 :is secretar31
Mrs? Aleene S8it:1 and t:en =ent into a conference =it: :is eEecuti>e assistant1 To8 Lais?
Later t:ere =ould be 8eetin9s =it: :is t=o de<uties1 A8bassadors C:risto<:er %:illi<s and
*? Ta<le3 !ennett of t:e State ,e<art8ent? %ete Roussel =as also still =it: :i8 as
<ublicit3 8an?
or !us:1 a 1--:our =or; da3 =as 8ore t:e rule t:an t:e eEce<tion? His da3s =ere <ac;ed
=it: one a<<oint8ent after anot:er1 lunc:eon en9a9e8ents1 rece<tions1 for8al dinners-- at
least one rece<tion and one dinner <er da3? So8eti8es t:ere =ere t:ree rece<tions <er da3--
@uite an o<<ortunit3 for net=or;in9 =it: li;e-8inded free8asons fro8 all o>er t:e =orld?
!us: also tra>elled to *as:in9ton for cabinet 8eetin9s1 and still did s<ea;in9 en9a9e8ents
around t:e countr31 es<eciall3 for Re<ublican candidates? FI tr3 to 9et to bed b3 11"'5 if
<ossible1 F said !us: in 12.11 Fbut often 83 calendar is so filled t:at I fall be:ind in 83
=or; and :a>e to ta;e it :o8e =it: 8e?F !us: bra99ed t:at :e =as still a F<rett3 tou9:F
doubles <la3er in tennis1 9ood enou9: to tea8 u< =it: t:e <ros? !ut :e clai8ed to lo>e
basbeall 8ost? He Bo;ed about @uestions on :is <in9 <on9 s;ills1 since t:ese =ere t:e
8ont:s of <in9 <on9 di<lo8ac31 =:en t:e in>itation for a US <in9 <on9 tea8 to >isit
%e;in9 beca8e a <art of t:e <re<aration for #issin9er7s C:ina card? Mainl3 !us: ca8e on
as an ultra-ort:odoE NiEon lo3alist? *as :e a liberal conser>ati>eD1 as;ed a re<orter?
F%eo<le in TeEas used to as; 8e t:at in t:e ca8<ai9ns1F re<lied !us:? FSo8e e>en called
8e a ri9:t-=in9 reactionar3? I li;e to t:in; of 83self as a <ra98atist1 but I :a>e learned to
def3 bein9 labelled???*:at I can sa3 is t:at I a8 a stron9 su<<orter of t:e %resident? If 3ou
can tell 8e =:at :e is1 I can tell 3ou =:at I a8?F !arbara li;ed t:e *aldorf suite1 and t:e
ent:usiastic :ost and :ostess soon laid on a de8andin9 sc:edule of rece<etions1 dinners1
and entertain8ents?
Soon after ta;in9 u< :is UN <ostin91 !us: recei>ed a <:one calle fro8 Assistant Secretar3
of State for Middle Eastern Affairs &ose<: Sisco1 one of #issin9er7s <rinci<al :enc:8en?
Sisco :ad been an9ered b3 so8e co88ents !us: :ad 8ade about t:e Middle East situation
in a <ress conference after <resentin9 :is credentials? ,es<ite t:e fact t:at !us:1 as a
cabinet officer1 ran;ed se>eral le>els abo>e Sisco1 Sisco =as in effect t:e >oice of
#issin9er? Sisco told !us: t:at it =as Sisco =:o s<o;e for t:e United States 9o>ern8ent on
t:e Middle East1 and t:at :e =ould do bot: t:e on-t:e-record tal;in9 and t:e lea;in9 about
t:at area? !us: ;nunc;led under1 for t:ese =ere t:e realities of t:e #issin9er 3ears?
Henr3 #issin9er =as no= !us:7s boss e>en 8ore t:an NiEon =as1 and later1 as t:e
*ater9ate scandal <ro9ressed into 12.'1 t:e do8inion of #issin9er =ould beco8e e>en
8ore absolute? ,urin9 t:ese 3ears !us:1 ser>in9 :is a<<rentices:i< in di<lo8ac3 and =orld
strate93 under #issin9er1 beca8e a >irtual #issin9er clone in t=o senses? irst1 to a
si9nificant de9ree1 #issin9er7s net=or;s and connections 8er9ed to9et:er =it: !us:7s o=n1
fores:ado=in9 a 12/2 ad8inistration in =:ic: t:e NSC director and t:e nu8ber t=o 8an
in t:e State ,e<art8ent =ere bot: #issin9er7s business <artners fro8 :is consultin9 and
influence-<eddlin9 fir81 #issin9er associates? Secondl31 !us: assi8ilated #issin9er7s
c:aracteristic !ritis:-st3le 9eo<olitical 8entalit3 and a<<roac: to <roble8s1 and t:is is no=
t:e e<iste8olo93 t:at dictates !us:7s o=n dealin9 =it: t:e 8ain @uestions of =orld
<olitics?
T:e #issin9er net=or;s in @uestion can be su88ed u< :ere under four :eadin9s? #issin9er
=as at once !ritis: i8<erialist1 Jionist1 So>iet1 and Red C:inese in :is orientation1 all
=ra<<ed u< in a <arcel of 9reed1 8e9alo8ania1 and <er>ersion? Gfn 2H #issin9er =as one of
t:e fe= <ersons in t:e =orld =:o still :ad an3t:in9 to teac: Geor9e !us: in an3 of t:ese
cate9ories?
T:e 8ost essential le>el of #issin9er =as t:e !ritis: one? T:is 8eant t:at US forei9n
<olic3 =as to be 9uided b3 !ritis: i8<erial 9eo<olitics1 in <articular t:e notion of t:e
balance of <o=er" t:e United States 8ust al=a3s all3 =it: t:e second stron9est land <o=er
in t:e =orld 0Red C:ina4 a9ainst t:e stron9est land <o=er 0t:e USSR4 in order to <reser>e
t:e balance of <o=er? T:is =as eE<ressed in t:e 12.1 -.$ NiEon-#issin9er o<enin9 to
%e;in91 to =:ic: !us: =ould contribute fro8 :is UN <ost? T:e balance of <o=er1 since it
rules out a <ositi>e en9a9e8ent for t:e econo8ic <ro9ress of t:e international co88unit3
as a =:ole1 :as al=a3s been a reci<e for ne= =ars? #issin9er =as in constant contact =it:
!ritis: forei9n <olic3 o<erati>es li;e Sir Eric Roll of S?G? *arbur9 in London1 Lord Trend1
Lord 6ictor Rot:sc:ild1 t:e !arin9s ban;1 and ot:ers?
On Ma3 151 12/$1 in a s<eec: entitled FReflections on a %artners:i<F 9i>en at t:e Ro3al
Institute of International Affairs at C:at:a8 House in London1 Henr3 #issin9er o<enl3
eE<ounded :is role and <:iloso<:3 as a !ritis: a9ent of influence =it:in t:e US
9o>ern8ent durin9 t:e NiEon and ord 3ears"
FT:e !ritis: =ere so 8atter-of-factl3 :el<ful t:at t:e3 beca8e a <artici<ant in internal
A8erican deliberations1 to a de9ree <robabl3 ne>er before <racticed bet=een so>erei9n
nations? In 83 <eriod in office1 t:e !ritis: <la3ed a se8inal <art in certain A8erican
bilateral ne9otiations =it: t:e So>iet Union--indeed1 t:e3 :el<ed draft t:e ;e3 docu8ent? In
83 *:ite House incarnation t:en1 I ;e<t t:e !ritis: orei9n Office better infor8ed and
8ore closel3 en9a9ed t:an I did t:e A8erican State ,e<art8ent???? In 83 ne9otiations o>er
R:odesia I =or;ed fro8 a !ritis: draft =it: !ritis: s<ellin9 e>en =:en I did not full3 9ras<
t:e distinction bet=een a =or;in9 <a<er and a Cabinet- a<<ro>ed docu8ent?F
#issin9er =as also careful to <oint out t:at t:e United States 8ust su<<ort colonial and
neo-colonial strate9ies a9ainst t:e de>elo<in9 sector"
FA8ericans fro8 ran;lin Roose>elt on=ard belie>ed t:at t:e United States1 =it: its
Pre>olutionar37 :erita9e1 =as t:e natural all3 of <eo<le stru99lin9 a9ainst colonialis8C =e
could =in t:e alle9iance of t:ese ne= nations b3 o<<osin9 and occasionall3 under8inin9
our Euro<ean allies in t:e areas of t:eir colonial do8inance? C:urc:ill1 of course1 resisted
t:ese A8erican <ressures???? In t:is conteEt1 t:e eE<erience of SueA is instructi>e???? Our
:u8iliation of !ritain and rance o>er SueA =as a s:atterin9 blo= to t:ese countries7 role
as =orld <o=ers? It accelerated t:eir s:eddin9 of international res<onsibilities1 so8e of t:e
conse@uences of =:ic: =e sa= in succeedin9 decades =:en realit3 forced us to ste< into
t:eir s:oes--in t:e %ersian Gulf1 to ta;e one notable eEa8<le? SueA t:us added enor8ousl3
to A8erica7s burdens?F #issin9er =as t:e :i9: <riest of i8<erialis8 and neocolonialis81
ani8ated b3 an instincti>e :atred for Indira Gand:i1 Aldo Moro1 Ali !:utto1 and ot:er
nationalist =orld leaders? #issin9er7s !ritis: 9eo<olitics si8<l3 accentuated !us:7s o=n
fanaticall3 An9lo<:ile <oint of >ie= =:ic: :e :ad ac@uired fro8 fat:er %rescott and
i8bibed fro8 t:e at8os<:ere of t:e fa8il3 fir81 !ro=n !rot:ers Harri8an1 ori9inall3 t:e
US branc: of a !ritis: countin9 :ouse?
#issin9er =as also dedicated to econo8ic1 di<lo8atic1 and 8ilitar3 su<<ort of Israeli
a99ression and eE<ansionis8 to ;ee< t:e Middle East in tur8oil so as to <re>ent Arab unit3
and Arab econo8ic de>elo<8ent =:ile usin9 t:e re9ion to 8ount c:allen9es to t:e So>iets?
#issin9er7s soul-8ates =ere fi9ures li;e Gen? Ariel S:aron1 t:e :arbin9er of endless =ars in
t:e Middle East? In t:is :e =as a follo=er of !ritis: %ri8e Minister !enBa8in ,israeli and
Lord !alfour? In t:e 12.' Middle East =ar =:ic: :e :ad conni>ed to unleas:1 #issin9er
=ould 8aster8ind t:e US resu<<l3 of Israel and =ould declare a US-=orld =ide
t:er8onuclear alert? In later 3ears #issin9er =ould enric: :i8self t:rou9: s<eculati>e real
estate <urc:ases on t:e *est ban; of t:e &ordan1 bu3in9 u< land and buildin9s t:at :ad been
>irtuall3 confiscated fro8 defenseless %alestinian Arabs?
#issin9er =as also <ro-So>iet in a sense t:at =ent far be3ond :is s<onsors:i< of t:e 12.57s
detente1 SALT I1 and t:e A!M treat3 =it: Mosco=? %olis: #G! a9ent Mic:ael
Golenie=s;i is =idel3 re<orted to :a>e told t:e !ritis: 9o>ern8ent in 12.$ t:at :e :ad
seen #G! docu8ents in %oland before :is 12+2 defection =:ic: establis:ed t:at #issin9er
=as a So>iet asset? Accordin9 to Golenie=s;i1 #issin9er :ad been recruited b3 t:e So>iets
durin9 :is Ar83 ser>ice in Ger8an3 after t:e end of *orld *ar II1 =:en :e :ad =or;ed as
a :u8ble c:auffeur? #issin9er :ad alle9edl3 been recruited to an es<iona9e cell called
O,RA1 =:ere :e recei>ed t:e code na8e of F!ORF or FCOLONEL !OR?F So8e >ersions
of t:is stor3 also s<ecif3 t:at t:is cell :ad been lar9el3 co8<osed of :o8oseEuals1 and t:at
:o8oseEualit3 :ad been an i8<ortant <art of t:e =a3 t:at #issin9er :ad been <ic;ed u< b3
t:e #G!? T:ese re<orts =ere re<ortedl3 <artl3 su<<orted b3 Golits3n1 anot:er So>iet
defector? T:e late &a8es &esus An9leton1 t:e CIA counter-intelli9ence director for t=ent3
3ears u< to 12.' =as said to :a>e been t:e US official =:o =as :anded Golenie=s;i7s
re<ort b3 t:e !ritis:? An9leton later tal;ed a lot about #issin9er bein9 FobBecti>el3 a So>iet
a9ent1F but t:at =as a t:ro=-a=a3 line b3 t:at ti8e? It :as not been establis:ed t:at
An9leton e>er ordered an acti>e in>esti9ation of #issin9er or e>er assi9ned :is case a
codena8e?
#issin9er7s C:inese side =as >er3 8uc: in e>idence durin9 12.1-.' and be3ondC durin9
t:ese 3ears :e =as obsessed =it: an3t:in9 re8otel3 connected =it: C:ina and sou9:t to
8ono<oliAe decisions and contacts =it: t:e :i9:est le>els of t:e C:inese leaders:i<? T:is
attitude =as dictated 8ost of all b3 t:e !ritis: 8entalit3 and 9eo<olitical considerations
indicated abo>e1 but it is also un@uestionable t:at #issin9er felt a stron9 <ersonal affinit3
for C:ou En-Lai1 Mao tse-tun91 and t:eir 9rou< of C:inese leaders1 =:o :ad been
res<onsible for t:e 9enocide of 15515551555 8illion of t:eir o=n <eo<le after 12)2?
#issin9er <ossessed ot:er di8ensions in addition to t:ese1 includin9 close lin;s to t:e
Me3er Lans;3 under=orld? T:ese =ill also loo8 lar9e in Geor9e !us:7s career?
or all of t:ese #issin9erian enor8ities1 !us: no= beca8e t:e <rinci<al s<o;es8an? In t:e
<rocess1 :e =as to beco8e a #issin9er clone?
T:e definin9 e>ents in t:e first 3ear of !us:7s UN tenure reflected #issin9er7s 9eo<olitical
obsession =it: :is C:ina card? Re8e8ber t:at in :is 12-) ca8<ai9n1 !us: :ad stated t:at
Red C:ina 8ust ne>er be ad8itted to t:e UN and t:at if %e;in9 e>er obtained t:e C:inese
seat on t:e Securit3 Council1 t:e US 8ust de<art fort:=it: fro8 t:e =orld bod3? T:is
state8ent ca8e bac; to :aunt :i8 once or t=ice? His stoc; ans=er =ent li;e t:is" Ft:at =as
12-)1 a lon9 ti8e a9o? T:ere7s been an a=ful lot c:an9ed since???A <erson =:o is un=illin9
to ad8it t:at c:an9es :a>e ta;en <lace is out of t:in9s t:ese da3s? %resident NiEon is not
bein9 nai>e in :is C:ina <olic3? He is reco9niAin9 t:e realities of toda31 not t:e realities of
se>en 3ears a9o?F One of t:e realities of 12.1 =as t:at t:e ban;ru<t !ritis: :ad declared
t:e8sel>es to be financiall3 unable to 8aintain t:eir 8ilitar3 <resence in t:e Indian Ocean
and t:e ar East1 in t:e area FEast of SueA?F %art of t:e ti8in9 of t:e #issin9er C:ina card
=as dictated b3 t:e !ritis: desire to ac@uire C:ina as a counter=ei9:t to Russia and India
in t:is >ast area of t:e =orld1 and also to insure a US 8ilitar3 <resence in t:e Indian Ocean1
as seen later in t:e US de>elo<8ent of an i8<ortant base on t:e island of ,ie9o Garcia?
On a =orld tour durin9 12-21 NiEon :ad told %resident (a:3a #:an1 t:e dictator of
%a;istan1 t:at :is ad8inistration =anted to nor8aliAe relations =it: Red C:ina and =anted
t:e :el< of t:e %a;istani 9o>ern8ent in eEc:an9in9 8essa9es? Re9ular 8eetin9s bet=een
t:e US and %e;in9 :ad 9one on for 8an3 3ears in *arsa=1 but =:at NiEon =as tal;in9
about =as a total re>ersal of US C:ina <olic3? U< until 12.11 t:e US :ad reco9niAed t:e
9o>ern8ent of t:e Re<ublic of C:ina on Tai=an as t:e sole so>erei9n and le9iti8ate
aut:orit3 o>er C:ina? T:e US1 unli;e !ritain1 rance1 and 8an3 ot:er =estern countries1
:ad no di<lo8atic relations =it: t:e %e;in9 Co88unist re9i8e? T:e C:inese seat a8on9
t:e fi>e <er8anent 8e8bers of t:e United Nations Securit3 Council =as :eld b3 t:e
9o>ern8ent in Tai<ei? E>er3 3ear in t:e earl3 autu8n t:ere =as an atte8<t b3 t:e non-
ali9ned bloc to oust Tai<ei fro8 t:e Securit3 Council and re<lace t:e8 =it: %e;in91 but so
far t:is >ote :ad al=a3s failed because of US ar8-t=istin9 in Latin A8erica and t:e rest of
t:e t:ird =orld? One of t:e reasons t:at t:is arran9e8ent :ad endured so lon9 =as t:e
i88ense <resti9e of ROC %resident C:ian9 #ai-S:e; and t:e senti8ental <o<ularit3 of t:e
#uo8intan9 in t:e United States electorate? T:ere still =as a >er3 <o=erful C:ina lobb31
=:ic: =as es<eciall3 stron9 a8on9 ri9:t-=in9 Re<ublicans of =:at :ad been t:e Taft and
#no=land factions of t:e <art31 and =:ic: Gold=ater continued? No=1 in t:e 8idst of t:e
6ietna8 =ar1 =it: US strate9ic and econo8ic <o=er in decline1 t:e An9lo-A8erican elite
decided in fa>or of a 9eo<olitical alliance =it: C:ina a9ainst t:e So>iets for t:e foreseeable
future? T:is 8eant t:at t:e :onor of US co88it8ents to t:e ROC :ad to be du8<ed
o>erboard as so 8uc: useless ballast1 =:ate>er t:e do8estic <olitical conse@uences 8i9:t
be? T:is =as t:e tas; 9i>en to #issin9er1 NiEon1 and Geor9e !us:?
T:e 8aneu>er on t:e a9enda for 12.1 =as to oust t:e ROC fro8 t:e UN Securit3 and
assi9n t:eir seat t:ere to %e;in9? #issin9er and NiEon calculated t:at du<licit3 =ould
insulate t:e8 fro8 do8estic <olitical da8a9e" =:ile t:e3 =ere o<enin9 to %e;in91 t:e3
=ould call for a Ft=o C:inasF <olic31 under =:ic: bot: %e;in9 and Tai<ei =ould be
re<resented at t:e UN1 at least in t:e General Asse8bl31 des<ite t:e fact t:at t:is =as an
alternati>e t:at bot: C:inese 9o>ern8ents >e:e8entl3 reBected? T:e US =ould <retend to
be fi9:tin9 to ;ee< Tai<ei in t:e UN1 =it: Geor9e !us: leadin9 t:e fa;e c:ar9e1 but t:is
effort =ould be defeated? T:en t:e NiEon Ad8inistration could clai8 t:at t:e >ote in t:e
UN =as be3ond its control1 co8fortabl3 resi9n itself to %e;in9 in t:e Securit3 Council1 and
<ursue t:e C:ina card? *:at =as called for =as a c3nical1 du<licitious di<lo8atic c:arade
in =:ic: !us: =ould :a>e t:e leadin9 <art?
T:is scenario =as co8<licated b3 t:e ri>alr3 bet=een Secretar3 of State Ro9ers and NSC
boss #issin9er? Ro9ers =as an old friend of NiEon1 but it =as of course #issin9er =:o
8ade forei9n <olic3 for NiEon and t:e rest of t:e 9o>ern8ent1 and #issin9er =:o =as
inco8<arabl3 t:e 9reater e>il? !et=een Ro9ers and #issin9er1 !us: =as un:esitatin9l3 on
t:e side of #issin9er? In later Con9ressional testi8on3 Ra3 Cline1 a =:eel :orse of t:e
!us: faction of t:e CIA1 :as tried to ar9ue t:at Ro9ers and !us: =ere ;e<t in t:e dar; b3
NiEon and #issin9er about t:e real nature of t:e US C:ina <olic3? T:e i8<lication is t:at
!us:7s efforts to ;ee< Tai=an at t:e UN =ere in 9ood fait:? Accordin9 to Cline7s fantastic
account1 FNiEon and #issin9er actuall3 7under8ined7 t:e de<art8ent7s efforts in 12.1 to
sa>e Tai=an?F Gfn 15H Ro9ers 8a3 :a>e belie>ed t:at :el<in9 Tai=an =as US <olic31 but
!us: did not? Cline7s >ersion of t:ese e>ents is an insult to t:e intelli9ence of an3 serious
<erson?
T:e NiEon era C:ina card too; s:a<e durin9 &ul31 12.1 =it: #issin9er7s FO<eration Marco
%olo I1F :is secret first tri< to %e;in9? #issin9er sa3s in :is 8e8oirs t:at !us: =as
considered a candidate to 8a;e t:is Bourne31 alon9 =it: ,a>id !ruce1 Elloit Ric:ardson1
Nelson Roc;efeller1 and Al Hai9? Gfn 11H #issin9er first Bourne3ed to India1 and t:en to
%a;istan? ro8 t:ere1 =it: t:e :el< of (a:3a #:an1 #issin9er =ent on to !eiBin9 for
8eetin9s =it: C:ou En-Lai and ot:er C:inese officals? He returned b3 =a3 of %aris1 =:ere
:e 8et =it: Nort: 6ietna8ese ne9otiator Le ,uc T:o at t:e %aris tal;s on Indo- C:ina?
Returnin9 to *as:in9ton1 #issin9er briefed NiEon on :is understandin9 =it: C:ou? On
&ul3 1+1 12.1 NiEon announced to a :u9e tel>ision and radio audience t:at :e :ad acce<ted
F=it: <leasureF an in>itation to >isit C:ina at so8e occasion before Ma3 of 12.$? He
la8el3 assured Fold friendsF 08eanin9 C:ian9 #ai-S:e; and t:e ROC 9o>ern8ent on
Tai=an4 t:at t:eir interests =ould not be sacrificed? Later in :e sa8e 3ear1 bet=een October
1-t: and $-t:1 #issin9er undertoo; o<eration F%olo II1F a second1 <ublic >isit =it: C:ou in
%e;in9 to decide t:e details of NiEon7s >isit and :a88er out =:at =as to beco8e t:e US-
%RC S:an9:ai Co88uni@ue71 t:e Boint state8ent issued durin9 NiEon7s sta3? ,urin9 t:is
>isit C:ou cautioned #issin9er not to be disoriented b3 t:e :ostile %e;in9 <ro<a9anda line
a9ainst t:e US1 8anifestations of =:ic: =ere e>er3=:ere to be seen? Anti-US slo9ans on
t:e =alls1 said C:ou1 =ere 8eanin9less1 li;e Ffirin9 an e8<t3 cannon?F NiEon and
#issin9er e>entuall3 Bourne3ed to %e;in9 in ebruar31 12.$?
It =as before t:is bac;dro< t:at !us: =a9ed :is farcical ca8<ai9n to ;ee< Tai=an in t:e
UN? T:e State ,e<art8ent :ad stated t:rou9: t:e 8out: of Ro9ers on Au9ust $ t:at t:e US
=ould su<<ort t:e ad8ission of Red C:ina to t:e UN1 but =ould o<<ose t:e eE<ulsion of
Tai=an? T:is =as t:e so-called Ft=o C:inasF <olic3? In an Au9ust 1$ inter>ie=1 !us: told
t:e *as:in9ton %ost t:at :e =as =or;in9 :ard to line u< t:e >otes to ;ee< Tai=an as a UN
8e8ber =:en t:e ti8e to >ote ca8e in t:e fall? Res<ondin9 to t:e ob>ious i8<ression t:at
t:is =as a fraud for do8estic <olitical <ur<oses onl31 !us: <led9ed :is :onor on NiEon7s
co88itt8ent to Ft=o C:inas?FFI ;no= for a fact t:at t:e %resident =ants to see t:e <olic3
i8<le8ented1F said !us:1 a<<arentl3 =it: a strai9:t face1 addin9 t:at :e :ad discussed t:e
8atter =it: NiEon and #issin9er at t:e *:ite House onl3 a fe= da3s before? !us: said t:at
:e and ot:er 8e8bers of :is 8ission :ad lobbied -- countries so far1 and t:at t:is fi9ure
=as li;el3 to rise to /5 b3 t:e follo=in9 =ee;? Ulti8atel3 !us: =ould clai8 to :a>e tal;ed
<ersonll3 =it: 2) dele9ations to 9et t:e8 to let Tai=an sta31 =:ic: a fello= di<lo8at called
Fa @uantitati>e trac; record?F
,i<lo8atic obser>ers noted t:at t:e US acti>it3 =as entirel3 confined to t:e :i9:-<rofile
F9lass <alaceF of t:e UN1 and t:at >irtuall3 not:in9 =as bein9 done b3 US a8bassadors in
ca<itals around t:e =orld? !ut !us: countered t:at if it =ere Bust a @uestion of 9oin9
t:rou9: t:e 8otions as a 9esture for Tai=an1 :e =ould not be de>otin9 so 8uc: of :is ti8e
and ener93 to t:e cause? T:e 8ain effort =as at t:e UN because Ft:is is =:at t:e UN is for1F
:e co88ented? !us: said t:at :is o<ti8is8 about ;ee<in9 t:e Tai=an 8e8bers:i< :ad
increased o>er t:e <ast t:ree =ee;s? Gfn 1$H
!3 late Se<te8ber1 !us: =as sa3in9 t:at :e sa= a better t:an +5-+5 c:ance t:at t:e UN
General Asse8bl3 =ould seat bot: C:inese 9o>ern8ents? !3 t:is ti8e1 t:e official US
<osition as enunciated b3 !us: =as t:at t:e Securit3 Council seat s:ould 9o to %e;in91 but
t:at Tai<ei ou9:t to be allo=ed to re8ain in t:e General Asse8bl3? Since 12-11 t:e US
strate93 for bloc;in9 t:e ad8ission of %e;in9 :ad de<ended on a <rocedural defense1
obtainin9 a si8<le 8aBorit3 of t:e General Asse8bl3 for a resolution definin9 t:e seatin9 of
%e;in9 as an I8<ortant Luestion1 =:ic: re@uired a t=o-t:irds 8aBorit3 in order to be
i8<le8ented? T:us1 if t:e US could 9et a si8<le 8aBorit3 on t:e <rocedural >ote1 one t:ird
<lus one =ould suffice to defeat %e;in9 on t:e second >ote?
T:e General Asse8bl3 con>ened on Se<te8ber $1? !us: and :is aides =ere runnin9 a
ludicrous all-court <ress on scores of dele9ations? T=ice a da3 t:ere =as a State ,e<art8ent
briefin9 on t:e >ote tall3? F(es1 !urundi is =it: us???About Ar9entina =e7re not sure1F etc?4
All t:is attention 9ot !us: an a<<earance on Face t:e NationF1 =:ere :e said t:at t:e t=o-
C:ina <olic3 s:ould be a<<ro>ed re9ardless of t:e fact t:at bot: %e;in9 and Tai<ei reBected
it? FI don7t t:in; =e :a>e to 9o t:rou9: t:e a9on3 of =:et:er t:e Re<ublic of C:ina =ill
acce<t or =:et:er %e;in9 =ill acce<t1F !us: told t:e inter>ie=ers? FLet t:e United Nations
for a c:an9e do so8et:in9 t:a reall3 does face u< to realit3 and t:en let t:at decision be
8ade b3 t:e <arties in>ol>ed1F said !us: =it: :is usual ini8itable r:etorical flair?
T:e UN debate on t:e C:ina seat =as sc:eduled to o<en on October 1/C on October 1$
NiEon 9a>e a <ress conference in =:ic: :e totall3 i9nored t:e subBect1 and 8ade no a<<eal
for su<<ort for Tai=an? On October 1-1 #issin9er de<arted =it: 9reat fanfare for C:ina?
#issin9er sa3s in :is 8e8oirs t:at :e :ad been encoura9ed to 9o to C:ina b3 !us:1 =:o
assured :i8 t:at a :i9:l3 <ubliciAed #issin9er tri< to %e;in9 =ould :a>e no i8<act
=:ate>er on t:e UN >ote? On October $+1 t:e General Asse8bl3 defeated t:e US resolution
to 8a;e t:e C:ina seat an I8<ortant Luestion b3 a >ote of +2 to +)1 =it: 1+ abstentions?
Ninet3 8inutes later ca8e t:e >ote on t:e Albanian resolution to seat %e;in9 and eE<el
Tai<ei1 =:ic: <assed b3 a >ote of .- to '+? !us: t:en cast t:e US >ote to seat %e;in91 and
t:en :urried to escort t:e ROC dele9ate1 Liu C:ie:1 out of t:e :all for t:e last ti8e? T:e
General Asse8bl3 =as t:e scene of a Bubilant de8onstration led b3 t:ird =orld dele9ates
o>er t:e fact t:at Red C:ina :ad been ad8itted1 and e>en 8ore so t:at t:e US :ad been
defeated? T:e TanAanian dele9ate danced a Bi9 in t:e aisle? Henr3 #issin9er1 fl3in9 bac;
fro8 %e;in91 9ot t:e ne=s on :is telet3<e and <raised !us:7s F>aliant efforts?F
Ha>in9 conni>ed in sellin9 Tai=an do=n t:e ri>er1 it =as no= an eas3 8atter for t:e NiEon
re9i8e to fa;e a 9reat deal of indi9nation for do8estic <olitical consu8<tion about =:at
:ad :a<<ened? NiEon7s s<o;es8an Ron Jie9ler declared t:at NiEon :ad been outra9ed b3
t:e Fs<ectacleF of t:e Fc:eerin91 :andcla<<in91 and dancin9F dele9ates after t:e >ote1 =:ic:
NiEon :ad seen as a Fs:oc;in9 de8onstrationF of undis9uised 9leeF and F<ersonal
ani8osit3?F Notice t:at Jie9ler :ad not:in9 to sa3 a9ainst t:e >ote1 or a9ainst %e;in91 but
concentrated t:e fire on t:e t:ird =orld dele9ates1 =:o =ere also t:reatened =it: a cutoff of
US forei9n aid?
T:is =as t:e line t:at !us: =ould sla>is:l3 follo=? On t:e last da3 of October t:e <a<ers
@uoted :i8 sa3in9 t:at t:e de8onstration after t:e >ote =as Fso8et:in9 u9l31 so8et:in9
:ars: t:at transcended nor8al disa<<oint8ent or elation?F FI reall3 t:ou9:t =e =ere 9oin9
to =in1F said !us:1 still =it: a strai9:t face? FI78 so???disa<<ointed?F FT:ere =asn7t Bust
cla<<in9 and ent:usias8 Fafter t:e >ote1 :e =:ined? F*:en I =ent u< to s<ea; I =as :issed
and booed? I don7t t:in; it7s 9ood for t:e United Nations and t:at7s t:e <oint I feel >er3
stron9l3 about?F In t:e >ie= of a *as:in9ton %ost staff =riter1 Ft:e bo3is: loo;in9 US
a8bassador to t:e United Nations loo;ed considerabl3 t:e =orse for =ear? !ut :e still
con>e3s t:e i8<ression of an earnest fello= tr3in9 to be t:e class >aledictorian1 as :e once
=as described?F G fn 1'H !us: eE<ected t:e %e;in9 dele9ation to arri>e in ne= (or; soon1
because t:e3 <robabl3 =anted to ta;e o>er t:e <residenc3 of t:e Securit3 Council1 =:ic:
rotated on a 8ont:l3 basis? F!ut =:3 an3bod3 =ould =ant an earl3 case of c:ic;en <oE1 I
don7t ;no=1F said !us:?
*:en t:e %e;in9 dele9ation did arri>e1 C:inese ,e<ut3 orei9n Minister C:7aio #uan- :ua
deli>ered a 8aiden s<eec: full of ideolo9ical bo8bast alon9 t:e lines of <assa9es #issin9er
:ad con>inced C:ou to cut out of t:e draft teEt of t:e S:an9:ai co88uni@ue so8e da3s
before? #issin9er t:en tele<:oned !us: to sa3 in :is o=n s<eec: t:at t:e US re9retted t:at
t:e C:inese :ad elected to inau9urate t:eir <artici<ation in t:e UN b3 Ffirin9 t:ese e8<t3
cannons of r:etoric?F !us:1 li;e a >entrilo@uist7s du8831 obedientl3 8out:ed #issin9er7s
one-liner as a ;ind of coded 8essa9e to %e;in9 t:at all t:e <ublic bluster 8eant not:in9
bet=een t:e t=o secret and increasin9l3 <ublic allies?
T:e farce of !us:7s <anto8i8e in su<<ort of t:e #issin9er C:ina card >er3 nearl3 turned
into t:e tra9ed3 of 9eneral =ar later in 12.1? T:is in>ol>ed t:e ,ece8ber1 12.1 =ar
bet=een India and %a;istan =:ic: led to t:e creation of an inde<endent state of
!en9lades:1 and =:ic: 8ust be counted as one of t:e least-;no=n t:er8onuclear
confrontations of t:e US and t:e USSR? or #issin9er and !us:1 =:at =as at sta;e in t:is
crisis =as t:e consolidation of t:e C:ina card?
In 12.51 (a:3a #:an1 t:e !ritis:-connected1 Sand:urst-educated dictator of %a;istan1 =as
forced to announce t:at elections =ould be :eld in t:e entire countr3? It =ill be recalled t:at
%a;istan =as at t:at ti8e t=o se<arate re9ions1 east and =est1 =it: India in bet=een? In East
%a;istan or !en9al1 t:e A=a8i Lea9ue of S:ei; MuBibur Ra:8an ca8<ai9ned on a
<latfor8 of autono83 for !en9al1 accusin9 t:e central 9o>ern8ent in far-off Isla8abad of
ine<titude and eE<loitation? T:e resent8ent in East %a;istan =as 8ade 8ore acute b3 t:e
fact t:at !en9al :ad Bust been :it b3 a t3<:oon1 =:ic: :ad caused eEtensi>e floodin9 and
de>astation1 and b3 t:e failure of t:e 9o>ern8ent in =est %a;istan to or9aniAe and effecti>e
relief effort? In t:e elections1 t:e A=a8i lea9ue =on 1-. out of 1-2 seats in t:e east? (a:3a
#:an dela3ed t:e seatin9 of t:e ne= national asse8bl3 and on t:e e>enin9 of Marc: $+
ordered t:e %a;istani ar83 to arrest MuBibur and to =i<e out :is or9aniAation in East
%a;istan? T:e ar83 <roceeded to launc: a ca8<ai9n of <olitical 9enocide in East %a;istan?
Esti8ates of t:e nu8ber of >icti8s ran9e fro8 +551555 to t:ree 8illion dead? All 8e8bers
of t:e A=a8i Lea9ue1 all Hindus1 all students and intellectuals =ere in dan9er of eEecution
b3 ro>in9 ar83 <atrols? A senior US orei9n Ser>ice officer sent :o8e a de<atc: in =:ic:
:e told of *est %a;istani soldiers settin9 fire to a =o8en7s dor8itor3 at t:e Uni>ersit3 of
,acca and t:en 8ac:ine- 9unnin9 t:e =o8en =:en t:e3 =ere forced b3 t:e fla8es to run
out? T:is ca8<ai9n of ;illin9 =ent on until ,ece8ber1 and it 9enerated an esti8ated 15
8illion refu9ees1 8ost of =:o8 fled across t:e nearb3 borders to India1 =:ic: :ad territor3
all around East %a;istan? T:e arri>al of ten 8illion refu9ees caused indescribable c:aos in
India1 =:ose 9o>ern8ent =as unable to <re>ent untold nu8bers fro8 star>in9 to deat:? Gfn
1)H
ro8 t:e >er3 be9innin9 of t:is 8onu8ental 9enocide1 #issin9er and NiEon 8ade it clear
t:at t:e3 =ould not conde8n (a:3a #:an1 =:o8 NiEon considered a <ersonal friend?
#issin9er referred 8erel3 to t:e Fstron9 -ar8 tactics of t:e %a;istani 8ilitar31F and NiEon
circulated a 8e8o in :is o=n :and=ritin9 sa3in9 FTo all :ands? ,on7t s@ueeAe (a:3a at t:is
ti8e? RNF NiEon stressed re<eatedl3 t:at :e =anted to FtiltF in fa>or of %a;istan in t:e
crisis?
One le>el of eE<lanation for t:is acti>e co8<licit3 in 9enocide =as t:at #issin9er and
NiEon re9arded (a:3a #:an as t:eir indis<ensable bac; c:annel to %e;in9? !ut #issin9er
could soon 9o to %e;in9 an3ti8e :e =anted1 and soon :e could tal; to t:e C:inese UN
dele9ate in one of t:e CIA7s Ne= (or; safe :ouses? T:e essence of t:e su<<ort for t:e
butc:er (a:3a #:an =as t:is" in 12-$ India and C:ina :ad en9a9ed in a brief border =ar1
and t:e %e;in9 leaders re9arded India as t:eir 9eo<olitical ene83? In order to in9ratiate
:i8self =it: C:ou and Mao1 #issin9er =anted to ta;e a <osition in fa>or of %a;istan1 and
t:erefore of %a;istan7s all3 C:ina1 and a9ainst India and a9ainst India7s all31 t:e USSR?
0S:ortl3 after #issin9er7s tri< to C:ina :ad ta;en <lace and NiEon :ad announced :is
intention to 9o to %e;in91 India and t:e USSR :ad si9ned a t=ent3 3ear friends:i< treat3?
In #issin9er7s >ie=1 t:e Indo-%a;istani conflict o>er !en9al =as sure to beco8e a Sino-
So>iet clas: b3 <roE31 and :e =anted t:e United States ali9ned =it: C:ina in order to
i8<ress %e;in9 =it: t:e >ast benefits to be deri>ed fro8 t:e US-%RC strate9ic alliance
under t:e :eadin9 of t:e FC:ina card?F
#issin9er and NiEon =ere isolated =it:in t:e *as:in9ton bureaucrac3 on t:is issue?
Secretar3 of State Ro9ers =as >er3 reluctant to 9o on su<<ortin9 %a;istan1 and t:is =as t:e
<re>alent >ie= in o993 !otto8 and in t:e e8bassies around t:e =orld? Tric;3 ,ic; and
at Henr3 =ere isolated fro8 t:e >ast 8aBorit3 of Con9ressional o<inion1 =:ic: eE<ressed
:orror and outra9e o>er t:e eEtent of t:e carna9e bein9 carried out =ee; after =ee;1 8ont:
after 8ont:1 b3 (a:3a #:an7s ar8ed forces? E>en t:e 8edia and US <ublic o<inion could
not find an3 reason for t:e friendl3 FtiltF in fa>or of (a:3a #:an? On &ul3 '11 #issin9er
eE<loded at a 8eetin9 of t:e Senior Re>ie= Grou< =:en a <ro<osal =as 8ade t:at t:e
%a;istani ar83 could be re8o>ed fro8 !en9al? F*:3 is it our business :o= t:e3 9o>ern
t:e8sel>es1F #issin9er ra9ed? FT:e %resident al=a3s sa3s to tilt to %a;istan1 but e>er3
<ro<osal I 9et Gfro8 inside t:e US 9o>ern8entH is in t:e o<<osite direction? So8eti8es I
t:in; I a8 in a nut :ouse?F T:is =ent on for 8ont:s? On ,ece8ber '1 at a 8eetin9 of
#issin9er7s *as:in9ton S<ecial Action Grou<1 #issin9er eE<loded a9ain1 eEclai8in9 FI7>e
been catc:in9 uns:irted :ell e>er3 :alf-:our fro8 t:e <resident =:o sa3s =e7re not tou9:
enou9:? He reall3 doesn7t belie>e =e7re carr3in9 out :is =is:es? He =ants to tilt to=ards
%a;istan and :e belie>es t:at e>er3 briefin9 or state8ent is 9oin9 t:e ot:er =a3?F Gfn 1+H
!ut no 8atter =:at Ro9ers1 t:e State ,e<art8ent and t:e rest of t:e =as:in9ton
bureaucrac3 8i9:t do1 #issin9er ;ne= t:at Geor9e !us: at t:e UN =ould <la3 alon9 =it:
t:e <ro-%a;istan tilt? FAnd I ;ne= t:at Geor9e !us:1 our able UN a8bassador1 =ould carr3
out t:e %resident7s <olic31F =rote #issin9er in :is 8e8oirs in describin9 :is decision to
dro< US o<<osition to a Securit3 Council debate on t:e subcontinent? T:is 8ade !us: one
of t:e 8ost de9raded and ser>ile US officials of t:e era?
Indira Gand:i :ad co8e to *as:in9ton in No>e8ber to atte8<t a <eaceful settle8ent to t:e
crisis1 but =as crudel3 snubbed b3 NiEon and #issin9er? T:e c:ronolo93 of t:e acute final
<:ase of t:e crisis can be su88ed u< as follo=s"
,ece8ber '-- (a:3a #:an ordered t:e %a;istani Air orce to carr3 out a series of sur<rise
air raids on Indian air bases in t:e nort: and =est of India? T:ese raids =ere not effecti>e in
destro3in9 t:e Indian air force on t:e 9round1 =:ic: :ad been (a:3a #:an7s intent1 but
(a:3a #:an7s a99ression did <reci<itate t:e feared Indo-%a;istani =ar? T:e Indian Ar83
8ade ra<id ad>ances a9ainst t:e %a;istani forces in !en9al1 =:ile t:e Indian na>3
bloc;aded %a;istan7s <orts? At t:is ti8e1 t:e bi99est-e>er buidldu< in t:e So>iet na>al
forces in t:e Indian Ocean also be9an?
,ec? )-- At t:e UN Securit3 Council1 Geor9e !us: deli>ered a s<eec: in =:ic: :is 8ain
t:rust =as to accuse India of re<eated incursions into East %a;istan1 and c:allen9in9 t:e
le9iti8ac3 of India7s resort to ar8s1 in s<ite of t:e <lain e>idence t:at %a;istan :ad struc;
first? !us: introduced a draft resolution =:ic: called on India and %a;istan i88ediatel3 to
cease all :ostilities? !us:7s resolution also 8andated t:e i88ediate =it:dra=al of all Indian
and %a;istani ar8ed forces bac; to t:eir o=n territor31 8eanin9 in effect t:at India s:ould
<ull bac; fro8 East %a;istan and let (a:3a #:an7s forces t:ere 9et bac; to t:eir 8ission of
9enocide a9ainst t:e local <o<ulation? Obser>ers =ere to be <laced alon9 t:e Indo-%a;istani
borders b3 t:e UN Secretar3 General? !us:7s resolution also contained a 9rotes@ue call on
India and %a;istan to FeEert t:eir best efforts to=ards t:e creation of a cli8ate conduci>e to
t:e >oluntar3 return of refu9ees to East %a;istan?F T:s resolution =as out of touc: =it: t:e
t=o realities" t:at (a:3a #:an :ad started t:e 9enocide in East %a;istan bac; in Marc:1 and
t:at (a:3a :ad no= launc:ed a99ression a9ainst India =it: :is air raids? !us:7s resolution
=as >etoed b3 t:e So>iet re<resentati>e1 (a;o> Mali;?
,ece8ber -- T:e Indian Go>ern8ent eEtended di<lo8atic reco9nition to t:e inde<endent
state of !en9lades:? Indian troo<s 8ade continued <ro9ress a9ainst t:e %a;istani ar83 in
!en9al?
On t:e sa8e da31 an N!C ca8era tea8 fil8ed 8uc: of NiEon7s da3 inside t:e *:ite
House? %art of =:at =as recorded1 and later broadcast1 =as a tele<:one call fro8 NiEon to
Geor9e !us: at t:e United Nations1 9i>in9 !us: :is instructions on :o= to :andle t:e
India-%a;istan crisis? FSo8e1 all o>er t:e =orld1 =ill tr3 to 8a;e t:is basicall3 a <olitical
issue1F said NiEon to !us:? F(ou7>e 9ot to do =:at 3ou can? More i8<ortant t:an an3t:in9
else no= is to 9et t:e facts out =it: re9ard to =:at =e :a>e done1 t:at =e :a>e =or;ed for a
<olitical settle8ent1 =:at =e :a>e done for t:e refu9ees and so fort: and so on? If 3ou see
t:at so8e :ere in t:e Senate and House1 for =:ate>er reason1 9et out and 8isre<resent our
o<inions1 I =ant 3ou to :it it frontall31 stron9l31 and tou9:l3C is t:at clearD &ust ta;e t:e
9lo>es off and crac; it1 because 3ou ;no= eEactl3 =:at =e :a>e done1 O#DF Gfn 1-H
,ece8ber .- Geor9e !us: at t:e UN 8ade a furt:er ste< for=ard to=ards 9lobal
confrontation b3 brandin9 India as t:e a99ressor in t:e crisis1 as #issin9er a<<ro>in9l3
notes in :is 8e8oirs? !us:7s draft resolution described abo>e1 =:ic: :ad been >etoed b3
Mali; t:e in Securit3 Council1 =as a<<ro>ed b3 t:e General asse8bl3 b3 a non-bindin9
>ote of 15) to 111 =:ic: #issin9er considered a triu8<: for !us:? !ut on t:e sa8e da3
(a:3a #:an infor8ed t:e 9o>ern8ent in *as:in9ton t:at :is 8ilitar3 forces in east
%a;istan =ere ra<idl3 disinte9ratin9? #issin9er and NiEon seiAed on a dubious re<ort fro8
an alle9ed CIA a9ent at a :i9: le>el in t:e Indian Go>ern8ent =:ic: <ur<orted to
su88ariAe recent re8ar;s of Indira Gand:i to :er cabinet? Accordin9 to t:is re<ort1 =:ic:
8a3 :a>e co8e fro8 t:e later %ri8e Minister MoraBi ,esai1 Mrs? Gand:i :ad <led9ed to
con@uer t:e sout:ern <art of %a;istani-:eld #as:8ir? If t:e C:inese Frattled t:e s=ord1F t:e
re<ort @uoted Mrs? Gand:i as sa3in91 t:e So>iets =ould res<ond? T:is unreliable re<ort
beca8e one of t:e <illars for furt:er actions b3 NiEon1 #issin9er1 and !us:?
,ece8ber /- !3 t:is ti8e t:e So>iet na>3 :ad so8e $1 s:i<s eit:er in or a<<roac:in9 t:e
Indian Ocean1 in contrast to a <re-crisis le>el of ' s:i<s? At t:is <oint1 =it: t:e 6ietna8 =ar
ra9in9 unabated1 t:e US :ad a total of t:ree s:i<s in t:e Indian Ocean- t=o old destro3ers
and a sea<lane tender? T:e last s@uadron of t:e !ritis: na>3 =as de<artin9 fro8 t:e re9ion
in t:e fra8e=or; of t:e !ritis: <ullout fro8 east of SueA?
In t:e e>enin91 NiEon su99ested to #issin9er t:at t:e sc:eduled Mosco= su88it 8i9:t be
cancelled? #issin9er ra>ed t:at India =anted to detac: not Bust !en9al1 but #as:8ir also1
leadin9 to t:e furt:er secession of !aluc:istan and t:e total dis8e8ber8ent o9 %a;istan?
Funda8entall31F =rote #issin9er of t:is 8o8ent1 Four onl3 card left =as to raise t:e ris;s
for t:e So>iets to a le>el =:ere Mosco= =ould see lar9er interests Beo<ardiAedF b3 its
su<<ort of India1 =:ic: :ad been lu;e=ar8 so far?
,ece8ber 2-- T:e State ,e<art8ent and ot:er a9encies =ere s:o=in9 si9ns of bein9 al8ost
:u8an1 see;in9 to under8ine t:e NiEon-#issin9er- !us: <olic3 t:rou9: da8a9in9 lea;s
and bureaucratic obstructionis8? NiEon1 Fbeside :i8selfF o>er t:e da8a9in9 lea;s1 called
in t:e <rinci<al officers of t:e *as:in9ton S<ecial Action Grou< and told t:e8 t:at =:ile
:e did not insist on t:eir bein9 lo3al to t:e %resident1 t:e3 ou9:t at least to be lo3al to t:e
United States? A8on9 t:ose NiEon insulted =as Undersecretar3 of State U? AleEis &o:nson?
!ut t:e lea;s onl3 increased?
,ece8ber 15--#issin9er ordered t:e US na>3 to create Tas; orce .)1 consistin9 of t:e
nuclear aircraft carrier Enter<rise =it: escort and su<<l3 s:i<s1 and to :a>e t:ese s:i<s
<roceed fro8 t:eir <ost at (an;ee Station in t:e Gulf of Ton;in off 6ietna8 to Sin9a<ore?
Gfn 1.H
In ,acca1 East %a;istan1 MaBor General Rao ar8an Ali #:an1 t:e co88ander of %a;istani
forces in !en9al as;ed t:e United Nations re<resentati>e to :el< arran9e a cease-fire1
follo=ed b3 t:e transfer in of <o=er in East %a;istan to t:e elected re<resentati>es of t:e
A=a8i Lea9ue and t:e Fre<atriation =it: :onorF of :is forces bac; to *est %a;istan? At
first it a<<eared t:at t:is de facto surrender :ad been a<<ro>ed b3 (a:3a #:an? !ut =:en
(a:3a #:an :eard t:at t:e US fleet :ad been ordered into t:e Indian Ocean1 :e =as so
encoura9ed t:at :e Bun;ed t:e idea of a surrender and ordered Gen? Ali #:an to resu8e
fi9:tin91 =:ic: :e did?
Colonel Mel>in Holst1 t:e US 8ilitar3 attac:e in #at8andu1 Ne<al1 a s8all countr3
sand=ic:ed bet=een India and C:ina in t:e Hi8ala3as1 recei>ed a call fro8 t:e Indian
8ilitar3 attac:e1 =:o as;ed =:et:er t:e A8erican :ad an3 ;no=led9e of a C:inese 8ilitar3
buildu< in Tibet? FT:e Indian :i9: co88and :ad so8e sort of infor8ation t:at 8ilitar3
action =as increasin9 in Tibet1F said Holst in :is cable to *as:in9ton? T:e sa8e e>enin9
fro8 t:e So>iet 8ilitar3 attac:e1 Lo9ino>1 =:o also as;ed about C:inese 8ilitar3 acti>it3?
Lo9ino> said t:at :e :ad s<o;en o>er t:e last da3 or t=o =it: t:e C:inese 8ilitar3 attac:e1
C:ao #uan9-c:i: Fad>isin9 C:ao t:at t:e %RC s:ould not 9et too serious about
inter>ention because USSR =ould react1 :ad 8an3 8issles1 etc?F Gfn 1/H At t:e 8o8ent t:e
Hi8ala3a 8ountain <asses1 t:e corridor for an3 C:inese troo< 8o>e8ent1 =ere all o<en
and free fro8 sno=? T:e CIA :ad noted F=ar <re<arationsF in Tibet o>er t:e 8ont:s since
t:e !en9al crisis :ad be9un? Ni;olai %e9o>1 t:e So>iet A8bassador to Ne= ,e:li1 :ad
assured t:e Indian 9o>ern8ent t:at in t:e e>entualit3 of a C:inese attac; on India1 t:e
So>iets =ould 8ount a Fdi>ersionar3 action in Sin;ian9?F
,ece8ber 11- #issin9er :ad been in to=n t:e <re>ious da31 8eetin9 t:e C:inese UN
dele9ate? Toda3 #issin9er =ould 8eet =it: t:e %a;istani ,e<ut3 %ri8e Minister1 Ali
!:utto1 in !us:7s suit at t:e *aldorf- Astoria? Huan9 Hua1 t:e C:inese dele9ate1 8ade
re8ar;s =:ic: #issin9er c:ose to inter<ret as 8eanin9 t:at t:e FC:inese 8i9:t inter>ene
8ilitaril3 e>en at t:is late sta9e?F
,ece8ber 1$- NiEon1 #issin9er1 and Hai9 8et in t:e O>al Office earl3 Sunda3 8ornin9 in
a council of =ar? #issin9er later described t:is as a crucial 8eetin91 =:ere1 as it turned out1
Ft:e first decision to ris; =ar in t:e trian9ular So>iet-C:inese-A8ericanF relation =as
ta;en? Gfn 12H
,urin9 NiEon7s 12.+ secret 9rand Bur3 testi8on3 to t:e *ater9ate S<ecial %rosecution
orce1 t:e for8er %resident insisted t:at t:e United States :ad co8e Fclose to nuclear =arF
durin9 t:e Indo- %a;istani conflict? Accordin9 to one attorne3 =:o :eard NiEon7s testi8on3
in 12.+1 NiEon :ad stated t:at F=e :ad t:reatened to 9o to nuclear =ar =it: t:e Russians?F
Gfn $5H T:ese re8ar;s 8ost <robabl3 refer to t:is ,ece8ber 1$ 8eetin91 and t:e actions it
set into 8otion?
Na>3 Tas; orce .) =as ordered to <roceed t:rou9: t:e Straits of Malacca and into t:e
Indian Ocean1 and it attracted t:e attention of t:e =orld 8edia in so doin9 t:e follo=in9
da3? Tas; orce .) =as no= on =arti8e alert?
At 11"'5 AM local ti8e1 #issin9er and Haid sent t:e #re8lin a 8essa9e o>er t:e Hot Line?
T:is =as t:e first use of t:e Hot Line durin9 t:e NiEon ad8inistration1 and a<<arentl3 t:e
onl3 ti8e it =as used durin9 t:e NiEon 3ears =it: t:e eEce<tion of t:e October 12.'
Middle East *ar? Accordin9 to #issin9er1 t:is Hot Line 8essa9e contained t:e ulti8atu8
t:at t:e So>iets res<ond to earlier A8erican de8andsC ot:er=ise NiEon =ould order !us:
to Fset in train certain 8o>es F in t:e UN Securit3 Council t:at =ould be irre>ersible? !ut is
t:is all t:e 8essa9e saidD #issin9er co88ents in :is 8e8oirs a fe= <a9es later" FOur fleet
<assed t:rou9: t:e Strait of Malacca into t:e !a3 of !en9al and attracted 8uc: 8edia
attention? *ere =e t:reatenin9 IndiaD *ere =e see;in9 to defend East %a;istanD Had =e
lost our 8indsD It =as in fact sober calculation? *e :ad so8e se>ent3-t=o :ours to brin9
t:e =ar to a conclusion before *est %a;istan =ould be s=e<t into t:e 8aelstro8? It =ould
ta;e India t:at lon9 to s:ift its forces and 8ount an assault? Once %a;istan7s air force and
ar83 =ere destro3ed1 its i8<otence =ould 9uarantee t:e countr37s e>entual disinte9ration???
*e :ad to 9i>e t:e So>iets a =arnin9 t:at 8atters 8i9:t 9et out of control on our side too?
*e :ad to be read3 to bac; u< t:e C:inese if at t:e last 8o8ent t:e3 ca8e in after all1 our
UN initiati>e :a>in9 failed? G???H Ho=e>er unli;el3 an A8erican 8ilitar3 8o>e a9ainst
India1 t:e ot:er side could not be sureC it 8i9:t not be =illin9 to acce<t e>en t:e 8inor ris;
t:at =e 8i9:t act irrationall3?F Gfn $1H
T:ese co88ents b3 #issin9er lead to t:e conclusion t:at t:e Hot Line 8essa9e of
,ece8ber 1$ =as <art of a calculated eEercise in t:er8onuclear blac;8ail and
brin;s8ans:i<? #issin9er7s reference to actin9 irrationall3 recalls t:e infa8ous RAN,
Cor<oration t:eories of t:er8onculear confrontations as c:ic;en 9a8es in =:ic: it is useful
to :int to t:e o<<osition t:at one is insane? If 3our ad>ersar3 t:in;s 3ou are craA31 t:en :e is
8ore li;el3 to bac; do=n1 t:e ar9u8ent 9oes? *:ate>er t:reats =ere 8ade b3 #issin9er
and Hai9 t:at da3 in t:eir Hot Line 8essa9e are li;el3 to :a>e been of t:at >ariet3? All
e>idence <oints to t:e conclusion t:at on ,ece8ber 1$1 12.11 t:e =orld =as indeed close to
t:e brin; of t:er8onuclear confrontation?
And =:ere =as Geor9eD He =as actin9 as t:e =illin9 8out:<iece for 8ad8en? Late in t:e
e>enin9 ,ece8ber 1$1 !us: deli>ered t:e follo=in9 re8ar;s to t:e Securit3 Council1 =:ic:
are recorded in #issin9er7s 8e8oirs"
FT:e @uestion no= arises as to India7s furt:er intentions? or eEa8<le1 does India intend to
use t:e <resent situation to destro3 t:e %a;istan ar83 in t:e *estD ,oes India intend to use
as a <reteEt t:e %a;istani counterattac;s in t:e *est to anneE territor3 in *est %a;istanD Is
its ai8 to ta;e <arts of %a;istan-controlled #as:8ir contrar3 to t:e Securit3 Council
resolutions of 12)/1 12)21 and 12+5D If t:is is not India7s intention1 t:en a <ro8<t
disa>o=al is re@uired? T:e =orld :as a ri9:t to ;no=" *:at are India7s intentionsD
%a;istan7s ai8s :a>e beco8e clear" It :as acce<ted t:e General Asse8bl37s resolution
<assed b3 a >ote of 15) to 11? M3 9o>ern8ent :as as;ed t:is @uestion of t:e Indian
Go>ern8ent se>eral ti8es in t:e last =ee;? I re9ret to infor8 t:e Council t:at India7s
re<lies :a>e been unsatisfactor3 and not reassurin9?F
FIn >ie= of India7s defiance of =orld o<inion eE<ressed b3 suc: an o>er=:el8in9 8aBorit31
t:e United States is no= returnin9 t:e issue to t:e Securit3 Council? *it: East %a;istan
>irtuall3 occu<ied b3 Indian troo<s1 a continuation of t:e =ar =ould ta;e on increasin9l3
t:e c:aracter of ar8ed attac; on t:e >er3 eEistence of a Me8ber State of t:e United
Nations?F Gfn $$H
!us: introduced anot:er draft resolution of <ro-%a;istan tilt =:ic: called on t:e
9o>ern8ents of India and %a;istan to ta;e 8easures for an i88ediate cease-fire and
=it:dra=l of troo<s1 and for 8easures to :el< t:e refu9ees? T:is resolution =as also >etoed
b3 t:e USSR?
,ece8ber 1)-- #issin9er s:oc;ed US <ublic o<inion b3 statin9 off t:e record to Bournalists
in a <lane returnin9 fro8 a 8eetin9 =it: renc: %resident Geor9es %o8<idou in t:e AAores
t:at if So>iet conduct continued in t:e <resent 8ode1 t:e US =as F<re<ared to ree>aluate
our entire relations:i<1 includin9 t:e su88it?F
,ece8ber 1+--T:e %a;istani co88ander in East %a;istan1 after fi>e additional da3s of
<ointless ;illin91 a9ain offered a cease-fire? #issin9er clai8ed t:at t:e fi>e inter>enin9 da3s
:ad allo=ed t:e US to increase t:e <ressure on India and <re>ent t:e Indian forces fro8
turnin9 on *est %a;istan?
,ece8ber 1-- Mrs1 Gand:i offered an unconditional cease-fire in t:e =est1 =:ic: %a;istan
i88edaitel3 acce<ted? #issin9er o<ined t:at t:is decision to end all fi9:tin9 :ad been
FreluctantF on t:e <art of India1 and :ad been 8ade <ossible t:rou9: So>iet <ressure
9enerated b3 US t:reats? C:ou En-lai also said later t:at t:e US :ad sa>ed *est %a;istan?
#issin9er <raised NiEon7s Fcoura9e and <atriotis8F and :is co88itt8ent to F<reser>e t:e
balance of <o=er for t:e ulti8ate safet3 of all free <eo<le?F A<<rentice 9eo<olitician
Geor9e !us: :ad carried out 3eo8an ser>ice in t:at i88oral cause?
After a self-ser>in9 and false descri<tion of t:e Indo-%a;istani crisis of 12.11 #issin9er
<ontificates in :is 8e8oirs about t:e necessar3 <riorit3 of 9eo<olitical 8ac:inations"
FT:ere is in A8erica an idealistic tradition t:at sees forei9n <olic3 as a conteEt bet=een
e>il and 9ood? T:ere is a <ra98atic tradition t:at see;s to sol>e 7<roble8s7 as t:e3 arise?
T:ere is a le9alistic tradition t:at treats international issues as Buridical cases? T:ere is no
9eo<olitical tradition?F In t:eir stubborn <ursuit of an alliance =it: t:e second stron9est
land <o=er at t:e eE<ense of all ot:er considerations1 #issin9er1 NiEon1 and !us: =ere
follo=in9 t:e dictates of classic 9eo<olitics? T:is is t:e sc:ool in =:ic: !us: =as trained1
and t:is is :o= :e :as reacted to e>er3 international crisis do=n t:rou9: t:e Gulf =ar1
=:ic: =as ori9inall3 concei>ed in London as a F9eo<oliticalF adBust8ent in fa>or of t:e
An9lo-SaEons a9ainst Ger8an31 &a<an1 t:e Arabs1 t:e de>elo<in9 sector1 and t:e rest of t:e
=orld?
12.$ =as t:e second 3ear of !us:7s UN tenure1 and it =as durin9 t:is ti8e t:at :e
distin9uis:ed :i8self as a s:a8eless a<olo9ist for t:e 9enocidal and >indicti>e #issin9er
<olic3 of <rolon9in9 and escalatin9 t:e =ar in 6ietna8? ,urin9 8ost of :is first ter81
NiEon <ursued a <olic3 :e called t:e F6ietna8iAationF of t:e =ar? T:is 8eant t:at US land
forces =ere <ro9ressi>el3 =it:dra=n =:ile t:e Sout: 6ietna8ese Ar83 =as ostensibl3
built u< so t:at it could bear t:e battle a9ainst t:e 6iet Con9 and t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese
re9ulars? T:is <olic3 =ent into crisis in Marc:1 12.$ =:en t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese launc:ed
a t=el>e- di>ision assault across t:e ,e8ilitariAed Jone a9ainst t:e sout:? On Ma3 /1 12.$1
NiEon announced t:at t:e full-scale bo8bin9 of t:e nort:1 =:ic: :ad been sus<ended since
t:e s<rin9 of 12-/1 =ould be resu8ed =it: a >en9eance" NiEon ordered t:e bo8bin9 of
Hanoi and t:e 8inin9 of Hai<:on9 :arbor1 and t:e sa>a9in9 of trans<ortation lines and
8ilitar3 installations all o>er t:e countr3? T:is 8inin9 :ad al=a3s been reBected as a tactic
durin9 t:e <re>ious conduct of t:e =ar because of t:e <ossibilit3 t:at bo8bin9 and 8inin9
t:e :arbors 8i9:t :it So>iet1 C:inese1 and ot:er forei9n s:i<s1 ;illin9 t:e cre=s and
creatin9 t:e ris; of retaliation b3 t:ese countries a9ainst t:e US? No=1 before t:e 12.$
elections1 #issin9er and NiEon =ere deter8ined to F9o a<e1F discardin9 t:eir <re>ious
li8its on offensi>e action and ris;in9 =:ate>er C:ina and t:e USSR 8i9:t do? It =as
anot:er 9esture of rec;less confrontation1 frau9:t =it: incalculable conse@uences? Later in
t:e sa8e 3ear1 in ,ece8ber1 NiEon =ould res<ond to a brea;do=n in t:e %aris tal;s =it:
t:e Hanoi 9o>ern8ent b3 orderin9 t:e infa8ous C:rist8astide !-+$ attac;s on t:e nort:?
It =as Geor9e !us: =:o officiall3 infor8ed t:e international di<lo8atic co88unit3 of
NiEon7s Marc: decisions? !us: addressed a letter to t:e %residenc3 of t:e UN Securit3
Council in =:ic: :e outlined =:at NiEon :ad set into 8otion"
FT:e %resident directed t:at t:e entrances to t:e <orts of Nort: 6ietna8 be 8ined and t:at
t:e deli>er3 of seaborne su<<lies to Nort: 6ietna8 be <re>ented? T:ese 8easures of
collecti>e self-defense are :ereb3 bein9 re<orted to t:e United Nations Securit3 Council as
re@uired b3 Article +1 of t:e United Nations C:arter?F !us: =ent on to c:aracteriAe t:e
Nort: 6ietna8ese actions? He s<o;e of Ft:e 8assi>e in>asion across t:e de8ilitariAed Aone
and international boundaries b3 t:e forces of Nort: 6ietna8 and t:e continuin9 a99ressionF
of Hanoi? He accused t:e nort: of Fblatant >iolation of t:e understandin9s ne9otiated in
12-/ in connection =it: t:e cessation of t:e bo8bin9 of t:e territor3 of Nort: 6ietna8?F
FT:e eEtent of t:is rene=ed a99ression and t:e 8anner in =:ic: it :as been directed and
su<<orted de8onstrate =it: 9reat clarit3 t:at Nort: 6ietna8 :as e8bar;ed on an all-out
atte8<t to ta;e o>er Sout: 6ietna8 b3 8ilitar3 force and to disru<t t:e orderl3 =it:dra=al
of United States forces?F !us: furt:er accused t:e nort: of refusin9 to ne9otiate in 9ood
fait: to end t:e =ar?
T:e 9uts of !us:7s 8essa9e1 t:e <art t:at =as read =it: 9reatest attention in Mosco=1
%e;in91 and else=:ere1 =as contained in t:e follo=in9 su88ar3 of t:e =a3 in =:ic:
Hai<:on9 and t:e ot:er :arbors :ad been 8ined"
FAccordin9l31 as t:e 8ini8u8 actions necessar3 to 8eet t:is t:reat1 t:e Re<ublic of
6ietna8 and t:e United States of A8erica :a>e Bointl3 decided to ta;e t:e follo=in9
8easures of collecti>e self-defense" T:e entrances to t:e <orts of Nort: 6ietna8 are bein9
8ined1 co88encin9 5255 Sai9on ti8e Ma3 21 and t:e 8ines are set to acti>ate
auto8aticall3 be9innin9 1255 :ours Sai9on ti8e Ma3 11? T:is =ill <er8it >essels of ot:er
countries <resentl3 in Nort: 6ietna8ese <orts t:ree da3li9:t <eriods to de<art safel3?F In a
lon9 circu8locution1 !us: also con>e3ed t:at all s:i<<in9 8i9:t also be t:e tar9et of
indsicri8inate bo8bin9? !us: called t:ese 8easures Frestricted in eEtent and <ur<ose?F T:e
US =as =illin9 to si9n a cease-fire endin9 all acts of =ar in Indoc:ina 0t:us includin9
Ca8bodia1 =:ic: :ad been in>aded in 12.51 and Laos1 =:ic: :ad been in>aded in 12.14
=it:in four 8ont:s1 as =ell as t:e 6ietna8s4 and brin9 all US troo<s :o8e =it:in four
8ont:s?
T:ere =as no bi<artisan su<<ort for t:e bo8bin9 and 8inin9 <olic3 !us: announced?
Senator Mi;e Mansfield <ointed out t:at t:e decision =ould onl3 <rotract t:e =ar? Senator
%roE8ire called it Frec;less and =ron9?F our So>iet s:i<s =ere da8a9ed b3 t:ese US
actions? T:ere =as a li>el3 debate =it:in t:e So>iet %olitburo on :o= to res<ond to t:is1
=it: a faction around S:elest de8andin9 t:at NiEon7s in>itation to t:e u<co8in9 Mosco=
su<er<o=er su88it be rescinded? !ut S:elest =as ousted b3 !reA:ne>1 and t:e su88it
=ent for=ard at t:e end of Ma3? T:e FC:ina cardF t:eoreticians con9ratulated t:e8sel>es
t:at t:e So>iets :ad been <aral3Aed b3 fear =:at %e;in9 8i9:t do if Mosco= beca8e
e8broiled =it: %e;in97s ne= de facto all31 t:e US?
In &ul31 12.$1 re<orts e8er9ed in t:e international <ress of c:ar9es b3 Hanoi t:at t:e US
:ad been deliberatel3 bo8bin9 t:e da8s and di;es1 =:ic: =ere t:e irri9ation and flood
control s3ste8 around 6ietna87s Red Ri>er? Once a9ain it =as !us: =:o ca8e for=ard as
t:e a<olo9ist for NiEon7s F8ad bo8berF forei9n <olic3? !us: a<<eared on t:e N!C
Tele>ison FToda3F s:o= to assure t:e US <ublic t:at t:e US bo8bin9 :ad created onl3 Ft:e
8ost incidental and 8inor i8<actF on Nort: 6iet Na87s di;e s3ste8? T:is1 of course1
a8ounted to a bac;:anded confor8ation t:at suc: bo8bin9 :ad been done1 and da8a9e
=rou9:t in t:e <rocess? !us: =as in :is t3<ical =:inin9 8ode in defendin9 t:e US <olic3
a9ainst =orld=ide criticis8 of =ar 8easures t:at see8ed desi9ned to inflict =ide<sread
floodin9 and deat: on Nort: 6ietna8ese ci>ilians? Accordin9 to Nort: 6ietna8ese
statistics1 8ore t:an :alf of t:e nort:7s $5 8illion <eo<le li>ed in areas near t:e Red Ri>er
t:at =ould be flooded if t:e di;e s3ste8 =ere breac:ed? An article =:ic: a<<eared in a
Hanoi <ublication :ad stated t:at at flood crest 8an3 ri>ers rise to FsiE or se>e 8eters
abo>e t:e surroundin9 fieldsF and t:at because of t:is situation Fan3 di;e brea;1 es<eciall3
in t:e Red Ri>er delta1 is a disaster =it: incalculable conse@uences?F
!us: :ad ne>er seen an o<<ortunit3 for 9enocide :e did not li;e? FI belie>e =e are bein9 set
u< b3 a 8assi>e <ro<a9anda ca8<ai9n b3 t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese in t:e e>ent t:at t:ere is
t:e sa8e ;ind of floodin9 t:is 3ear--to attribute it to bo8bs =:ereas last 3ear it :a<<ened
Bust out of lac; of 8aintenance1F !us: ar9ued? FT:ere7s been a stud3 8ade t:at I :o<e =ill
be released s:ortl3 t:at =ill clarif3 t:is =:ole @uestion1F :e =ent on? T:e stud3 F=ould be
>er3 :el<ful because I t:in; it =ill s:o= =:at t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese are u< to in =:ere t:e3
<lace strate9ic tar9ets?F *:at !us: =as dri>in9 at :ere =as an alle9ation t:at Hanoi
custo8aril3 <laced strate9ic assets near t:e di;es in order to be able to accuse t:e US of
9enocide if air attac;s breac:ed t:e di;es and caused floodin9? !us:7s 8ilitar3 s<o;es8en
used si8ilar ar9u8ents dirin9 t:e Gulf =ar1 =:en Ira@ =as accused of <lacin9 8ilitar3
e@ui<8ent in t:e 8idst of ci>ilian residential areas?
FI t:in; 3ou =ould :a>e to reco9niAe1F retorted !us:1 Ft:at if t:ere =as an3 intentionF of
breac:in9 t:e di;es1 Fit =ould be >er31 >er3 si8<le to do eEactl3 =:at =e are accused of- -
and t:at is =:at =e are not doin9?F Gfn $'H
T:e bo8bin9 of t:e nort: continued1 and reac:ed a final <aroE3s8 at C:rist8as1 =:en !-
+$s 8ade unrestricted terror bo8bin9 raids a9ainst Hanoi and ot:er cities? T:e C:rist8as
bo8bin9 =as =idel3 conde8ned1 e>en b3 t:e US <ress" FNe= Madness in 6ietna8F =as
t:e :eadline of t:e St? Louis %ost-,is<atc: On ,ec? 12C FTerror fro8 t:e S;iesF t:at of t:e
Ne= (or; Ti8es ,ec? $$C FTerror !o8bin9 in t:e Na8e of %eaceF of t:e *as:in9ton %ost
,ec? $/C and F!e3ond All RasonF of t:e Los An9eles Ti8es of ,ec? $/?
!us:7acti>it3 at t:e UN also coincided =it: #issin9er7s <re<aration of t:e October1 12.'
Middle East =ar? ,urin9 t:e 12/57s1 !us: atte8<ted to culti>ate a <ublic i8a9e as a US
<olitician =:o1 alt:ou9: oriented to=ards close relations =it: Israel1 =ould not sla>is:l3
a<<ease e>er3 de8and of t:e Israelis and t:e Jionist lobb3 in t:e United States1 but =ould
ta;e an inde<endent <osition desi9ned to foster US national interests? ro8 ti8e to ti8e1
!us: snubbed t:e Israelis b3 :intin9 t:at t:e3 :eld :osta9es of t:eir o=n1 and t:at t:e
Israeli anneEation of &erusale8 =ould not be acce<ted b3 t:e United States? or so8e1 t:ese
delusions :a>e sur>i>ed e>en a refutation so cate9oric as t:e e>ents of t:e #u=ait crisis of
1225-21? !us:1 =:ose differences =it: an Israeli leader li;e S:a8ir are less si9nificant t:an
t:e differences bet=een S:a8ir and ot:er Israeli <oliticians? !us:7s <edi9ree is t:e refleE of
a neo-conser>ati>e net=or; and a fanaticall3 <ro-Israeli ideolo9ical-<olitical trac; record
=:ic: =as alread3 8assi>e durin9 t:e UN 3ears?
In Se<te8ber 12.$ %alestinian terrorists describin9 t:e8sel>es as t:e F!lac; Se<te8berF
or9aniAation attac;ed t:e @uarters of t:e Israeli Ol38<ic tea8 <resent in Munic: for t:e
Ol38<ic 9a8es of t:at 3ear1 ;illin9 a nu8ber of t:e Israeli at:letes? T:e Israeli 9o>ern8ent
seiAed on t:ese e>ents as carte blanc:e to launc: a series of air attac;s a9ainst S3ria and
Lebanon1 ar9uin9 t:at t:ese countries could be :eld res<onsible for =:at :ad :a<<ened in
Munic:? So8alia1 Greece1 and Guinea ca8e for=ard =it: a resolution in t:e Securit3
Council =:ic: si8<l3 called for t:e i88ediate cessation of Fall 8ilitar3 o<erationsF? T:e
Arab states ar9ued t:at t:e Israeli air attac;s =ere totall3 =it:out <ro>ocation or
Busitification1 and ;illed nu8erous ci>ilians =:o :ad not:in9 =:ate>er to do =it: t:e
terrorist actions in Munic:?
T:e NiEon re9i8e1 =it: one e3e on t:e autu8n 12.$ elections and t:e need to 8obiliAe t:e
Jionist lobb3 in su<<ort of Tric;3 ,ic;7s second ter81 =anted to find a =a3 to o<<ose t:is
resolution1 since it did not sufficientl3 ac;no=led9e t:e uni@ue ri9:teousness of t:e Israeli
cause and Israel7s in:erent ri9:t to co88it acts of =ar a9ainst its nei9:bors? It =as !us:
=:o aut:ored a co8<etin9 resolution =:ic: called on all interested <arties Fto ta;e all
8easures for t:e i88ediate cessation and <re>ention of all 8ilitar3 o<erations and terrorist
acti>ities?F It =as !us: =:o dis:ed u< t:e rationaliAations for US reBection of t:e first
resolution? T:at resolution =as no 9ood because it did not reflect t:e fact t:at Ft:e fabric of
>iolence in t:e Middle East in ineEtricabl3 inter=o>en =it: t:e 8assacre in Munic:1F !us:
ar9ued? 7!3 our silence on t:e terror in Munic: are =e indeed in>itin9 8ore Munic:sD1F :e
as;ed? &ustif3in9 t:e Israeli air raids on S3ria and Lebanon1 !us: 8aintained t:at certain
9o>ern8ents Fcannot be absol>ed of res<onsibilit3 for t:e c3cle of >iolenceF because of
t:eir =ords and deeds1 or because of t:eir tacit ac@uiescence? Sli9:tl3 later1 after t:e >ote
:ad ta;en <lace1 !us: ar9ued t:at Fb3 ado<tin9 t:is resolution1 t:e council =ould :a>e
i9nored realit31 =ould :a>e s<o;en to one for8 of >iolence but not anot:er1 =ould :a>e
loo;ed to t:e effect but not t:e cause?F
*:en t:e resolution =as <ut to a >ote1 !us: 8ade front-<a9e :eadlines around t:e =orld
b3 castin9 t:e US >eto1 a >eto t:at :ad been cast onl3 once before in t:e entire :istor3 of
t:e UN? T:e >ote =as 1' to 11 =it: t:e US castin9 t:e sole ne9ati>e >ote? %ana8a =as t:e
lone abstention? T:e onl3 ot:er ti8e t:e US >eto :ad been used :ad been in 12.51 on a
resolution in>ol>in9 R:odesia?
T:e Israeli UN a8bassador (osef Te;oa: did not attend t:e debate because of t:e &e=is:
:olida3 of Ros: Has:ana:? !ut Israel7s cause =as =ell defended--b3 !us:? Accordin9 to an
Israeli Bournalist obser>in9 t:e <roceedin9s =:o =as @uoted b3 t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 F!us:
sounds 8ore <ro-Israeli t:an Te;oa: =ould :a>e?F Gfn $)H
Later in 12.$1 atte8<ts =ere 8ade b3 non-ali9ned states and t:e UN Secretariat to arran9e
t:e indis<ensable basis for a Middle East <esce settle8ent-- t:e =it:dra=al of Israel fro8
t:e territories occu<ied durin9 t:e 12-. =ar? Once a9ain1 !us: =as 8ore Jionist t:an t:e
Israelis?
In ebruat3 of 12.$1 t:e UN7s Middle East 8ediator1 Gunnar &arrin9 of Nor=a31 :ad as;ed
t:at t:e Securit3 Council reaffir8 t:e ori9inal contents of resolution $)$ of 12-. b3
reiteratin9 t:at Israel s:ould surrender Arab territor3 seiAed in 12-.? FLand for <eaceF =as
anat:e8a to t:e Israeli 9o>ern8ent t:en as no=? !us: undertoo; to blunt t:is non- alli9ned
<eace bid?
Late in 12.$ t:e non-ali9ned 9rou< <ro<osed a resolution in t:e General Asse8bl3 =:ic:
called for Fi88ediate and unconditionalF Israeli =it:dra=al fro8 t:e occu<ied territories
=:ile in>itin9 ot:er countries to =it:old assistance t:at =ould :el< Israel to sustain its
occu<ation of t:e Arab land? !us: @uic;l3 rose to assail t:is teEt?
In a s<eec: to t:e General Asse8bl3 in ,ece8ber 12.$1 !us: =arned t:e asse8bl3 t:at t:e
ori9inal teEt of resolution $)$ =as Ft:e essential a9reed basis for UN <eace efforts and t:is
bod3 and all its 8e8bers s:ould be 8indful of t:e need to <reser>e t:e ne9otiatin9 asset
t:at it re<resents?F FT:e asse8bl31F !us: =ent on1 Fcannot see; to i8<ose courses of action
on t:e countries directl3 concerned1 eit:er b3 8a;in9 ne= de8ands or fa>orin9 t:e
<ro<osals or <ositions of one side o>er t:e ot:er?F Ne>er1 ne>er =ould Geor9e !us: e>er
ta;e sides or acce<t a double standard of t:is t3<e? !us: did clai8 t:at t:e US continued to
su<<ort $)$ and t:e &arrin9 8ission? !ut !us: =as su99estin9 t:at Israel and E93<t be9in
tal;s under US 8ediation for an interi81 bilateral deal to re-o<en t:e SueA canal? Here =e
can obser>e t:e <olic3 t:rust =:ic: cul8inated in Ca8< ,a>id not so 8an3 3ears later1
after t:e 12.' =ar :ad been fou9:t??
An interestin9 docu8ent of t:is <eriod is t:e teEt of secret con>ersations bet=een !us: and
t:e E93<tian orei9n Minister and t:e bet=een !us: and t:e Israeli orei9n Minister?
T:ese con>ersations =ere <art of secret State ,e<art8ent cables t:at =ere lea;ed to t:e
colu8nist &ac; Anderson1 =:o <ublis:ed t:eir contents?
T:e first con>ersation is be3=een !us: and Ma:8oud Riad1 t:e orei9n Miniser oif E93<t?
FA8bassador !us:???sou9:t out or8in Riad in UN Indonesian Loun9e to discuss E93t<ian
draft res re Middle East???Notin9 t:at E93<tian draft res a<<eared fro8 initial readin9 to be
9enerall3 satisfactor311 !us: stated t:at 8aBor stu8blin9 bloc; for USG Gie1 t:e NiEon
re9i8eH =as <lacin9 of lan9ua9e re &arrin9 8ission in o<erati>e <ara9ra<: section???!us:
as;ed if Riad =illin9 to consider re8o>al of t:is lan9ua9e fro8 o<erati>e section to
<rea8ble?F
*:at !us: =as clearl3 tr3in9 to do =as to =ea;en t:e references to &arrin91 =:o =as
identified =it: t:e idea t:at t:e Israelis 8ust @uit t:e occu<ied territories in order to 8a;e
<eace <ossible? T:e cable continues"
FRiad re<lied in ne9ati>e but not before :e stressed t:at for E93<tians inclusion of t:is
lan9ua9e in o<erati>e section not re<eat not 8erel3 se8antic eEercise1 on contrar31 E93<t
con>inced t:at Israel tr3in9 to 9et out of 9i>in9 fa>orable re<l3 to &arrin9 and t:at onl3 =a3
to force Israel is b3 8eans of eE<licit UN resolution?F
!us: res<onded to t:is b3 8a;in9 se>eral <ro<osal for 8inor c:an9es1 but t:en sub8itted
t:ese to Israeli orei9n Minister Abba Eban? A cable 8ar;ed FE3es Onl3-S<ecat EEclusi>eF
describes t:e !us:-Eban con>ersation" F!us:???:ad 8eetin9 t:e or8in Abba Eban t:is
afternoon???Eban said Israel could not re<eat not acce<t USG <ro<osal???He noted ???t:at
&arrin9 :as not been too :el<ful and c:aracteriAed :i8 as 7ne9ati>istic indi>idual?7 On t:e
ot:er :and :e o<ined t:at if &arrin9 =ould =ould 8a;e 8o>e to=ard Israel 7*e7ll see =:at
=e can do to :el< :i8?7F At anot:er 8eetin9 bet=een Eban and !us:1 Eban Fobser>ed???t:at
on <olitical 9rounds Israel not :a>e an3 reference GsicH to &arrin9 but a<<reciated t:at
<arlia8entar3 reasons 8a3 dictate need for so8e t:in9? !ot: Eban and Te;oa: su88ed u<
t:at fro8 Israel <oint of >ie=1 best course =ould be to li8it resolution lan9ua9e to
7co8<li8entar3 reference to &arrin9?7F
*:at all t:ese 8ac:inations finall3 3ielded =as a resolution t:at <assed =it: t:e United
States abstainin9 and Israel o<<osed? At t:e sa8e ti8e1 t:e US <ro8ised Israel a continuin9
su<<l3 of %:anto8 Bets1 and t:ere =as =ar in t:e Middle East before t:e 3ear =as out1 Bust
as #issin9er :ad <lanned?
!us: :i8self :as al=a3s been reluctant about flauntin9 :is o=n i8<eccable Jionist
credentials1 <robabl3 because of :is desire to 8aintain close ties to t:e 8one3 and <o=er
centers of t:e Arab =orld? In :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 !us: see;s re<eatedl3 to <rofile
:i8self as a tar9et of t:e eEtre8ists of t:e &e=is: ,efense Lea9ue? On one occasion1 !us:
recounts1 :e =as accosted at t:e entrance to t:e US 8ission to t:e United Nations b3 Rabbi
Meir #a:ane1 t:e leader of t:e &,L? F*:3 =on7t 3ou tal; to 8eD All I =ant is a dialo9ue1F
said #a:ane1 accordin9 to !us:7s account? !us: sa3s :e refused to sto<1 but told #a:ane in
<assin9" F!ecause I7>e seen 3our idea of a dialo9ue-t:ose s:ots fired into t:e So>iet
E8bass31 and I don7t condone 3our 9rou<7s >iolence an3 8ore t:an >iolence directed at
&e=s b3 Arab terrorists1F =:ic: =as a 8ar>el of e>en-:anded r:etoric in full career?
Anot:er !us: anecdote of unconfir8ed >eracit3 is attributed b3 itA:u9: Green to Ne=
(or; East Side restauranteur *alter &? GanAi1 =:o recounted after t:e 12// election t:at
!us: :ad <acified and dis<ersed a 8enacin9 cro=d of se>eral t:ousand an9r3 &,L
de8onstrators one da3 b3 8a;in9 an i8<ro8<tu s<eec: suffused =it: leaders:i< c:aris8a?
!us:7s ad8irers clai8 t:at :e =as res<onsible for NiEon7s creation of a ne= <olice force1
t:e EEecuti>e %rotecti>e Ser>ice1 =:ic: is assi9ned to 9uard forei9n officials >isitin9 t:e
US? Gfn $+H
ro8 &anuar3 $/ t:rou9: ebruar3 )1 12.$1 t:e Securit3 Council :eld its first 8eetin9 in
t=ent3 3ears outside of Ne= (or; Cit3? T:e >enue c:osen =as Addis Ababa1 Et:io<ia?
!us: 8ade t:is t:e occasion for a tri< t:rou9: t:e Sudan1 #en3a1 Ja8bia1 Jaire1 Gabon1
Ni9eria1 C:ad1 and !ots=ana? !us: later told a House subco88ittee :earin9 t:at t:is =as
:is second tri< to Africa1 =it: t:e <recedin9 one :a>in9 been a Bun;et to E93<t and Lib3a
Fin 12-' or 12-)?F Gfn $-H ,urin9 t:is tri< !us: 8et =it: se>en c:iefs of state1 includin9
%resident Mobutu of Jaire1 E8<eror Haile Selassie of Et:io<ia1 %resident To8balba3e of
C:ad1 and %resident Ni8eiri of t:e Sudan?
At t:e 8eetin9 in Addis Ababa1 !us: =as blind-sided b3 a s<eec: deli>ered b3 t:e dele9ate
of %ana8a1 one of t:e rotatin9 8e8bers of t:e Securit3 Council? T:e %ana8ian
re<resentati>e1 A@uilino !o3d1 >i9orousl3 attac;ed t:e US Foccu<ationF of t:e %anana
Canal Jone? !us: =as forced into <arlia8entar3 8anue>erin9 to a>oid furt:er discussion
of t:e %ana8anian co8<laint1 clai8in9 t:at !o3d =as out of order in t:at t:e Canal Jone
8atter =as not on t:e a9enda1 =:ic: =as su<<osed to be oriented to=ards African 8atters?
T:is 8ar;s one of !us:7s earliest <ublic encounters =it: t:e %ana8a issue1 =:ic: =as
destined to beco8e :is blood3 obsession durin9 t:e first 3ear of :is <residenc3? Gfn $.H
!us: in Addis Ababa >oted in fa>or of t=o resolutions on Na8ibia1 one of =:ic: set u< t:e
8ac:iner3 under =:ic: t:e UN Secretar3 General =as e8<o=ered to contact t:e Sout:
African 9o>ern8ent about t:e status of t:e trustees:i< territor3 usur<ed b3 %retoria? !us:
t:ou9:t t:at t:is first Na8ibia resolution :ad been Ft:e 8ost <ositi>e t:in9 t:at ca8e out?F
!us: also >oted for a furt:er resolution on a<art:eid1 and abstained on t:e resolutions
concernin9 %ortu9uese colionies and on R:odesia? !us:7s >ote on t:e R:odesian resolution
a8ounted to a >ote of confidence in a 8ission led b3 t:e !ritis: Lord %earce on t:e
R:odesian @uestion1 a 8ission =:ic: 8an3 African states o<<osed?
At a <ress conference in Addis Ababa1 African Bournalists destabiliAed !us: =it: a99ressi>e
@uestions about t:e US <olic3 of i9norin9 8andator3 UN econo8ic sanctions a9ainst t:e
racist1 =:ite su<re8acist Ian S8it: re9i8e in R:odesia? T:e Securit3 Council :ad i8<osed
t:e 8andator3 sanctions1 but later t:e US Con9rsss :ad <assed1 and NiEon :ad si9ned into
la=1 le9islation incor<oratin9 t:e so-called !3rd a8end8ent1 =:ic: allo=ed t:e US
<resident to i8<ort c:ro8e fro8 R:odesia in t:e e>ent of s:orta9es of t:at strate9ic ra=
8aterial? C:ro8e =as readil3 a>ailable on t:e =orld 8ar;et1 es<eciall3 fro8 t:e USSR1
alt:ou9: t:e So>iet c:ro8e =as 8ore eE<ensi>e t:an t:e R:odesian c:ro8e? In :is
Con9ressional testi8on31 !us: =:ined at len9t: about t:e eEtensi>e criticis8 of t:is
declared US <olic3 of breac:in9 t:e R:odesian sanctions on t:e <art of Ft:ose =:o are Bust
usin9 t:is to reall3 :a88er us fro8 a <ro<a9anda stand<oint?F F*e :a>e ta;en t:e ra< on
t:is t:in91F co8<lained !us:? F*e :a>e ta;en t:e :eat on it?F F*e :a>e ta;en a 9reat deal
of abuse fro8 t:ose =:o =anted to e8barrass us in Africa1 to e8<:asiAe t:e ne9ati>e and
not t:e <ositi>e in t:e United Nations?F !us: tal;ed of :is o=n efforts at da8a9e control on
t:e issue of US su<<ort for t:e racist R:odesian re9i8e" F???=:at =e are tr3in9 to do is to
restrict an3 :3<ocris3 =e are accused of?F FI certainl3 don7t t:in; t:e US <osition s:ould be
t:at t:e Con9ress =as tr3in9 to furt:er colonialis8 and racis8 in t:is action it too;1F !us:
told t:e Con9ress8en? FIn t:e UN1 I 9et t:e feelin9 =e are cate9oriAed as i8<erialists and
colonialists1 and I 8a;e clear t:is is not =:at A8erica stands for1 but ne>ert:eless it is
re<eated o>er and o>er and o>er a9ain1F :e =:ined? Gfn $/H
,urin9 t:e :earin9s1 !us: =as confronted b3 Con9ress8an ,i99s =it: an account
<ublis:ed in t:e Los An9eles Ti8es of ebruar3 $-1 12.$1 accordin9 to =:ic: t:e US :ad
t:reatened to use t:e >eto a9ainst a draft resolution statin9 t:at all sanctions a9ainst
R:odesia s:ould re8ain full3 in force until t:e <eo<le of R:odesia :ad freel3 and e@uall3
eEercised t:eir ri9:t to self-deter8ination? Re<? ,i99s referred to a re<ort in t:is article t:at
t:e African and t:ird =orld s<onsors of t:is resolution :ad been forced to =ater it do=n in
order to a>oid a >eto to be cast b3 !us:? !us: duc;ed an3 direct ans=er on t:is be:ind-t:e-
scenes >eto t:reat? F???=e si8<l3 cannot1 9i>en t:e restrictions <laced on us b3 la=1 a<<ear
to be t=o-faced on t:ese t:in9s1F !us: told ,i99s?
So8e =ee;s later1 !us: 9a>e a lecture to students at Tulane Uni>ersit3 in Ne= Orleans1
=:ere :e announced t:at t:e US =as no= usin9 t:e <ro>isions of t:e !3rd a8end8ent
actuall3 to <urc:ase R:odesian c:ro8e1 and conceded t:at t:is =as indeed a >iolation of
t:e UN econo8ic sanctions? Notin9 t:at t:e <olic3 =as causin9 t:e NiEon re9i8e
Fconsiderable e8barrass8ent1F !us: ne>ert:eless defended t:e c:ro8e <urc:ases1 sa3in9
t:at t:e US =as actin9 Fnot in su<<ort of colonialis8 or totalitarianis8 but it see8ed t:e
realistic solution1F 8ore desirable t:an <a3in9 Ft=ice t:e <riceF for Russian c:ro8e? !us:
la8el3 <ointed out t:at 8an3 ot:er countries =ere >iolatin9 t:e sanctions co>ertl31 =:ereas
t:e US =as doin9 so o>ertl31 =:ic: :e su99ested =as less re<re:ensible? Gfn $2H
On t:e <roble8s of Africa in 9eneral1 !us:1 e>er true to Malt:usian for81 stressed abo>e all
t:e o>er<o<ulation of t:e continent? As :e told t:e Con9ress8en" F%o<ulation =as one of
t:e t:in9s I =or;ed on =:en I =as in t:e Con9ress =it: 8an3 <eo<le :ere in t:is roo8? It is
so8et:in9 t:at t:e UN s:ould do? It is so8et:in9 =:ere =e are better ser>ed to use a
8ultilateral c:annel1 but it :as 9ot to be done efficientl3 and effecti>el3? T:ere :as to be
so8e deli>er3 s3ste8s? It s:ould not be studied to deat: if t:e A8erican <eo<le are 9oin9 to
see t:at =e are better off to use a 8ultilateral c:annel and I a8 con>inced =e are? *e don7t
=ant to be i8<osin9 A8erican standards of rate of 9ro=t: on so8e countr31 but =e are
sa3in9 t:at if an international co88unit3 decides it is =ort: =:ile to :a>e t:ese <ro9ra8s
and education1 =e =ant to stron9l3 su<<ort it?F Gfn '5H
On indi>idual African countries1 !us: as;ed t:e Con9ress8en to increase US aid to C:ad1
8a;in9 it obli@uel3 clear t:at :is interest in C:ad ca8e fro8 t:e countr37s Ffierce
inde<endenceF in a F<ressure area >is-a->is t:e nort:1F 8eanin9 Laddafi7s Lib3a? !us:
discussed t:e Middle East crisis at len9t: =it: Ni8eiri of t:e Sudan1 =it: =:o8 t:e US
:ad no di<lo8atic relations? !us: t:ou9:t t:at Ni8ieri =as interested in restorin9 and
i8<ro>in9 relations =it: t:e US? T:ese eEc:an9es are :istoricall3 ironic in t:e li9:t of
!us:7s later role in t:e cou< t:at o>ert:re= Ni8ieri in t:e 8id-12/57s? !3 contrast1 !us:
said t:at So8alia1 =:ere t:e US :ad recentl3 cut off aid1 :ad s:o=n no interest in
i8<ro>in9 ties =it: t:e US? In !ots=ana1 !us: sa3s :e =as i8<ressed b3 t:e 8inisters :e
8et? In Ja8bia1 t:e bi9 e8<:asis =as on t:e <roble8s of t:e front-line states? In all of t:e
African ca<itals on :is itinerar31 !us: =as struc; b3 t:e intensit3 of t:e co88itt8ent of
9o>ern8ents to <ro9ress and to so>erei9nt3" F???in =:ate>er <art of Africa and :o=e>er
di>erse Africa is1 t:ere =as al=a3s a lar9e a8ount of ti8e de>oted to de>elo<8ent1
econo8ics1 and1 a9ain1 inde<endence1 nation:ood1 t:is ;ind of t:in9?F It =as clear t:at !us:
=ould ne>er :a>e 8uc: s38<at:3 for t:e Fnation:ood t:in9?F !ut :e =as a=are t:at Africa
:ad )$ >otes out of 1'$ UN 8e8ber states in t:e General Asse8bl3?
T=o as<ects of !us:7s testi8on3 on :is African tri< t:ro= li9:t on t:e <er8anent aEio8s of
:is t:in;in9 <rocess? In one suc: re>ealin9 incident1 !us: describes :is Fnot :ostileF but
F>er3 fran;F dialo9ue =it: Fa bunc: of t:e intellectuals in Ni9eria?F !us: told t:e
Con9ress8en t:at t:ese intellectuals F=ere inclined to e@uate our @uest for <eaceful c:an9e
=it: t:e status @uo1 no c:an9e at all1 and t:e3 =ould state1 7Loo;1 3our o=n Re>olution =as
a non<eaceful c:an9e?7F T:is eEc:an9e beca8e a =a3 for !us: to state t:at t:e <rinci<les of
natural la= in t:e stru99le a9ainst colonialis8 =:ic: =ere eE<ressed in t:e A8erican
Re>olution :ad no= been su<erceded b3 t:e su<ernational <rinci<le of t:e United Nations
as a =orld 9o>ern8ent =:ic: 8ust >alidate all <olitical c:an9e? Here is t:e =a3 !us:
eE<ressed t:is idea" FAnd 83 ans=er to t:at =as1 one1 =e 8ean bot: <eaceful and c:an9e1
and t=o1 t:e United Nations C:arter =as not in eEistence at t:e ti8e of t:e US Re>olution?
*e are not 9oin9 to 9i>e u< on t:e United Nations1 =:ic: co88its itself to <eaceful
c:an9e?F Gfn '1H
T:e second re>ealin9 eEc:an9e in>ol>ed !us:7s relation to t:e <olicies t:at :e =as carr3in9
out? As;ed b3 Con9ress8an ,i99s to <in<oint =:ere decisions on R:odesian <olic3 and
related issues =ere 8ade1 !us: re<lied" FT:at is so8et:in9 3ou can ne>er do in t:e State
,e<art8ent?F He t:en =ent on to describe :is relations to 8ac:iner3 of <olic3 8a;in9" FI
=ould be :a<<3 to ta;e res<onsibilit3 for it Gt:e R:odesian >oteH1 if 3ou are loo;in9 for
so8ebod3 to do t:at1 because I a8 t:e %resident7s re<resentati>e to t:e United Nations1 and
t:e buc; sto<s =it: so8e of t:ese t:in9s =it: 8e? !ut I don7t <rofess to be t:at bi9 a deal
t:at I can sa3 t:is is t:e =a3 it is 9oin9 to be1 and t:at is t:e =a3 it :a<<ens? !ut in ter8s of
res<onsibilit3 for t:is <osition1 I =ould be :a<<3 to acce<t it?F T:en !us: added" FI do
t:in; t:at t:ere is roo8 for so8e criticis8 about t:e ;ind of facelessness of t:e <rocess1 but
I =ould sa3 for t:ese resolutions1 or an3t:in9 t:at =e :a>e done in ter8s of <olic31 =:et:er
it is subcontinent1 or Middle East1 or C:ina1 I :a>e been in accord =it: t:ese 8aBor
decisions1 and I ta;e t:e res<onsibilit3 for t:e8 as t:e <residentiall3 a<<ointed
re<resentati>e to t:e United Nations? (et I so8eti8es a8 frustrated b3 t:e 8ac:iner31 I
8ust sa3?F
One senses t:at t:is is !us:7s <led9e of <ersonal alle9iance to t:e #issin9er <olicies t:at
do8inated in t:e areas :e 8entions1 and t:at :is frustration is reser>ed for t:e <assi>e
resistance t:at still fro8 ti8e to ti8e 8er9ed fro8 t:e Ro9ers State ,e<art8ent? A8on9
ot:er t:in9s1 !us: =as endorsin9 t:e NiEon-#issin9er re9i8e7s su<<ort for t:e 8ilitar3
Bunta of t:e Gree; colonels1 a 8atter =:ic: beca8e a 8inor issue in t:e 12// <residential
ca8<ai9n?
As t:e for8er Gu3ana orei9n Minister red *ills :as <ointed out in se>eral s<ea;in9
en9a9e8ents for t:e Sc:iller Institute o>er recent 3ears1 t:e United States A8bassador to
t:e United Nations <resides o>er an i88ense co>ert a<<aratus of es<iona9e1 ar8- t=istin91
inti8idation1 entra<8ent1 and blac;8ail1 all directed a9ainst forei9n dele9ates =:o8 t:e
US is see;in9 to co8<ro8ise1 bribe1 or turn? T:e 9a8bits :abituall3 e8<lo3ed in t:is brutal
and s@ualid 9a8e ran9e fro8 bas;ets of fruit deli>ered to t:e :otel roo8s and residences of
a8bassadors and 8inisters1 to t:e de<lo38ent of a stable of 8ale and fe8ale seE o<erati>es
to entra< un=ar3 forei9n di<lo8ats1 to blac;-ba9 o<erations and occasional =et=or;? It
8a3 also be rele>ant t:at t:e Ma3or of Ne= (or; Cit3 durin9 t:ese 3ears =as &o:n 6?
Lindsa31 a (ale 9raduate and S;ull and !ones 8e8ber1 =it: =:o8 !us: :ad dealin9s on
8atters of <olice and securit3 <olic3 affectin9 t:e UN di<lo8atic co88unit3?
In t:e course of t:e 8an3 Con9ressional in>esti9ations of do8estic co>ert o<erations
durin9 t:e *ater9ate <eriod1 attention =as called to a nu8ber of 83sterious and unsol>ed
brea;-ins related to United Nations functions =:ic: too; <lace in t:e Ne= (or; area durin9
t:e a<<roEi8ate ti8e t:at Geor9e !us: =as UN a8bassador1 =:ic: =as fro8 ebruar3
12.1 until &anuar3 12.'? T:ese included a brea;-in at t:e :o8e of 6ictor Rioseco1 an
econo8ic counselor for t:e C:ilean 8ission to t:e United Nations1 on ebruar3 151 12.1C a
brea;-in at t:e :o8e of Hu8berto ,iaA-Casaneu>a1 t:e C:ilean A8bassador to t:e United
Nations1 on A<ril +1 12.11 and anot:er bur9lar3 at t:e Ne= (or; a<art8ent of &a>ier
Urrutia1 t:e c:ief of t:e C:ilean ,e>elo<8ent Cor<oration1 on A<ril 111 12.1? It =ill be
noted t:at one co88on deno8inator of t:ese brea;-ins =as a tar9ettin9 of C:ilean
re<resentati>esC t:e C:ilean 9o>ern8ent at t:is ti8e =as t:at of %resident Sal>ador Allende
Gossens1 later to<<led b3 a US-directed cou< in Se<te8ber1 12.'? T:e C:ilean E8bass3 in
*as:in9ton =as t:e scene of 3et anot:er brea;-in on Ma3 1'-1)1 12.$?
Naturall31 !us:7s aut:oriAed bio9ra<:3 and ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3 sa3 not:in9 about an3
of t:ese interestin9 e>ents? itA:u9: Green describes t:e F9racious1 <rofessional tea8=or;F
of !arbara and Geor9e at di<lo8atic rece<tions1 =it: !us:7s <ersonal assistant Rudol<:
FoE3F Carter fin9erin9 di<lo8ats and =i>es to be button:oled b3 Mrs? !us: and t:en
ta;en o>er to 8eet Geor9e? It =as also durin9 t:ese UN 3ears t:at !us: consolidated :is
:abit of =ritin9 lar9e @uantities of s:ort <ersonal lon9:and notes and cards to friends and
ac@uantainces? !us:7s :abit =as to <ersonall3 sit t:ou9: t:e lon9 s<eec:es of di<lo8ats
re<resentin9 US allies and ot:ers =:o8 !us: =is:ed to <ro<itiate? !ut in order to use t:e
ti8e1 oE3 Carter =ould 8a;e sure t:at :e :ad a sufficient su<<l3 of s8all note cards to be
able to turn out a continuous flo= of bread and butter notes1 9reetin9s1 and =or;in9
co88unications1 so8e of =:ic: could be deli>ered to di<lo8ats <resent in t:e roo8 =:ere
!us: =as sittin9? In t:is =a31 !us: succeeded in in9ratiatin9 :i8self =it: 8an3 dele9ates?
T:is <ractice fores:ado=s :is later Fs<eed-dialin9 8odeF of contacts =it: =orld leaders
durin9 crises suc: as t:e Gulf ad>enture? Gfn '$H
!us: s<ent Bust less t:an t=o 3ears at t:e UN? His tenure coincided =it: so8e of t:e 8ost
8onstruous cri8es a9ainst :u8anit3 of t:e NiEon- #issin9er duo1 for =:o8 !us:
functioned as an international s<o;es8an to =:o8 no #issin9er <olic3 =as too odious to
be ent:usiaticall3 <roclai8ed before t:e international co88unit3 and =orld <ublic o<inion?
T:rou9: t:is do99edl3 lo3al ser>ice1 !us: for9ed a lin; =it: NiEon t:at =ould be
e<:e8eral but >ital for :is career =:ile it lasted1 and a lin; =it: #issin9er t:at =ould be
decisi>e in s:a<in9 !us:7s o=n ad8inistration in 12//-/2? T:e =a3 in =:ic: !us: set
about or9aniAin9 t:e anti-Ira@ coalition of 1225-21 =as decisi>el3 s:a<ed b3 :is United
Nations eE<erience? His initial a<<roac: to t:e Securit3 Council1 t:e t3<es of resolutions
t:at =ere <ut for=ard b3 t:e US1 and t:e alternation of 8ilitar3 escalation =it:
consultations a8on9 t:e fi>e <er8anent 8e8bers of t:e Securit3 Council- all t:is :ar;ened
bac; to t:e eE<erience !us: ac@uired as #issin9er7s en>o3 to t:e =orld bod3?
To=ards t:e close of !us:7s <ostin9 to t:e UN1 :is fat:er1 %rescott !us:1 died at t:e Sloan-
#etterin9 Hos<ital in Ne= (or; Cit3? It =as October /1 12.$? %rescott !us: :ad been
dia9nosed as sufferin9 fro8 lun9 cancer?
NOTES"
1? In 12.51 !us:7s <ortfolio included $2 co8<anies in =:ic: :e :ad an interest of 8ore t:an I)555? He :ad
151555 s:ares of A8erican 9eneral Insurance Co?1 +1+55 s:ares of A8erican Standard1 $55 s:ares of
ATNT1 /'$ s:ares of C!S1 and +/1 s:ares of Industries EEc:an9e und? He also :eld stoc; in t:e #ro9er
Co8<n31 Si8<leE *ire and Cale Co? 0$+1555 s:ares41 I!M1 and Allied C:e8ical? In addition1 :e :ad
created a trust fund for :is c:ildren?
$? &a8es Reston1 &r?1 T:e Lone Star" T:e Life of &o:n Connall3 0Ne= (or;1 12/241 <? '/5?
' Safire1 !efore t:e all1 <? -)-?
)? *alter %incus and !ob *ood=ard1 F%residential %osts and ,as:ed Ho<es1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21
12//?
+? Reston1 <? '/$?
-? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? 115?
.? or t:e NiEon side of t:e !us: UN a<<oint8ent1 see *illia8 Safire1 !efore t:e all 0Ne= (or;1 12..41
es<eciall3 FT:e %resident alls in Lo>e1F <<? -)$ ff?
/? Reston1 <? '/$? Reston 0<<? +/--+/.4 tells t:e stor3 of :o=1 3ears later in t:e 12/5 Io=a caucuses
ca8<ai9n =:en bot: !us: and Connall3 =ere in t:e race1 !us: =as enra9ed b3 Connall37s deni9ration of
:is 8an:ood in re8ar;s to TeEans t:at !us: =as 7all :at and no cattle?7 !us: =as =al;in9 b3 a tele>ision
set in t:e Hotel ort ,es Moines =:en Connall3 ca8e on t:e screen? !us: reac:ed out to=ard Connall37s
i8a9e on t:e screen as if to s:a;e :ands? T:en !us: screa8ed1 FT:an; 3ou1 sir1 for all t:e ;ind t:in9s 3ou
and 3our friends :a>e been sa3in9 about 8eKF T:en !us: sla88ed :is fist on t:e to< of t:e set1 3ellin9
FT:at <ric;KF
2? On #issin9er1 see Scott T:o8<son and &ose<: !re=da1 F#issin9er Associates" T=o !irds in t:e !us:1F
EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 Marc: '1 12/2?
15? See Tad SAulc1 T:e Illusion of %eace 0Ne= (or;1 12./41 <? )2/?
11? Henr3 #issin9er1 *:ite House (ears 0!oston1 12.241 <? .1+?
1$? SAulc1 <? +551 and *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 1$1 12.1?
1'? *as:in9ton %ost1 October '11 12.1?
1)? See Se38our M? Hers:1 T:e %rice of %o=er 0Ne= (or;1 12/'41 <<? ))) ff?
1+? Henr3 #issin9er1 *:ite House (ears1 <? /2.? T:e 9eneral outlines of t:ese rea8r;s =ere first <ublis:ed
in t:e &ac; Anderson colu8n1 and re<rinted in &ac; Anderson1 T:e Anderson %a<ers 0 Ne= (or;1 12.'4?
1-? #issin9er1 <? /2-?
1.? &ac; Anderson1 T:e Anderson %a<ers1 <? $$-?
1/? El8o Ju8=alt1 On *atc: 0Ne= (or;1 12.-41 <? '-.?
12? Anderson1 <? $-5-1?
$5? #issin9er1 <? 252?
$1? Hers:1 T:e %rice of %o=er1 <? )+.?
$$? #issin9er1 <<? 211-21$?
$'? See R?C? Gu<ta1 US %olic3 To=ards India and %a;istan 0,el:i1 12..4 1 <? /) ff?
$)? *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 $.1 12.$?
$+? *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 111 12.$?
$-? !us: and Gold1 <? 11)C Green1 <? 1$$?
$.? US House of Re<resentati>es1 &oint Hearin9 !efore t:e Subco88ittee on Africa and t:e Subco88ittee
on International Or9aniAations and Mo>e8ents of t:e Co88ittee on orei9n Affairs1 Ninet3-Second
Con9ress1 Second Session1 Marc: 11 12.$1 0*as:in9ton" US Go>ern8ent %rintin9 Office1 12.$41 <? 1$?
$/? In Marc:1 12.'1 t:e US >eto =as used to bloc; a resolution in t:e Securit3 Council =:ic: called for t:e
Ffull res<ect for %ana8a7s effecti>e so>erei9nt3 o>er all its territor3?F T:is resolution ot:er=ise recei>ed 1'
<ositi>e >otes1 and t:ere =as one abstention? See Castin9 Out %ana8a7s ,e8on1 %ana8a Cit31 12251 <? $$?
$2? House of Re<resentati>es1 &oint Hearin91 <<? 15-111 .?
'5? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril $'1 12.$?
'1? House of Re<resentati>es1 &oint Hearin91 <<? .-/?
'$? Ibid1 <? 1+?
''? Green1 <<? 11/1 1$+?
C:a<ter -MII- C:air8an Geor9e in *ater9ate
In No>e8ber1 12.$1 !us:7s F8ost influential <atron1F Ric:ard NiEon Gfn 1H1 =on re-
election to t:e *:ite House for a second ter8 in a landslide >ictor3 o>er t:e McGo>ern-
S:ri>er ,e8ocratic tic;et? NiEon7s election >ictor3 :ad <roceeded in s<ite of t:e arrest of
fi>e *:ite House-lin;ed bur9lars in t:e offices of t:e ,e8ocratic National Co88ittee at
t:e *ater9ate buildin9 in *as:in9ton earl3 on &une 1. of t:e sa8e 3ear? T:is =as t:e
be9innin9 of t:e infa8ous *ater9ate scandal1 =:ic: =ould o>ers:ado= and ulti8atel3
ter8inate NiEon7s second ter8 in 12.)? After t:e election1 !us: recei>ed a tele<:one call
infor8in9 :i8 t:at NiEon =anted to tal; to :i8 at t:e Ca8< ,a>id retreat in t:e Catoctin
Mountains of Mar3land? !us: :ad been loo;in9 to *as:in9ton for t:e ine>itable <ersonnel
c:an9es t:at =ould be 8ade in <re<aration for NiEon7s second ter8? !us: tells us t:at :e
=as a=are of NiEon7s <lan to reor9aniAe :is cabinet around t:e idea of a Fsu<er cabinetF of
to<-le>el1 inner cabinet 8inisters or Fsu<er secretariesF =:o =ould =or; closel3 =it: t:e
*:ite House =:ile rele9atin9 t:e da3-to-da3 functionin9 of t:eir eEecuti>e de<art8ents to
sub-cabinet de<uties? One of t:e bi9 =inners under t:is <lan =as sc:eduled to be Geor9e
S:ultA1 t:e for8er Labor Secretar3 =:o =as no=1 after t:e de<arture of Connall31 su<<osed
to beco8e Su<er Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3? S:ultA =as a !ec:tel eEecuti>e =:o =ent on to
be Rea9an7s second Secretar3 of State after Al Hai9? !us: and S:ultA =ere future 8e8bers
of t:e !o:e8ian Club of San rancisco and of t:e !o:e8ian Gro>e su88er 9at:erin9?
S:ultA =as a %rinceton 9raduate =:o =as re<uted to :a>e a ti9er1 t:e sc:ool7s s38bol1
tatooed on :is ru8<? !us: sa3s :e recei>ed a call fro8 NiEon7s to< do8estic aide1 &o:n
E:rlic:8an 0alon9 =it: Halde8ann a <artner in t:e FC:inese =allF around NiEon
8aintained b3 t:e *:ite House <alace 9uard4? E:rlic:8an told !us: t:at Geor9e S:ultA
=anted to see :i8 before :e =ent on to 8eet =it: NiEon at Ca8< ,a>id? As it turned out1
S:ultA =anted to offer !us: t:e <ost of undersecretar3 of t:e Treasur31 =:ic: =ould
a8ount to de facto ad8inistrati>e control o>er t:e de<art8ent =:ile S:ultA concentrated on
:is <roBected su<er secretar3 <olic3 functions? !us: sa3s :e t:an;ed S:ultA for :is
Fflatterin9F offer1 too; it under consideration1 and t:en <ressed on to Ca8< ,a>id? Gfn $H At
Ca8< ,a>id1 !us: sa3s t:at NiEon tal;ed to :i8 in t:e follo=in9 ter8s" FGeor9e1 I ;no=
t:at S:ultA :as tal;ed to 3ou about t:e Treasur3 Bob1 and if t:at7s =:at 3ou7d li;e1 t:at7s fine
=it: 8e? Ho=e>er1 t:e Bob I reall3 =ant 3ou to do1 t:e <lace I reall3 need 3ou1 is o>er at t:e
National Co88ittee runnin9 t:in9s? T:is is an i8<ortant ti8e for t:e Re<ublican %art31
Geor9e? *e :a>e a c:ance to build a ne= coalition in t:e neEt four 3ears1 and 3ou7re t:e one
=:o can do it?F G fn 'H !ut t:is =as not t:e Bob t:at Geor9e reall3 =anted? He =anted to be
<ro8oted1 but :e =anted to continue in t:e <ersonal retinue of Henr3 #issin9er? FAt first
!us: tried to <ersuade t:e %resident to 9i>e :i81 instead1 t:e nu8ber-t=o Bob at t:e State
,e<art8ent1 as de<ut3 to Secretar3 Henr3 #issin9er? orei9n affairs =as :is to< <riorit31 :e
said? NiEon =as cool to t:is idea1 and !us: ca<itulated?F Gfn )H Accordin9 to !us:7s o=n
account1 :e as;ed NiEon for so8e ti8e to <onder t:e offer of t:e RNC c:air8ans:i<?
A8on9 t:ose =:o !us: said :e consulted on =:et:er or not to acce<t =as Ro9ers C?!?
Morton1 t:e for8er Con9ress8an =:o8 NiEon :ad 8ade Secretar3 of Co88erce? Morton
su99ested t:at if !us: =anted to acce<t1 :e insist t:at :e continue as a 8e8ber of t:e
NiEon cabinet1 =:ere1 it s:ould be recalled1 :e :ad been sittin9 since :e =as na8ed to t:e
UN? %enns3l>ania Senator Hu9: Scott1 one of t:e Re<ublican Con9ressional leaders1 also
ad>ised !us: to de8and to continue on in t:e cabinet" FInsist on it1F !us: recalls :i8
sa3in9? !us: also consulted !arbara? T:e stor3 9oes t:at !ar :ad de8anded t:at Geor9e
<led9e t:at t:e one Bob :e =ould ne>er ta;e =as t:e RNC <ost? !ut no= :e =anted to ta;e
<recisel3 t:at <ost1 =:ic: a<<eared to be a <olitical 9ra>e3ard1 Geor9e eE<lained :is
=i8<is: obedience to NiEon" F!o31 3ou can7t turn a %resident do=n?F Gfn +H !us: t:en told
E:rlic:8an t:at :e =ould acce<t <ro>ided :e could sta3 on in t:e cabinet? NiEon a<<ro>ed
t:is condition1 and t:e era of C:air8an Geor9e :ad be9un?
Of course1 8a;in9 t:e c:air8an of t:e Re<ublican %art3 an eE- officio 8e8ber of t:e
<resident7s cabinet see8s to i8<l3 so8et:in9 rese8blin9 a one-<art3 state? !ut Geor9e =as
not deterred b3 suc: difficulties?
*:ile :e =as at t:e UN1 !us: :ad ;e<t :is e3es o<en for t:e neEt <ost on t:e =a3 u< :is
<ersonal cursus :onoru8? In No>e8ber of 12.1 t:ere =as a boo8let for !us: a8on9 TeEas
Re<ublican leaders =:o =ere loo;in9 for a candidate to run for 9o>ernor? Gfn -H NiEon7s
c:oice of !us: to :ead t:e RNC =as announced on ,ece8ber 111 12.$? T:e out9oin9 RNC
C:ari8an =as Senator !ob ,ole of #ansas1 an asset of t:e 9rain cartel but1 in t:at <eriod1
not totall3 de>oid of :u8an @ualities? Accordin9 to <ress re<orts1 NiEon <alace 9uard
:ea>ies li;e Halde8an and C:arles *? Colson1 later a central *ater9ate fi9ure1 =ere not
:a<<3 =it: ,ole because :e =ould not ta;e orders fro8 t:e *:ite House? ,ole also tended
to function as a conduit for 9rass roots co8<laints and resistance to *:ite House directi>es
fro8 t:e GO% ran; and file? In t:e conteEt of t:e 12.$ ca8<ai9n1 F*:ite HouseF 8eans
s<ecificall3 Clar; MacGre9or7s Co88ittee to Re- Elect t:e %resident 0CREE%41 one of t:e
collecti>e <rota9onists of t:e *ater9ate scandal? Gfn .H ,ole =as considered re8ar;able for
:is Firre>erenceF for NiEon" F:e Bo;ed about t:e *ater9ate issue1 about t:e *:ite House
staff and about t:e 8ana9e8ent of t:e Re<ublican con>ention =it: its Ps<ontaneous
de8onstrations t:at =ill last <recisel3 ten 8inutes?7F G fn /H !us:7s o=n account of :o= :e
9ot t:e RNC <ost i9nores ,ole1 =:o =as !us:7s 8ost serious ri>al for t:e 12// Re<ublican
<residential no8ination? Accordin9 to ,ole7s >ersion1 :e conferred =it: NiEon about t:e
RNC <ost on No>e8ber $/1 and told t:e <resident t:at :e =ould :a>e to @uit t:e RNC in
12.' in order to 9et read3 to run for re-election in 12.)? Accordin9 to ,ole1 it =as :e =:o
reco88ended !us: to NiEon? ,ole e>en said t:at :e :ad 9one to Ne= (or; to con>ince
!us: to acce<t t:e <ost? ,ole sou9:t to re8o>e an3 i8<lication t:at :e :ad been fired b3
NiEon1 and contradicted Fs<eculation t:at I =ent to t:e 8ountainto< to be <us:ed off1F for
Ft:at =as not t:e case?F *:at =as clear =as t:at NiEon and retainers :ad c:osen a
re<lace8ent for ,ole =:o8 t:e3 eE<ected to be 8ore obedient to t:e co88ands of t:e
*:ite House <alace 9uard? !us: assu8ed :is ne= <ost in &anuar31 12.'1 in t:e 8idst of t:e
trial of t:e *ater9ate bur9lars? He sou9:t at once to con>e3 t:e i8a9e of a <ra98atic
tec:nocrat on t:e loo;out for Re<ublican candidates =:o could =in1 rat:er t:an an
ideolo9ue? FT:ere7s ;ind of a narro= line bet=een standin9 for not:in9 and i8<osin9 one7s
>ie=s1F !us: told t:e <ress? He stressed t:at t:e RNC =ould :a>e a lot of 8one3 to s<end
for recruitin9 candidates1 and t:at :e =ould <ersonall3 control t:is 8one3? FT:e *:ite
House is si8<l3 not 9oin9 to control t:e bud9et1F said !us:? FI belie>e in t:e i8<ortance of
t:is Bob and I :a>e confidence I can do it1F :e added? FI couldn7t do it if I =ere so8e
reluctant dra9on bein9 dra99ed a=a3 fro8 a t:ree-=ine lunc:eon?F Gfn 2H !us: a<<ointed
To8 Lias as :is <rinci<al <olitical assistant? Harr3 ,ent1 t:e for8er c:ief counsel to NiEon1
=as na8ed t:e c:ief counsel to t:e GO%? ,ent :ad been one of t:e ideolo9ues of t:e <art37s
sout:ern strate93? ,?#? F%atF *ilson beca8e t:e <art3 finance c:air8an1 and Re<? *illia8
Stei9er of *isconsin beca8e t:e leader of a s<ecial co88ittee t:at =as su<<osed to
broaden t:e electoral base of t:e <art3? Stei9er =as i88ediatel3 attac;ed b3 t:e ri9:t-=in9
Hu8an E>ents 8a9aAine as F>er3 8uc: a <art of t:e defeated liberal refor8 8o>e8entF in
t:e <art3? Gfn 15H Ric:ard T:aEton =as t:e RNC <atrona9e director? &o:n Lofton1 t:e editor
of t:e GO% =ee;l3 Bournal called Monda31 =as eased out1 and =ent to Boin Ho=ard %:illi<s
in t:e tas; of li@uidatin9 t:e Office of Econo8ic O<<ortunit3? &anet &? &o:nston of
California beca8e t:e RNC co- c:air? !us: inau9urated :is ne= <ost =it: a <led9e t:at t:e
Re<ublican %art31 fro8 %resident NiEon on do=n1 =ould do Fe>er3t:in9 =e <ossibl3 canF
to 8a;e sure t:at t:e GO% =as not in>ol>ed in <olitical dirt3 tric;s in t:e future? FI don7t
t:in; it is 9ood for <olitics in t:is countr3 and I a8 sure I a8 reflectin9 t:e %resident7s
>ie=s on t:at as :ead of t:e <art31F intoned !us: in an a<<earance on FIssues and
Ans=ers?F Gfn 11H *:et:er or not !us: li>ed u< to t:at <led9e durin9 :is 8ont:s at t:e
RNC1 and indeed durin9 :is later <olitical career1 =ill be sufficientl3 ans=ered durin9 t:e
follo=in9 <a9es? !ut no= C:air8an Geor9e1 sittin9 in NiEon7s cabinet =it: suc: 8en as
&o:n Mitc:ell1 :is e3es fiEed on Henr3 #issin9er as :is lodestar1 is about to set sail on t:e
turbulent seas of t:e *ater9ate t3<:oon? !efore =e acco8<an3 :i81 =e 8ust briefl3
re>ie= t:e co8<leE of e>ents lu8<ed to9et:er under t:e :eadin9 of F*ater9ate1F so t:at =e
8a3 t:en situate !us:7s re8ar;able and biAarre be:a>ior bet=een &anuar3 12.' and Au9ust
of 12.)1 =:en NiEon7s fall beca8e t:e occasion for 3et anot:er !us: atte8<t to seiAe t:e
>ice <residenc3? !3 t:e be9innin9 of t:e 12257s1 it :as beco8e so8et:in9 of a
co88on<lace to refer to t:e co8<leE of e>ents surroundin9 t:e fall of NiEon as a cou<
d7etat? Gfn 1$H It =as to be sure a cou< d7etat1 but one =:ose or9aniAers and beneficiaries
8ost co88entators and :istorians are reluctant to na8e1 8uc: less to confront? !roadl3
s<ea;in91 *ater9ate =as a cou< d7etat =:ic: =as instru8ental in la3in9 t:e basis for t:e
s<ecific ne= t3<e of aut:oritarian-totalitarian re9i8e =:ic: no= rules t:e United States?
T:e <ur<ose of t:e cou< =as to rearran9e t:e do8inant institutions of t:e US 9o>ern8ent
so as to en:ance t:eir abilit3 to carr3 out <olicies a9reeable to t:e increasin9l3 ur9ent
dictates of t:e !ritis:-do8inated Mor9an- Roc;efeller-Mellon-Harri8an financier faction?
T:e i88ediate beneficiaries of t:e cou< :a>e been t:at class of bureaucratic1 tec:nocratic
ad8inistrators =:o :a>e :eld t:e :i9:est <ublic offices1 eEercisin9 <o=er in 8an3 cases
al8ost =it:out interru<tion1 since t:e da3s of t:e *ater9ate scandal? It is ob>ious t:at
Geor9e !us: :i8self is one of t:e 8ost <ro8inent of suc: beneficiaries? As t:e Ro8an
<la3=ri9:t Seneca =arns us1 FCui <rodest scelus1 is fecitF-- t:e one =:o deri>es ad>anta9e
fro8 t:e cri8e is t:e one 8ost li;el3 to :a>e co88itted it? T:e <olicies of t:e *all Street
in>est8ent ban;in9 interests na8ed are t:ose of usur3 and Malt:usianis81 stressin9 t:e
decline of a <roducti>e industrial econo83 in fa>or of sa>a9e T:ird *orld lootin9 and anti-
<o<ulation 8easures? T:e c:an9es subsu8ed b3 *ater9ate included t:e abolition of
9o>ern8ent7s function as a 8eans to distribute t:e re=ards and benefits of econo8ic
<ro9ress a8on9 t:e <rinci<al constituenc3 9rou<s u<on =:ose su<<ort t:e s:iftin9 <olitical
coalitions de<ended for t:eir success? Hencefort:1 9o>ern8ent =ould a<<ear as t:e 8eans
b3 =:ic: t:e sacrifices and <enalties of austerit3 and declinin9 standards of li>in9 =ould be
i8<osed on a <assi>e and stu<efied <o<ulation? T:e constitutional office of t:e <resident
=as to be >irtuall3 destro3ed1 and t:e <o=er of t:e usurious ban;in9 elites abo>e and
be:ind t:e <residenc3 =as to be radicall3 en:anced?
T:e reason =:3 t:e *ater9ate scandal escalated into t:e o>ert:ro= of NiEon :as to do =it:
t:e international 8onetar3 crisis of t:ose 3ears1 and =it: NiEon7s inabilit3 to 8ana9e t:e
colla<se of t:e !retton *oods s3ste8 and t:e US dollar in a =a3 satisfactor3 to t:e An9lo-
A8erican financial elite?
It =as t:e leadin9 An9lo-A8erican financier factions =:o decided to du8< NiEon1 and
a>ailed t:e8sel>es of t:e <re-eEistin9 *ater9ate affair in order to reac: t:eir 9oal? T:e
financiers =ere able to i8<le8ent t:eir decision all t:e 8ore easil3 t:an;s to t:e nu8erous
o<erati>es of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 =:o :ad been e8bedded =it:in t:e %lu8bers
fro8 t:e 8o8ent of t:eir creation in res<onse to an eE<licit de8and co8in9 fro8 Geor9e
!us:7s <ersonal 8entor1 Henr3 #issin9er?
*ater9ate included t:e o<tion of ra<id ste<s in t:e direction of a dictators:i< not so 8uc:
of t:e 8ilitar3 as of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 and t:e la= enforce8ent a9encies actin9 as
eEecutors of t:e =ill of t:e *all Street circles indicated? T:e FSe>en ,a3s in Ma3F
o>ertone of *ater9ate1 t:e 8ore or less o>ert brea; =it: constitutional for8s and rituals
=as ne>er eEcluded? *e 8ust recall t:at t:e bac;dro< for *ater9ate :ad been <ro>ided first
of all b3 t:e colla<se of t:e international 8onetar3 s3ste81 as 8ade official b3 NiEon7s
austerit3 decrees i8<osin9 a =a9e and <rice freeAe startin9 on t:e fateful da3 of Au9ust 1+1
12.1? *:at follo=ed =as an atte8<t to run t:e entire US econo83 under t:e to<-do=n
di;tat of t:e %a3 !oard and t:e %rice Co88ission? T:is econo8ic state of e8er9enc3 =as
t:en co8<ounded b3 t:e artificial oil s:orta9es orc:estrated b3 t:e co8<anies of t:e
international oil cartel durin9 late 12.' and 12.)1 all in t:e =a;e of #issin9er7s October
12.' Middle East *ar and t:e Arab oil bo3cott? In Au9ust1 12.)1 =:en Gerald ord
decided to 8a;e Nelson Roc;efeller1 and not Geor9e !us:1 :is >ice- <resident desi9nate1 :e
=as acti>el3 considerin9 furt:er eEecuti>e orders to declare a ne= econo8ic state of
e8er9enc3? Suc: colossal econo8ic dislocations :ad i8<elled t:e ne= Trilateral
Co88ission and suc: t:eorists as Sa8uel Huntin9ton to conte8<late t:e in:erent
un9o>ernabilit3 of de8ocrac3 and t:e necessit3 of be9innin9 a transition to=ards for8s
t:at =ould <ro>e 8ore durable under conditions of a99ra>ated econ8o8ic brea;do=n?
Ulti8atel31 8uc: to t:e disa<<oint8ent of Geor9e !us:1 =:ose ti8etable of boundless
<ersonal a8bition and 9reed for <o=er :ad once a9ain sur9ed a:ead of =:at :is <eers of
t:e rulin9 elite =ere <re<ared to acce<t1 t:e <ers<ecti>es for a 8ore o>ertl3 dictatorial for8
of re9i8e ca8e to be e8bodied in t:e fi9ure of 6ice %resident Nelson Roc;efeller? S;e<tics
=ill <oint to t:e :u8iliatin9 announce8ent1 8ade b3 %resident ord =it:in t:e conteEt of
:is 12.+ FHallo=een 8assacreF res:uffle of ;e3 <osts1 t:at Roc;efeller =ould not be
considered for t:e 12.- >ice <residential no8ination? !ut Roc;efeller1 t:an;s to t:e efforts
of Sara: &ane Moore and L3nette FS@uea;3F ro88e1 eac: of =:o8 atte8<ted to
assassinate ord1 :ad alread3 co8e >er3 close to t:e O>al Office on t=o se<arate occasions?
ord :i8self =as re<utedl3 one of t:e 8ost eEalted ree8asons e>er to occu<3 t:e
<residenc3? %re<onderant <o=er durin9 t:e last 3ears of NiEon and durin9 t:e ord 3ears
=as in an3 case eEercised b3 Henr3 #issin9er1 t:e de facto <resident1 about =:ose <edi9ree
and strate93 so8et:in9 :as been said abo>e? T:e <reser>in9 of constitutional for8 and
ritual as a :ollo= facade be:ind =:ic: to realiAe <ractices 8ore and 8ore dictatorial in
t:eir substance =as a t3<ical <ra98atic ada<tation 8ade <ossible b3 t:e abilit3 of t:e
financiers to en9ineer t:e slo= and 9radual decline of t:e econo831 a>oidin9 u<:ea>als of
<o<ular <rotest?
!ut in retros<ect t:ere can be no doubt t:at *ater9ate =as a cou< d7etat1 a cree<in9 and
8uffled cold cou< in t:e institutions =:ic: :as eEtended its conse@uences o>er al8ost t=o
decades? T:e roots of t:e ad8inistrati>e fascis8 of t:e Rea9an and !us: 3ears are to be
found in t:e institutional tre8ors and c:an9ed <o=er relations set off b3 t:e banal farce of
t:e *ater9ate brea;-in?
In t:e >ie= of t:e do8inant sc:ool of <ro-re9i8e Bournalis81 t:e essence of t:e *ater9ate
scandal lies in t:e ille9al es<iona9e and sur>eillance acti>it3 of t:e *:ite House co>ert
o<erations tea81 t:e so-called %lu8bers1 =:o are alle9ed to :a>e been cau9:t durin9 an
atte8<t to bu9lariAe t:e offices of t:e ,e8ocratic National Co88ittee in t:e *ater9ate
office buildin9 near t:e %oto8ac? T:e su<<osed 9oal of t:e brea;-in =as to filc:
infor8ation and docu8ents =:ile <lantin9 bu9s? Accordin9 to t:e official le9end of t:e
*as:in9ton %ost and Holl3=ood1 NiEon and :is retainers res<onded to t:e arrest of t:e
bu9lars b3 co8<oundin9 t:eir ori9inal cri8e =it: obstruction of Bustice and all of t:e
abuses of a co>eru<? T:en t:e *as:in9ton %ost Bournalists !ob *ood=ard and Carl
!ernstein1 dedicated <artiAans of t:e trut:1 ble= t:e stor3 o<en =it: t:e :el< of *ood=ard7s
83sterious source ,ee< T:roat1 settin9 into 8otion t:e in>esti9ation of t:e Senate
co88ittee under Sa8 Er>in1 leadin9 to i8<eac:8ent <roceedin9s b3 Re<? %eter Rodino7s
House &udiciar3 Co88ittee =:ic: ulti8atel3 forced NiEon to resi9n?
T:e recei>ed inter<retation of t:e salient facts of t:e *ater9ate e<isode is a fantastic and
9rotes@ue distortion of :istorical trut:? E>en t:e ;ind of cursor3 eEa8ination of t:e facts in
*ater9ate =:ic: =e can <er8it oursel>es =it:in t:e conteEt of a bio9ra<:3 of *ater9ate
fi9ure Geor9e !us: =ill re>eal t:at t:e actions =:ic: caused t:e fall of NiEon cannot be
reduced to t:e si8<listic account Bust su88ariAed? T:ere is1 for eEa8<le1 t:e @uestion of
t:e infiltration of t:e *:ite House staff and of t:e %lu8bers t:e8sel>es b3 8e8bers and
assets of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 =:ose lo3alt3 =as not to NiEon1 but to t:e An9lo-
A8erican financier elite? T:is includes t:e <resence a8on9 t:e %lu8bers of nu8erous
assets of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc31 and s<ecificall3 of t:e CIA bureaus traditionall3
lin;ed to Geor9e !us:1 suc: as t:e Office of Securit3- Securit3 Researc: Staff and t:e
Mia8i Station =it: its <ool of Cuban o<erati>es?
T:e %lu8bers =ere created at t:e de8and of Henr3 #issin9er1 =:o told NiEon t:at
so8et:in9 :ad to be done to sto< lea;s in t:e =a;e of t:e F%enta9on %a<ersF affair of 12.1?
!ut if t:e %lu8bers =ere called into eEistence b3 #issin9er1 t:e3 =ere funded t:rou9: a
8ec:anis8 set u< b3 #issin9er clone Geor9e !us:? A salient fact about t:e *:ite House
S<ecial In>esti9ations Unit 0or %lu8bers4 of 12.1-.$ is t:at t:e 8one3 used to finance it
=as <ro>ided b3 Geor9e !us:7s business <artner and lifelon9 inti8ate friend1 !ill Liedt;e1
t:e <resident of %ennAoil? !ill Liedt;e =as a re9ional finance c:air8an for t:e NiEon
ca8<ai9ns of 12-/ and 12.$1 and :e =as one of t:e 8ost successful1 re<ortedl3 eEceedin9
:is @uota b3 t:e lar9est 8ar9in a8on9 all :is fello= re9ional c:air8en? Liedt;e sa3s t:at :e
acce<ted t:is <ost as a <ersonal fa>or to Geor9e !us:? In 12.$1 !ill Liedt;e raised
I.551555 in anon38ous contributions1 includin9 =:at a<<ears to :a>e been a sin9le
contribution of I1551555 t:at =as laundered t:rou9: a ban; account in MeEico? Accordin9
to Harr3 Hurt1 <art of t:is 8one3 ca8e fro8 !us:7s boso8 cron3 Robert Mosbac:er1 no=
Secretar3 of Co88erce? Accordin9 to one account1 Ft=o da3s before a ne= la= =as
sc:eduled to be9in 8a;in9 anon38ous donations ille9al1 t:e I.551555 in cas:1 c:ec;s1 and
securities =as loaded into a briefcase at %ennAoil :ead@uarters and <ic;ed u< b3 a co8<an3
>ice <resident1 =:o boarded a *as:in9ton- bound %ennAoil Bet and deli>ered t:e funds to
t:e Co88ittee to Re- elect t:e %resident at ten o7cloc; t:at ni9:t?F Gfn 1)H
T:ese MeEican c:ec;s =ere turned o>er first to Maurice Stans of t:e CREE%1 =:o
transferred t:e8 in turn to *ater9ate bur9lar Gordon Lidd3? Lidd3 <assed t:e8 on to
!ernard !ar;er1 one of t:e Mia8i station Cubans arrested on t:e ni9:t of t:e final
*ater9ate brea;- in? !ar;er =as actuall3 carr3in9 so8e of t:e cas: left o>er fro8 t:ese
c:ec;s =:en :e =as a<<re:ended? *:en !ar;er =as arrested1 :is ban; records =ere
sub<oenaed b3 t:e ,ade Count31 lorida district attorne31 Ric:ard E? Gerstein1 and =ere
obtained b3 Gerstein7s c:ief in>esti9ator1 Martin ,ardis? As ,ardis told Carl !ernstein of
t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 about I1551555 in four cas:ier7s c:ec;s :ad been issued in MeEico
Cit3 b3 Manuel O9arrio ,a9uerre1 a <ro8inent la=3er =:o :andled Stans7 8one3-
launderin9 o<eration t:ere? Gfn 1+H Liedt;e e>entuall3 a<<eared before t:ree 9rand Buries
in>esti9atin9 t:e different as<ects of t:e *ater9ate affair1 but neit:er :e nor %ennAoil =as
e>er brou9:t to trial for t:e CREE% contributions? !ut it is a 8atter of 8ore t:an <assin9
interest t:at t:e 8one3 for t:e %lu8bers ca8e fro8 one of !us:7s inti8ates and at t:e
re@uest of !us:1 a 8e8ber of t:e NiEon Cabinet fro8 ebruar31 12.1 on? Ho= 8uc: did
!us: :i8self ;no= about t:e acti>ities of t:e %lu8bers1 and =:en did :e ;no= itD
T:e U?S? House of Re<resentati>es !an;in9 and Currenc3 Co88ittee1 c:aired b3 TeEas
,e8ocrat *ri9:t %at8an1 soon be9an a >i9orous in>esti9ation of t:e 8one3 financin9 t:e
brea;-in1 lar9e a8ounts of =:ic: =ere found as cas: in t:e <oc;ets of t:e bur9lars?
C:air8an %at8an o<ened t:e follo=in9 eE<losi>e leads" %at8an confir8ed t:at t:e lar9est
a8ount of t:e funds 9oin9 into Mia8i ban; account of *ater9ate bur9lar !ernard !ar;er1 a
CIA o<erati>e since t:e !a3 of %i9s in>asion1 =as t:e I1551555 sent in b3 TeEas CREE%
c:air8an *illia8 Liedt;e1 lon9ti8e business <artner of Geor9e !us:? T:e 8one3 =as sent
fro8 Houston do=n to MeEico1 =:ere it =as FlaunderedF to eli8inate its accountin9 trail? It
t:en ca8e bac; to !ar;er7s account as four c:ec;s totallin9 I/21555 and I111555 in cas:? A
s8aller a8ount1an anon38ous I$+1555 contribution1 =as sent in b3 Minnesota CREE%
officer #ennet: ,a:lber9 in t:e for8 of a cas:ier7s c:ec;?
%at8an relentlessl3 <ursued t:e true sources of t:is 8one31 as t:e best route to t:e trut:
about =:o ran t:e brea;-in1 and for =:at <ur<ose? CREE% national c:air8an Maurice Stans
later described t:e situation Bust after t:e bur9lars =ere arrested1 8ade dan9erous b3
F???Con9ress8an *ri9:t %at8an and se>eral of :is <olitical :atc:et 8en =or;in9 on t:e
staff of t:e House !an;in9 and Currenc3 Co88ittee? *it:out s<ecific aut:oriAation b3 :is
co88ittee1 %at8an announced t:at :e =as 9oin9 to in>esti9ate t:e *ater9ate 8atter1 usin9
as :is entr3 t:e ban;in9 transactions of t:e ,a:lber9 and MeEican c:ec;s? In t:e 9uise of
co>erin9 t:at 9round1 :e ob>iousl3 intended to roa8 =idel31 and :e al8ost did1 but :is o=n
co88ittee1 des<ite its ,e8ocratic 8aBorit31 e>entuall3 sto<<ed :i8?F Gfn 1-H
T:ese are t:e facts t:at %at8an :ad establis:ed--before F:is o=n co88ittee???sto<<ed :i8?F
T:e anon38ous Minnesota I$+1555 :ad in fact been <ro>ided to ,a:lber9 b3 ,=a3ne
Andreas1 c:ief eEecuti>e of t:e Arc:er-,aniels- Midland 9rain tradin9 co8<an3?
T:e TeEas I15515551 sent b3 Liedt;e1 in fact ca8e fro8 Robert H? Allen1 a 83sterious
nuclear =ea<ons 8aterials eEecuti>e? Allen =as c:air8an of Gulf Resources and C:e8ical
Cor<oration in Houston? His co8<an3 controlled :alf t:e =orld7s su<<l3 of lit:iu81 an
essential co8<onent of :3dro9en bo8bs?
On A<ril '1 12.$ 0.+ da3s before t:e *ater9ate arrests41 I1551555 =as transferred b3
tele<:one fro8 a ban; account of Gulf Resources and C:e8ical Cor<? into a MeEico Cit3
account of an officiall3 defunct subsidiar3 of Gulf Resources? Gulf Resources7 MeEican
la=3er Manuel O9arrio ,a9uerre =it:dre= it and sent bac; to Houston t:e <ac;a9e of four
c:ec;s and cas:1 =:ic: Liedt;e for=arded for t:e CIA bur9lars? Gfn 1.H
Robert H? Allen =as TeEas CREE%7s c:ief financial officer1 =:ile !us: <artner *illia8
Liedt;e =as o>erall c:air8an? !ut =:at did Allen re<resentD In ;ee<in9 =it: its strate9ic
nuclear :oldin9s1 Allen7s Gulf Resources =as a ;ind of co88ittee of t:e 8ain co8<onents
of t:e London-Ne= (or; oli9arc:3? or8ed in t:e late 12-57s1 Gulf Resources :ad ta;en
o>er t:e Ne= (or;-based Lit:iu8 Cor<oration of A8erica? T:e <resident of t:is subsidiar3
=as Gulf Resources eEecuti>e >ice <resident Harr3 ,? eltenstein1 &r? &o:n Ro9er Men;e1 a
director of bot: Gulf Resources and Lit:iu8 Cor<?1 =as also a consultant and director of
t:e United Nuclear Cor<oration1 and a diretor of t:e Hebre= Tec:nical Institute? T:e et:nic
bac;9round of t:e Lit:iu8 subsidiar3 is of interest due to Israel7s ;no=n <reoccu<ation
=it: de>elo<in9 a nuclear =ea<ons arsenal? Anot:er Gulf Resources and Lit:iu8 Cor<?
director =as Minnesotan Sa8uel H? Ro9ers1 =:o =as also a director of ,=a3ne Andreas7s
Arc:er-,aniels-Midland Cor<? Andreas =as a lar9e financial bac;er of t:e FJionist Lobb3F
t:rou9: t:e Anti-,efa8ation Lea9ue of !7Nai !7Rit:?
Gulf Resources c:air8an Robert H? Allen recei>ed t:e FTorc: of Libert3F a=ard of t:e
Anti-,efa8ation Lea9ue in 12/$? Allen =as a =:ite An9lo-SaEon conser>ati>e? No
credible reason for t:is a=ard =as su<<lied to t:e <ress1 and t:e A,L stated t:eir
satisfaction t:at Mr? Allen7s financin9 of t:e *ater9ate brea;-in =as si8<l3 a 8ista;e1 no=
in t:e distant <ast?
ro8 t:e be9innin9 of Gulf Resources1 t:ere =as al=a3s a re<resentati>e on its board of
Ne= (or;7s !ear Stearns fir81 =:ose <artner &ero8e #o:lber91 &r?1 <ioneered le>era9ed
bu3outs and 8er9ed =it: !us:7s Henr3 #ra>is? T:e 8ost <resti9ious board 8e8ber of
Allen7s Gulf Resources =as Geor9e A? !utler1 ot:er=ise t:e c:air8an of Houston7s %ost
Oa; !an;? !utler re<resented t:e ultra-secreti>e *? S? 0FAusc:=itAF4 aris: III1 confidant
of Geor9e !us: and U?S? :ost of Lueen EliAabet:? aris: =as t:e founder and controllin9
o=ner of !utler7s %ost Oa; !an;1 and =as c:air8an of t:e ban;7s eEecuti>e co88ittee as
of 12//? Gfn 1/H
A decade after *ater9ate1 it =as re>ealed t:at t:e Hunt fa8il3 :ad controlled about 1+ <er
cent of Gulf Resources s:ares? T:is TeEas oil fa8il3 :ired Geor9e !us: in 12.. to be t:e
eEecuti>e co88ittee c:air8an of t:eir fa8il3 enter<rise1 t:e irst International !an; in
Houston? In t:e 12/5s1 Ra3 Hunt secured a 8assi>e oil contract =it: t:e ruler of Nort:
(e8en under t:e s<onsors:i< of t:en-6ice %resident !us:? Ra3 Hunt continues in t:e 1221-
2$ <residential ca8<ai9n as Geor9e !us:7s bi99est TeEas financial an9el?
Here1 in t:is one <o=erful Houston cor<oration1 =e see earl3 indications of t:e alliance of
Geor9e !us: =it: t:e FJionist lobb3F--an alliance =:ic: for <olitical reasons t:e !us:
ca8< =is:es to ;ee< co>ert? T:ese1 t:en1 are t:e An9lo-A8erican 8o9uls =:ose 8one3
<aid for t:e bur9lar3 of t:e *ater9ate Hotel? It =as t:eir 8one3 t:at Ric:ard NiEon =as
tal;in9 about on t:e fa8ous Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e =:ic: lost :i8 t:e %residenc3? 0In 12/'1
!ritis: in>estor Alan Clore 8o>ed in for a :ostile ta;eo>er of Gulf Resources and C:e8ical
Cor<? Senator &o:n To=er1 Re<ublican fro8 TeEas1 ar9ued t:at t:e 9o>ern8ent s:ould sto<
t:e ta;eo>er on 9rounds of Fnational securit3F1 since t:e co8<an3 controlled t:e 8aterials
for t:e =orld7s nuclear =ea<ons? Certainl31 t:e 8ana9e8ent of suc: an enter<rise is closel3
su<er>ised b3 t:e U?S? intelli9ence co88unit3? It is t:en ob>ious =:3 a Con9ressional
<robe t:at led t:rou9: Liedt;e and !us: to t:e secret ser>ices :ad to be sabota9ed?4 On
Oct? '1 12.$1 t:e House !an;in9 and Currenc3 Co88ittee >oted $5-1+ a9ainst continuin9
c:air8an *ri9:t %at8an7s in>esti9ation? T:e >ote <re>ented t:e issuance of $' sub<oenas
for CREE% officials to co8e testif3 to Con9ress? T:e 8ar9in of <rotection to t:e 8o9uls
=as <ro>ided b3 siE ,e8ocratic 8e8bers of t:e Co88ittee =:o >oted =it: t:e
Re<ublicans a9ainst c:air8an %at8an? As CREE% c:air8an Maurice Stans <ut it1 FT:ere
=ere???indirect a<<roac:es to ,e8ocratic Gco88itteeH 8e8bers? An all-out ca8<ai9n =as
conducted to see t:at t:e in>esti9ation =as ;illed off1 as it successfull3 =as?F Certain
ele8ents of t:is infa8ous Fca8<ai9nF are ;no=n? !an;in9 Co88ittee 8e8ber ran;
!rasco1 a lieral ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an fro8 Ne= (or;1 >oted to sto< t:e <robe? Ne=
(or; Go>ernor Nelson Roc;efeller :ad arran9ed a 8eetin9 bet=een !rasco and U?S?
Attorne3 General &o:n Mitc:ell? !rasco =as a tar9et of a &ustice ,e<art8ent in>esti9ation
for alle9ed fraud and briber3 since 12.51 and Mitc:ell successfull3 =arned !rasco not to
bac; %at8an? Later1 in 12.)1 !rasco =as con>icted of briber3?
!efore *ater9ate1 bot: &o:n Mitc:ell and Henr3 #issin9er :ad !I re<orts i8<licatin9
California Con9ress8an Ric:ard Hanna in t:e recei<t of ille9al ca8<ai9n contributions
fro8 t:e #orean Central Intelli9ence A9enc3? Hanna sur<rised %at8an b3 >otin9 a9ainst
t:e in>esti9ation? Hanna =as later 012./4 con>icted for :is role in t:e #orea9ate scandal in
12./? T:e secretar3 of Con9ress8an *illia8 C:a<<ell co8<lained in 12-2 t:at t:e lorida
,e8ocrat :ad forced :er to ;ic; bac; so8e of :er salar3? T:e &ustice ,e<art8ent1 :oldin9
t:is infor8ation1 :ad declined to <rosecute? C:a<<ell1 a 8e8ber of t:e !an;in9 Co88ittee1
>oted to sto< %at8an7s in>esti9ation? #entuc;3 ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an *illia8 Curlin1
&r?1 re>ealed in 12.' t:at Fcertain 8e8bers of t:e co88ittee =ere re8inded of >arious <ast
<olitical indiscretions1 or of relati>es =:o 8i9:t suffer as a result of GaH <ro-sub<oena >ote?F
T:e &ustice ,e<art8ent =or;ed o>erti8e to s8ear %at8an1 includin9 an atte8<t to lin; :i8
to FCo88unist a9entsF in Greece? Gfn 12H
T:e da3 before t:e Co88ittee >ote1 t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent released a letter to %at8an
clai8in9 t:at an3 Con9ressional in>esti9ation =ould co8<ro8ise t:e ri9:ts of t:e accused
*ater9ate bur9lars before t:eir trial?
House Re<ublican leader Gerald ord led t:e attac; on %at8an fro8 =it:in t:e Con9ress?
T:ou9: :e later stated :is re9rets for t:is >icious ca8<ai9n1 :is e>entual re=ard =as t:e
U?S? %residenc3?
Cancellin9 t:e %at8an <robe 8eant t:at t:ere =ould be no in>esti9ation of *ater9ate
before t:e 12.$ %residential election? T:e *as:in9ton %ost >irtuall3 ended reference to t:e
*ater9ate affair1 and s<o;e of NiEon7s o<<onent1 Geor9e McGo>ern1 as un@ualified for t:e
%residenc3? T:e Re<ublican %art3 =as :anded anot:er four 3ear Ad8inistration? !us:1
#issin9er1 Roc;efeller and ord =ere t:e 9ainers? !ut t:en Ric:ard NiEon beca8e t:e
focus of all Establis:8ent attac;s for *ater9ate1 =:ile t:e 8one3 trail t:at %at8an :ad
<ursued =as for9otten? *ri9:t %at8an =as forced out of :is Co88ittee c:air8ans:i< in
12.)? On t:e da3 NiEon resi9ned t:e %residenc31 %at8an =rote to %eter Rodino1 c:air8an
of t:e House &udiciar3 Co88ittee1 as;in9 :i8 not to sto< in>esti9atin9 *ater9ate? T:ou9:
%at8an died in 12.-1 :is ad>ice still :olds 9ood? SSS
As t:e late !I ,irector &? Ed9ar Hoo>er told t:e Bournalist Andre= Tull3 in t:e da3s
before &une1 12.$1 F!3 God1 :e7s GNiEon7sH 9ot so8e for8er CIA 8en =or;in9 for :i8 t:at
I7d ;ic; out of 83 office? So8eda31 t:at bunc: =ill ser>e :i8 u< a fine 8ess?F Gfn $5H T:e
CIA 8en in @uestion =ere a8on9 t:e %lu8bers1 a unit alle9edl3 created in t:e first <lace to
stanc: t:e flo= of lea;s1 includin9 t:e &ac; Anderson 8aterial about suc: e<isodes as t:e
,ece8ber1 12.1 brus: =it: nuclear =ar discussed abo>e? Leadin9 %lu8bers included
retired :i9: officials of t:e CIA? %lu8ber and *ater9ate bur9lar E? Ho=ard Hunt :ad been
a GS-1+ CIA staff officerC :e :ad <la3ed a role in t:e 12+) to<<lin9 of Guate8alan
%resident &acobo ArbenA GuA8an1 and later :ad been one of t:e <lanners in t:e !a3 of %i9s
in>asion of 12-1? After t:e failure of t:e !a3 of %i9s1 Hunt is t:ou9:t to :a>e been a <art of
t:e continuin9 CIA atte8<ts to assassinate Castro1 code- na8ed O<eration Mon9oose1
on9oin9 at t:e ti8e of t:e #enned3 assassination? All of t:is <uts :i8 in t:e t:ic; of t:e
CIA Mia8i station? One of Hunt7s close <ersonal friends =as Ho=ard Osborne1 an official
of t:e CIA Office of Securit3 =:o =as t:e i88ediate su<erior of &a8es McCord? In t:e
s<rin9 of 12.1 Hunt =ent to Mia8i to recruit fro8 a8on9 t:e Cubans t:e contin9ent of
*ater9ate bur9lars1 includin9 !ernard !ar;er1 Eu9enio MartineA1 and t:e rest? T:is =as t=o
8ont:s before t:e <ublication of t:e %enta9on %a<ers1 lea;ed b3 ,aniel Ellsber91 <ro>ided
#issin9er =it: t:e <reteEt :e needed to 9et NiEon to initiate =:at =ould s:ortl3 beco8e t:e
%lu8bers?
Anot:er leadin9 *ater9ate bur9lar =as &a8es McCord1 a for8er to< official of t:e CIA
Office of Securit31 t:e a9enc3 bureau =:ic: is su<<osed to 8aintain contacts =it: US
<olice a9encies in order to facilitate its basic tas; of <ro>idin9 securit3 for CIA installations
and <ersonnel? T:e Office of Securit3 =as t:us :ea>il3 i8<licated in t:e CIA7s ille9al
do8estic o<erations1 includin9 cointel<ro o<erations a9ainst <olitical dissidents and 9rou<s1
and =as t:e >e:icle for suc: 8ind-control eE<eri8ents as O<erations !luebird1 Artic:o;e1
and M#-Ultra? T:e Office of Securit3 also utiliAed 8ale and fe8ale <rostitutes and ot:er
seE o<erati>es for <ur<oses of co8<ro8isin9 and blac;8ailin9 <ublic fi9ures1 infor8ation
9at:erin91 and control? Accordin9 to Hou9an1 t:e Office of Securit3 8aintained a Ffa9 fileF
of so8e '551555 US citiAens1 =it: :ea>3 stress on :o8oseEuals? T:e Office of Securit3
also :ad res<onsibilit3 for So>iet and ot:er defectors? &a8es McCord =as at one ti8e
res<onsible for t:e <:3sical securit3 of all CIA <re8ises in t:e US? McCord =as also a
close friend of CIA Counterintelli9ence ,irector &a8es &esus An9leton? McCord =as
anEious to co>er t:e CIA7s roleC at one <oint :e =rote to :is su<erior1 General Ga3nor1
ur9in9 :i8 to Fflood t:e ne=s<a<ers =it: lea;s or anon38ous lettersF to discredit t:ose
=:o =anted to establis: t:e res<onsibilit3 of Ft:e co8<an3?F Gfn $1H !ut accordin9 to one
of McCord7s o=n <olice contacts1 Gare3 !ittenbender of t:e *as:in9ton ,C <olice
Intelli9ence ,i>ision1 =:o reco9niAed :i8 after :is arrest1 McCord :ad a>erred to :i8 t:at
t:e *ater9ate brea;-ins :ad been Fa CIA o<eration1F an account =:ic: McCord :eatedl3
denied later? Gfn $$H
T:e t:ird leader of t:e *ater9ate bur9lars1 G? Gordon Lidd31 :ad =or;ed for t:e !I and
t:e Treasur3? Lidd37s autobio9ra<:31 *ill1 <ublis:ed in 12/51 and >arious state8ents s:o=
t:at Lidd37s =orld outloo; :ad a nu8ber of si8ilarities =it: t:at of Geor9e !us:" :e =as1
for eEa8<le1 obsessed =it: t:e 8aintenance and trans8ission of :is Ffa8il3 9ene <ool?F
Anot:er ;e3 8e8ber of t:e %lu8bers unit =as &o:n %aisle31 =:o functioned as t:e official
CIA liason to t:e *:ite House in>esti9ati>e unit? It =as %aisle3 =:o assu8ed
res<onsibilit3 for t:e o>erall Flea; anal3sis1F t:at is to sa31 for definin9 t:e <roble8 of
unaut:oriAed di>ul9in9 of classified 8ateral =:ic: t:e %lu8bers =ere su<<osed to co8bat?
%aisle31 alon9 =it: Ho=ard Osborne of t:e Office of Securit31 8et =it: t:e %lu8bers1 led
b3 #issin9er o<erati>e ,a>id (oun91 at CIA Head@uarters in Lan9le31 6ir9inia on Au9ust
21 12.1? %aisle37s i8<ortant <lace on t:e %lu8bers7 roster is 8ost re>ealin91 since %aisle3
=as later to beco8e an i8<ortant a<<ointee of CIA ,irector Geor9e !us:? In t:e 8iddle of
12.-1 !us: decided to aut:oriAe a 9rou< of eE<erts1 ostensibl3 fro8 outside of t:e CIA1 to
<roduce an anal3sis =:ic: =ould be co8<ared =it: t:e CIA7s o=n National Intelli9ence
Esti8ates on So>iet ca<abilities and intentions? T:e <anel of outside eE<erts =as 9i>en t:e
desi9nation of FTea8 !?F !us: c:ose %aisle3 to be t:e CIA7s FcoordinatorF of t:e t:ree
subdi>isions of Tea8 !? %aisle3 =ould later disa<<ear =:ile sailin9 on C:esa<ea;e !a3 in
Se<te8ber of 12./?
In a *:ite House 8e8orandu8 b3 ,a>id (oun9 su88ariAin9 t:e Au9ust 21 12.1 8eetin9
bet=een t:e %lu8bers and t:e official CIA leaders1 =e find t:at (oun9 F8et =it: Ho=ard
Osborn and a Mr? %aisle3 to re>ie= =:at it =as t:at =e =anted CIA to do in connection
=it: t:eir files on lea;s fro8 &anuar31 12-2 to t:e <resent?F T:ere t:en follo=s a fourteen-
<oint list of lea;s and t:eir classification1 includin9 t:e fre@uenc3 of lea;s associated =it:
certain Bour8alists1 t:e 9ra>it3 of t:e lea;s1 t:e fre@uenc3 of t:e lea;s1 and so fort:? A data
base =as called for1 and Fit =as decided t:at Mr? %aisle3 =ould 9et t:is done b3 neEt
Monda31 Au9ust 1-1 12.1?F On areas =:ere 8ore clarification =as needed1 t:e 8e8o
noted1 Ft:e abo>e @uestions s:ould be re>ie=ed =it: %aisle3 =it:in t:e neEt t=o da3s?F Gfn
$'H
T:e lesser *ater9ate bur9lars ca8e fro8 t:e ran;s of t:e CIA Mia8i Station Cubans"
!ernard !ar;er1 Eu9enio MartineA1 eli<e de ,ie9o1 ran; Sur9is1 6ir9ilio GonAaleA1 and
Reinaldo %ico? Once t:e3 :ad started =or;in9 for Hunt1 MartineA as;ed t:e Mia8i Station
C:ief1 &a;e Esterline1 if :e =as fa8iliar =it: t:e acti>ities no= bein9 carried out under
*:ite House co>er? Esterline in turn as;ed Lan9le3 for its o<inion of Hunt7s *:ite House
<osition? A re<l3 =as =ritten b3 Cord Me3er1 later o<enl3 <rofiled as a !us: ad8irer1 to
,e<ut3 ,irector for %lans 0t:at is to sa31 co>ert o<erations4 T:o8as #ara8essines? T:e
i8<ort of Me3er7s directions to Esterline =as t:at t:e latter s:ould Fnot ???concern :i8self
=it: t:e tra>els of Hunt in Mia8i1 t:at Hunt =as on do8estic *:ite House business of an
un;no=n nature and t:at t:e C:ief of Station s:ould 7cool it?7F Gfn $)H
,urin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12.'1 Geor9e !us: =as no lon9er si8<l3 a lon9-standin9 8e8ber of
t:e NiEon Cabinet? He =as also1 de facto1 a *:ite House official1 o<eratin9 out of t:e sa8e
Old EEecuti>e Office !uildin9 0or old State-*ar-Na>34 =:ic: is adBacent to t:e EEecuti>e
Mansion and for8s <art of t:e sa8e securit3 co8<ound? As =e read1 for eEa8<le1 in t:e
&ac; Anderson F*as:in9ton Merr3-Go- RoundF colu8n for Marc: 151 12.'1 in t:e
*as:in9ton %ost" F*as:in9ton *:irl- !us:7s Office--Re<ublican National C:air8an
Geor9e !us:1 as befittin9 t:e :ead of a <art3 =:ose coffers are o>erflo=in91 :as been
<ro>ided =it: a <lus: office in t:e ne= Eisen:o=er !uildin9 :ere? He s<ends 8uc: of :is
ti8e1 :o=e>er1 in a 9o>ern8ent office neEt to t:e *:ite House? *:en =e as;ed :o= a
<art3 official rated a 9o>ern8ent office1 a GO% s<o;es8an eE<lained t:at t:e office =asn7t
assi9ned to :i8 but =as 8erel3 a >isitor7s office? T:e s<o;es8an ad8itted1 :o=e>er1 t:at
!us: s<ends a lot of ti8e t:ere?F T:is 8eans t:at !us:7s <rinci<al office =as in t:e buildin9
=:ere NiEon 8ost li;ed to =or;C NiEon :ad =:at =as called :is F:idea=a3F office in t:e
OEO!? Ho= often did Geor9e dro< in on ,ic;1 or ,ic; on Geor9e1 or :o= often did t:e3
Bust 8eet in t:e :allD
As to t:e state of Geor9e7s relations =it: NiEon at t:is ti8e1 =e :a>e t:e testi8on3 of a
F(an;ee Re<ublicanF =:o :ad ;no=n and li;ed fat:er %rescott1 as cited b3 Bournalist Al
Reinert" FI can7t t:in; of a 8an I7>e e>er ;no=n for =:o8 I :a>e 9reater res<ect t:an %res
!us:???I7>e al=a3s been ;ind of sorr3 :is son turned out to be suc: a Ber;? Geor9e :as been
;issin9 NiEon7s ass e>er since :e ca8e u< :ere?F Gfn $+H Reinert co88ents t:at F=:en
NiEon beca8e <resident1 !us: beca8e a teac:er7s <et1F Fa <residential fa>orite1 described
in t:e <ress as one of 7NiEon7s 8en?7F
On t:e surface Geor9e =as an in9ratiatin9 s3co<:ant? !ut :e disse8bled? T:e NiEon *:ite
House =ould see8 to :a>e included at least one :i9:l3 <laced official =:o betra3ed :is
<resident to !ob *ood=ard of t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 8a;in9 it <ossible for t:at ne=s<a<er
to re<eatedl3 outflan; NiEon7s atte8<ts at stone=allin9? T:is =as t:e celebrated1 and still
anon38ous source *ood=ard called F,ee< T:roat?F
Al Hai9 :as often been accused of :a>in9 been t:e fi9ure of t:e NiEon *:ite House =:o
<ro>ided *ood=ard and !ernstein =it: t:eir leads? If t:ere is an3 consensus about t:e true
identit3 of ,ee< T:roat1 it =ould a<<ear to be t:at Al Hai9 is t:e <ri8e sus<ect? Ho=e>er1
t:ere is no conclusi>e e>idence about t:e true identit3 of t:e <erson or <ersons called ,ee<
T:roat1 assu8in9 t:at suc: a <:eno8enon e>er eEisted? As soon as Hai9 is na8ed1 =e 8ust
beco8e sus<icious" t:e <ro<a9anda of t:e !us: net=or;s :as ne>er been ;ind to Hai9?
Hai9 and !us:1 as leadin9 clones of Henr3 #issin9er1 =ere loc;ed on a nu8ber of
occasions into a ;ind of siblin9 ri>alr31 a ri>alr3 =:ic: beca8e es<eciall3 acute durin9 t:e
first 8ont:s of t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration?
One of t:e 8aBor sub-<lots of *ater9ate1 and one t:at =ill e>entuall3 lead us bac; to t:e
docu8ented <ublic record of Geor9e !us:1 is t:e relation of t:e >arious acti>ities of t:e
%lu8bers to t:e =ireta<<in9 of a 9rou< of <rostitutes =:io o<erated out of a brot:el in t:e
Colu8bia %laAa A<art8ents1 located in t:e i88ediate >icinit3 of t:e *ater9ate buildin9s?
Gfn $-H A8on9 t:e custo8ers of t:e <rostitutes t:ere a<<ear to :a>e been a US Senator1 an
astronaut1 A Saudi <rince 0t:e E8bass3 of Saudi Arabia is nearb341 US and Sout: #orean
intelli9ence officials1 and abo>e all nu8erous ,e8ocratic %art3 leaders =:ose <resence can
be <artiall3 eE<lained b3 t:e <ro<in@uit3 of t:e ,e8ocratic National Co88itte offices in
t:e *ater9ate? T:e Colu8bia %laAa A<art8ents brot:el =as under intense CIA sur>eillance
b3 t:e Office of Securit3OSecurit3 Researc: Staff t:rou9: one of t:eir assets1 an a9in9
<ri>ate detecti>e out of t:e <a9es of ,a8on Run3on =:o =ent b3 t:e na8e of Louis &a8es
Russell? Russell =as1 accordin9 to Hou9an1 es<eciall3 interested in bu99in9 a :ot line
<:one t:at lin;ed t:e ,NC =it: t:e nearb3 brot:el? ,urin9 t:e *ater9ate brea;-ins1 &a8es
McCord7s recruit to t:e %lu8bers1 Alfred C? !ald=in1 =ould a<<ear to :a>e been bu99in9
t:e tele<:ones of t:e Colu8bia %laAa brot:el?
Lou Russell1 in t:e <eriod bet=een &une $5 and &ul3 $1 12.'1 =as =or;in9 for a detecti>e
a9enc3 t:at =as :el<in9 Geor9e !us: <re<are for an u<co8in9 <ress conference? In t:is
sense1 Russell =as =or;in9 for !us:?
Russell is rele>ant because :e see8s 0alt:ou9: :e denied it4 to :a>e been t:e fabled siEt:
8an of t:e *ater9ate brea;-in1 t:e bur9lar =:o 9ot a=a3? He 8a3 also :a>e been t:e bu9lar
=:o ti<<ed off t:e <olice1 if indeed an3one did? Russell =as a :arle@uin =:o :ad been t:e
ser>ant of 8an3 8asters? Lou Russell :ad once been t:e c:ief in>esti9ator for t:e House
Co88ittee on Un-A8erican Acti>ities? He :ad =or;ed for t:e !I? He :ad been a strin9er
for &ac; Anderson1 t:e colu8nist? In ,ece8ber1 12.1 :e :ad been an e8<lo3ee of General
Securit3 Ser>ices1 t:e co8<an3 t:at <ro>ided t:e 9uards =:o <rotected t:e *ater9ate
buildin9s? In Marc: of 12.$ Russell :ad 9one to =or; for &a8es McCord and McCord
Associates1 =:ose client =as t:e CREE%? Later1 after t:e scandal :ad bro;en1 Russell
=or;ed for McCord7s ne= and 8ore successful fir81 Securit3 Associates? Russell :ad also
=or;ed directl3 for t:e CREE% as a ni9:t =atc:8an? Russell :ad also =or;ed for &o:n
Leon of Allied In>esti9ators1 Inc?1 a co8<an3 t:at later =ent to =or; for Geor9e !us: and
t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee? Still later1 Russell found a Bob =it: t:e :ead@uarters of
t:e McGo>ern for %resident ca8<ai9n? Russell7s la=3er =as !ud enster=ald1 and
so8eti8es Russell <erfor8ed in>esti9ati>e ser>ices for enster=ald and for enster=ald7s
Co88ittee to In>esti9ate Assassinations? In Se<te8ber1 12.$1 =ell after t:e scandal :ad
beco8e notorious1 Russell see8s to :a>e Boined =it: one Nic; !eltrante in carr3in9 out
electronic counter8easures s=ee<s of t:e ,NC :ead@uarters1 and durin9 one of t:ese :e
a<<ears to :a>e <lanted an electronic ea>esdro<<in9 de>ice in t:e <:one of ,NC =or;er
S<encer Oli>er =:ic:1 =:en it =as disco>ered1 re-focussed <ublic attention on t:e
*ater9ate scandal at t:e end of t:e su88er of 12.$?
Russell =as =ell ac@uainted =it: Car8ine !ellino1 t:e c:ief in>esti9ator on t:e staff of
Sa8 Er>in7s Senate Select Co88ittee on %residential Ca8<ai9n %ractices? !ellino =as a
#enned3 o<erati>e =:o :ad su<erintended t:e sea83 side of t:e &# *:ite House1
includin9 suc: fi9ures as &udit: EEner1 t:e <resident7s alle9ed <ara8our? Later1 !ellino
=ould beco8e t:e tar9et of Geor9e !us:7s 8ost re>ealin9 <ublic action durin9 t:e
*ater9ate <eriod? !ellino7s friend *illia8 !irel3 later <ro>ided Russell =it: an a<art8ent
in Sil>er S<rin91 Mar3land1 0t:us allo=in9 :i8 to lea>e :is roo8 in a roo8in9 :ouse on L
Street in t:e ,istrict41 a ne= car1 and su8s of 8one3?
Russell :ad been a :ea>3 drin;er1 and :is social circle =as t:at of t:e <rostitutes1 =:o8 :e
so8eti8es <atroniAed and so8eti8es ser>ed as a bouncer and 9oon? His fa8iliarit3 =it:
t:e brot:el 8ilieu faciliatated :is ser>ice for t:e Office of Securit31 =:ic: =as to o>ersee
t:e bu99in9 and ot:er sur>eillance of Colu8bia %laAa and ot:er locations?
Lou Russell =as incontestabl3 one of t:e 8ost fascinatin9 fi9ures of *ater9ate? Ho=
re8ar;able1 t:en1 t:at t:e indefati9able ferrets *ood=ard and !ernstein de>oted so little
attention to :i81 dee8in9 :i8 =ort:3 of 8ention in neit:er of t:eir t=o boo;s? *ood=ard
and 8et =it: Russell1 but :ad ostensibl3 decided t:at t:ere =as Fnot:in9 to t:e stor3?
*ood=ard clai8s to :a>e seen not:in9 in Russell be3ond t:e ob>ious Fold drun;?F Gfn $.H
T:e !I :ad @uestioned Russell after t:e ,NC brea;-ins1 <robin9 :is =:ereabouts on &une
1--1. =it: t:e sus<icion t:at :e :ad indeed been one of t:e bur9lars? !ut t:is @uestionin9
led to not:in9? Instead1 Russell =as contacted b3 Car8ine !ellino1 and later b3 !ellino7s
bro;er !irel31 =:o set Russell u< in t:e ne= a<art8ent 0or safe :ouse4 alread3 8entioned1
=:ere one of t:e Colu8bia %laAa <rostitutes 8o>ed in =it: :i8?
!3 12.'1 8inorit3 Re<ublican staffers at t:e Er>in co88ittee be9an to realiAe t:e
i8<ortance of Russell to a re>isionist account of t:e scandal t:at 8i9:t eEonerate NiEon to
so8e eEtent b3 s:iftin9 t:e burden of 9uilt else=:ere? On Ma3 21 12.'1 t:e Er>in co88itte
accordin9l3 sub<oenaed Russell7s tele<:one1 Bob1 and ban; records? T=o da3s later Russell
re<lied to t:e co88ittee t:at :e :ad no Bob records or diaries1 :ad no ban; account1 8ade
lon9-distance calls onl3 to :is dau9:ter1 and could do not:in9 for t:e co88ittee?
On Ma3 1--1.1 12.'1 ,ee< T:roat =arned *ood=ard t:at Fe>er3bod37s life is in dan9er?F
On Ma3 1/1 =:ile t:e staff of t:e Er>in co88ittee =ere <onderin9 t:eir neEt 8o>e >is-a>is
Russell1 Russell suffered a 8assi>e :eart attac;? T:is =as t:e sa8e da3 t:at McCord1
ad>ised b3 :is la=3er and Russell7s1 enster=ald1 be9an :is <ublic testi8on3 to t:e Er>in
co88ittee on t:e co>eru<? Russell =as ta;en to *as:in9ton Ad>entist Hos<ital1 =:ere :e
reco>ered to so8e de9ree and con>alesced until &une $5? Russell =as con>inced t:at :e :ad
been t:e >icti8 of an atte8<ted assassination? He told :is dau9:ter after lea>in9 t:e
:os<ital t:at :e belie>ed t:at :e :ad been <oisoned1 t:at so8eone :ad entered :is a<art8ent
0t:e !ellino-!irel3 safe :ouse in Sil>er S<rin94 and Fs=itc:ed <ills on 8e?F Gfn $/H
Lea>in9 t:e :os<ital on &une $51 Russell =as still >er3 =ea; and <ale? !ut no=1 alt:ou9: :e
re8ained on t:e <a3roll of &a8es McCord1 :e also acce<ted a retainer fro8 :is friend &o:n
Leon1 =:o :ad been en9a9ed b3 t:e Re<ublicans to carr3 out a counterin>esti9ation of t:e
*ater9ate affair? Leon =as in contact =it: &erris Leonard1 a la=3er associated =it: NiEon1
t:e GO%1 t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee1 and =it: C:air8an Geor9e !us:? Leonard
=as a for8er assistant attorne3 9eneral for ci>il ri9:ts in t:e NiEon ad8inistration? Leonard
:ad ste<<ed do=n as :ead of t:e La= Enforce8ent Assistance Ad8inistration 0LEAA4 on
Marc: 1.1 12.'? In &une1 12.' Leonard =as s<ecial counsel to Geor9e !us: <ersonall31
:ired b3 !us: and not b3 t:e RNC? Leonard sa3s toda3 t:at :is Bob consisted in :el<in9 to
;ee< t:e Re<ublican %art3 se<arate fro8 *ater9ate1 deflectin9 *ater9ate fro8 t:e <art3 Fso
it =ould not be a <art3 t:in9?F Gfn $2H As Hou9an tells it1 FLeon =as con>inced t:at
*ater9ate =as a set-u<1 t:at <rostitution =as at t:e :eart of t:e affair1 and t:at t:e
*ater9ate arrests :ad ta;en <lace follo=in9 a ti<-off to t:e <oliceC in ot:er =ords1 t:e &une
1. bu9lar3 :ad been sabota9ed fro8 =it:in1 Leon belie>ed1 and :e intended to <ro>e it?F
Gfn '5H FInte9ral to Leon7s t:eor3 of t:e affair =as Russell7s relations:i< to t:e Er>in
co88ittee7s c:ief in>esti9ator1 Car8ine !ellino1 and t:e circu8stances surroundin9
Russell7s relocation to Sil>er S<rin9 in t:e i88ediate after8at: of t:e *ater9ate arrests? In
an in>esti9ati>e 8e8orandu8 sub8itted to GO% la=3er &erris Leonard1 Leon described
=:at :e :o<ed to <ro>e" t:at Russell1 re<ortin9 to !ellino1 :ad been a s<3 for t:e
,e8ocrats =it:in t:e CR%1 and t:at Russell :ad ti<<ed off !ellino 0and t:e <olice4 to t:e
&une 1. brea;-in? T:e 8an =:o ;ne= 8ost about t:is =as1 of course1 Leon7s ne=
e8<lo3ee1 Lou Russell?F
Is it <ossible t:at &erris Leonard co88unicated t:e contents of Leon7s 8e8orandu8 to t:e
RNC and to its C:air8an Geor9e !us: durin9 t:e da3s after :e recei>ed itD It is <ossible?
!ut for Russell1 t:e 9a8e =as o>er" on &ul3 $1 12.'1 barel3 t=o =ee;s after :is release
fro8 t:e :os<ital1 Russell suffered a second :eart attac;1 =:ic: ;illed :i8? He =as buried
=it: @uite sus<icious :aste t:e follo=in9 da3? T:e <otential =itness =it: <er:a<s t:e lar9est
nu8ber of <ersonal ties to *ater9ate <rota9onists1 and t:e =itness =:o 8i9:t :a>e re-
directed t:e scandal1 not Bust to=ards !ellino1 but to=ard t:e <ri8e 8o>ers be:ind and
abo>e McCord and Hunt and %aisle31 :ad <eris:ed in a =a3 t:at recalls t:e fate of so 8an3
;no=led9eable Iran-contra fi9ures?
*it: Russell silenced fore>er1 Leon a<<ears to :a>e turned :is attention to tar9ettin9
!ellino1 <er:a<s =it: a >ie= to forcin9 :i8 to sub8it to de<ositionin9 or ot:er @uestionin9
in =:ic: @uestions about :is relations:i< to Russell 8i9:t be as;ed? Leon1 =:o :ad been
con>icted in 12-) of =ireta<<in9 in a case in>ol>in9 El %aso Gas Co? and Tennesse Gas
Co?1 :ad =ea<ons in :is o=n <ossession t:at could be used a9ainst !ellino? ,urin9 t:e ti8e
t:at Russell =as still in t:e :os<ital1 on &une /1 Leon :ad si9ned an affida>it for &erris
Leonard in =:ic: :e stated t:at :e :ad been :ired b3 ,e8ocratic o<erati>e !ellino durin9
t:e 12-5 <residential ca8<ai9n to Finfiltrate t:e o<erationsF of Albert !? FAbF Her8ann1 a
staff 8e8ber of t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee? Leon asserted in t:e affida>it t:at
alt:ou9: :e :ad not been able to infiltrate Her8ann7s office1 :e obser>ed t:e office =it:
field 9lasses and e8<lo3ed Fan electronic de>ice ;no=n as 7t:e bi9 ear7 ai8ed at Mr?
Her8ann7s =indo=?F Leon recounted t:at :e :ad been assisted b3 for8er CIA officer &o:n
ran;1 Oli>er *? An9elone and for8er Con9ressional in>esti9ator Ed &ones in t:e anti-
NiEon 12-5 o<erations?
Leon collected ot:er s=orn state8ents t:at all =ent in t:e sa8e direction1 <ortra3in9
!ellino as a ,e8ocratic dirt3 tric;s o<erati>e unleas:ed b3 t:e #enned3 faction a9ainst
NiEon? &ose<: S:i8on1 =:o :ad been an ins<ector for t:e *as:in9ton %olice ,e<art8ent
told of :o= :e :ad been a<<roac:ed b3 #ennd3 o<erati>e Oli>er *? An9elone1 =:o alle9ed
t:at :e =as =or;in9 for !ellino1 =it: a re@uest to :el< An9elone 9ain access to t:e t=o to<
floors of t:e *ard8an %ar; Hotel 0no= t:e S:eraton %ar;4 Bust before t:e3 =ere occu<ied
b3 NiEon on t:e e>en of t:e NiEon-#enned3 tele>ision debate? Ed=ard Murra3 &ones1 t:en
li>in9 in t:e %:ili<<ines1 said in :is affida>it t:at :e :ad been assi9ned b3 !ellino to tail
indi>iduals at *as:in9ton National Air<ort and in do=nto=n *as:in9ton? Gfn '1H
Accordin9 to Hou9an1 Ft:ese sensational alle9ations =ere <ro>ided b3 Leon to Re<ublican
attorne3s on &ul3 151 12.'1 eEactl3 a =ee; after Russell7s funeral? I88ediatel31 attorne3
&erris Leonard conferred =it: RNC C:air8an Geor9e !us:? It a<<eared to bot: 8en t:at a
=a3 :ad been found to <lace t:e *ater9ate affair in a ne= <ers<ecti>e1 and1 <er:a<s1 to turn
t:e tide? A state8ent =as <re<ared and a <ress conference sc:eduled at =:ic: Leon =as to
be t:e star =itness1 or s<ea;er? !efore t:e <ress conference could be :eld1 :o=e>er1 Leon
suffered a :eart attac; on &ul3 1'1 12.'1 and died t:e sa8e da3?F Gfn '$ H
T=o i8<ortant =itnesses1 eac: of =:o8 re<resented a t:reat to reo<en t:e 8ost basic
@uestions of *ater9ate1 dead in little 8ore t:an a =ee;K !us: is li;el3 to :a>e ;no=n of t:e
i8<ort of Russell7s testi8on31 and :e is <ro>en to :a>e ;no=n of t:e content of Leon7s?
&erris Leonard later told Hou9an t:at t:e deat: of &o:n Leon Fca8e as a co8<lete s:oc;? It
=as???=ell1 to be :onest =it: 3ou1 it =as fri9:tenin9? It =as onl3 a =ee; after Russell7s
deat:1 or so8et:in9 li;e t:at1 and it :a<<ened on t:e >er3 e>e of t:e <ress conference? *e
didn7t ;no= =:at =as 9oin9 on? *e =ere scared?F Gfn ''H Hou9an co88ents" F*it: t:e
<rinci<al =itness a9ainst !ellino no lon9er a>ailable1 and =it: Russell dead as =ell1
NiEon7s last :o<e of di>ertin9 attention fro8 *ater9ate--sli8 fro8 t:e be9innin9--=as laid
to rest fore>er?F
!ut Geor9e !us: =ent a:ead =it: t:e <ress conference t:at :ad been announced1 e>en if
&o:n Leon1 t:e <rinci<al s<ea;er1 =as no= dead? Accordin9 to NiEon1 !us: :ad been
F<ri>atel3 <leadin9 for so8e action t:at =ould 9et us off t:e defensi>eF since bac; in t:e
s<rin9ti8e? Gfn ')H On &ul3 $)1 12.'1 !us: 8ade <ublic t:e affida>its b3 Leon1 &ones1 and
S:i8on =:ic: c:ar9ed t:at t:e Er>in co88ittee c:ief in>esti9ator Car8ine !ellino :ad
recruited s<ies to :el< defeat NiEon bac; in 12-5? FI cannot and do not >ouc: for t:e
>eracit3 of t:e state8ents contained in t:e affida>its1F said !us:1 Fbut I do belie>e t:at t:is
8atter is serious enou9: to concern t:e Senate *ater9ate co88ittee1 and <articularl3 since
its c:ief in>esti9ator is t:e subBect of t:e c:ar9es contained in t:e affida>its? If t:ese
c:ar9es are true1 a taint =ould 8ost certainl3 be attac:ed to so8e of t:e co88ittee7s =or;?F
!us:7s state8ent to t:e <ress <rediscounted ,e8ocratic c:ar9es t:at :is re>elations =ere
<art of a NiEon Ad8inistration counter-offensi>e to deflect *ater9ate?
!us: s<ecified t:at on t:e basis of t:e S:i8on and Leon affida>its1 :e =as FconfidentF t:at
&ones and An9elone F:ad bu99ed t:e NiEon s<ace or ta<<ed :is <:ones <rior to t:e
tele>ision debate?F He conceded t:at Ft:ere =as corru<tionF in t:e ran;s of t:e GO%? F!ut
no= I :a>e <resented so8e serious alle9ations t:at if true could =ell :a>e affected t:e
outco8e of t:e 12-5 <residential race? T:e NiEon- #enned3 election =as a real cliff-
:an9er1 and t:e debates bore :ea>il3 on t:e outco8e of t:e <eo<le7s decision?F !us:
reBected an3 c:ar9e t:at :e =as releasin9 t:e affida>its in a bid to FBustif3 *ater9ate?F He
asserted t:at :e =as actin9 in t:e interest of Ffair <la3?F
!us: said t:at :e :ad ta;en t:e affida>its to Sen? Sa8 Er>in1 t:e c:air8an of t:e Senate
*ater9ate Co88ittee1 and to GO% Sen? Ho=ard !a;er1 t:at co88ittee7s ran;in9
Re<ublican1 but t:at t:e co88ittee :ad failed to act so far? FI :a>en7t seen 8uc: action on
it1F !us: added? *:en t:e accurac3 of t:e affida>its =as c:allen9ed1 !us: re<lied1 F*e7>e
:ear a lot 8ore :earsa3 bandied about t:e G*ater9ateH co88ittee t:an is <resented :ere? I7d
li;e to ;no= :o= serious it is? I7d li;e to see it loo;ed into1F said !us:?
He called on Sa8 Er>in and :is co88ittee to <robe all t:e c:ar9es fort:=it:? !us: =as
Fcon>inced t:at t:ere is in fact substance to t:e alle9ations?F
In 12211 t:e !us: da8a9e control line is t:at e>ents relatin9 to t:e 12/5 FOctober sur<riseF
deal of t:e Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n =it: t:e Iranian #:o8eini 8ulla:s of Iran to bloc; t:e
freein9 of t:e US :osta9es are so re8ote in t:e <ast t:at nobod3 is interested in t:e8 an3
8ore? !ut in 12.'1 !us: t:ou9:t t:at e>ents of 12-5 =ere :i9:l3 rele>ant to *ater9ate?
!ellino labelled !us:7s c:ar9es Fabsolutel3 false?F FI cate9oricall3 and une@ui>ocall3 den3
t:at I :a>e e>er ordered1 re@uested1 directed1 or <artici<ated in an3 electronic sur>eillance
=:atsoe>er in connection =it: an3 <olitical ca8<ai9n1F said !ellino? F!3 attac;in9 8e on
t:e basis of suc: false and 8alicious lies1 Mr? !us: :as atte8<ted to distract 8e fro8
carr3in9 out =:at I consider one of t:e 8ost i8<ortant assi9n8ents of 83 life? I s:all
continue to eEert all 83 efforts to ascertain t:e facts and t:e trut: <ertinent to t:is
in>esti9ation?F
Here !us: =as o<eratin9 on se>eral le>els of realit3 at once? T:e i8<lications of t:e
Russell-Leon interstices =ould be sus<ected onl3 in retros<ect? *:at a<<eared on t:e
surface =as a lo3al Re<ublican 8ountin9 a di>ersionar3 attac; in succor of :is e8battled
<resident? At dee<er le>els1 t:e realit3 8i9:t be t:e re>erse1 t:e stiffin9 of NiEon in order to
defend t:e forces be:ind t:e brea;-in and t:e scandal?
!ac; in A<ril1 as t:e Er>in co88ittee =as <re<arin9 to 9o into action a9ainst t:e *:ite
House1 !us: :ad <artici<ated in t:e ar9u8ent about =:et:er t:e co88ittee sessions s:ould
be tele>ised or not? !us: discussed t:is issue =it: Senators !a;er and !roc;1 bot:
Re<ublicans =:o =anted t:e :earin9s to be tele>ised- in !a;er7s case1 so t:at :e could be
on tele>ision :i8self as t:e ran;in9 Re<ublican on t:e <anel? E:rlic:8ann1 to =:o8 !us:
re<orted in t:e *:ite House1 8indful of t:e ob>ious <otential da8a9e to t:e ad8inistration1
=anted t:e :earin9s not tele>ised1 not e>en <ublic1 but in eEecuti>e session =it: a sanitiAed
transcri<t :anded out later? So !us:1 :a>in9 no fir8 con>ictions of :is o=n1 but al=a3s
loo;in9 for :is o=n ad>anta9e1 told E:rlic:8an :e s38<at:iAed =it: bot: sides of t:e
ar9u8ent1 and =as Fsittin9 :a<<il3 on t:e 8iddle of t:e fence =it: a <ic;et stic;in9 u< 83
3ou ;no= =:at? I7ll see 3ou?F Gfn '+H !ut NiEon7s da8a9e control interest :ad been
sacrificed b3 !us:7s >acillatin9 ad>ocac31 and t:e de>astatin9 testi8on3 of fi9ures li;e
,ean and McCord =ould :a>e its 8aEi8u8 i8<act?
!us: :ad tal;ed in <ublic about t:e Er>in co88ittee durin9 a >isit to Seattle on &une $2 in
res<onse to s<eculation t:at NiEon 8i9:t be called to testif3? !us: ar9ued t:at t:e
<residenc3 =ould be di8inis:ed if NiEon =ere to a<<ear? !us: =as ada8ant t:at NiEon
could not be sub<oenaed and t:at :e s:ould not testif3 >oluntaril3? S:ortl3 t:ereafter !us:
:ad de8anded t:at t:e Er>in co88ittee =ra< u< its <roceedin9s to Fend t:e s<eculationF
about NiEon7s role in t:e co>eru<? FLet7s 9et all t:e facts out1 let7s 9et t:e =:ole t:in9 o>er
=it:1 9et all t:e <eo<le u< t:ere before t:e *ater9ate co88ittee? I don7t belie>e &o:n
,ean7s testi8on3?F Gfn '-H Senator Sa8 Er>in <laced !us:7s inter>ention a9ainst Car8ine
!ellino in t:e conteEt of ot:er di>ersionar3 efforts launc:ed b3 t:e RNC? Er>in1 alon9 =it:
,e8ocratic Senators Tal8ad9e and Inou3e =ere tar9etted b3 a ca8<ai9n ins<ired b3
!us:7s RNC =:ic: alle9ed t:at t:e3 :ad tried to <re>ent a full <robe of L!& inti8ate
!obb3 !a;er bac; in 12-'? Later1 s<ea;in9 on t:e Senate floor on October 21 12.'1 Er>in
co88ented" One can but ad8ire t:e Aeal eE:ibited b3 t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee
and its Bournalistic allies in t:eir des<erate effort to in>ent a red :errin9 to dra9 across t:e
trail =:ic: leads to t:e trut: concernin9 *ater9ate?F Gfn '.H
!ut Er>in sa= !us:7s !ellino 8aterial as a 8ore serious assault? F!us:7s c:ar9e distressed
8e >er3 8uc: for t=o reasons? irst1 I dee8ed it unBust to !ellino1 =:o denied it and =:o8
I :ad ;no=n for 8an3 3ears to be an :onorable 8an and a fait:ful <ublic ser>antC and1
second1 it =as out of c:aracter =it: t:e :i9: o<inion I entertained of !us:? Co<ies of t:e
affida>its :ad been <ri>atel3 sub8itted to 8e before t:e ne=s conference1 and I :ad
eE<ressed 83 o<inion t:at t:ere =as not a scintilla of co8<etent or credible e>idence in
t:e8 to sustain t:e c:ar9es a9ainst !ellino?F Gfn '/H
Sa8 ,as:1 t:e c:ief counsel to t:e Er>in co88ittee1 :ad a dar;er and 8ore detailed >ie=
of !us:7s actions? ,as: later recounted" FIn t:e 8idst of t:e <ressure to co8<lete a
s:ortened =itness list b3 t:e be9innin9 of Au9ust1 a nast3 incident occurred t:at =as clearl3
8eant to sidetrac; t:e co88ittee and destro3 or i88obiliAe one of 83 8ost >aluable staff
assistants--Car8ine !ellino1 83 c:ief in>esti9ator? On &ul3 $)1 12.'1 t:e da3 after t:e
co88ittee sub<oena for t:e *:ite House ta<es =as ser>ed on t:e %resident1 t:e Re<ublican
national c:air8an1 Geor9e !us:1 called a <ress conference????F FT:ree da3s later1 as if
carefull3 orc:estrated1 t=ent3-t=o Re<ublican senators si9ned a letter to Senator Er>in1
ur9in9 t:e Senate *ater9ate Co88ittee to in>esti9ate !us:7s c:ar9es and callin9 for
!ellino7s sus<ension <endin9 t:e outco8e of t:e in>esti9ation? Er>in =as forced into a
corner1 and on Au9ust ' :e a<<ointed a subco88ittee consistin9 of Senators Tal8ad9e1
Inou3e1 and Gurne3 to in>esti9ate t:e c:ar9es? T:e *:ite House ;ne= t:at Car8ine
!ellino1 a =iAard at reconstructin9 t:e recei<ts and eE<enditures of funds des<ite
launderin9 tec:ni@ues and t:e destruction of records1 =as :ot on t:e trail of Herbert
#al8bac: and !ebe ReboAo? !ellino7s dili9ent1 8eticulous =or; =ould ulti8atel3 disclose
#al8bac:7s fundin9 sc:e8e for t:e *:ite House7s dirt3 tric;s ca8a<ai9n and unra>el a
substantial se98ent of ReboAo7s secret cas: transactions on be:alf of NiEon?F Gfn '2H ,as:
=rites t:at !ellino =as de>astated b3 !us:7s attac;s1 Frendered e8otionall3 unable to =or;
because of t:e c:ar9es?F T:e 8ec:anis8 tar9etted b3 !ellino is of course rele>ant to !ill
Liedt;e7s fundin9 of t:e CREE% described abo>e? %er:a<s !us: =as in fact see;in9 to s:ut
do=n !ellino solel3 to defend onl3 :i8self and :is confederates?
Me8bers of ,as:7s staff soon realiAed t:at t:ere :ad been anot:er <artici<ant in t:e <rocess
of asse8blin9 t:e 8aterial t:at !us: :ad <resented? Accordin9 to ,as:1 Ft:e c:ar9es
beca8e e>en 8ur;ier =:en our staff disco>ered t:at t:e <erson =:o :ad <ut t:e8 to9et:er
=as a 8an na8ed &ac; !uc;le3? In t:eir dirt3 tric;s in>esti9ation of t:e 12.$ <residential
ca8<ai9n1 Terr3 LenAner and :is staff :ad identified !uc;le3 as t:e Re<ublican s<31 ;no=n
as at &ac;1 =:o :ad interce<ted and <:oto9ra<:ed Mus;ie7s 8ail bet=een :is ca8<ai9n
and Senate offices as <art of Rub3 I 0a <roBect code na8ed in Lidd37s Ge8stone <olitical
es<iona9e <lan4?F It =ould a<<ear t:at at &ac; !uc;le3 =as no= =or;in9 for Geor9e
!us:? Er>in t:en found t:at Senators Gurne3 and !a;er1 bot: Re<ublicans1 8i9:t be
=illin9 to listen to additional c:ar9es 8ade b3 !uc;le3 a9ainst !ellino? ,as: sa3s :e
Fs8elled t:e u9l3 odor of blac;8ail on t:e <art of so8ebod3 and I did not li;e it?F Later
Senators Tal8ad9e and Inou3e filed a re<ort co8<letel3 eEoneratin9 !ellino1 =:ile Gurne3
conceded t:at t:ere =as no direct e>idence a9ainst !ellino1 but t:at t:ere =as so8e
conflictin9 testi8on3 t:at ou9:t to be noted? ,as: su8s u< t:at in late No>e8ber1 12.'1
Ft:e 8atter ended =it: little fanfare and al8ost no ne=s<a<er co88ent? T:e re<utation of a
<ublic official =it: 8an3 3ears7 ser>ice as a dedicated and incorru<tible in>esti9ator :ad
been dee<l3 =ounded and tarnis:ed1 and !ellino =ould retire fro8 federal ser>ice
belie>in9-ri9:tl3-t:at :e :ad not been 9i>en t:e fullest o<<ortunit3 :e deser>ed to clear :is
9ood na8e?F
Anot:er !us: concern durin9 t:e su88er of 12.' =as :is desire to li@uidate t:e CREE%1
not out of 8oralistic 8oti>es1 but because of :is desire to seiAe t:e CREE%7s I) 8illon <lus
cas: sur<lus? ,urin9 t:e 8iddle of 12.'1 so8e of t:is 8one3 :ad alread3 been used to <a3
t:e le9al fees of *ater9ate cons<irators1 as in t:e case of Maurice Stans? Gfn )5H
,urin9 Au9ust1 !us: =ent into an offensi>e of sancti8onious 8oraliAin9? !us: a<<ears to
:a>e concluded t:at NiEon =as doo8ed1 and t:at it =as i8<erati>e to distance :i8self and
:is o<eration fro8 NiEon7s i8<endin9 do=nfall? On t:e N!C Toda3 S:o=1 !us: obBected
to &o:n ,? E:rlic:8an7s defense before t:e Er>in co88ittee of t:e ca8<ai9n <ractice of
<robin9 t:e seE and drin;in9 :abits of <olitical o<<onents? FCra=lin9 around in t:e 9utter
to find so8e =ea;ness of a 8an1 I don7t t:in; =e need t:at1F said !us:? FI t:in; o<<onent
researc: is >alid? I t:in; if an o<<onent is t:ou9:t to :a>e done so8et:in9 :orrendous or
t:ou9:t to be unfit to ser>e1 researc: is >alid? !ut t:e idea of Bust ;ind of di99in9 u< dirt
=it: t:e <ur<ose of blac;8ail or e8barrassin9 so8ebod3 so :e7d lose1 I don7t t:in; t:at is a
le9iti8ate <ur<oose1F <ostured !us:? !3 t:is ti8e E:rlic:8an1 =:o :ad :ired retired co<s
to di9 u< suc: dirt1 :ad been t:ro=n to t:e =ol>es? Gfn )1H
A cou<le of da3s later !us: deli>ered a s<eec: to t:e A8erican !ar Association on FT:e
Role and Res<onsibilit3 of t:e %olitical Candidate?F His t:e8e =as t:at restorin9 <ublic
trust in t:e <olitical s3ste8 =ould re@uire candidates =:o =ould set a :i9:er 8oral tone for
t:eir ca8<ai9ns? FA candidate is res<onsible for or9aniAin9 :is ca8<ai9n =ell--t:at is1
<ic;in9 <eo<le =:o8 :e trusts1 <ic;in9 t:e ri9:t <eo<le?F T:is =as an obli@ue but clear
attac; on NiEon1 =:o :ad clearl3 <ic;ed t:e =ron9 <eo<le in addition to =:ate>er else :e
did? !us: =as for stricter rules1 but e>en 8ore for Fold-fas:ioned conscienceF as t:e best
=a3 to ;ee< <olitics clean? He a9ain criticiAed t:e a<<roac: =:ic: set out to F9et dirtF on
<olitical ad>ersaries-- a9ain a s=i<e at NiEon7s notorious Fene8ies7 listF <ractices? !us:
said t:at t:ere =ere F9ra3 areas in deter8inin9 =:at =as in 9ood taste?F !us: :as ne>er
been noted for :is sense of self-iron31 and it a<<ears t:at :e =as not a=are of :is o=n
<unnin9 reference to L? %atric; Gra31 t:e actin9 !I ,irector =:o :ad Fdee<-siEedF
Ho=ard Hunt7s incri8inatin9 records and =:o :ad t:en been left b3 E:rlic:8an to F:an9
t:ereF and to Ft=ist slo=l31 slo=l3 in t:e =ind?F !us: actuall3 co88ented t:at
E:rlic:8an7s co88ents on Gra3 :ad been in @uestionable taste? At t:is conference1 !us:
rubbed s:oulders =it: Geor9ia Go>ernor &i883 Carter? Gfn )$H
T:e neEt da3 !us: =as at it a9ain1 announcin9 t:at :e =as re- o<enin9 an in>esti9ation into
alle9ed courses in <olitical sabota9e and dirt3 tric;s tau9:t b3 t:e GO% to colle9e
Re<ublicans in =ee;end se8inars durin9 12.1 and 12.$? !us: <led9ed to F9et to t:e
botto8F of c:ar9es t:at t:e Colle9e Re<ublican National Co88ittee1 =it: 1555 ca8<us
clubs and 1551555 8e8bers listed :ad <ro>ided instruction in dirt3 tric;s? FFI78 a little less
relaEed and 8ore concerned t:an =:en 3ou first brou9:t it to our attention1F !us: told
Bournalists? Gfn )'H
!us: :ad clearl3 distanced :i8self fro8 t:e fate of t:e NiEon *:ite House? !3 t:e ti8e
S<iro A9ne= resi9ned as >ice <resident on October 151 12.'1 !us: =as in a <osition to
<raise A9ne= for :is F9reat <ersonal coura9eF =:ile endorsin9 t:e resi9nation as Fin t:e
best interest of t:e countr3?F Gfn ))H
Later t:e sa8e 8ont: ca8e NiEon7s Saturda3 ni9:t 8assacre1 t:e firin9 of S<ecial
%rosecutor CoE and t:e resi9nation of Attorne3 General Elliot Ric:ardson and :is de<ut31
*illia8 Ruc;els:aus? To <lacate <ublic o<inion1 NiEon a9reed to obe3 a court order
co8<ellin9 :i8 to :and o>er :is *:ite House ta<es? !us: :ad said t:at NiEon =as
sufferin9 fro8 a Fconfidence crisisF about t:e ta<es1 but no= co88ented t:at =:at NiEon
:ad done F=ill :a>e a soot:in9 effect? Clearl3 it =ill :el< <oliticall3???Ho<efull31 :is 8o>e
=ill cool t:e e8otions and <er8it t:e %resident to deal =it: 8atters of enor8ous do8estic
and international concern?F Gfn )+H Later1 in No>e8ber1 !us: bo=ed out of a <ossible
candidac3 in t:e 12.) TeEas 9ubernatorial race? S<eculation =as t:at Ft:e s<ecter of
*ater9ateF =ould :a>e been used a9ainst :i81 but !us: <referred sancti8onious
eE<lanations? F6er3 candidl31F :e said1 bein9 9o>ernor of TeEas :as enor8ous a<<eal to 8e1
but our <olitical s3ste8 is under fire and I :a>e an o>erridin9 sense of res<onsibilit3 t:at
co8<els 8e to re8ain in 83 <resent Bob?F !us: said t:at *ater9ate =as Freall3
al8ost???noneEistentF as in issue in t:e TeEas race? FCorru<tion and clean 9o>ern8ent didn7t
s:o= u< >er3 :i9: at all1F :e concluded? Gfn )-H
!3 t:e s<rin9 of 12.)1 t:e i8<endin9 doo8 of t:e NiEon re9i8e =as t:e cue for !us:7s
c:aracteristic reed3 =:inin9? In Ma3 of 12.)1 after a 8eetin9 of t:e Re<ublican
Con9ressional leaders:i< =it: NiEon1 !us: told :is friend Con9ress8an !arber Conable
t:at :e =as considerin9 resi9nin9 fro8 t:e RNC? Conable did not ur9e :i8 to sta3 on? A
fe= da3s later1 &o:n R:odes1 =:o :ad re<laced Gerald ord as House Minorit3 Leader
=:en ord =as ta<<ed b3 NiEon for t:e >ice <residenc31 told a 8eetin9 of House
Re<ublicans t:at !us: =as 9ettin9 read3 to resi9n1 and if :e did so1 it =ould be i8<ossible
for t:e *:ite House to F9et an3bod3 of stature to ta;e :is <lace?F Gfn ).H
!ut e>en in t:e 8idst of t:e final colla<se1 !us: still 8ade occasional in9ratiatin9 9estures
to NiEon? NiEon <at:eticall3 recounts :o= !us: 8ade :i8 an encoura9in9 offer in &ul31
12.)1 about a 8ont: before t:e end" FT:ere =ere ot:er si9ns of t:e sort t:at <olitical <ros
8i9:t be eE<ected to a<<reciate" NC C:air8an Geor9e !us: called t:e *:ite House to sa3
t:at :e =ould li;e to :a>e 8e a<<ear on a fund-raisin9 telet:on?F Gfn )/H T:is is =:at !us:
=as tellin9 NiEon? !ut durin9 t:is sa8e <eriod1 at:er &o:n McLau9:lin of t:e NiEon staff
as;ed !us: for RNC lists of GO% die:ards across t:e countr3 for t:e <ur<ose of 9eneratin9
su<<ort state8ents for NiEon? !us: refused to <ro>ide t:e8? Gfn )2H
On Au9ust +1 12.)1 t:e *:ite House released t:e transcri<t of t:e celebrated Fs8o;in9
9unF ta<ed con>ersation of &une $'1 12.$ in =:ic: NiEon discussed =a3s to frustrate t:e
in>esti9ation of t:e *ater9ate brea;-ins? C:air8an Geor9e =as one of t:e leadin9 NiEon
Ad8inistration fi9ures consultin9 =it: Al Hai9 in t:e course of t:e 8ornin9? *:en !us:
:eard t:e ne=s1 :e =as >er3 u<set1 undoubtedl3 concerned about all t:e >er3 ne9ati>e
<ublicit3 t:at :e :i8self =as destined to recei>e in t:e blo=bac; of NiEon7s no= i88inent
do=nfall? T:en after a =:ile :e cal8ed do=n so8e=:at? One account describes !us: as
Fso8e=:at relie>edF b3 t:e ne=s t:at t:e cou< de 9race ta<e =as 9oin9 to be 8ade <ublic1
Fan act <robabl3 fatal1F as Hai9 :ad said? Finall3 t:ere =as so8e one t:in9 t:e national
c:air8an could see clearl3? T:e a8bi9uities in t:e e>idence :ad been tearin9 t:e <art3
a<art1 !us: t:ou9:t?F Gfn +5H At t:is <oint !us: beca8e t:e 8ost outs<o;en and 8ilitant
or9aniAer of NiEon7s resi9nation1 a Cassius of t:e I8<erial %residenc3?
A little later *:ite House Con9ressional liaison *illia8 Ti88ons =anted to 8a;e sure
t:at e>er3one :ad been full3 briefed about t:e transcri<ts 9oin9 out1 and :e turned to
NiEon7s <olitical counselor ,ean !urc:? F,ean1 does !us: ;no= about t:e transcri<t 3etDF1
Ti88ons as;ed? !urc: re<lied1 F(es?F F*ell1 =:at did :e doDF1 Ti88ons as;ed?
FHe bro;e out in ass:oles and s:it :i8self to deat:1F =as !urc:7s ans=er? Gfn +1H
!ut =:31 it 8a3 be as;ed1 t:e der8al dia::reaD *:3 s:ould !us: be so distrau9:t o>er t:e
release to t:e <ress of t:e transcri<t of t:e notorious *:ite House 8eetin9 of &une $'1
12.$1 =:ose eE:can9es bet=een NiEon and Halde8an =ere to <ro>e t:e cou< de 9race to
t:e a9on3 of t:e NiEon re9i8eD As =e :a>e seen1 t:ere is <lent3 of e>idence t:at t:e final
fall of NiEon =as Bust t:e denoue8ent t:at !us: =anted? T:e ans=er is t:at !us: =as u<set
about t:e fabulous Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e because :is friend Mosbac:er1 :is business <artner
!ill Liedt;e1 and :i8self =ere referred to in t:e 8ost sensiti>e <assa9es? (es1 a 9eneration
of A8ericans :as 9ro=n u< recallin9 so8et:in9 about a Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e1 but not 8an3
no= recall t:at =:en NiEon referred to Ft:e TeEans1F :e 8eant Geor9e !us:? 0F,as
!e;annte ueber:au<t ist daru81 =eil es be;annt ist1 nic:t er;annt1F as e>en old He9el
;ne=?4
T:e o<en secret of t:e 8uc:-cited but little anal3Aed Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e is t:at it
refers to NiEon7s desire to 8obiliAe t:e CIA to :alt t:e !I in>esti9ation of t:e
*ater9ate bur9lars on t:e 9rounds t:at 8one3 can be traced fro8 donors in TeEas
and else=:ere to t:e coffers of t:e CREE% and t:ence to t:e <oc;ets of !ernard
!ar;er and t:e ot:er Cubans arrested? T:e 8one3 referred to1 of course1 is <art of
!ill Liedt;e7s I.551555 discussed abo>e? A first crucial <assa9e of t:e Fs8o;in9
9unF ta<e 9oes as follo=s1 =it: t:e first s<ea;er bein9 Halde8an" H" No=1 on t:e
in>esti9ation1 3ou ;no= t:e ,e8ocratic brea;-in t:in91 =e7re bac; in t:e <roble8 area because
t:e !I is not under control1 because G!I c:iefH Gra3 doesn7t eEactl3 ;no= :o= to control it and
t:e3 :a>e --t:eir in>esit9ation is leadin9 into so8e <roducti>e areas because t:e37>e been able to
trace t:e 8one3--not t:rou9: t:e 8one3 itself--but t:rou9: t:e ban; sources--t:e ban;er? And1
and it 9oes in so8e directions =e don7t =ant it to 9o? A:1 also t:ere :a>e been so8e t:in9s--li;e
an infor8ant ca8e in off t:e street to t:e !I in Mia8i =:o =as a <:oto9ra<:er or
:as a friend =:o =as a <:oto9ra<:er or :as a friend =:o =as a <:oto9ra<:er =:o de>elo<ed so8e
fil8s t:rou9: t:is 9u3 !ar;er and t:e fil8s :ad <ictures of ,e8ocratic national Co88ittee
letter:ead docu8ents and t:in9s? So it7s t:in9s li;e t:at t:at are filterin9 in? Mitc:ell ca8e u< =it:
3esterda31 and &o:n ,ean anal3Aed >er3 carefull3 last ni9:t and concludes1 concurs no= =it:
Mitc:ell7s reco88endation t:at t:e onl3 =a3 to sol>e t:is1 and =e7re set u< beautifull3 to do it1 a:1
in t:at and t:at-- t:e onl3 net=or; t:at <aid an3 attention to it last ni9:t =as N!C--t:e3 did a
8assi>e stor3 on t:e Cuban t:in9?
%" GNiEonH T:at7s ri9:t?
H" T:at t:e =a3 to :andle t:is no= is for us to :a>e GCIA ,e<ut3 ,irector 6ernonH *alters call
%at Gra3 and Bust sa3 FSta3 t:e :ell out of t:is--t:is is a:1 business :ere =e don7t =ant 3ou to 9o
an3 furt:er on it? T:at7s not an unusal de>elo<8ent1 and a:1 t:at =ould ta;e care of it?
%" *:at about %at Gra3--3ou 8ean %at Gra3 doesn7t =ant toD
H" %at does =ant to? He doesn7t ;no= :o= to1 and :e doesn7t :a>e1 :e doesn7t :a>e an3 basis for
doin9 it? Gi>en t:is1 :e =ill t:en :a>e t:e basis? He7ll call Mar; elt in1 and t:e t=o of t:e8--and
Mar; elt =ants to coo<erate because :e7s a8bitious--
%" (ea:
H" He7ll call :i8 in and sa31 F*e7>e 9ot t:e si9nal fro8 acorss t:e ri>er to <ut t:e :old on t:is?F
And t:at =ill fit rat:er =ell because t:e !I a9ents =:o are =or;in9 t:e case1 at t:is <oint1 feel
t:at7s =:at it is?
%" T:is is CIAD T:e37>e traced t:e 8one3D *:o7d t:e3 trace it toD
H" *ell t:e37>e traced it to a na8e1 but t:e3 :a>en7t 9otten to t:e 9u3 3et?
%" *ould it be so8ebod3 :ereD
H" #en ,a:lber9?
%" *:o t:e :ell is #en ,a:lber9D He 9a>e I$+1555 in Minnesota and1 a:1 t:e c:ec; =ent directl3
to t:is 9u3 !ar;er?
%" It isn7t fro8 t:e co88ittee t:ou9:1 fro8 StansD (ea:? It is? It7s directl3 traceable and t:ere7s
so8e 8ore t:rou9: so8e TeEas <eo<le t:at =ent to t:e MeEican ban; =:ic: can also be traced to
t:e MeEican ban;-- t:e37ll 9et t:eir na8es toda3? And 0<ause4
%" *ell1 I 8ean1 t:ere7s no =a3--I78 Bust t:in;in9 if t:e3 don7t coo<erate1 =:at do t:e3 sa3D T:at
t:e3 =ere a<<roac:ed b3 t:e Cubans? T:at7s =:at ,a:lber9 :as to sa31 t:e TeEans too1 t:at t:e3--
H" *ell1 if t:e3 =ill? !ut t:en =e7re rel3in9 on 8ore and 8ore <eo<le all t:e ti8e? T:at7s t:e
<roble81 and t:e37ll sto< if =e could ta;e t:is ot:er route?
%" All ri9:t?
H" And 3ou see8 to t:in; t:e t:in9 to do is 9et t:e8 to sto<D
%" Ri9:t1 fine?
#ennet: ,a:lber9 =as a front 8an for ,=a3ne Andreas of Arc:er- ,aniels-Midland?
NiEon =anted to <rotect :i8self1 of course1 but t:ere is no doubt t:at :e is tal;in9 about
Liedt;e1 %ennAoil1 Robert Mosbac:er--:is !us:-lea9ue TeEas 8one3-raisin9 s@uad? *it:
t:at co88ent1 NiEon :ad du9 :is o=n 9ra>e =it: =:at =as =idel3 >ie=ed as a <ri8a facie
case of obstruction of Bustice =:en t:is ta<e =as released on Au9ust +? !ut NiEon and
Halde8an :ad a fe= ot:er interestin9 t:in9s to sa3 to eac: ot:er t:at da31 se>eral of =:ic:
e>o;e associations redolent of !us:?
S:ortl3 after t:e eEcer<ts <ro>ided abo>e1 NiEon :i8self su8s u< =:3 t:e CIA
ou9:t to :a>e its o=n interest in <uttin9 a lid on t:e *ater9ate affair" %" Of course1
t:is Hunt1 t:at =ill unco>er a lot of t:in9s? (ou o<en t:at scab t:ere7s a :ell of a lot of t:in9s and
=e Bust feel t:at it =ould be >er3 detri8ental to :a>e t:is t:in9 9o an3 furt:er? T:is in>ol>es
t:ese Cubans1 Hunt1 and a lot of :an;3-<an;3 t:at =e :a>e not:in9 to do =it: oursel>es? *ell
=:at t:e :ell1 did Mitc:ell ;no= about t:isD
H" I t:in; so? I don7t t:in; :e ;ne= t:e details1 but I t:in; :e ;ne=?
%" He didn7t ;no= :o= it =as 9oin9 to be :andled t:rou9: --=it: ,a:lber9 and t:e TeEans and so
fort:D *ell =:o =as t:e ass:ole t:at didD Is it Lidd3D Is t:at t:e fello=D He 8ust be a little nutsK
S:ortl3 after t:is1 t:e con>ersation turned to !us Mosbac:er1 =:o =as resi9nin9 as t:e
C:ief of %rotocol? NiEon Bo;ed t:at =:ile Mosbac:er =as escortin9 t:e >isitin9 dinitaries1
bac:elor Henr3 #issin9er al=a3s ended u< escortin9 Mosbac:er7s =ife? !ut before too lon9
NiEon =as bac; to t:e CIA a9ain"
%" *:en 3ou 9et in-- =:en 3ou 9et in 0unintelli9ible4 <eo<le1 sa31 FLoo; t:e =:ole <roble8 is t:at
t:is =ill o<en t:e =:ole1 t:e =:ole !a3 of %i9s t:in9 and t:e %resident Bust feels t:at a:1 =it:out
9oin9 into t:e details--don7t1 don7t lie to t:e8 to t:e eEtent to sa3 t:ere is no in>ol>e8ent1 but Bust
sa3 t:is is a co8ed3 of errors1 =it:out 9ettin9 into it1 t:e %resident belie>es t:at it is 9oin9 to o<en
t:e =:ole !a3 of %i9s t:in9 u< a9ain? And1 a:1 because t:ese <eo<le are <lu99in9 for
0unintelli9ible4 and t:at t:e3 s:ould call t:e !I in and 0unintelli9ible4 don7t 9o an3 furt:er into
t:is case <eriodK 0inaudible4 our cause?
It =ould also a<<ear t:at NiEon7s references to Ho=ard Hunt and t:e !a3 of %i9s are an
obli@ue allusion to t:e #enned3 assassination1 about =:ic: NiEon 8a3 :a>e ;no=n 8ore
t:an :e :as e>er told? Later t:e sa8e da3 Halde8an re<orted bac; to NiEon about :is
8eetin9 =it: *alters"
H" *ell1 it =as ;ind of interestin9? *alters 8ade t:e <oint and I didn7t 8ention Hunt? I Bust said
t:at t:e t:in9 =as leadin9 into directions t:at =ere 9oin9 to create <otential <roble8s because
t:e3 =ere eE<lorin9 leads t:at led bac; into areas t:at =ould be :ar8ful to t:e CIA and :are8ful
to t:e 9o>ern8ent 0unintelli9ible4 didn7t :a>e an3t:in9 to do unintelli9ible4?
Later Halde8an returned to t:is sa8e t:e8e"
H" Gra3 called Hel8s and said I t:in; =e7>e run ri9:t into t:e 8iddle of a CIA co>ert o<eration?
%" Gra3 said t:atD
H" (ea:? And 0unintelli9ible4 said not:in9 =e7>e done at t:is <oint and a: 0unintellibible4 sa3s
=ell it sure loo;s to 8e li;e it is 0unintelli9ible4 and a:1 t:at =as t:e end of t:at con>ersation
0unintelli9ible4 t:e <roble8 is it trac;s bac; to t:e !a3 of %i9s and it trac;s bac; to so8e ot:er t:e
leads run out to <eo<le =:o :ad no in>ol>e8ent in t:is1 eEce<t b3 contracts and connection1 but it
9ets to areas t:at are liable to be raisedD T:e =:ole <roble8 0unintelli9ible0 Hunt? So at t:at <oint
:e ;ind of 9ot t:e <icture? He said1 :e said =e7ll be >er3 :a<<3 to be :el<ful 2unintelli9ible4
:andle an3t:in9 3ou =ant? I =ould li;e to ;no= t:e reason for bein9 :el<ful1 and I 8ade it clear to
:i8 :e =asn7t 9oin9 to 9et eE<licit 0unintelli9ible4 9eneralit31 and :e said fine? And *alters
0unintelli9ible41 *alters is 9oin9 to 8a;e a call to Gra3? T:at7s t:e =a3 =e <ut it and t:at7s t:e =a3
it =as left?
%" Ho= does t:at =or; t:ou9:1 :o= t:e37>e 9ot to 0unintelli9ible4 so8ebod3 fro8 t:e Mia8i
ban;?
H" 0Unintelli9ible4 T:e <oint &o:n 8a;es --t:e !ureau is 9oin9 on t:is because t:e3 don7t ;no=
=:at t:e3 are unco>erin9 0unintelli9ible4 continue to <ursue it? T:e3 don7t need to because t:e3
alread3 :a>e t:eir case as far as t:e c:ar9es a9ainst t:ese 8en 0unintelli9ible4 One t:in9 Hel8s
did raise? He said? Gra3--:e as;ed Gra3 =:3 t:e3 t:ou9:t t:e3 :ad run into a CIA t:in9 and Gra3
said because of t:e a8ount of 8one3 in>ol>ed1 a lot of dou9: 0unintelli9ible4 and a:
0unintelli9ible4
%" 0Unintelli9ible4
H" *ell1 I t:in; t:e3 =ill? If it runs 0unintelli9ible4 =:at t:e :ell =:o ;no=s 0unintelli9ible4
contributed CIA?
H" (a1 it7s 8one3 CIA 9ets 8one3 0unintelli9ible4 I 8ean t:eir 8one3 8o>es in a lot of different
=a3s1 too? Gfn +$H
NiEon7s train of associations ta;es :i8 fro8 t:e %ennAoil-Liedt;e Mosbac:er-!us: slus:
fund o<eration to Ho=ard Hunt and t:e !a3 of %i9s and Fa lot of :an;3-<an;3?F and t:en
bac; to !us Mosbac:er1 Robert7s elder brot:er? Later on Halde8an stresses t:at t:e !I1
disco>erin9 a lar9e 8one3 launderin9 o<eration bet=een %ennAoil and !ill Liedt;e in
Houston1 MeEico Cit31 Maurice Stans and t:e CREE% in *as:in9ton1 and so8e CIA Mia8i
Station Cubans1 si8<l3 concluded t:at t:is =as all a CIA co>ert o<eration?
As Halde8an :i8self later su88ed it u<"
If t:e MeEican ban; connection =as actuall3 a CIA o<eration all alon91 un;no=n to NiEonC and
NiEon =as destro3ed for as;in9 t:e !I to sto< in>esti9atin9 t:e ban; because it 8i9:t unco>er a
CIA o<eration 0=:ic: t:e Hel8s 8e8o see8s to indicate it actuall3 =as after all4 t:e 8ulti<le
la3ers of dece<tion b3 t:e CIA are astoundin9? Gfn +'H
Later on NiEon7s last Monda31 !us: Boined *:ite House Counsel &? red !uA:ardt and
,ean !urc: on a >isit to Con9ress8an R:odes1 and s:o=ed :i8 t:e transcri<t of t:e
s8o;in9 9un ta<e? FT:is 8eans t:at t:ere7s Bust no c:ance in t:e =orld t:at :e7s not 9oin9 to
be i8<eac:ed1F said R:odes? FIn fact1 t:ere7s no c:ance in t:e =orld t:at I =on7t >ote to
i8<eac: :i8?F !us: 8ust :a>e :ea>ed a si9: of relief1 since t:is is =:at :e :ad =anted
R:odes to tell NiEon to 9et :i8 to @uit? FR:odes later let it be ;no=n t:at :e =as offended
t:at !us: :ad been briefed before :e =as1F but of course1 !us: =as a to< official of t:e
NiEon *:ite House? Gfn +)H
!ut NiEon still refused to @uit1 raisin9 t:e <ros<ect of a trial before t:e Senate t:at could be
da8a9in9 to 8an3 besides NiEon? T:e neEt da31 Tuesda31 Au9ust -1 12.) sa= t:e last
8eetin9 of t:e NiEon cabinet1 =it: C:air8an Geor9e in attendance? T:is =as t:e Cabinet
8eetin9 described as FunrealF b3 !us: later? NiEon7s o<enin9 state8ent =as" FI =ould li;e
to discuss t:e 8ost i8<ortant issue confrontin9 t:is nation1 and confrontin9 us
internationall3 too--inflation?F NiEon t:en ar9ued ada8antl3 for so8e 8inutes t:at :e :ad
eEa8ined t:e course of e>ents o>er t:e recent <ast and t:at :e :ad Fnot found an
i8<eac:able offense1 and t:erefore resi9nation is not an acce<table course?F 6ice %resident
ord <redicted t:at t:ere =ould be certain i8<eac:8ent b3 t:e House1 but t:at t:e outco8e
in t:e Senate could not be <redicted? Ot:er=ise1 said ord1 :e =as an interested <art3 on t:e
resi9nation issue and =ould 8a;e no furt:er co88ent?
NiEon t:en =anted to tal; about t:e bud9et a9ain1 and about an u<co8in9 su88it
conference on t:e econo83? Attorne3 General SaEbe interru<ted :i8? FMr? %resident1 I
don7t t:in; =e ou9:t to :a>e a su88it conference? *e ou9:t to 8a;e sure 3ou :a>e t:e
abilit3 to 9o>ern?F NiEon @uietl3 assured SaEbe t:at :e :ad t:e abilit3 to 9o>ern? T:en
C:air8an Geor9e <i<ed u<1 in su<<ort of SaEbe? T:e %resident7s abilit3 to 9o>ern =as
i8<aired1 said Geor9e? T:e Re<ublican %art3 =as in a s:a8bles1 :e =ent on1 and t:e
fort:co8in9 Con9ressional election t:reatened to be a disaster? *ater9ate :ad to be brou9:t
to an end eE<editiousl31 !us: ar9ued? ro8 :is >anta9e <oint at NiEon7s ri9:t elbo=1
#issin9er could see t:at !us: =as ad>ancin9 to=ards t:e conclusion t:at NiEon :ad to
resi9n? FIt =as cruel? And it =as necessar31F t:ou9:t #issin9er? FMore t:an enou9: :ad
been said1F =as t:e Secretar3 of State7s i8<ression? #issin9er =as see;in9 to a>oid bac;in9
NiEon into a corner =:ere :e =ould beco8e 8ore stubborn and 8ore resistant to t:e idea
of resi9nation1 8a;in9 t:at dreaded Senate trial 8ore li;el3? And t:is =as t:e li;el3
conse@uence of !us:7s line of ar9u8ent?
FMr? %resident1 can7t =e Bust =ait a =ee; or t=o and see =:at :a<<ensDF1 as;ed SaEbe?
!us: started to su<<ort SaEbe a9ain1 but no= NiEon =as 9ettin9 8ore an9r3? NiEon 9lared
at !us: and SaEbe1 t:e o<en ad>ocates of :is resi9nation? FNo1F :e sna<<ed? FT:is is too
i8<ortant to =ait?F
No= t:e senior cabinet officer decided :e :ad to ta;e t:e floor to a>oid a total
confrontation t:at =ould lea>e NiEon besie9ed but still :oldin9 t:e O>al Office? #issin9er7s
9uttural accents =ere :eard in t:e cabinet roo8" F*e are not :ere to offer eEcuses for =:at
=e cannot do? *e are :ere to do t:e nation7s business? T:is is a >er3 difficult ti8e for our
countr3? Our dut3 is to s:o= confidence? It is essential t:at =e s:o= it is not safe for an3
countr3 to ta;e a run at us? or t:e sa;e of forei9n <olic3 =e 8ust act =it: assurance and
total unit3? If =e can do t:at1 =e can >indicate t:e structure of <eace?F T:e 8ain <ur<ose of
t:is <o8<ous tirade :ad been to brin9 t:e 8eetin9 to a ra<id end1 and it =or;ed? FT:ere =as
a 8o8ent of e8barrassed silence around t:e table1F recalls NiEon1 and after a fe= 8ore
re8ar;s on t:e econo831 t:e 8eetin9 bro;e u<?
#issin9er sta3ed be:ind =it: NiEon to ur9e :i8 to resi9n1 =:ic: NiEon no= said :e felt
co8<elled to do? !us: sou9:t out Al Hai9 to <onder :o= NiEon 8i9:t be forced out? F*:at
are =e 9oin9 to doDF1 as;ed !us:? Hai9 told !us: to cal8 do=n1 eE<lainin9" F*e 9et :i8
u< to t:e 8ountainto<1 t:en :e co8es do=n a9ain1 t:en =e 9et :i8 u< a9ain?F Gfn ++H
#issin9er =al;ed bac; to :is office in t:e *est *in9 and 8et Gen? !rent Sco=croft1 t:e
NSC ,irector? #issin9er told Sco=croft t:at Ft:ere =as <recious little su<<ort for t:e
%resident? #issin9er1 no 8ean :3<ocrite in :is o=n ri9:t1 t:ou9:t t:at SaEbe :ad been
F=ea;-li>ered?F !us: and SaEbe :ad bot: been <ett3 and insensiti>e1 #issin9er t:ou9:t? He
co8<ared !us: and SaEbe and t:e rest to a se>enteent:- centur3 ro3al court =it: t:e
courtiers scurr3in9 about1 concerned =it: t:e8sel>es rat:er t:an =it: t:eir countr3?
,urin9 t:is cabinet 8eetin91 !us: =as alread3 carr3in9 a letter to NiEon t:at =ould soon
beco8e t:e un;indest cut of all for C:ari8an Geor9e7s =retc:ed <atron? T:is letter =as
deli>ered to NiEon on Au9ust .? It read as follo=s"
,ear Mr? %resident1
It is 83 considered Bud98ent t:at 3ou s:ould no= resi9n? I eE<ect in 3our lonel3 e8battled
<osition t:is =ould see8 to 3ou as an act of dislo3alt3 fro8 one 3ou :a>e su<<orted and :el<ed in
so 8na3 =a3s? M3 o=n >ie= is t:at I =ould no= ill ser>e a %resident =:ose 8assi>e
acco8<lis:8ents I =ill al=a3s res<ect and =:ose fa8il3 I lo>e1 if I did not no= 9i>e 3ou 83
Bud98ent? Until t:is 8o8ent resi9nation :as been no ans=er at all1 but 9i>en t:e i8<act of t:e
latest de>elo<8ent1 and it =ill be a lastin9 one1 I no= fir8l3 feel resi9nation is best for t:e
countr31 best for t:is %resident? I belie>e t:is >ie= is :eld b3 8ost Re<ublican leaders across t:e
countr3? T:is letter is 8uc: 8ore difficult because of t:e 9ratitude I =ill al=a3s :a>e for 3ou? If
3ou do lea>e office :istor3 =ill <ro<erl3 record 3our ac:ie>e8ents =it: a lastin9 res<ect? Gfn +-H
,urin9 !us:7s confir8ation :earin9s for t:e <ost of CIA ,irector in ,ece8ber1 12.-1 =:en
it beca8e i8<ortant to s:o= :o= inde<endent !us: :ad been1 Senator !arr3 Gold=ater
>olunteered t:at !us: :ad been Ft:e first 8an to 83 ;no=led9e to let t:e %resident ;no=
:e s:ould 9o?F T:at <resu8abl3 8eant1 t:e first a8on9 cabinet and *:ite House officials?
T:e neEt da31 Au9ust /1 12.)1 NiEon deli>ered :is resi9nation to Henr3 #issin9er?
#issin9er could no= loo; for=ard to eEercisin9 t:e <o=ers of t:e <residenc3 at least until
&anuar31 12..1 and <er:a<s =ell be3ond?
or a final e>aluation of !us: in *ater9ate1 =e 8a3 refer to a s;etc: of :is role durin9
t:ose ti8es <ro>ided b3 !us:7s friend Maurice Stans1 t:e finance director of t:e CREE%?
T:is is :o= Stans siAes u< !us: as a *ater9ate <la3er"
Geor9e !us:1 for8er 8e8ber of Con9ress and for8er A8bassador to t:e United Nations? !us:1
=:o <ro>ed :e =as one of t:e bra>est 8en in *as:in9ton in a9reein9 to :ead t:e Re<ublican
National Co88ittee durin9 t:e 12.'-.) <:ase of *ater9ate1 ;e<t t:e <art3 or9aniAation to9et:er
and its 8orale :i9:1 des<ite 8assi>e difficulties of <ress criticis8 and 9ro=in9 <ublic disaffection
=it: t:e ad8inistration? Totall3 =it:out infor8ation as to =:at :ad 9one on in *ater9ate be:ind
t:e scenes1 :e =as unable to res<ond ;no=led9eabl3 to @uestions and because of t:at unBustl3
beca8e t:e <ersonal tar9et of continuin9 sarcas8 and c3nicis8 fro8 t:e 8edia?F Gfn +.H
!ut t:ere are 8an3 indications t:at !us: =as in realit3 so8eone =:o1 =:ile ta;in9 <art in
t:e fra31 actuall3 :el<ed to steer *ater9ate to=ards t:e strate9ic outco8e desired b3 t:e
do8inant financier faction1 t:e one associated =it: !ro=n !rot:er1 Harri8an and =it:
London? As =it: so 8uc: in t:e life of t:is <ersona9e1 8uc: of !us:7s real role in
*ater9ate re8ains to be uneart:ed? To borro= a <:rase fro8 &a8es McCord7s defense of
:is boss1 Ric:ard Hel8s1 =e 8ust see to it t:at Fe>er3 tree in t:e forest =ill fall?F
NOTES"
1? itA:u9: Green1 Geor9e !us:1 <? 1'.?
$? !us: and Gold1 <<? 1$5-1$1?
'? !us: and Gold1 <? 1$1?
)? itA:u9: Green1 <? 1$2?
+? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F in TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'?
-? ,allas Mornin9 Ne=s1 No>e8ber $+1 12.1?
.? *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber 1$1 12.$?
/? Ibid?
2? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $$1 12.'?
15? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 -1 12.'?
11? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $$1 12.'?
1$? See for eEa8<le Len C:olodn3 and Robert Gettlin1 Silent Cou< 0Ne= (or;1 12214?
1'? L3n Marcus1 FU<-6aluation of Ger8an Mar; uels *ater9ate Attac; on NiEon1F Ne= Solidarit31 &ul3
2-1'1 12.'1 <<? 15-11?
1)? See T:o8as %etAin9er1 Oil and Honor 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 <<? -)- -+? See also Harr3 Hurt7s article
8entioned abo>e? *ri9:t %at8an7s House !an;in9 Co88ittee re>ealed <art of t:e acti>ities of !ill Liedt;e
and Mosbac:er durin9 t:e *ater9ate era?
1+? Carl !ernstein and !ob *ood=ard1 All t:e %resident7s Men 0Ne= (or;1 12.)41 <resent t:e c:ec;s
recei>ed b3 !ar;er as one of t:e =a3s t:e3 breac:ed t:e =all of secrec3 around t:e CREE%1 =it: t:e aid of
t:eir anon38ous source F!oo;;ee<er?F !ut neit:er in t:is boo; nor in T:e inal ,a3s 0Ne= (or;1 12.-41
do F*oodsteinF 9et around to 8entionin9 t:at t:e MeEico Cit3 8one3 ca8e fro8 !ill Liedt;e? T:is
8ar;ed <attern of silence and reticence on 8atters <ertainin9 to Geor9e !us:1 certainl3 one of t:e 8ost
<ro8inent of t:e %resident7s 8en1 is a c:aracteristic of *ater9ate Bournalis8 in 9eneral? or 8ore
infor8ation re9ardin9 *illia8 Liedt;e7s role in financin9 t:e CREE%1 see Hearin9s !efore t:e Select
Co88ittee on %residential Ca8<ai9n Acti>ities1 2'rd Con9ress1 includin9 testi8on3 b3 Hu9: Sloan1 &une
-1 12.'C and b3 Maurice Stans1 &une 1$1 12.'C see also t:e inal Re<ort of t:e co88ittee1 issued in &une1
12.)? Rele>ant <ress co>era9e fro8 t:e <eriod includes FStans Scat:es Re<ort1F b3 *ood=ard and
!ernstein1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 1)1 12.$C and FLiedt;e Lin;ed to %C C:oice1F United %ress
International1 &une $-1 12.'? Liedt;e also influenced NiEon a<<oint8ents in areas of interest to :i8self?
1-? Maurice H? Stans1 T:e Terrors of &ustice" T:e Untold Side of *ater9ate?
1.? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust $-1 12.$1 and No>? 11 12.$?
1/? Inter>ie= =it: a %ost Oa; !an; eEecuti>e No>? $11 1221? Houston %ost1 ,ec? $.1 12//?
12? Stanle3 L? #utler1 T:e *ars of *ater9ate" T:e Last Crisis of Ric:ard NiEon 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <<?
$$2-''?
$5? See &i8 Hou9an1 Secret A9enda 0Ne= (or;1 12/)41 <? 2$?
$1? Er>in Co88ittee Hearin9s1 !oo; 2 <<? '))1-)-1 and Re<ort of t:e NedAi Co88ittee of t:e House of
Re<resenati>es1 <? $511 cited b3 Hou9an1 <? '1/?
$$? NeAdi Co88ittee re<ort1 <<? ))$-)'1 @uoted in Hou9an1 <? $1?
$'? Hou9an1 <<? )--).?
$)? Er>in Co88ittee inal R<ort1 <<? 11)--)21 and Hou9an1 <<? 1'1-1'$?
$+? Al Reinert1 F!ob and Geor9e Go To *as:in9ton or T:e %ost-*ater9ate Scra8ble1F TeEas Mont:l31
A<ril1 12.)?
$-? T:e @uestion of t:e Colu8bia %laAa A<art8ents is a central t:e8e of &i8 Hou9an1 Secret A9enda 0Ne=
(or;1 12/)4? *e :a>e also relied on Hou9an7s >ersion of t:e Russell-Leon-!ellino sub<lot described
belo=? Hou9an7s boo;1 alt:ou9: it studiousl3 a>oids dra=in9 ob>ious conclusions about !us:1 #issin9er1
Roc;efeller1 and 8an3 ot:ers1 is a con>enient startin9 <oint for t:e necessar3 8etacriti@ue of *ater9ate?
!3 contrast1 t:e Colodn3-Gettlin Silent Cou< 0Ne= (or;1 12214 re<resents a ste< bac;=ard1 a=a3 fro8 t:e
trut: of t:e 8atter on nu8erous <oints?
$.? Hou9an1 <? '$)?
$/? Hou9an1 <? '.5?
$2? Inter>ie= of &erris Leonard =it: Ton3 C:ait;in1 Au9ust $-1 1221?
'5? Hou9an1 <? '.)-'.+?
'1? See &ules *itco>er1 F%olitical S<ies Accuse Co88ittee In>esti9ator1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 $+1 12.'1
and &o:n Geddie1 F!us: Alle9es !u9s1F ,allas Ne=s1 &ul3 $+1 12.'? See also 6ictor Las;31 It ,idn7t Start
=it: *ater9ate 0Ne= (or;1 12..41 <<? )1-++?
'$? Hou9an1 <? '.-? Notice t:at t:e da3 of Leon7s deat: =as also t:e da3 t:at *:ite House staffer
!utterfield told Con9ressional in>esti9ators of t:e eEistence of NiEon7s ta<in9 s3ste8?
''? Ibid?
')? RN" T:e Me8oirs of Ric:ard NiEon1 <? /11?
'+? %incus and *ood=ard1 %residential %osts and ,as:ed Ho<es1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 12//?
'-? *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 1$1 12.'?
'.? Sa8 &? Er>in1 &r?1 T:e *:ole Trut: 0Ne= (or;1 12/541 <? $/?
'/? Er>in1 <? $2?
'2? Sa8 ,as:1 C:ief Counsel 0Ne= (or;1 12.-41 <? 12$?
)5? E>ans and No>a;1 &ul3 111 12.'?
)1? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust .1 12.'?
)$? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 12.'?
)'? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 151 12.'?
))? *as:in9ton %ost1 October 111 12.'?
)+? *as:in9ton %ost1 October $)1 12.'?
)-? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1.1 12.'?
).? !ernstein and *ood=ard1 T:e inal ,a3s1 <<? 1+21 1.-?
)/? RN" T:e Me8oirs of Ric:ard NiEon1 <? 15)$?
)2? itA:u9: Green1 <? 1'+?
+5? T:e inal da3s1 <? '-/?
+1? T:e inal ,a3s1 <? '-2?
+$? or t:e Fs8o;in9 9unF transcri<t of &une $'1 12.$1 see *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust -1 12.)?
+'? H? R? Halde8an1 T:e Ends of %o=er 0Ne= (or;1 12./41 <? -)?
+)? T:e inal ,a3s1 <? '.)?
++? A>ailable accounts of NiEon7s last cabinet 8eetin9 are fra98entar31 but see" RN" T:e Me8oirs of
Ric:ard NiEon1 <? 15--C T:e inal ,a3s1 <<? '/--'/2C T:eodore H? *:ite1 !reac: of ait:" T:e all of
Ric:ard NiEon 0Ne= (or;1 12.+41 <? $)C Henr3 #issin9er1 (ears of U<:ea>al1 <<? 1$5$-1$5'C &? Ant:on3
Lu;as1 Ni9:t8are" T:e Underside of t:e NiEon (ears 0Ne= (or;1 12.-41 << ++/-++2? T:ese :a>e been
collated for t:e account offered :ere?
+-? T:e ostensible full teEt of t:is letter is found in Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:" A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;1
12/541 <? /.? 6ic Gold 9i>es onl3 se>en lines of eEcer<ts? itA:u9: Green1 in :is <ost No>e8ber 12//
:a9io9ra<:31 li@uidates t:e 8atter in fe=er t:an fi>e lines? In eac: case t:e calculatin9 e3e of t:e <ublic
relations 8an is obser>in9 t:e reader li;e t:e suc;er in a 8edicine s:o=? A<<arentl3 !us:7s :andlers
concluded t:at t:ere =as less and less to 9ain fro8 distancin9 t:eir candidate fro8 NiEonC <er:a<s t:eir
<olls =ere s:o=in9 t:at <o<ular resent8ent of NiEon :ad so8e=:at declined?
+.? Maurice H? Stans1 T:e Terrors of &ustice" T:e Untold Side of *ater9ate1 <? --?
C:a<ter -MIII- !us: Atte8<ts T:e 6ice %residenc31 12.)
T:ose =:o betra3 t:eir benefactors are seldo8 :i9:l3 re9arded? In ,ante7s ,i>ine Co8ed31
traitors to benefactors and to t:e establis:ed aut:orities are consi9ned to t:e nint: circle of
t:e Inferno1 =:ere t:eir souls are sus<ended1 li;e insects in a8ber1 in t:e froAen Ri>er
Coc3tus? T:is is t:e Giudecca1 =:ere t:e t:ree arc:-traitors &udas Iscariot1 !rutus1 and
Cassius are c:e=ed for all eternit3 in t:e t:ree 8out:s of Lucifer? T:e cri8es of NiEon
=ere 8onstrous1 es<eciall3 in 6ietna8 and in t:e India-%a;istan =ar1 but in t:ese !us: :ad
been an ent:usiastic <artici<ant? No= !us:7s da99er1 a8on9 ot:ers1 :ad no= found its
tar9etC NiEon =as 9one? In t:e de<t:s of :is Inferno1 ,ante relates t:e stor3 of rate
Alberi9o to illustrate t:e belief t:at in cases of t:e 8ost :einous treac:er31 t:e soul of t:e
offender <lun9es at once into :ell1 lea>in9 t:e bod3 to li>e out its <:3sical eEistence under
t:e control of a de8on? %er:a<s t:e stor3 of old rate Alberi9o =ill illu8inate us as =e
follo= t:e furt:er career of Geor9e !us:?
As NiEon left t:e *:ite House for :is :o8e in San Cle8ente1 California1 in t:e earl3
afternoon of Au9ust 21 12.)1 C:air8an Geor9e =as alread3 <lottin9 :o= to scale still
furt:er u< t:e diAA3 :ei9:ts of state? ord =as no= <resident1 and t:e >ice-<residenc3 =as
>acant? Accordin9 to t:e MM6 A8end8ent1 it =as no= u< to ord to desi9nate a >ice
<resident =:o =ould t:en re@uire a 8aBorit3 >ote of bot: :ouses of Con9ress to be
confir8ed? Seein9 a 9olden o<<ortunit3 to seiAe an office t:at :e :ad lon9 re9arded as t:e
final ste<<in9 stone to :is ulti8ate 9oal of t:e *:ite House1 !us: i88ediatel3 8obiliAed
:is eEtensi>e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;1 includin9 as 8an3
Jionist lobb3 auEiliaries as :e could 8uster? Geor9e :ad learned in 12-/ t:at an or9aniAed
effort co88ensurate =it: :is o=n boundless lust for <o=er =ould be re@uired to succeed?
One of t:e first ste<s =as to set u< a boiler s:o< o<eration in a suite of roo8s at t:e Statler
Hilton Hotel in *as:in9ton? Here Ric:ard L? Her8an1 t:e Nebras;a GO% national
co88ittee8an and t=o assistants be9an c:urnin9 out a cascade of calls to Re<ublicans and
ot:ers around t:e countr31 ur9in91 t:reatenin91 caBolin91 callin9 in c:its1 <ro8isin9 future
fa>ors if C:air8an Geor9e =ere to beco8e 6ice %resident Geor9e? Gfn 1H Since !us:
controlled t:e RNC a<<aratus1 t:is lar9e 8ac:iner3 could also be t:ro=n into t:e fra3?
T:ere =ere ot:er1 for8idable candidates1 but none =as so a99ressi>e as C:air8an Geor9e?
Nelson Roc;efeller1 =:o :ad resi9ned as Go>ernor of Ne= (or; so8e 8ont:s before to
de>ote 8ore ti8e to :is o=n consu8in9 a8bition and to :is Co88ission on Critical
C:oices1 =as in 8an3 =a3s t:e front runner? Nelson7s >ast notoriet31 :is i8<osin9 cursus
:onoru81 :is o=n <o=erful *all Street net=or;1 :is financial and ban;in9 faction-- all of
t:ese =ould count :ea>il3 in :is fa>or? !ut Nelson1 :a>in9 been t:e incarnation of t:e
Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent internationalists a9ainst =:o8 Gold=ater :ad ca8<ai9ned
so :ard in 12-)1 also :ad a >er3 :i9: ne9ati>e? %eo<le :ated Nelson? His su<<ort =as
considerable1 but :e :ad 8ore acti>e o<<osition t:an an3 ot:er candidate? T:is 8eant t:at
ord :ad to :esitate in c:oosin9 Nelson because of =:at t:e blo=bac; 8i9:t 8ean for a
<robable ord candidac3 in 12.-?
T:e conser>ati>e Re<ublicans all re9arded Gold=ater as t:eir senti8ental fa>orite1 but t:e3
also ;ne= t:at ord =ould be reluctant to select :i8 because of a different set of
i8<lications for 12.-? !e3ond Roc;efeller and Gold=ater1 eac: a leader of a =in9 of t:e
<art31 t:e na8es 8ulti<lied" Senator Ho=ard !a;er1 Elliot Ric:ardson1 Go>ernor *illia8
Scranton1 Mel>in Laird1 Senator !ill !roc;1 Go>ernor ,an E>ans1 ,onald Ru8sfeld1 and
8an3 ot:ers? !us: ;ne= t:at if :e could 9et Gold=ater to s:o= :i8 so8e su<<ort1 t:e
Gold=ater conser>ati>es could be 8oti>ated to 8a;e t:eir influence felt for !us:1 and t:is
8i9:t concei>abl3 <ut :i8 o>er t:e to<1 des<ite Roc;efeller7s stren9t: in t:e financial and
intelli9ence co88unities? %art of t:e battle =ould be to con>ince ord t:at !us: =ould be
a bi99er asset for 12.-?
irst C:air8an Geor9e :ad to <ut on t:e 8as; of conciliation and 8oderation? As NiEon
=as <re<arin9 :is de<arture s<eec:1 !us: lost no ti8e in 8eetin9 =it: ord1 no= less t:an
$) :ours a=a3 fro8 bein9 s=orn in as <resident? !us: told t:e <ress t:at ord :ad Fsaid
:e7d be <leased if I sta3ed onF at t:e RNC1 but :ad to concede t:at ord :ad 9i>en no
indication as to :is c:oice for t:e >ice <resident? !us:7s net=or; in t:e House of
Re<resentati>es1 8aintained since :is Rubbers da3s1 =as no= full3 8obiliAed1 =it: Fa
s:o=in9 of si9nificant su<<ort in t:e House and a8on9 GO% officialsF for !us: on t:e da3
before NiEon left to=n? !us: also <ut out a state8ent fro8 t:e RNC sa3in91 FT:e battle is
o>er? No= is t:e ti8e for ;indess???Let us all tr3 no= to restore to our societ3 a cli8ate of
ci>ilit3?F !ut des<ite t:e :3<ocritical ;inder and 9entler r:etoric1 C:air8an Geor9e7s
stru99le for <o=er =as Bust be9innin9? Gfn $H
Mel>in Laird soon ca8e out for Roc;efeller1 and t:ere =ere senti8ental dis<la3s for
Gold=ater in 8an3 @uarters? *it: !us:7s net=or; in full career1 :e =as be9innin9 to attract
fa>orable 8ention fro8 t:e colu8nists? E>ans and No>a; on Au9ust 11 clai8ed t:at Fas t:e
ne= %resident =as s=orn in1 Roc;efeller :ad beco8e a considerabl3 less li;el3 <ros<ect
t:an eit:er Senator Ho=ard !a;er of Tennessee or Geor9e !us:1 t:e 9re9arious <atrician
and trans<lanted TeEan =:o :eads t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee?F Colu8ns li;e t:is
one =ent on at len9t: about t:e 8an3 disad>anta9es of c:oosin9 Roc;efeller1 not t:e least
of =:ic: =as t:at :e =ould ecli<se ord?
On Au9ust 151 ord announced t:at :e =ould <oll Re<ublicans at all le>els across t:e
countr3? So8e eE<ressed t:eir <references directl3 to t:e *:ite House1 but t:e Re<ublican
National Co88ittee 8e8bers :ad to re<ort t:eir c:oices t:rou9: C:air8an Geor9e? Man3
of t:e81 fearin9 t:e <rice t:e3 8i9:t :a>e to <a3 for lese 8aBeste1 indicated !us: as t:eir
first c:oice? T:is 8atter =as t:e subBect of a co8<laint b3 To8 E>ans of t:e RNC1 =:o
tal;ed to t:e <ress and also =rote letters to t:e ord *:ite House1 as =e =ill see?
!3 Au9ust 1)1 t:e *as:in9ton %ost =as re<ortin9 a Ffull scale ca8<ai9nF on be:alf of
!us:1 =it: an Fi8<ressi>e arra3 of su<<ortF a9ainst Roc;efeller? !us:7s ca8<ai9n 8ana9er
and c:ief boiler roo8 o<erator Ric:ard L? Her8an of Nebras;a su88ed u< :is tal;in9
<oints" !us:1 said Her8an1 Fis t:e onl3 one in t:e race =it: no o<<osition? He 8a3 not be
t:e first c:oice in all cases1 but :e7s not lo=er t:an second =it: an3one?F Her8an said :e
=as Fassistin9F a broader or9aniAation on t:e Hill and of course at t:e RNC itself t:at =as
8obiliAed for !us:? !us: Fcan do 8ore to :el< t:e Re<ublican %art3 t:an an3one else and
is totall3 acce<table t:rou9:out t:e countr31F blat:ered Her8an? !us: =as Fob>iousl3
a=are of =:at =e7re doin91F said Her8an? T:e old %rescott !us: net=or;s =ere still a bi9
<lus1 :e stressed? A 9rou< of House conser>ati>es ca8e out for Gold=ater1 =it: !us: in
second <lace?
Su<<ort for Gold=ater =as a<t to turn into su<<ort for !us: at an3 ti8e1 so !us: =as
9ainin9 8i9:til31 runnin9 second to Roc;3 alone? Ta;in9 note of t:e situation1 e>en !us:7s
old allies at t:e *as:in9ton %ost :ad to re9ister so8e @ual8s? In an editorial <ublis:ed on
Au9ust 1+1 12.) on t:e subBect of FT:e 6ice %residenc31F %ost co88entators @uoted t:e
ubi@uitous Ric:ard Her8an on !us:7s @ualifications? T:e %ost found t:at !us:7s
Fbac;9round and abilities =ould a<<ear to @ualif3 :i8 for t:e >ice <residenc3 in Bust about
all res<ects1 eEce<t for t:e one t:at see8s to us to reall3 8atter" *:at is cons<icuousl3
lac;in9 is an3 co8<ellin9 or de8onstrable e>idence t:at :e is @ualified to be %resident?F
Nelson 8i9:t be better1 su99ested t:e %ost? In an3 case1 F=e :a>e t:e recent eEa8<le of Mr?
A9ne= to re8ind us of t:e <itfalls in t:e c:oice of 6ice %residents b3 t:e a<<lication of
irrele>ant criteria?F
!ut des<ite t:ese darts1 C:air8an Geor9e continued to sur9e a:ead? T:e bi9 brea; ca8e
=:en !arr3 Gold=ater1 s<ea;in9 in Colu8bia1 Sout: Carolina1 told a Re<ublican fund-
raiser t:at :e :ad a F9ut feelin9F t:at ord =as 9oin9 to select !us: for t:e >ice <residenc3?
!arr31 =e recall1 :ad been >er3 coA3 =it: fat:er %rescott in t:e old da3s? Gold=ater
<ortra3ed !us: and Roc;efeller as t:e t=o co8<etin9 front-runners? T:is =as <recisel3
=:ere !us: =anted to <osition :i8self so t:at :e could benefit fro8 t:e =ides<read and
>ocal o<<osition to Roc;efeller? On Au9ust 1+1 a source close to ord told ,a>id !roder
and Lou Cannon t:at !us: no= :ad t:e Finside trac;F for t:e >ice <residenc3? Roc;efeller7s
s<o;es8an Hu9: Morro= retorted t:at F=e7re not runnin9 a boiler s:o< or callin9 an3one
or doin9 an3t:in91F unli;e t:e stron9-ar8 !us: tea8? Gfn 'H
Inside t:e ord *:ite House1 res<onses to ord7s sollicitaton =ere co8in9 in? A8on9 t:e
to< *:ite House councillors1 !us: 9ot t:e su<<ort of #ennet: Rus:1 =:o :ad al8ost
beco8e NiEon7s Secretar3 of State and =:o asserted t:at !us: F=ould :a>e a broader
a<<eal to all se98ents of t:e <olitical s<ectru8 t:an an3 ot:er @ualified c:oice? His relati>e
3out:1 TeEas residence =it: a Ne= En9land bac;9round1 =ide <o<ularit3 in business and
<olitical circles1 and un@ualified inte9rit3 and abilit31 co8bined =it: :is <ersonal @ualities
of c:ar8 and tact1 =ould 8a;e :i8 a natural for t:e ne= %residentialO6ice %residential
tea8?F T:is enco8iu8 is @uoted at len9t: because it see8s to be a for8 letter or <rintout
t:at =as distributed b3 t:e !us: o<eration as tal;in9 <oints for !us: su<<orters? Gfn )H
,ean !urc: =rote a 8e8o to ord <ointin9 out t:at a8on9 t:e <ro8inent candidates1 Fonl3
a fe= :a>e a <ost-12/5 <olitical future?F FM3 o=n c:oice1F !urc: told ord1 F=ould be a
6ice %resident =it: a lon9 ter8 <olitical future?--a <otential candidate1 at least1 for t:e
%residenc3 in :is o=n ri9:t?F In !urc:7s conclusion1 FStill o<eratin9 on t:is assu8<tion1 83
<ersonal c:oice is Geor9e !us:?F Gfn )H ?
T:e cabinet s:o=ed 8ore senti8ent for Roc;efeller? Ro9ers Morton of t:e Interior1
*einber9er of HE*1 &a8es L3nn of HU,1 rederic; ,ent of Co88erce1 and Attorne3
General SaEbe =ere all for Roc;3? Earl !utA of A9riculture =as for Gold=ater1 and &a8es
R? Sc:lesin9er of ,efense =as for Eliott Ric:ardson? No =ritten o<inion b3 Henr3
#issin9er a<<ears eEtant at t:e ord Librar3? A8on9 t:e cabinet and t:e senior *:ite
House counselors1 t:erefore1 Roc;3 :ad bested !us: . to '1 =it: !urc: and Rus: <ro>idin9
C:air8an Geor9e7s 8ost con>inced su<<ort?
T:en t:e *:ite House staff =as <olled? %at !uc:anan ad>ised ord to a>oid all t:e 3oun9er
8en1 includin9 !us:1 and told t:e <resident t:at Roc;efeller =ould Fre9rettabl3F :a>e to be
:is c:oice? &o:n McLau9:lin also told ord to 9o for Roc;31 alt:ou9: :e 8entioned t:at
!us: F=ould also be a fine >ice <resident?F Gfn +H Ric:ard A? Moore =as for !us: based on
:is econo8ic credentials1 assertin9 t:at !us:7s Ffat:er and 9radfat:er =ere bot: :i9:l3
res<ected in>est8ent ban;ers in Ne= (or;?F In t:e *:ite House staff1 !us: =on out o>er
Roc;efeller and Scranton? A8on9 <ersonal friends of ord1 !us: =on out o>er Roc;3 b3 a
) to ' 8ar9in?
A8on9 Re<ublican 9o>ernors1 t:ere =as si9nificant resistance to !us:? or8er
%enns3l>ania Go>ernor *illia8 Scranton1 =:o :ad been considered of <residential caliber1
=rote to ord aide %:illi< !uc:en of !us:" FLuite fran;l31 in 83 eE<erience =it: :i8 :is
one dra=bac; is a li8itation of :is ad8inistrati>e abilit3?F Gfn -H A8on9 ser>in9 9o>ernors1
onl3 T:o8as &? Mes;ill of Connecticut1 and Otis R? !o=en of Indiana <ut !us: in first
<lace? *:en all t:e 9o>ernors7 <references =ere tabulated1 !us: ca8e in t:ird1 trailin9
Roc;efeller and Go>ernor ,aniel &? E>ans of *as:in9ton?
A8on9 t:e Re<ublican Senators1 !us: :ad intense co8<etition1 but t:e %rescott !us:
net=or; <ro>ed it could :old its o=n? Ho=ard !a;er <ut !us: second1 =:ile Henr3
!ell8on and ,e=e3 !artlett sent in a Boint letter in su<<ort of !us:? !ob ,ole but
C:air8an Geor9e last a8on9 :is list of <references1 co88entin9 t:at t:e c:oice of !us:
=ould be =idel3 re9arded as Ftotall3 <artisan?F %ete ,o8inici <ut !us: as :is first c:oice1
but also conceded t:at :e =ould be seen as a <artisan <ic;? Rot: of ,ela=are :ad !us: in
t:ird <lace after &o:n &? *illia8s and Roc;3? Hu9: Scott of %enns3l>ania =anted Roc;3 or
Gold=ater1 but <ut !us: in t:ird <lace? &a8es %earson of #ansas :ad !us: as first c:oice?
&esse Hel8s 8entioned !us:1 but in fift: <lace after Gold=ater1 Harr3 !3rd1 Rea9an1 and
&a8es !uc;le3? Gfn .H In t:e final tall3 of Senate <ic;s1 Roc;3 ed9ed out !us: =it: 1)
c:oices to !us:7s 1$1 follo=ed b3 Gold=ater =it: 11?
!us: =as stron9er in t:e House1 =:ere 8an3 8e8bers :ad ser>ed side b3 side =it: t:eir
old friend Rubbers? !us: =as t:e first c:oice of !ill Arc:er of TeEas 0=:o :ad in:erited
!us:7s old district1 and =:o <raised !us: for :a>in9 Fled t:e fi9:t in Con9ress for
disclosure and refor8F41 S;i< !afalis of lorida1 *illia8 G? !ra3 of Indiana1 ,an
!rotA8an of Colorado1 &oe !ro3:ill of 6ir9inia1 &o:n !uc:ana of Alaba8a1 C:arles
C:a8berlain of Mic:i9an1 ,onald Clanc3 of O:io1 ,el ,a=son of California1 and T:ad
Coc:ran of Mississi<<i? *illia8 Ar8stron9 of Colorado struc; a discordant note b3 ur9in9
ord to <ic; Fa <erson =:o :as eEtensi>e eE<erience in ELECTE, <ublic office?F *illia8
S? Co:en of Maine found t:at !us: did Fnot :a>e @uite t:e ran9e of eE<erience of
Ric:ardson or Roc;efeller? &a8es Collins fa>ored !us: Fas a TeEan?F Glenn ,a>is of
*isconsin1 ,er=in;si of Illinois 0a lon9-ter8 all3 =:o e>entuall3 rose to t:e !us: cabinet
after :a>in9 ser>ed =it: !us: at t:e UN 8ission in Ne= (or;41 Sa8 ,e>ine of O:io1 and
%ierre S? ,u %ont I6 of ,ela=are -all for !us:? *illia8 ,ic;inson of Alaba8a found !us:
F<:3sicall3 attracti>eF =it: Fno <olitical scars I a8 a=are ofF and F<ersonall3 >er3
<o<ular?F !ut t:en ca8e &o:n &? ,uncan of Tennessee1 =:o told ord t:at :e could not
Fsu<<ort an3 of t:e fifteen or so 8entioned in t:e ne=s 8edia?F
Mar>in Esc: of Mic:i9an =as for !us:1 as =as %eter relin9:u3sen of Ne= &erse3? Ed=in
,? Es:el8an told ord to 9o for !us: Fif 3ou =ant a 8oderate?F T:e !us: bri9ade =ent on
=it: C:arles Gubser of California1 and Ha88ersc:8idt of Ar;ansas1 still >er3 close to
!us: toda3? &o:n HeinA of %enns3l>ania =as :a>in9 none of !us:1 but ur9ed ord to ta;e
Roc;efeller1 Scranton1 or Ric:ardson1 in t:at order? &o:n Erlenborn of Illinois =as 8ore
t:an ca<ti>ated b3 !us:1 =ritin9 ord t:at !us: Fis attracti>e <ersonall3--<eo<le tend to
li;e :i8 on si9:t?F *:31 F:e :as al8ost no <olitical ene8iesF t:at Erlenborn ;ne= of? !ud
Hillis of Indiana1 Andre= Hins:ar of California1 MarBorie Holt- for !us:? La=rence Ho9an
of Mar3land =as so FdisturbedF about t:e <ros<ect of Roc;efeller t:at :e =as for !us: too?
Hudnut of Indiana <ut !us: as :is second c:oice after fa>orite son Go>? Otis !o=en
because !us: =as Ffine1 clean?F
&ac; #e8< of Ne= (or;1 no= in t:e !us: cabinet1 =as for !us: =a3 bac; t:en1
interestin9l3 enou9:? La9o8arsino of California <ut !us: t:ird1 Latta of O:io <ut :i8
second onl3 to Roc;3? Trent Lott of Mississi<<i1 =:o :as since 8o>ed u< to t:e Senate1
told ord t:at :e needed so8ebod3 F3oun9 and cleanF and t:at F<er:a<s Geor9e !us: fits
t:at <osition?F Manuel LuBan of Ne= MeEico1 =:o also 8ade t:e !us: cabinet1 =as a solid
!us: rooter1 as =as *ile3 Ma3ne of Io=a? %ete McClos;e3 <ut !us: second to Ric:ardson1
but a:ead of Roc;3? &o:n McCollister of Nebras;a deluded :i8self t:at !us: could be
confir8ed =it:out too 8uc: trouble" McCollister =as for !us: because FI belie>e :e could
<ass t:e &udiciar3 Co88ittee7s stern testF because F:e :ad no <olic3 8a;in9 role in t:e sad
da3s no= ended1F but <er:a<s ord ;ne= better on t:at one?
Clarence Miller of O:io =as for !us:? Con9ress8an !ob Mic:el1 e>er cli8bin9 in t:e
House GO% :ierarc:31 :ad lon9-=inded ar9u8ents for !us:? Roc;31 :e t:ou9:t1 could
F:el< 8ostF o>er t:e re8ainder of ord7s ter81 but !us: =ould be a tru8< card for 12.-?
FGeor9e !us: =ould not co88and all t:e i88ediate adulation si8<l3 because :e :asn7t
:ad as lon9 a <ro>en trac; record in t:e business and industrial co88unit31 but :is
credentials are 9ood1F =rote Mic:el? FHe is 3oun9 and :e =ould =or; da3 and ni9:t and :e
=ould ne>er atte8<t to 7u<sta9e t:e boss?7 Aside fro8 <roBectin9 a 7strai9:t arro= i8a9e17 :e
=ould be acce<table to t:e 8ore conser>ati>e ele8ent in t:e <art3 t:at =ould be offended
b3 t:e a<<oint8ent of Roc;efeller?F In addition1 assured Mic:el1 !us: enBo3ed su<<ort
a8on9 ,e8ocrats Ffro8 @uarters I =ould not :a>e belie>ed <ossible1F Fand t:e3 are indeed
influential ,e8ocrats?F FO>er and abo>e t:is1 =e 8a3 be 9i>in9 one of our o=n a 9ood
o<<ortunit3 to follo= on after a siE-3ear ord ad8inistration1F Mic:el concluded?
,onal Mitc:ell of Ne= (or; =as for !us: because of :is Fric: bac;9round1F =:ic:
<resu8abl3 8eant 8one3? Anc:er Nelson t:ou9:t !us: :ad Fc:aris8a1F and :e =as for
:i8? !ut Geor9e O7!rien of Illinois =as also t:ere =it: t:at bot:erso8e re@uest for
Fso8eone =:o =as elected and =as ser>in9 in a federal <osition?F Stan %arris of
AleEandria1 6ir9inia1 a fait:ful 3es-8an for !us: until :is defeat in 12251 =as for !us:- of
course? &err3 %ettis of California for !us:? !ob %rice of TeEas ur9ed ord to ta< !us:1 in
<art because of :is FeEcellentF ties to t:e Senate1 =:ic: =ere Fdue to :is o=n efforts and
t:e friends:i<s of :is fat:er?F Albert Luie of Minnesota :ad so8e su<<ort of :is o=n for t:e
nod1 but :e tal;ed fa>orabl3 about !us:1 =:o8 :e also found F:andso8e?F FHe :as onl3
one :andica<1F t:ou9:t Luie1 Fand t:at is1 :e lost an election for t:e Senate?F Ma;e t:at t=o
:andica<s? Score &? #ennet: Robinson of 6ir9inia for !us:1 alon9 =it: %:ili< Ru<<e of
Mic:i9an1 =:o lauded !us:7s F:u8an =ar8t:?F Earl Rut: of nort:ern California and
*illia8 Stei9ler of *isconsin for !us:? Ste>e S388s of Ida:o1 later a senator1 =anted Fa
Gold=ater 8anF li;e Rea9an1 or *illia8s of ,ela=are? !ut1 S388s added1 FI =ould acce<t
our National C:air8an !us:?F Gu3 6ander &a9t of Mic:i9an confided to :is for8er
collea9ue ord t:at F83 <ersonal reco88endation is Geor9e !us:?F &o:n H? *are bro;e a
lance for C:air8an Geor9e1 and t:en ca8e t:e endorse8ent of G? *illia8 *:ite:urst of
6ir9inia1 an endorse8ent t:at stood out for its free8asonic o>ertones in a field =:ere
free8asonic 8odulations =ere rife? Accordin9 to *:ite:urst1 =:o :as a <ar;=a3 =it: :is
na8e on it in t:e ca<ital1 !us: de8onstrates Ft:ose s<ecial c:aracteristics t:at @ualif3 a
8an for t:e :i9:est office if fate so desi9nates?F T:is is one ord =ould :a>e :ad no trouble
understandin9? !ob *ilson of California =as for !us:1 also considerin9 t:e lon9 ter8
<ers<ecti>esC :e li;ed !us:7s 3out:ful ent:usias8 and sa= :i8 as Fa real leader for
8oderationF Larr *innof #ansas1 *endell *3att of Ore9on1 !ill (oun9 of lorida1 ,on
(oun9 of Alas;a1 Ro9er Jion of Indiana-- all listed !us: as t:eir <ri8e c:oice? T:e
Re<ublican House Steerin9 Co88ittee =ent for !us: because of :is F9eneral acce<tance?F
Gfn /H
*:en ord7s staff tabulated t:e House results1 !us:7s co8bined total of 151 first1 second
and t:ird c:oice 8entions <ut :i8 in t:e lead1 o>er Roc;3 at -/ and Rea9an at $'?
A8on9 all t:e Re<ublican elected and a<<ointed offocials =:o :ad eE<ressed an o<inion1
!us: too; first <lace =it: $++ <oints1 =it: Roc;efeller second =it: 1/11 Gold=ater t:ird
=iit: /'1 Rea9an =it: +$1 follo=ed b3 Ric:ardson1 Mel>in Laird1 and t:e rest? It =as a
sur<rise to no one t:at !us: =as t:e clear =inner a8on9 t:e Re<ublican National
Co88ittee res<ondents1 =:ic: :e :ad <ersonall3 solicited and screened1 and e>en ord7s
<eo<le do not see8 to :a>e been o>erl3 i8<ressed b3 t:is <art of t:e result? !ut all in all it
=as trul3 a 8onu8ent to t:e !us: net=or;1 ac:ie>ed for a candidate =it: no @ualifications
=:o :ad >er3 8uc: <artici<ated in t:e sleaAe of t:e NiEon era?
T:e >oE <o<uli sa= t:in9s sli9:tl3 differentl3? In t:e nu8ber of tele9ra8s recei>ed b3 t:e
*:ite House1 Gold=ater =as =a3 a:ead =it: $$/5 in :is fa>or1 and onl3 15$ a9ainst? !us:
:ad //. for :i8 and 2$ a9ainst? Roc;3 :ad +)) in fa>or1 and a =:o<<in9 '$5$ a9ainst? Gfn
2H
!ut e>en :ere1 t:e !us: net=or; :ad been totall3 8obiliAed1 =it: a >er3 lar9e effort in t:e
,allas business co88unit31 a8on9 blac; Re<ublicans1 and b3 la= fir8s =it: lin;s to t:e
Jionist lobb3? *ard La3 of rito-La3 Boined =it: Her8an *? La3 to su<<ort !us:? T:e la=
fir8 of Mc#enAie and !aer of ,allas assured ord t:at !us: =as FMr? Clean?F T:ere =as a
tele9ra8 fro8 C:arles %istor of t:e Re<ublic National !an; of ,allas1 and 8an3 ot:ers?
T:e all court <ress a<<lied b3 t:e !us: 8ac:ine also 9enerated bad blood? Roc;efeller
su<<orter To8 E>ans1 a for8er RNC co-c:air1 =rote to ord =it: t:e obser>ation t:at Fno
one s:ould ca8<ai9n for t:e <osition and I offer t:ese t:ou9:ts onl3 because of an acti>e
ca8<ai9n t:at is bein9 conducted on Geor9e !us:7s be:alf =:ic: I do not belie>e <ro<erl3
reflects Re<ublican o<inion?F E>ans =as 8ore substanti>e t:an 8ost reco88endations"
FCertainl3 one of t:e 8aBor issues confrontin9 our countr3 at t:is ti8e is t:e econo83 and
t:e related <roble8s of inflation1 une8<lo38ent1 and :i9: interest rates? I res<ectfull3
su99est t:at 3ou need so8eon8e =:o can :el< substanti>el3 in t:ese areas? Geor9e is 9reat
at %R but :e is not as 9ood in substanti>e 8atters? T:is o<inion can be confir8ed b3
indi>iduals =:o :eld ;e3 <ositions at t:e National Co88ittee?F E>ans also ar9ued t:at
!us: s:ould :a>e <ut 9reater distance bet=een t:e GO% and NiEon sooner t:an :e did? Gfn
15H
So Nelson7s net=or;s =ere not 9oin9 to ta;e t:e !us: stron9-ar8 a<<roac: l3in9 do=n?
!us:7s 8ost ob>ious >ulnerabilit3 =as :is close relations:i< to NiEon1 <lus t:e fact t:at :e
:ad been u< to :is nec; in *ater9ate? It =as la=ful t:at !us:7s ties to one of NiEon7s slus:
funds ca8e bac; to :aunt :i8? T:is =as t:e FTo=n:ouseF fund a9ain1 t:e one 8ana9ed b3
&ac; A? Gleason and California attorne3 Herbert *? #al8bac:1 NiEon7s <ersonal la=3er1
=:o :ad 9ained @uite so8e <ersonal notoriet3 durin9 t:e *ater9ate 3ears? T:ese t=o :ad
bot: <leaded 9uilt3 earlier in 12.) to runnin9 an ille9al ca8<ai9n fun-raisin9 o<eration1
=it: none of t:e re@uired re<orts e>er filed?
!3 Au9ust 121 t:e e>en of ord7s eE<ected announce8ent1 t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted
t:at unna8ed *:ite House sources =ere tellin9 Ne=s=ee; 8a9aAine t:at !us:7s >ice
<residential bid F:ad sli<<ed badl3 because of alle9ed irre9ularities in t:e financin9 of :is
12.5 Senate race in TeEas?F Ne=s=ee; @uoted *:ite House sources t:at Ft:ere =as
<otential e8barrass8ent in re<orts t:at t:e NiEon *:ite House :ad funneled about
I1551555 fro8 a secret fund called t:e 7To=n:ouse O<eration7 into !us:7s losin9 Senate
ca8<ai9n a9ainst ,e8ocrat Llo3d !entsen four 3ears a9o?F Ne=s=ee; also added t:at
I)51555 of t:is 8one3 8a3 not :a>e been <ro<erl3 re<orted under t:e election la=s? !us:
=as una>ailable for co88ent t:at da31 and retainers &a8es !a3less and C? red C:a8bers
scra8bled to deli>er <lausible denials1 but t:e issue =ould not 9o a=a3?
!us:7s s<ecial treat8ent durin9 t:e 12.5 ca8<ai9n =as a subBect of acute resent8ent1
es<eciall3 a8on9 senate Re<ublicans ord needed to ;ee< on board? !ac; in 12.51 Senator
Mar; Hatfield of Ore9on :ad de8anded to ;no= =:3 &o:n To=er :ad 9i>en !us: nearl3
t=ice as 8uc: 8one3 as an3 ot:er Senate Re<ublican? Senator To=er :ad tried to den3
fa>oritis81 but Hatfield and Ed=ard !roo;e of Massac:usetts :ad not been <lacated? No=
t:ere =as t:e t:reat t:at if !us: :ad to 9o t:rou9: len9t:3 confir8ation :earin9s in t:e
Con9ress1 t:e entire To=n:ouse affair 8i9:t be dred9ed u< once a9ain? Accordin9 to so8e
accounts1 t:ere =ere as 8an3 as 1/ Re<ublican senators =:o :ad 9otten 8one3 fro8
To=n:ouse1 but =:ose na8es :ad not been di>ul9ed? Gfn 11H An3 atte8<t to force !us:
t:rou9: as >ice <resident 8i9:t lead to t:e fin9erin9 of t:ese senators1 and <er:a<s ot:ers1
8i9:til3 anta9oniAin9 t:ose =:o :ad fi9ured t:e3 =ere 9ettin9 off =it: a =:ole coat?
Ri<<in9 off t:e scabs of *ater9ate =ounds in t:is =a3 conflicted =it:e ord7s F:ealin9
ti8eF strate931 =:ic: =as desi9ned to <ut an :er8etic lid on t:e festerin9 8ass of
*ater9ate? !us: =as too dan9erous to ord? !us: could not be c:osen? ?
!ecause :e =as so redolent of NiEonian sleaAe1 !us:7s 8aEi8u8 eEertions for t:e >ice
<residenc3 =ere a failure? ord announced :is c:oice of Nelson Roc;efeller on Au9ust $51
12.)? It =as ne>ert:eless astoundin9 t:at !us: :ad co8e so close? He =as defeated for t:e
8o8ent1 but :e :ad establis:ed a clai8 on t:e office of t:e >ice <residenc3 t:at :e =ould
not relin@uis:? ,es<ite :is :ollo=1 arro9ant a8bition and total inco8<etence for t:e office1
:e =ould auto8naticall3 be considered for t:e >ice <residenc3 in 12.- and t:en a9ain in
12/5? or Geor9e !us: =as an aristocrat of senatorial ran;1 alt:ou9: denied t:e senate1 and
:is conduct betra3ed t:e con>iction t:at :e =as o=ed not Bust a <lace at t:e <ublic trou9:1
but t:e accolade of national <olitical office?
NOTES"
1? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 1-1 12.)?
$? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 12.)?
'? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 1-1 12.)?
)? Gerald R? ord Librar31 Robert T? Hart8an iles1 !oE $1?
+? Gerald R? ord Librar31 Robert T? Hart8ann iles1 !oE 12?
-? %:ili< !uc:en iles1 !oE -'?
.? Robert T? Hart8an iles1 !oE $1?
/? Robert T? Hart8ann iles1 !oEes 12 and $5?
2? Robert T? Hart8ann iles1 !oE $1?
15? Robert T? Hart8ann iles1 !oE $5?
11? *alter %incus and !ob *ood=ard1 F%residential %osts and ,as:ed Ho<es1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust
21 12//?
C:a<ter -MI6- !us: in !eiBin9
*:ate>er beni9n star it is t:at tends Geor9e !us:7s destin31 li9:ts :is a8bition1 it =as earl3 on
tra<<ed in t:e fla=ed orbit of Ric:ard NiEon? !us:7s 8eteoric ascent1 in a decade7s ti8e1 fro8
count3 GO% c:air8an to national c:air8an1 includin9 :is <resti9ious a8bassadors:i< to t:e
United Nations1 =as due lar9el3 to t:e stron9 tu9 of NiEonian 9ra>it3? Li;e=ise1 :is blunted :o<es
and di88ed future1 li;e t:e Co8et #o:oute;1 result fro8 t:e too-close a<<roac: to a fatal sun? Gfn
1H
Se>eral 8inutes before ord a<<eared for t:e first ti8e before t:e tele>ision ca8eras =it:
Nelson Roc;efeller1 :is >ice <resident desi9nate1 :e :ad <laced a call to !us: to infor8 :i8
t:at :e :ad not been c:osen1 and to reassure :i8 t:at :e =ould be offered an i8<ortant <ost
as a consolation? T=o da3s later1 !us: 8et ord at t:e *:ite House? !us: clai8s t:at ord
told :i8 t:at :e could c:oose bet=een a future as US en>o3 to t:e Court of St? &a8es in
London1 or <resentin9 :is credentials to t:e %alais de l7El3see in %aris? !us: =ould :a>e us
belie>e t:at :e t:en told ord t:at :e =anted neit:er London nor %aris1 but !eiBin9? !us:7s
accounts t:en <ortra3 ord1 ne>er t:e @uic;est1 as ta8<in9 :is <i<e1 scratc:in9 :is :ead1
and as;in91 F*:3 !eiBin9DF Here !us: is l3in9 once a9ain?
ord =as certainl3 no 9enius1 but no one =as better situated t:an :e to ;no= t:at it =ould
:a>e been utter foll3 to <ro<ose !us: for an a8bassadors:i< t:at :ad to be a<<ro>ed b3 t:e
Senate?
*:3 !eiBin9D T:e first consideration1 and it =as an i8<erati>e one1 =as t:at under no
circu8stances could !us: face Senate confir8ation :earin9s for an3 eEecuti>e branc:
a<<oint8ent for at least one to t=o 3ears? T:ere =ould :a>e been @uestions about t:e
To=n:ouse slus: fund1 about :is inter>ention on Car8ine !ellino1 <er:a<s about Leon and
Russell1 and about 8an3 ot:er acutel3 e8barrassin9 t:e8es? All of t:e reasons =:ic: :ad
led ord to eEclude !us: as >ice <resident1 for =:ic: :e =ould :a>e needed t:e a<<ro>al of
bot: Houses of Con9ress1 =ere >alid in rulin9 out an3 no8ination t:at :ad to 9et <ast t:e
senate? After *ater9ate1 !us:7s na8e =as Bust too s8ell3 to send u< to t:e Hill for an3
reason1 des<ite all t:e <o=er of t:e usual !ro=n !rot:er1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones
net=or; 8obiliAation? It =ould ta;e ti8e to cauteriAe certain lesions and to cool off certain
in>esti9ati>e trac;s? Certain scandals :ad to be fiEed? %er:a<s in a 3ear or t=o t:in9s 8i9:t
cool do=n1 and t:e cli8ate of o<inion alter? !ut =:ile t:e <s3c:olo93 of *ater9ate
do8inated t:e le9islati>e branc:1 a :i9:-<rofile Bob for !us: =as out of t:e @uestion?
As !us: :i8self sl3l3 notes" FT:e United States didn7t 8aintain for8al di<lo8atic relations
=it: t:e %eo<le7s Re<ublic at t:e ti8e1 so 83 a<<oint8ent =ouldn7t need Senate
confir8ation?F An asteris; sends us to t:e additional fact t:at Fbecause I7d been a8bassador
to t:e United Nations I carried t:e title 7a8bassador7 to C:ina?F T:e <erson t:at =ould :a>e
to be con>inced1 !us: correctl3 noted1 =as Henr3 #issin9er1 =:o 8ono<oliAed all
decisions on :is <riAed C:ina card? Gfn $H !ut Geor9e =as ri9:t about t:e confir8ation?
Official di<lo8atic relations bet=een t:e US and 8ainland C:ina ca8e onl3 =it: t:e Carter
C:ina card of 12.2? In 12.)1 =:at !us: =as as;in9 for =as t:e US Laison Office 0USLO41
=:ic: did not :a>e t:e official status of an e8bass3? T:e c:ief of t:at office =as t:e
<resident7s <ersonal re<resentati>e in C:ina1 but it =as a <ost t:at did not re@uire senate
confir8ation?
!us:7s notorious cron3 Robert Mosbac:er1 certainl3 =ell >ersed enou9: to @ualif3 as a
conoisseur of sleaAe1 =as unc:aracteristicall3 close to t:e :eart of t:e 8atter =:en :e
o<ined t:at in late Au9ust1 12.)1 !us: F=anted to 9et as far a=a3 fro8 t:e stenc: Gof
*ater9ateH as <ossible?F Gfn 'H Li;e ,on Gre99 in 12/21 !us: =anted to 9et out of to=n
and let t:in9s blo= o>er for a =:ile? His o=n stor3 t:at !eiBin9 =ould be a Fc:allen9e1 a
Bourne3 into t:e un;no=nF is <ure tri<e? More i8a9inati>e1 but e@uall3 8endacious is t:e
late ,ean !urc:7s eE<lanation t:at !us: :ad Fa Marco %olo co8<leE1 t:in;in9 :e could
<entrate t:e 83ster3 of t:e <lace?F T:e trut: is t:at =it: *as:in9ton tee8in9 =it:
Con9ressional co88ittees1 s<ecial <rosecutors1 9rand Buries1 all in a furor of ostracis81
!us: =anted to 9et as far a=a3 as :e could1 and !eiBin9 =as ideal?
Ot:er attractions in:erent in t:e !eiBin9 <ostin9 are su99ested b3 t:e fact t:at !us:7s
<redecessor in !eiBin9 =as ,a>id #?E? !ruce1 =:o :ad o<ened t:e liason office in Marc:1
12.'? !ruce :ad been t:e c:ief of t:e London bureau of t:e Office of Strate9ic Ser>ices
durin9 *orld *ar II1 =:ic: 8eant t:at :e :ad been t:e boss of all Euro<ean OSS
o<erations1 includin9 Allen ,ulles in S=itAerland and all t:e rest? T:e <resence in !eiBin9
of !ruce1 a true e8inence 9rise of An9lo-A8erican intelli9ence1 <oints u< t:e i8<ortance
of t:e <ost1 es<eciall3 in t:e co>ert and intelli9ence do8ain?
Ot:er=ise1 as !us: :as alread3 8entioned1 ser>in9 in !eiBin9 8eant furt:er close
subordination to Henr3 #issin9er? #issin9er told !us: before :e left t:at <olic3 =ould be
i8<le8ented directl3 b3 #issin9er :i8self1 in contact =it: t:e C:inese liaison in
*as:in9ton and t:e C:inese re<resentati>e at t:e United Nations? In <ractice1 !us: =ould
be ordered about b3 suc: #issin9er clones as Ric:ard Solo8on of t:e NSC1 Assistant
Secretar3 of State %:ili< Habib1 and *inston Lord1 director of t:e State ,e<art8ent7s
%olic3 %lannin9 Staff and t:e scion of an old S;ull and !ones fa8il3? !ut t:en a9ain1 !us:
=as a leadin9 #issin9er clone in :is o=n ri9:t?
inall31 an3one =:o :as obser>ed !us:7s stubborn1 obsessi>e1 8orall3 insane su<<ort for
,en9 Miao-<in91 Li %en91 and (an9 S:an;un durin9 t:e after8at: of t:e Tien An Men
8assacre of &une1 12/2 is dri>en to=ards t:e conclusion t:at !us: 9ra>itated to=ards
C:ina because of an electi>e affinit31 because of a <rofound attraction for t:e 8et:ods and
outloo; of C:inese leaders li;e Mao Tse-tun91 C:ou En-lai1 and ,en91 for =:o8 !us: :as
8anifested a steadfast and uns:a;eable de>otion in t:e face of :einous cri8es and
si9nificant <olitical <ressure to re<udiate t:e8? !us: =anted to 9o to C:ina because :e
found C:inese co88unists 9enuinel3 con9enial?
*:en !us: =as about to lea>e for C:ina1 :is cron3 ,ean !urc: 0no lon9er troubled1 as =e
see1 b3 !us:7s der8al diarr:ea4 arran9ed for a fifteen 8inute sendoff 8eetin9 =it: ord1
but t:is =as reduced to 15 8inutes b3 NSC director Sco=croft1 at t:at ti8e t:e 8ost
i8<ortant #issin9er clone of t:e8 all? !efore :e left for !eiBin91 !us: could not resist
8a;in9 so8e sententious and self-ser>in9 <ronounce8ents to t:e <ress about :is
eE<erience in *ater9ate? He told ,a>id !roder of t:e *as:in9ton %ost" F*e7>e done a lot
of runnin9 Bust to sta3 in <lace1 and I =as so8eti8es de<ressed b3 t:e a8ount of bic;erin9
t:at 9oes on? !ut t:en I loo; across to=n at !ob Strauss and :is <roble8s1 and I feel li;e
t:is =as a $5-8ont: :one38oon?F !ob Strauss =as at t:is ti8e !us:7s counter<art at t:e
,e8ocratic National Co88ittee? !us: noted t:at t:ere =as F<:iloso<:ical discontentF
a8on9 ri9:t-=in9 Re<ublicans about t:e <olicies of NiEon and ord1 but o<ined t:at t:ese
=ould ne>er lead to a t:ird <art3 on t:e ri9:t? !us: defended F<atrona9eF and said :e =as
F=orried about t:e :ealt: of t:e t=o-<art3 s3ste8F e>en t:ou9: :e =orried t:at t:is cause
is Freall3 not >er3 <o<ular ri9:t no=?F Gfn )H
!us:7s staff in !eiBin9 included de<ut3 c:ief of 8ission &o:n Holdrid9e1 ,on Anderson1
Herbert Horo=itA1 !ill T:o8as1 and !us:7s FeEecuti>e assistant1F &ennifer itA9erald1 =:o
:as re8ained >er3 close to !us:1 and =:o :as so8eti8es been ru8ored to be :is 8istress?
&ennifer itA9erald in 1221 =as t:e de<ut3 c:ief of <rotocol in t:e *:ite HouseC =:en
Ger8an C:acellor #o:l >isited !us: in t:e s<in9 of 12211 :e =as 9reeted on t:e *:ite
House ste<s b3 &ennifer itA9erald? !us:7s closest contacts a8on9 C:inese officialdo8
included >ice 8inister of forei9n affairs Liao Guan:ua and :is =ife J:an9 HanA:i1 also a
to< official of t:e forei9n 8inistr3? T:is is t:e sa8e Liao =:o is re<eatedl3 8entioned in
#issin9er7s 8e8oirs as one of :is 8ost i8<ortant Red C:inese di<lo8atic interlocutors?
T:is is t:e FLord LiaoF eni98aticall3 8entioned b3 Mao durin9 #issin9er7s 8eetin9 =it:
Mao and J:ou En-lai on No>e8ber 1$1 12.'? Liao and J:an9 later lost <o=er because
t:e3 sided =it: t:e left eEtre8ist Gan9 of our after t:e deat: of Mao in 12.-1 !us: tells
us? !ut in 12.)-.+1 t:e <o=er of t:e <roto-Gan9 of our faction =as at its :ei9:t1 and it
=as to=ards t:is 9rou< t:at !us: @uic;l3 9ra>itated? In 8o>in9 instincti>el3 to=ards t:e
:ardline Mao faction1 !us: =as also doubtless a=are of of Mao7s connections =it: t:e (ale
in C:ina <ro9ra8 around t:e ti8e of t:e irst *orld *ar? T:e S;ull and !ones net=or;
could turn u< in uneE<ected <laces?
!us: and !arbara =ere careful to create t:e i8<ression t:at t:e3 =ere rusticatin9 a=a3 in
!eiBin9? !arbara told ,on Oberdorfer in earl3 ,ece8ber" F!ac; in *as:in9ton or at t:e
United Nations t:e tele<:one =as rin9in9 all t:e ti8e? Geor9e =ould co8e :o8e and sa31
eEcuse 8e1 and <ic; u< t:e <:one? It7s >er3 different :ere? In t:e first fi>e =ee;s I t:in; :e
recei>ed t=o tele<:one calls1 eEce<t for t:e ones fro8 8e? I tr3 to call :i8 once a da3? I
t:in; :e 8isses t:e <:one as 8uc: as an3t:in9?F
*as Mrs? !us: bein9 entirel3 candidD E>en if s:e =as1 !us: could console :i8self and :is
:3<er;inetic t:3roid =it: t:e fact t:at if t:ere =ere no calls1 t:ere =ere also no sub<oenas?
!us: :i8self added" FA lot of <eo<le said1 7(ou don7t ;no= =:at 3ou7re 9ettin9 into1F but
on t:e basis of a 8ont: I78 >er3 :a<<3? Sure1 t:e <lace is >er3 different but I =anted a
c:an9e of <ace? *:at t:e :ell1 I78 +5? It =on7t :urt an3t:in91F said !us: =it: a =:inin9
note of self-<it3? Gfn +H T:e self-<it3 =as a dece<tion t:is ti8e1 since1 as =e =ill see1 !us:
:ad <lent3 to do in !eiBin9? T:e US Liason Office =as located in a =alled co8<ound in an
area occu<ied b3 ot:er forei9n 8issions in a !eiBin9 suburb? A 9uard fro8 t:e %eo<le7s
Liberation Ar83 =as <osted outside at all ti8es? !us: told Oberdorfer t:at :e started t:e
da3 =it: t:e ne=s on t:e 6oice of A8erica1 follo=ed b3 a 3o9:urt brea;fast1 t:en staff
8eetin9s and atte8<ts at C:ina-=atc:in9 deci<:erin9 of t:e editorials of Ren Min Ribao
0T:e %eo<le7s ,ail34? At 11")51 !us: and !arbara recei>ed t:eir C:inese lesson fro8 t:eir
Mandarin teac:er1 Mrs? Tan9? T:en ca8e a 8ulticourse lunc:? *ednesda3 and Saturda3
afternoons =ere ti8e off1 as =ell as Sunda3s? !us: tried to attract attention b3 ridin9 a
bic3cle to di<lo8atic en9a9e8ents? FE>er3bod3 =as astonis:ed1 <articularl3 because it =as
so different fro8 t:e di9nified 8anner of ,a>id !ruce1F said one di<lo8at? FI t:in; t:e
C:inese <robabl3 t:ou9:t t:e3 =ere doin9 it for effect?F Geor9e =as :a>in9 bac; trouble1
and found an osteo<at: to treat :is bac; at a <ublic bat::ouse? !us:7s attention-9ettin9
<lo3s :ad so8e effect on t:e !eiBin9 of Mao Tse-tun91 or at least on t:e forei9ners? F!us: is
an instant success around :ere1 F said a Canadian ne=s8an? FT:e real test =ill co8e1
t:ou9:1 =:en t:e no>elt3 =ears off and :is ent:usias8 runs do=n?F
NSSM $55
*:en !us: :ad been in !eiBin9 for about a 8ont:1 Henr3 #issin9er arri>ed for one of :is
<eriodic >isits to discuss current business =it: t:e !eiBin9 leaders:i<? #issin9er arri>ed
=it: :is usual ar83 of retainers and Secret Ser>ice 9uards? ,urin9 t:is >isit1 !us: =ent
=it: #issin9er to see 6ice-%re8ier ,en9 Miao-<in9 and orei9n Minister Liao? T:is =as
one of four re<orted >isits b3 #issin9er t:at =ould <unctuate !us:7s sta3?
!us:7s tenure in !eiBin9 8ust be understood in t:e conteEt of t:e Malt:usian and fran;l3
9enocidal <olicies of t:e #issin9er *:ite House? T:ese are a<tl3 su88ed u< for reference
in t:e recentl3 declassified National Securit3 Stud3 Me8orandu8 $551 FI8<lications of
*orld=ide %o<ulation Gro=t: for US Securit3 and O>erseas Interests1F dated ,ece8ber
151 12.)? Gfn -H NSSM $551 a Boint effort b3 #issin9er and :is de<ut3 General !rent
Sco=croft1 <ro>ided a :it list of 1' de>elo<in9 countries for =:ic: t:e NSC <osited a
Fs<ecial US <olitical and strate9ic interestF in <o<ulation reduction or li8itation? T:e list
included India1 !en9lades:1 %a;istan1 Ni9eria1 MeEico1 Indonesia1 !raAil1 t:e %:ili<<ines1
T:ailand1 E93<t1 Tur;e31 Et:io<ia1 and Colo8bia? ,e8o9ra<:ic 9ro=t: in t:ese and ot:er
t:ird =orld nations =as to be :alted and if <ossible re>ersed for t:e brutal reason t:at
<o<ulation 9ro=t: re<resented increased strate9ic1 and 8ilitar3 <o=er for t:e countries in
@uestion?
%o<ulation 9ro=t:1 ar9ues NSSM $551 =ill also increase <ressure for t:e econo8ic and
industrial de>elo<8ent of t:ese countries1 an e>entualit3 =:ic: t:e stud3 sees as a t:reat to
t:e United States? In addition1 bi99er <o<ulations in t:e t:ird =orld are alle9ed to lead to
:i9:er <rices and 9reater scarcit3 of strate9ic ra= 8aterials? As #issin9er su88ed u<"
F,e>elo<8ent of a =orld=ide <olitical and <o<ular co88itt8ent to <o<ulation
stabiliAation is funda8ental to an3 effecti>e strate93????T:e US s:ould encoura9e L,C
leaders to ta;e t:e lead in ad>ancin9 fa8il3 <lannin9?F *:en NSSM $55 9oes on to as;1
F=ould food be considered an instru8ent of national <o=erDF it is clear to all t:at acti>e
8easures of 9enocide are at t:e :eart of t:e <olic3 bein9 <ro<ounded? A later #issin9er
re<ort <raises t:e C:inese co88unist leaders:i< for t:eir co88itt8ent to <o<ulation
control? ,urin9 12.+1 t:ese C:inese co88unists1 Henr3 #issin9er and Geor9e !us: =ere
to tea8 u< to create a de8onstration 8odel of t:e NSSM $55 <olic3" t:e %ol %ot re9i8e in
Ca8bodia?
,urin9 t:e ti8e t:at !us: =as in !eiBin91 t:e fi9:tin9 in 6ietna8 ca8e to an end as t:e
Sout: 6ietna8ese ar83 colla<sed in t:e face of a lar9e-scale in>asion fro8 t:e nort:? T:e
insane ad>enture of 6ietna8 :ad been or9aniAed b3 !us:7s o=n !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;? *:en &o:n ? #enned3 :ad been elected <resident in
12-51 :e :ad turned to !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an <artner Robert Lo>ett to <ro>ide :i8 a
list of li;el3 c:oices for :is cabinet? ro8 t:is list =ere dra=n Rus; and McNa8ara1 t:e
leadin9s :a=;s in t:e cabinet? McGeor9e and *illia8 !und31 descendants of t:e Lo=ells
of !oston1 but closel3 related to t:e Sti8son-Ac:eson circles1 =ere 8ainsta3s of t:e <art3
of escalation? Henr3 Cabot Lod9e =as t:e US A8bassador in Sai9on =:en t:e Harri8an
:ad insisted on assassinatin9 %resident ,ie81 t:e leader of t:e countr3 t:e US =as
su<<osedl3 defendin9? Harri8an1 startin9 as assistant secretar3 for Sout:east Asian affairs1
:ad =or;ed :is =a3 u< t:rou9: t:e #enned3-&o:nson State ,e<art8ent =it: t:e sa8e
<ro9ra8 of eE<andin9 t:e =ar? No= t:at Harri8an-Lo>ett <olic3 :ad led to t:e ine>itable
debacle? !ut t:e <ost-=ar sufferin9 of sout:east Asia =as onl3 be9innin9?
Tar9et Ca8bodia
One of t:e 9a8bits used b3 #issin9er to de8onstrate to t:e !eiBin9 co88unist leaders t:e
utilit3 of ra<<roc:e8ent =it: t:e US =as t:e un:a<<3 nation of Ca8bodia? T:e <ro- US
9o>ern8ent of Ca8bodia =as :eaded b3 Mars:al Lon Nol1 =:o :ad ta;en <o=er in 12.51
t:e 3ear of t:e <ublic and 8assi>e US 9round incursion into t:e countr3? !3 t:e s<rin9 of
12.+1 =:ile t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese ad>anced on Sai9on1 t:e Lon Nol 9o>ern8ent =as
fi9:tin9 for its life a9ainst t:e ar8ed insurrection of t:e #:8er Rou9e co88unist 9uerillas1
=:o =ere su<<orted b3 8ainland C:ina? #issin9er =as as anEious as usual to ser>e t:e
interests of !eiBin91 and no= e>en 8ore so1 because of t:e alle9ed need to increase t:e
<o=er of t:e C:inese and t:eir assets1 t:e #:8er rou9e1 a9ainst t:e triu8<:ant Nort:
6ietna8ese? T:e 8ost i8<ortant consideration re8ained to all3 =it: C:ina1 t:e second
stron9est land <o=er1 a9ainst t:e USSR? Secondaril31 it =as i8<ortant to 8aintain t:e
balance of <o=er in Sout:east Asia as t:e US <olic3 colla<sed? #issin9er7s <olic3 =as
t:erefore to Bettison t:e Lon Nol 9o>ern8ent1 and to re<lace it =it: t:e #:8er rou9e?
Geor9e !us:1 as #issin9er7s liaison 8an in !eiBin91 =as one of t:e instru8ents t:rou9:
=:ic: t:is <olic3 =as eEecuted? !us: did :is <art1 and t:e result is ;no=n to =orld :istor3
under t:e :eadin9 of t:e %ol %ot re9i8e1 =:ic: co88itted a 9enocide a9ainst its o=n
<o<ulation <ro<ortionall3 9reater t:an an3 ot:er in recent =orld :istor3?
Until 12.51 t:e 9o>ern8ent of Ca8bodia =as led b3 %rince Si:anou;1 a for8er ;in9 =:o
:ad ste<<ed do=n fro8 t:e t:rone to beco8e <ri8e 8inister? ,es<ite :is 8an3 li8itations1
Si:anou; =as t:en1 and re8ains toda31 t:e 8ost >iable s38bol of t:e national unit3 and
:o<e for so>erei9nt3 of Ca8bodia? Under Si:anou;1 Ca8bodia :ad 8aintained a 8easure
of stabilit3 and :ad abo>e all 8ana9ed to a>oid bein9 co8<letel3 en9ulfed b3 t:e s=irlin9
8aelstro8 of t:e =ars in Laos and in 6ietna8? !ut durin9 12-21 NiEon and #issin9er :ad
ordered a secret bo8bin9 ca8<ai9n a9ainst Nort: 6ietna8ese troo< concentrations on
Ca8bodian territor3 under t:e code na8e of FMenu?F T:is bo8bin9 =ould :a>e been a real
and substanti>e 9rounds for t:e i8<eac:8ent of NiEon1 and it did constitute t:e fourt:
<ro<osed article of i8<eac:8ent a9ainst NiEon sub8itted to t:e House &udiciar3
Co88ittee on &ul3 '51 12.)? !ut after t:ree articles of i8<eac:8ent :a>in9 to do =it: t:e
*ater9ate brea;-ins and subse@uent co>eru< =ere a<<ro>ed b3 t:e co88ittee1 t:e 8ost
i8<ortant article1 t:e one on 9enocide in Ca8bodia1 =as defeated b3 a >ote of $- to 1$?
Ca8bodia =as dra99ed into t:e Indo-C:ina =ar b3 t:e US-s<onsored cou< d7etat in %:no8
%en: on Marc:1 12.51 =:ic: ousted Si:anou; in fa>or of Mars:al Lon Nol of t:e
Ca8bodian ar831 =:ose re9i8e =as ne>er able to ac:ie>e e>en a 8odicu8 of stabilit3?
S:ortl3 t:ereafter1 at t:e end of A<ril1 12.51 NiEon and #issin9er launc:ed a lar9e-scale US
8ilitar3 in>asion of Ca8bodia1 citin9 t:e use of Ca8bodian territor3 b3 t:e Nort:
6ietna8ese ar8ed forces for t:eir FHo C:i Min: trailF su<<l3 line to sustain t:eir forces
de<lo3ed in Sout: 6ietna8? T:e F<arrot7s bea;F area of Ca8bodia1 =:ic: eEtended dee<
into Sout: 6ietna81 =as occu<ied?
%rince Si:anou;1 =:o described :i8self as a neutralist1 establis:ed :i8self in !eiBin9 after
t:e seiAure of <o=er b3 Lon Nol? In Ma3 of 12.5 :e beca8e t:e titular leader and :ead of
state of a Ca8bodian 9o>ern8ent in eEile1 t:e Gou>erne8ent Ro3al d7Union Nationale du
#a8<uc:ea1 or GRUN#? T:e GRUN# =as in essence a united front bet=een Si:anou; and
t:e #:8er Rou9e1 =it: t:e latter eEercisin9 8ost of t:e real <o=er and co88andin9 t:e
ar8ed forces and secret <olice? Si:anou; =as 8erel3 a fi9ure:ead1 and :e ;ne= it? He told
Italian Bournalist Oriana allaci in 12.' t:at =:en Ft:e3 Gt:e #:8er Rou9eH no lon9er need
8e1 t:e3 =ill s<it 8e out li;e a c:err3 <it?F
,urin9 t:ese 3ears1 t:e Ca8bodian Co88unist <art3 or #:8er Rou9e1 =:ic: :ad launc:ed
a s8all 9uerilla insurrection durin9 12-/1 =as a ne9li9eable 8ilitar3 factor in Ca8bodia1
fieldin9 onl3 a >er3 fe= t:ousand 9uerilla fi9:ters? One of its leaders =as Salot: Sar1 =:o
:ad studied in %aris1 and =:o :ad t:en soBourned at len9t: in Red C:ina at t:e :ei9:t of t:e
Red Guards7 a9itation? Salot: Sar =as one of t:e 8ost i8<ortant leaders of t:e #:8er
Rou9e1 and =ould later beco8e infa8ous under :is no8 de 9uerre of %ol %ot? ,ecisi>e
su<<ort for %ol %ot and for t:e later 9enocidal <olicies of t:e #:8er Rou9e al=a3s ca8e
fro8 !eiBin91 des<ite t:e atte8<ts to 8is9uided or l3in9 co88entators 0li;e Henr3
#issin9er4 to de<ict t:e #:8er Rou9e as a creation of Hanoi?
!ut in t:e 3ears after 12.51 t:e #:8er Rou9e1 =:o =ere deter8ined i88ediatel3 to
transfor8 Ca8bodia into a co88unist uto<ia be3ond t:e drea8s e>en of t:e =ildest
Maoist Red Guards1 8ade ra<id 9ains? T:e 8ost i8<ortant sin9le in9edient in t:e rise of t:e
#:8er Rou9e =as <ro>ided b3 #issin9er and NiEon1 t:rou9: t:eir s3ste8atic ca8<ai9n of
terror bo8bin9 a9ainst Ca8bodian territor3 durin9 12.'? T:is =as called Arcli9:t1 and
be9an s:ortl3 after t:e &anuar31 12.' %aris accords on 6ietna8? *it: t:e <reteEt of :altin9
a #:8er Rou9e attac; on %:no8 %en:1 US forces carried out .212+2 officiall3 confir8ed
sorties =it: !-+$ and -111 bo8bers a9ainst tar9ets inside Ca8bodia1 dro<<in9 +'211$2
tons of eE<losi>es? Man3 of t:ese bo8bs fell u<on t:e 8ost densel3 <o<ulated sections of
Ca8bodia1 includin9 t:e countr3side around %:no8 %en:? T:e nu8ber of deat:s caused b3
t:is 9enocidal ca8<ai9n :as been esti8ated as bet=een '51555 and +551555? Gfn .H
Accounts of t:e de>astatin9 i8<act of t:is 8ass terror bo8bin9 lea>e no doubt t:at it
s:attered 8ost of =:at re8ained of Ca8bodian societ3 and <ro>ided ideal <reconditions
for t:e furt:er eE<ansion of t:e #:8er Rou9e insur9enc31 in 8uc: t:e sa8e =a3 t:at t:e
catastro<:e of t:e irst *orld *ar =ea;ened Euro<ean societ3 so as to o<en t:e door for
t:e 8ass irrationalist 8o>e8ents of fascis8 and !ols:e>is8?
,urin9 12.)1 t:e #:8er Rou9e consolidated t:eir :old o>er <arts of Ca8bodia? In t:ese
encla>es t:e3 s:o=ed t:eir c:aracteristic 8et:ods of 9enocide1 dis<ersin9 t:e in:abitants of
t:e cities into t:e countr3side1 =:ile eEecutin9 teac:ers1 ci>il ser>ants1 intellectuals--
so8eti8es all t:ose =:o could read and =rite? T:is <olic3 =as re8ar;abl3 si8ilar to t:e
one bein9 carried out b3 t:e US under T:eodore S:ac;le37s O<eration %:oeniE in
nei9:borin9 Sout: 6ietna81 and #issin9er and ot:er officials be9an to see t:e <otential of
t:e #:8er Rou9e for i8<le8entin9 t:e 9enocidal <o<ulation reductions t:at :ad no= been
8ade t:e official doctrine of t:e US re9i8e?
Su<<ort for t:e #:8er Rou9e =as e>en 8ore attracti>e to #issin9er and NiEon because it
<ro>ided an o<<ortunit3 for t:e 9eo<olitical <ro<itiation of t:e Maoist re9i8e in C:ina?
Indeed1 in t:e de>elo<8ent of t:e C:ina card bet=een 12.' and 12.+1 durin9 8ost of
!us:7s sta3 in !eiBin91 Ca8bodia loo8ed >er3 lar9e as t:e sin9le 8ost i8<ortant bilateral
issue bet=een t:e US and Red C:ina? Alread3 in No>e8ber1 12.$ #issin9er told !us:7s
later <ri8e contact Liao Guan:ua t:at t:e US =ould :a>e no real obBection to a Si:anou;-
#:8er Rou9e 9o>ern8ent of t:e t3<e t:at later e8er9ed" F*:oe>er can best <reser>e it
GCa8bodiaH as an inde<endent neutral countr31 is consistent =it: our <olic31 and =e belie>e
=it: 3ours1F said #issin9er Gfn /H J:ou En-lai told #issin9er in ebruar31 12.' t:at if Nort:
6ietna8 =ere to eEtend its do8ination o>er Ca8bodia1 t:is F=ould result in e>en 9reater
<roble8s?F
*:en !us:7s <redecessor ,a>id !ruce arri>ed in !eiBin9 to o<en t:e ne= US Liason Office
in t:e s<rin9 of 12.'1 :e sou9:t contact =it: J:ou En-lai? On Ma3 1/1 12.' J:ou stressed
t:at t:e onl3 solution for Ca8bodia =ould be for Nort: 6ietna8ese forces to lea>e t:at
countr3 entirel3? A fe= da3s later #issin9er told C:inese dele9ate Huan9 Hua in Ne= (or;
t:at US and Red C:inese interests in Ca8bodia =ere co8<atible1 since bot: sou9:t to
a>oid Fa bloc =:ic: could su<<ort t:e :e9e8onial obBecti>es of outside <o=ers1F 8eanin9
Nort: 6ietna8 and Hanoi7s bac;ers in Mosco=? T:e 9enocidal terror bo8bin9 of Ca8bodia
=as ordered b3 #issin9er durin9 t:is <eriod? #issin9er =as a<o<lectic o>er t:e 8o>e b3 t:e
US Con9ress to <ro:ibit furt:er bo8bin9 of Ca8bodia after Au9ust 1+1 12.'1 =:ic: :e
called Fa totall3 un<redictable and senseless e>ent?F Gfn 2H #issin9er al=a3s <retends t:at
t:e #:8er Rou9e =ere a tool of Hanoi1 and in :is Me8oirs :e s<ins out an absurd t:eor3
t:at t:e =ea;enin9 of J:ou and t:e ascendanc3 of t:e Gan9 of our =as caused b3
#issin9er7s o=n inabilit3 to ;ee< bo8bin9 Ca8bodia? In realit31 !eiBin9 =as bac;in9 its
o=n allies1 t:e #:8er Rou9e1 as is ob>ious fro8 t:e account t:at #issin9er :i8self
<ro>ides of :is 8eetin9 =it: !us:7s friend Liao in October1 12.'? Gfn 15H
Startin9 in t:e second :alf of 12.)1 Geor9e !us: =as :ea>il3 en9a9ed on t:is Sino-
Ca8bodian front1 <articularl3 in :is contacts =it: :is 8ain ne9otiatin9 <artner1 Liao? !us:
:ad t:e ad>anta9e t:at secret di<lo8ac3 carried on =it: t:e Red C:inese re9i8e durin9
t:ose da3s =as subBect to >er3 little <ublic scrutin3? T:e su88aries of !us:7s dealin9s =it:
t:e Red C:inese no= a=ait t:e liberation of t:e files of t:e orei9n Ministr3 in !eiBin9 or
of t:e State ,e<art8ent in *as:in9ton1 =:ic:e>er co8es first? !us:7s in>ol>e8ent on t:e
Ca8bodian @uestion :as been establis:ed b3 later inter>ie=s =it: %rince Si:anou;7s c:ef
de cabinet1 %un9 %en9 C:en91 as =ell as =it: renc: and US officials ;no=led9eable about
!us:7s acti>ities in !eiBin9 durin9 t:at ti8e? *:at =e :a>e :ere is ad8ittedl3 t:e ti< of t:e
iceber91 t:e 8erest :ints of t:e 8onstrous ini@uit3 3et to be uneart:ed? Gfn 11H
T:e #:8er Rou9e launc:ed a dr3-season offensi>e a9ainst %:no8 %en: in earl3 12.)1
=:ic: fells s:ort of its 9oal? T:e3 tried a9ain t:e follo=in9 3ear =it: a dr3 season offensi>e
launc:ed on &anuar3 11 12.+? Soon su<<lies to %:no8 %en: =ere cut off1 bot: on t:e land
and alon9 t:e Me;on9 Ri>er? Units of Lon Nol7s forces fou9:t t:e battle of t:e %:no8 %en:
<eri8eter t:rou9: Marc:? On A<ril 11 12.+1 %resident Lon Nol resi9ned and fled t:e
countr3 under t:e <ressure of t:e US E8bass31 =:o =anted :i8 out as @uic;l3 as <ossible
as <art of t:e <ro9ra8 to a<<ease !eiBin9? Gfn 1$H
*:en Lon Nol :ad left t:e countr31 #issin9er beca8e concerned t:at t:e o<en con@uest of
%:no8 %en: b3 t:e #:8er Rou9e co88unist 9uerillas =ould create <ublic relations and
<olitical <roble8s for t:e s:a;e3 ord re9i8e in t:e United States? #issin9er accordin9l3
beca8e interested in :a>in9 %rince Si:anou;1 t:e titular :ead of t:e insur9ent coalition of
=:ic: t:e #:8er Rou9e =ere t:e leadin9 <art1 tra>el fro8 !eiBin9 to %:no8 %en: so t:at
t:e ne= 9o>ern8ent in Ca8bodia could be <ortra3ed 8ore as a neutralist-nationalist1 and
less as a fran;l3 co88unist1 re9i8e? T:is turns out to be t:e e<isode of t:e Ca8bodian
tra9ed3 in =:ic: Geor9e !us:7s <ersonal in>ol>e8ent is 8ost readil3 de8onstrated?
%rince Si:anou; :ad re<eatedl3 sou9:t direct contacts =it: #issin9er? At t:e end of Marc:1
12.+ :e tried a9ain to o<en a c:annel to *as:in9ton1 t:is ti8e =it: t:e :el< of t:e renc:
E8bass3 in !eiBin9? Si:anou;7s c:ef de cabinet %un9 %en9 C:en re@uested a 8eetin9 =it:
&o:n Holdrid9e1 !us:7s de<ut3 c:ief of station? T:is 8eetin9 =as :eld at t:e renc:
E8bass3? %un9 told Holdrid9e t:at %rince Si:anou; :ad a fa>or to as; of %resident ord"
Fin G Si:anou;7s H old :o8e in %:no8 %en: =ere co<ies of t:e fil8s of Ca8bodia :e :ad 8ade in
t:e siEties =:en :e :ad been an ent:usiastic cineaste? T:e3 constituted a uni@ue cultural record of
a Ca8bodia t:at =as 9one fore>er" =ould t:e A8ericans <lease rescue t:e8D #issin9er ordered
,ean G t:e US A8bassador in Ca8bodia H to find t:e fil8s and also instructed !us: to see; a
8eetin9 =it: Si:anou;? T:e %rince refused1 and durin9 t:e first ten da3s of A<ril1 as t:e noose
around %:no8 %en: ti9:tened1 :e continued :is <ublic tiradesF a9ainst t:e US and its Ca8bodian
<u<<ets? Gfn 1'H
On t:e sa8e da31 A<ril 111 ord announced t:at :e =ould not re@uest an3 furt:er aid for
Ca8bodia fro8 t:e US Con9ress1 since an3 aid for Ca8bodia a<<ro>ed no= =ould be Ftoo
lateF an3=a3? ord :ad ori9inall3 been as;in9 for I''' 8illion to sa>e t:e 9o>ern8ent of
Ca8bodia? Se>eral da3s later ord =ould re>erse :i8self and rene= :is re@uest for t:e aid1
but b3 t:at ti8e it =as reall3 too late?
On A<ril 11 t:e US E8bass3 =as <re<arin9 a dra8atic e>acuation1 but t:e e8bass3 =as
bein9 ;e<t o<en as <art of #issin9er7s effort to brin9 %rince Si:anou; bac; to %:no8 %en:?
FIt =as no=1 on A<ril 111 12.+1 as ,ean =as tellin9 9o>ern8ent leaders :e 8i9:t soon be lea>in91
t:at #issin9er decided t:at Si:anou; s:ould be brou9:t bac; to Ca8bodia? In %e;in91 Geor9e
!us: =as ordered to see; anot:er 8eetin9C t:at afternoon &o:n Holdrid9e 8et once 8ore =it:
%un9 %en9 C:en9 at t:e renc: E8bass3? T:e A8erican di<lo8at eE<lained t:at ,r? #issin9er
and %resident ord =ere no= con>inced t:at onl3 t:e %rince could end t:e crisis? *ould :e <lease
as; t:e C:inese for an aircraft to fl3 :i8 strai9:t bac; to %:no8n %en:D T:e United States =ould
9uarantee to re8ain t:ere until :e arri>ed? ,r? #issin9er =is:ed to i8<ose no conditions?F FOn
A<ril 1$ at + AM %e;in9 ti8e Holdrid9e a9ain 8et =it: %un9? He told :i8 t:at t:e %:no8 %en:
<eri8eter =as de9eneratin9 so fast t:at t:e A8ericans =ere <ullin9 out at once? Si:anou; :ad
alread3 issued a state8ent reBectin9 and denouncin9 #issin9er7s in>itation?F Gfn 1)H
Si:anou; :ad a certain follo=in9 a8on9 liberal 8e8bers of t:e US Senate1 and :is
<resence in %:no8 %en: in t:e 8idst of t:e debacle of t:e old Lon Nol forces =ould
doubtless :a>e been reassurin9 for US <ublic o<inion? !ut Si:anou; at t:is ti8e :ad no
abilit3 to act inde<endentl3 of t:e #:8er Rou9e leaders1 =:o =ere :ostile to :i8 and =:o
:eld t:e real <o=er1 includin9 t:e inside trac; to t:e Red C:inese? %rince Si:anou; did
return to %:no8 %en: later in 12.+1 and :is strained relations =it: %ol %ot and :is
collea9ues soon beca8e e>ident? Earl3 in 12.-1 Si:anou; =as <laced under :ouse arrest b3
t:e #:8er Rou9e1 =:o a<<ear to :a>e intended to eEecute :i8? Si:anou; re8ained under
detention until t:e Nort: 6ietna8ese dro>e %ol %ot and :is forces out of %:no8 %en: in
12./ and set u< t:eir o=n 9o>ern8ent t:ere?
In follo=in9 t:e #issin9er-!us: 8ac:inations to brin9 %rince Si:anou; bac; to Ca8bodia
in 8id-A<ril1 12.+1 one is also sus<icious t:at an included o<tion =as to increase t:e
li;eli:ood t:at Si:anou; 8i9:t be li@uidated b3 t:e #:8er Rou9e? *:en t:e #:8er Rou9e
entered %:no8 %en:1 t:e3 i88ediatel3 carried out a 8assacre on a 9rand scale1 sla3in9 an3
8e8bers of t:e Lon Nol and Lon9 !oret cabinets t:e3 could 9et t:eir :ands on? T:ere =ere
8ass eEecutions of teac:ers and 9o>ern8ent officials1 and all of t:e $?+ 8illion residents of
%:no8 %en: =ere dri>en into t:e countr3side1 includin9 seriousl3 ill :os<ital <atients?
Under t:ese circu8stances1 it =ould :a>e been relati>el3 eas3 to assassinate Si:anou;
a8idst t:e 9eneral or93 of slau9:ter? Suc: an e>entualit3 =as eE<licitl3 referred to in a
#issin9er NSC briefin9 <a<er circulated in Marc: 12.+1 in =:ic: Si:anou; =as @uoted as
follo=s in re8ar;s 8ade ,ece8ber 151 12.1" FIf I 9o on as c:ief of state after >ictor31 I run
t:e ris; of bein9 <us:ed out t:e =indo= b3 t:e Co88unists1 li;e Masar3;1 or t:at I 8i9:t
be i8<risoned for re>isionis8 or de>iationis8?F
More t:an $ 8illion Ca8bodians out of an esti8ated total <o<ulation of sli9:tl3 8ore t:an
. 8illion <eris:ed under t:e #:8er Rou9eC accordin9 to so8e esti8ates1 t:e 9enocide
;illed '$R of t:e total <o<ulation? Gfn 1+H T:e United States and Red C:ina1 actin9 to9et:er
under t:e #issin9er FC:ina cardF <olic31 :ad li@uidated one Ca8bodian 9o>ern8ent1
destro3ed t:e fabric of ci>il societ3 in t:e countr31 ousted a <ro-US 9o>ern8ent1 and
installed a ne= re9i8e t:e3 ;ne= to be 9enocidal in its intentions? or #issin9er1 it =as t:e
eEe8<lification of t:e ne= US strate9ic doctrine contaied in NSSM $55? or Geor9e !us:1
it =as t:e fulfill8ent of :is fa8il37s fanaticall3 :eld belief in t:e need for 9enocide to
<re>ent t:e 8ore <rolific1 but inferior races of t:e eart:1 in t:is case t:ose =it: 3ello=
s;ins1 fro8 Fout-breedin9F t:e i8<erial An9lo-SaEon racial stoc;? In addition to
o<<ortunities to <ro8ote 9enocide1 !us:7s tenure in !eiBin9 <resented :i8 =it: nu8erous
occasions to eE<loit <ublic office for t:e <ri>ate 9ain of financiers and business8en =:o
=ere a <art of :is net=or;?
Meetin9 of t:e Monsters
In Se<te8ber1 12.+1 as ord =as <re<arin9 for a 3ear-end >isit to C:ina1 #issin9er
or9aniAed a %residential rece<tion at t:e *:ite House for a dele9ation fro8 t:e !eiBin9
C:ina Council for t:e %ro8otion of International Trade? T:is =as t:e first :i9:-le>el trade
dele9ation to co8e to t:e United States fro8 C:ina? T:e 8eetin9 =as carefull3
c:oreo9ra<:ed b3 #issin9er and Sco=croft? T:e ord Librar3 :as <reser>ed a
su<<le8entar3 8e8o to Sco=croft1 at t:at ti8e t:e NSC c:ief1 fro8 Ric:ard H? Solo8on
of t:e NSC staff1 =:ic: reads as follo=s" FRe9ardin9 t:e %resident7s 8eetin9 =it: t:e
C:inese trade 9rou<1 State :as called 8e re@uestin9 t:at A8bassador !us: and G#issin9er
:enc:8anH %:il Habib attend t:e 8eetin9? (ou =ill recall :a>in9 a<<ro>ed !us:7s sittin9 in
on t:e %resident7s 8eetin9 =it: t:e Con9ressional dele9ation t:at recentl3 returned fro8
C:ina? Hence1 !us: =ill be floatin9 around t:e *:ite House at t:is <eriod of ti8e an3=a3?
I <ersonall3 t:in; it =ould be useful to :a>e !us: and Habib sit in? T:e Cabinet Roo8
s:ould be able to :old t:e8? *in Lord is so8eone else =:o 8i9:t be in>ited?F T:is
8eetin9 =as e>entuall3 :eld on Se<te8ber /1 12.+? A little earlier !us: en route to
*as:in9ton1 :ad sent a :and-=ritten note to Sco=croft dated Au9ust $21 12.+? T:is 8issi>e
ur9ed Sco=croft to 9rant a re@uest fro8 Codel Anderson1 =:o :ad Bust co8<leted a >isit to
C:ina co8<lete =it: a 8eetin9 =it: ,en9 Miao-<in91 to be allo=ed to re<ort bac; to ord
<ersonall3? T:ese =ere t:e t3<e of contacts =:ic: later <aid off for !us:7s cronies? ,urin9
12..1 !us: returned to C:ina as a <ri>ate citiAen1 ta;in9 =it: :i8 :is for8er Ja<ata
business <artner1 &? Hu9: Liedt;e? In &anuar31 12./1 Liedt;e =as on :and =:en t:e C:inese
oil 8inister =as !us:7s 9uest for dinner at :is :o8e in Houston? In Ma31 12./1 Liedt;e and
%ennAoil =ere at t:e to< of t:e C:inese 9o>ern8ent7s list of US oil fir8s co8<etin9 to be
accorded contracts for drillin9 in C:ina? T:en1 in t:e late su88er of 12./1 &? Hu9: Liedt;e
of %ennAoil 8ade anot:er tri< to C:ina1 durin9 =:ic: :e =as allo=ed to >ie= 9eolo9ical
studies =:ic: :ad <re>iousl3 been :eld as state secrets b3 !eiBin9? %ennAoil =as in t:e lead
for a contract to be9in offs:ore drillin9 in t:e Sout: C:ina sea? Gfn 1-H #issin9er 8ade four
>isits to !eiBin9 durin9 !us:7s tenure t:ere1 t:ree solo a<<earances and a final Bun;et
acco8<anied b3 ord? On October 121 12.+1 #issin9er arri>ed in !eiBin9 to <re<are for
ord7s >isit1 set for ,ece8ber? T:ere =ere tal;s bet=een #issin9er and ,en9 Miao-<in91
=it: !us:1 Habib1 *inston Lord and orei9n Minister Liao ta;in9 <art? It =as durin9 t:is
>isit t:at1 !us: =ould :a>e us belie>e1 t:at :e :ad :is first face to face 8eetin9 =it: Mao
Tse Tun91 t:e leader of a co88unist re>olution =:ic: :ad clai8ed t:e li>es of so8e
15515551555 C:inese since t:e end of t:e Second *orld *ar?
Mao1 one of t:e 9reatest 8onsters of t:e t=entiet: centur31 =as /1 3ears old at t:at ti8e?
He =as in >er3 bad :ealt:C =:en :e o<ened :is 8out: to 8eet #issin9er1 Fonl3 9uttural
noises e8er9ed?F Mao7s stud3 contained tables co>ered =it: tubes and 8edical a<<aratus1
and a s8all oE39en tan;? Mao =as unable to s<ea; co:erentl31 but :ad to =rite C:inese
c:aracters and an occasional =ord in En9lis: on a note <ad =:ic: :e s:o=ed to :is
inter<reters? #issin9er in@uired as to Mao7s :ealt:? Mao <ointed to :is :ead sa3in91 FT:is
<art =or;s =ell? I can eat and slee<?F T:en Mao ta<<ed :is le9s" FT:ese <arts do not =or;
=ell? T:e3 are not stron9 =:en I =al;? I also :a>e so8e trouble =it: 83 lun9s? In a =ord1 I
a8 not =ell? I a8 a s:o=case for >isitors1 F Mao su88ed u<? T:e croa;in91 9uttural >oice
continued" FI a8 9oin9 to :ea>en soon? I :a>e alread3 recei>ed an in>itation fro8 God?F
If Mao =as a basso <rofondo of 9uttural croa;in91 t:en #issin9er =as at least a bass-
baritone" F,on7t acce<t it too soon1F :e re<lied? FI acce<t t:e orders of t:e ,octor1F =rote
Mao on :is note <ad? Mao at t:is <oint :ad sli9:tl3 less t:an a 3ear to li>e? !us: <ro>ided
counter<oint to t:ese lo=er re9isters =it: :is o=n =:inin9 tenor?
!us: =as 8uc: i8<ressed b3 Mao7s rustic bac;9round and re<ertiore of C:inese barn3ard
eE<ressions? Referrin9 to a certain <roble8 in Sino-A8erican relations1 Mao dis8issed it as
no 8ore i8<ortant t:an a Ffan9 9o <i1F no 8ore i8<ortant t:an a do9 fart? !us: :as al=a3s
:ad a stran9e fascination for scatolo9ical references1 =:ic: is <robabl3 rooted a8id t:e
taboos of :is clenc:ed An9lo-SaEon fa8il3 bac;9round1 =:ere t:e bo3s ne>er :eard t:eir
fat:er fart? *e :a>e seen !us:7s obsessi>e recountin9 of L!&7s 8uc:- told Fc:ic;en s:itF
anecdote about t:e House of Re<resentati>es?
Mao =ent on1 co88entin9 about US 8ilitar3 su<eriorit31 and t:en sa3in9" FGod blesses
3ou1 not us? God does not li;e us because I a8 a 8ilitant =arlord1 also a Co88unist? No1
:e doesn7t li;e 8e? He li;es 3ou t:ree?F Mao <ointed to #issin9er1 !us:1 and *inston Lord?
To=ards t:e end of t:e encounter1 t:is lu9ubrious 8onster sin9led out !us: for s<ecial
attention? Mao turned to *inston Lord? FT:is a8bassador1F said Mao =:ile 9esturin9
to=ards !us:1 Fis in a <li9:t? *:3 don7t 3ou co8e >isit DF FI =ould be :onored1F !us:
re<lied accordin9 to :is o=n account1 Fbut I78 afraid 3ou7re >er3 bus3?F FO:1 I78 not bus31F
said Mao?FI don7t loo; after internal affairs? I onl3 read t:e international ne=s? (ou s:ould
reall3 co8e >isit?F
!us: clai8s Gfn 1.H t:at :e ne>er acce<ted C:air8an Mao7s in>itation to co8e around for
<ri>ate tal;s? !us: sa3s t:at :e =as con>inced b3 8e8bers of :is o=n staff t:at Mao did
not reall3 8ean to in>ite :i81 but =as onl3 bein9 <olite? *as !us: reall3 so reticent1 or is
t:is anot:er one of t:e falsifications =it: =:ic: :is official bio9ra<:ies are studdedD T:e
=orld 8ust a=ait t:e o<enin9 of t:e !eiBin9 and o993 !otto8 arc:i>es? In t:e 8eanti8e1
=e 8ust ta;e a 8o8ent to conte8<late t:at 9at:erin9 of October1 12.+ in C:air8an Mao7s
<ri>ate >illa1 secluded be:ind 8an3 court3ards and screens in t:e C:un9nan:ai encla>e of
C:inese rulers not far fro8 t:e Great Hall of t:e %eo<le and Tien An Men1 =:ere less t:an
a 3ear later an initial round of <ro-de8ocrac3 de8onstrations =ould be <ut do=n in blood
in t:e =a;e of t:e funeral of J:ou En-lai?
Mao1 #issin9er1 and !us:" :as :istor3 e>er seen a tete-a-tete of suc: 8ass 8urderersD Mao1
identif3in9 :i8self =it: C:in S:i: Huan91 t:e first e8<eror of all of C:ina and founder of
t:e C:in d3nast31 =:o :ad built t:e Great *all1 burned t:e boo;s1 and ;illed t:e Confucian
sc:olars-- t:is Mao :ad 8assacred ten <er cent of :is o=n <eo<le1 ra>a9ed #orea1 stran9led
Tibet? #issin9er7s cri8es =ere endless1 fro8 t:e Middle East to 6ietna81 fro8 t:e oil crisis
of .'-.) =it: t:e endless deat: in t:e Sa:el to India- %a;istan1 C:ile1 and 8an3 8ore?
#issin9er1 Mao1 and !us: :ad collaborated to install t:e %ol %ot #:8er Rou9e re9i8e in
Ca8bodia1 =:ic: =as no= a<<roac:in9 t:e Aenit: of its 9enocidal career? Co8<ared to t:e
ot:er t=o1 !us: 8a3 :a>e a<<eared as an a<<rentice of 9enocide" :e :ad done so8e
filibusterin9 in t:e Caribbean1 :ad been <art of t:e c:eerin9 section for t:e Indonesia
8assacres of 12-+1 and t:en :e :ad beco8e a <art of t:e #issin9er a<<aratus1 s:arin9 in t:e
res<onsibilit3 for India-%a;istan1 t:e Middle East1 Ca8bodia? !ut as !us: ad>anced
t:rou9: :is <ersonal cursus :onoru81 :is <o=er and :is 9enocidal deEterit3 =ere 9ro=in91
fores:ado=in9 suc: future triu8<:s as t:e de>astation of El C:orillo in %ana8a in
,ece8ber1 12/21 and :is later 8aster=or; of sa>a9er31 t:e Gulf =ar of 1221? !3 t:e ti8e
of !us:7s ad8inistration1 An9lo-A8erican finance and t:e International Monetar3 und
=ere a>era9in9 so8e +515551555 needless deat:s <er 3ear in t:e de>elo<in9 sector?
!ut Mao1 #issin9er1 and !us: eEc:an9ed <leasantries t:at da3 in Mao7s sittin9 roo8 in
C:un9nan:ai? If t:e s:ades of Hitler or Stalin :ad sou9:t ad8ission to t:at collo@iu81 t:e3
8i9:t :a>e been denied entrance? Later1 in earl3 ,ece8ber1 Gerald ord1 acco8<anied b3
:is :a<less =ife and dau9:ter1 ca8e to see t:e 8oribund Mao for =:at a8ounted to a <:oto
o<<ortunit3 =it: a li>in9 cada>er? T:e A% =ire issued t:at da3 :3<ed t:e fact t:at Mao :ad
tal;ed =it: ord for 1 :our and fift3 8inutes1 nearl3 t=ice as lon9 as t:e Great Steers8an
:ad 9i>en to NiEon in 12.$? %artici<ants in t:is 8eetin9 included #issin9er1 !us:1
Sco=croft1 and *inston Lord? E>en suc: #issin9erian :ea>ies as Undersecretar3 of State
&ose<: Sisco1 Assistant Secretar3 of State for East Asian and %acific Affairs1 and Ric:ard
Solo8on of t:e NSC =ere not allo=ed to sta3 for t:e 8eetin9? !us: =as no= trul3 a
leadin9 #issin9er clone? A Boint co88uni@ue issued after t:is session said t:at Mao and
ord :ad :ad Fearnest and si9nificant discussions ???on =ide-ran9in9 issues in a friendl3
at8os<:ere?F At t:is 8eetin91 C:air8an Mao 9reeted !us: =it: t:e =ords1 F(ou7>e been
<ro8oted?F Mao turned to ord1 and added" F*e :ate to see :i8 9o?F At a <ri>ate lunc:
=it: 6ice %re8ier ,en9 Miao-<in91 t:e risin9 star of t:e <ost-Mao succession1 ,en9
assured !us: t:at :e =as considered a friend of t:e C:inese Co88unist :ierarc:3 =:o
=ould al=a3s be =elco8e in C:ina1 Fe>en as :ead of t:e CIA?F or1 as =e =ill see1 t:is
=as to be t:e neEt sto< on !us:7s cursus :onoru8? Later #issin9er and !us: also 8et =it:
Liao Guan:ua1 still t:e orei9n Minister? Accordin9 to ne=s<a<er accounts1 t:e
<:raseolo93 of t:e Boint co88uni@ue su99ested t:at t:e 8eetin9 :ad been 8ore t:an
usuall3 cordial? T:ere :ad also been a t=o-:our 8eetin9 =it: ,en9 Miao-<in9 re<orted b3
t:e ord *:ite House as Fa constructi>e eEc:an9e of >ie=s on a =ide ran9e of
international issues?F At a ban@uet1 ,en9 used a toast for an anti-So>iet tirade =:ic: t:e
So>iet ne=s a9enc3 TASS criticiAed as F>icious attac;s?F Gfn 1/H ord t:ou9:t1 <robabl3
because :e :ad been told b3 #issin9er1 t:at t:e fact t:at Mao :ad acco8<anied :i8 to t:e
door of :is >illa after t:e 8eetin9 =as a s<ecial :onor1 but :e =as disabused b3 !eiBin9-
based corres<ondents =:o told :i8 t:at t:is =as Mao7s custo8ar3 <ractice? ord7s dau9:ter
Susan =as s<ortin9 a full-len9t: 8us;rat coat for :er tri< to t:e Great *all? FIt7s 8ore t:an
I e>er eE<ected1F s:e 9us:ed?
FI feel li;e I78 in a fantas3? It7s a =:ole ot:er =orld?F ,a3s after ord de<arted fro8
!eiBin91 !us: also left t:e C:inese ca<ital? It =as ti8e for a ne= ste< in :is i8<erial cursus
:onoru8? ,urin9 :is entire sta3 in !eiBin91 !us: :ad ne>er sto<<ed sc:e8in9 for ne= <at:s
of <ersonal ad>ance8ent to=ards t:e >er3 a<eE of <o=er? !efore !us: =ent to !eiBin91 :e
:ad tal;ed to :is net=or; asset and cron3 Ro9ers C?!? Morton about :is fa>orite to<ic1 :is
o=n <ros<ects for future career a99randiAe8ent? Morton at t:at ti8e =as Secretar3 of
Co88erce1 but :e =as <lannin9 to ste< do=n before 8uc: lon9er? Morton told !us:"
F*:at 3ou ou9:t to t:in; about is co8in9 bac; to *as:in9ton to re<lace 8e =:en I lea>e?
It7s a <erfect s<rin9board for a <lace on t:e tic;et?F T:is idea is t:e t:e8e of a ord *:ite
House 8e8o <reser>ed in t:e &ac; Mars: iles at t:e ord Librar3 in Ann Arbor? T:e
8e8o is addressed to &ac; Mars:1 counsellor to t:e %resident1 b3 Russell Rour;e of
Mars:7s staff? T:e 8e8o1 =:ic: is dated Marc: $51 12.+1 reads as follo=s" FIt7s 83
i8<ression and <artial understandin9 t:at Geor9e !us: :as <robabl3 :ad enou9: of e99
rolls and %e;in9 b3 no= 0and :as <robabl3 9otten o>er :is lost 6?%? o<<ortunit34? He7s one
:ell of a %residential surro9ate1 and =ould be an outstandin9 s<o;es8an for t:e *:ite
House bet=een no= and No>e8ber 7.-? ,on7t 3ou t:in; :e =ould 8a;e an outstandin9
candidate for Secretar3 of Co88erce or a si8ilar <ost so8eti8e durin9 t:e neEt siE
8ont:sDF
T:e NeEt Ste<
!us: =as no= obsessed =it: t:e idea t:at :e :ad a ri9:t to beco8e >ice <resident in 12.-?
As a 8e8ber of t:e senatorial caste1 :e :ad a ri9:t to enter t:e senate1 and if t:e <lebeians
=it: t:eir c:an9eable :u8ors barred t:e electi>e route1 t:en t:e onl3 ans=er =as to be
a<<ointed to t:e second s<ot on t:e tic;et and enter t:e senate as its <residin9 officer? As
!us: =rote in :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3" FHa>in9 lost out to Roc;efeller as ord7s >ice
<residential c:oice in 12.)1 I 8i9:t be considered b3 so8e as a leadin9 contender for t:e
nu8ber t=o s<ot in #ansas Cit3????F Gfn 12H
!us: <ossessed a re8ar;able ca<abilit3 for t:e blac;8ailin9 of ord" :e could enter t:e
12.- Re<ublican <residential <ri8aries as a candidate in :is o=n ri9:t1 and could occasion
a :e8orr:a9in9 of liberal Re<ublican su<<ort t:at 8i9:t ot:er=ise :a>e 9one to ord?
ord1 t:e first non-elected <resident1 =as t:e =ea;est of all incu8bents1 and :e =as alread3
<re<arin9 to face a <o=erful c:allen9e fro8 :is ri9:t 8ounted b3 t:e Ronald Rea9an ca8<?
T:e <resence of an additional ri>al =it: !us:7s net=or;s a8on9 liberal and 8oderate
Re<ublican la3ers 8i9:t constitute a fatal i8<edi8ent to ord7s <ros<ects of 9ettin9 :i8self
elected to a ter8 of :is o=n?
Accordin9l31 =:en #issin9er >isited !us: in !eiBin9 in October1 12.+1 :e <ointedl3
in@uired as to =:et:er !us: intended to enter an3 of t:e Re<ublican <residential <ri8aries
durin9 t:e 12.- season? T:is =as t:e <rinci<al @uestion t:at ord :ad directed #issin9er to
as; of !us:? !us:7s eEit fro8 !eiBin9 occurred =it:in t:e conteEt of ord7s celebrated
Hallo=een Massacre of earl3 No>e8ber1 12.+? T:is F8assacre1F re8iniscent of NiEon7s
cabinet <ur9e of 12.' 0Ft:e Saturda3 ni9:t 8assacreF41 =as a nu8ber of firin9s and
transfers of :i9: officials at t:e to< of t:e eEecuti>e branc: t:rou9: =:ic: ord sou9:t to
fi9ure fort: t:e <olitical <rofile =:ic: :e intended to carr3 into t:e <ri8aries and1 if :e
=ere successful in t:e =inter and s<rin91 into t:e Re<ublican con>ention and1 be3ond t:at1
into t:e fall ca8<ai9n? So eac: of t:ese c:an9es :ad a <ur<ose t:at =as ulti8atel3 rooted in
electioneerin9?
In t:e Hallo=een 8assacre1 it =as announced t:at 6ice %resident Nelson Roc;efeller =ould
under no circu8stances be a candidate to continue in t:at office? Nelson7s ne9ati>es =ere
si8<l3 too :i9:? &a8es FRodne3 t:e RobotF Sc:lesin9er =as su88aril3 ousted as t:e
Secretar3 of ,efenseC Sc:lesin9er7s F,r? Stran9elo>eF o>ertones =ere Bud9ed not
<resentable durin9 an election 3ear? To re<lace Sc:lesin9er1 ord7s *:ite House c:ief of
staff1 ,onald Ru8sfeld =as 9i>en t:e %enta9on? Henr3 #issin9er1 =:o u< to t:is 8o8ent
:ad been runnin9 t:e ad8inistration fro8 t=o <osts1 NSC director and Secretar3 of State1
:ad to 9i>e u< :is *:ite House office and =as obli9ed to direct t:e business of t:e
9o>ern8ent fro8 o993 !otto8? In consolation to :i81 t:e NSC Bob =as assi9ned to :is
de>oted clone and later business associate1 retired Air orce Lieutenant General !rent
Sco=croft1 a Mor8on =:o =ould later <la3 t:e role of eEter8inatin9 de8on durin9 !us:7s
Gulf =ar ad>enture? At t:e ,e<art8ent of Co88erce1 t:e secretar37s <ost t:at :ad been so
:i9:l3 touted to !us: =as bein9 >acated b3 Ro9ers Morton? inall31 *illia8 Colb31 :is
<ublic re<utation t:orou9:l3 dela<idated as a result of t:e re>elations 8ade durin9 t:e
C:urc: Co88ittee and %i;e Co88ittee in>esti9ations of t:e abuses and cri8es of t:e CIA1
es<eciall3 =it:in t:e US do8estic s<:ere1 =as canned as ,irector of Central Intelli9ence?
Could t:is elaborate res:uffle be 8ade to 3ield a Bob for !us:D It =as an3t:in9 but
9uaranteed? T:e <ost of CIA director =as offerred to *as:in9ton la=3er and influence
bro;er Ed=ard !ennett *illia8s? !ut :e turned it do=n?
T:en t:ere =as t:e <ost at Co88erce? T:is =as one t:at !us: ca8e >er3 close to 9ettin9?
In t:e &ac; Mars: files at t:e Gerald ord Librar3 t:ere is a draft 8ar;ed FSu99ested cable
to Geor9e !us:1F but =:ic: is undated? T:e tele9ra8 be9ins" FCon9ratulations on 3our
selection b3 t:e %resident as Secretar3 of Co88erce?F T:e Bob title is crossed out1 and
F,irector of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3F is <encilled in?
So !us: al8ost =ent to Co88erce1 but t:en =as <ro<osed for Lan9le3 instead? !us: in :is
ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:3 su99ests t:at t:e CIA a<<oint8ent =as a tactical defeat1 t:e one
ne= Bob t:at =as 8ore or less 9uaranteed to ;ee< :i8 off t:e GO% tic;et in 12.-? As CIA
,irector1 if :e 9ot t:at far1 :e =ould :a>e to s<end Ft:e neEt siE 8ont:s ser>in9 as <oint
8an for a contro>ersial a9enc3 bein9 in>esti9ated b3 t=o 8aBor Con9ressional co88ittees?
T:e scars left b3 t:at eE<erience =ould <ut 8e out of contention1 lea>in9 t:e s<ot o<en for
ot:ers?F Gfn $5H !us: su99ests t:at Ft:e Lan9le3 t:in9F =as t:e :andi=or; of ,onald
Ru8sfeld1 =:o :ad a leadin9 role in desi9nin9 t:e res:uffle? 0So8e ti8e later *illia8
Si8on confided <ri>atel3 t:at :e :i8self :ad been tar9etted for <roscri<tion b3 FRu8831F
=:o =as 8ore interested in t:e Treasur3 t:an :e =as in t:e %enta9on?4
On All Saints7 ,a31 No>e8ber 11 12.+1 !us: recei>ed a tele9ra8 fro8 #issin9er infor8in9
:i8 t:at Ft:e %resident is <lannin9 to announce so8e 8aBor <ersonnel s:ifts on Monda31
No>e8ber '1 at ."'5 %M1 *as:in9ton ti8e? A8on9 t:ose s:ifts =ill be t:e transfer of !ill
Colb3 fro8 CIA? T:e %resident as;s t:at 3ou consent to :is no8inatin9 3ou as t:e ne=
director of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3?F Gfn $1H
!us: <ro8<tl3 acce<ted?
NOTES"
1? Al Reinert1 F!ob and Geor9e Go To *as:in9ton or T:e %ost-*ater9ate Scra8bleF in TeEas Mont:l31
A<ril 12.)?
$? !us: and Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard1 <? 1'5?
'? *alter %incus and !ob *ood=ard1 F%residential %osts and ,as:ed Ho<es1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21
12//?
)? *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 1-1 12.)?
+? *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber $1 12.)?
-? See Hassan A:8ed and &ose<: !re=da1 F#issin9er1 Sco=croft1 !us: %lotted T:ird *orld Genocide1F
EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 Ma3 '1 12211 <<? $--'5?
.? Russell R? Ross ed?1 Ca8bodia" A Countr3 Stud3 0*as:in9ton1 122541 <? )-?
/? #issin9er1 (ears of U<:ea>al 0!oston1 12/$41 <? ')1? T:is second >olu8e of #issin9er7s 8e8oirs1
<ublis:ed =:en :is close all3 !us: :ad alread3 beco8e >ice <resident1 :as 8uc: less to sa3 about Geor9e7s
acti>ities1 =it: onl3 one reference to :i8 in 8ore t:an 1$55 <a9es? *e see a9ain t:at !us: <refers t:at
8ost of :is actual record re8ain co>ert?
2? #issin9er1 (ears of U<:ea>al1 <? '-.?
15? #issin9er1 (ears of U<:ea>al1 <? -/1?
11? See *illia8 S:a=cross1 Sides:o=" #issin9er1 NiEon1 and t:e ,estruction of Ca8bodia 0Ne= (or;1
12/.41 <<? '-5-'-1?
1$? Lt? Gen? Sa; Sutsa;:an1 t:e leader of t:e last Ca8bodian 9o>ern8ent before t:e ad>ent of t:e #:8er
Rou9e1 ar9ues t:at t:e >ictor3 of t:e co88unists =as not a fore9one conclusion1 and t:at 8odest A8erican
aid1 in t:e for8 of $5 aircraft and a fe= doAen obsolescent tan;s =aitin9 for deli>er3 in T:ailand1 could
:a>e 8ateriall3 c:an9ed t:e 8ilitar3 outco8e? See Sutsa;:an7s T:e #:8er Re<ublic at *ar and t:e inal
Colla<se 0*as:in9ton1 ,C41 <<? 1-'1 1--? 1
'? S:a=cross1 Sides:o=1 <? '-5?
1)? S:a=cross1 Sides:o=1 <? '-1?
1+? Ca8bodia" A Countr3 Stud31 <? +1?
1-? orbes1 Se<te8ber )1 12./?
1.? See !us: and Gold1 <<? 1)+-1)2 for !us:7s account of :is alle9ed first 8eetin9 =it: Mao?
1/? Ne= Orleans Ti8es-%ica3une1 ,ece8ber '1 12.+?
12? !us: and Gold1 <? 1+.?
$5? !us: and Gold1 <<? 1+.-1+/?
$1? !us: and Gold1 <? 1+'?
Geor9e !us:" T:e Unaut:oriAed !io9ra<:3 --- b3 *ebster G? Tar<le3 N Anton
C:ait;in
C:a<ter -M6- CIA ,IRECTOR
In late 12.+1 as a result in <articular of :is role in *ater9ate1 !us:7s confir8ation as CIA
,irector =as not auto8atic? And t:ou9: t:e debate at :is confir8ation =as su<erificial1
so8e senators1 includin9 in <articular t:e late ran; C:urc: of Ida:o1 8ade so8e
obser>ations about t:e dan9ers in:erent in t:e !us: no8ination t:at :a>e turned out in
retros<ect to be useful?
T:e <olitical scene on t:e :o8efront fro8 =:ic: !us: :ad been so anEious to be absent
durin9 12.+ =as t:e so-called F(ear of Intelli9ence1F in t:at it :ad been a 3ear of intense
scrutin3 of t:e ille9al acti>ities and abuses of t:e intelli9ence co88unit31 includin9 CIA
do8estic and co>ert o<erations? On ,ece8ber $$1 12.) t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es <ublis:ed t:e
first of a series of articles b3 Se38our M? Hers: =:ic: relied on lea;ed re<orts of CIA
acti>ities asse8bled b3 ,irector &a8es Rodne3 Sc:lesin9er to eE<ose alle9ed 8isdeeds b3
t:e a9enc3?
It =as =idel3 reco9niAed at t:e ti8e t:at t:e Hers: articles =ere a self-eE<osure b3 t:e CIA
t:at =as desi9ned to set t:e a9enda for t:e ord-a<<ointed Roc;efeller Co88ission1 =:ic:
=as set u< a fe= da3s later1 on &anuar3 )1 12.+? T:e Roc;efeller Co88ission 8e8bers
included &o:n T? Connor1 C? ,ou9las ,illon1 Er=in N? Gris=old1 Lane #ir;land1 L38an
Le8nitAer1 Ronald Rea9an1 and Ed9ar ? S:annon1 &r? T:e Roc;efeller Co88ission =as
su<<osed to eEa8ine t:e 8alfeasance of t:e intelli9ence a9encies and 8a;e
reco88endations about :o= t:e3 could be reor9aniAed and refor8ed? In realit31 t:e
Roc;efeller Co88ission <ro<osals =ould reflect t:e transition fro8 t:e structures of t:e
cold =ar to=ards t:e 9ro=in9 totalitarian tendencies of t:e 12/57s?
*:ile t:e Roc;efeller Co88ission =as a ti9:tl3 controlled >e:icle of t:e Eastern
An9lo<:ile liberal establis:8ent1 Con9ressional in>esti9atin9 co88ittees =ere e8<aneled
durin9 12.+ =:ose <roceedin9s =ere so8e=:at less ri9idl3 controlled? T:ese included t:e
Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee1 ;no=n as t:e C:urc: Co88ittee1 and t:e corres<ondin9
House co88ittee1 first c:aired b3 Re<? Lucien NedAi 0=:o :ad <re>iousl3 c:aired one of
t:e <rinci<al *ater9ate-era <robes4 and t:en 0after &ul34 b3 Re<? Otis %i;e? One eEa8<le
=as t:e %i;e Co88ittee7s issuance of a conte8<t of Con9ress citation a9ainst Henr3
#issin9er for :is refusal to <ro>ide docu8entation of co>ert o<erations in No>e8ber1 12.+?
Anot:er =as C:urc:7s role in leadin9 t:e o<<osition to t:e !us: no8ination?
T:e C:urc: Co88ittee launc:ed an in>esti9ation of t:e use of co>ert o<erations for t:e
<ur<ose of assassinatin9 forei9n leaders? !3 t:e nature of t:in9s1 t:is <robe =as lead to
9ra<<le =it: t:e <roble8 of =:et:er co>ert o<erations sanctioned to eli8inate forei9n
leaders :ad been re-tar9etted a9ainst do8estic <olitical fi9ures? T:e ob>ious case =as t:e
#enned3 assassination?
C:urc: =as es<eciall3 dili9ent in attac;in9 CIA co>ert o<erations1 =:ic: !us: =ould be
anEious to defend? T:e CIA7s co>ert branc:1 C:urc: t:ou9:t1 =as a Fself-ser>in9
a<<aratus?F FIt7s a bureaucrac3 =:ic: feeds on itself1 and t:ose in>ol>ed are constantl3
sittin9 around t:in;in9 u< sc:e8es for Gforei9nH inter>ention =:ic: =ill =in t:e8
<ro8otions and Bustif3 furt:er additions to t:e staff???It self-9enerates inter>entions t:at
ot:er=ise ne>er =ould be t:ou9:t of1 let alone aut:oriAed?F Gfn 1H
It =ill be seen t:at at t:e be9innin9 of !us:7s tenure at t:e CIA1 t:e Con9ressional
co88ittees =ere on t:e offensi>e a9ainst t:e intelli9ence a9encies? !3 t:e ti8e t:at !us:
de<arted Lan9le31 t:e tables =ere turned1 and it =as t:e Con9ress =:ic: =as t:e focus of
scandals1 includin9 #orea9ate? Soon t:ereafter1 t:e Con9ress =ould under9o t:e assault of
Absca8?
%re<aration for =:at =as to beco8e t:e Hallo=een 8assacre be9an in t:e ord *:ite
House durin9 t:e su88er of 12.+? T:e ord Librar3 in Ann Arbor1 Mic:i9an <reser>es a
8e8o fro8 ,onald Ru8sfeld to ord dated &ul3 151 12.+1 =:ic: deals =it: an arra3 of
<ossible c:oices for CIA ,irector? Ru8sfeld :ad <olled a nu8ber of *:ite House and
ad8inistration officials and as;ed t:e8 to eE<ress <references a8on9 Foutsiders to t:e
CIA?F Gfn $H
A8on9 t:e officials <olled b3 C:ene3 =as Henr3 #issin9er1 =:o su99ested C? ,ou9las
,illon1 Ho=ard !a;er1 Gal>in1 and Robert Roosa? ,ic; C:ene3 of t:e *:ite House staff
<ro<osed Robert !or;1 follo=ed b3 !us: and Lee Iacocca? Nelson Roc;efeller =as also for
C? ,ou9las ,illon1 follo=ed b3 Ho=ard !a;er1 Conner1 and &a8es R? Sc:lesin9er?
Ru8sfeld :i8self listed !or;1 ,illon1 Iacoca1 Stanle3 Resor1 and *alter *riston1 but not
!us:? T:e onl3 officials <uttin9 !us: on t:eir F<ossibleF lists ot:er t:an C:ene3 =ere &ac;
O? Mars:1 a *:ite House counselor to ord1 and ,a>id %ac;ard? *:en it ca8e ti8e for
Ru8sfeld to su8 u< t:e a99re9ate nu8ber of ti8es eac: <erson =as 8entioned1 8inus one
<oint for eac: ti8e a <erson :ad been reco88ended a9ainst1 t:e list =as as follo=s"
Robert !or; GreBected in 12/. for t:e Su<re8e CourtH *:ite McGee oster G&o:n S? oster
of %IA!1 for8erl3 of t:e ,e<art8ent of ,efenseH ,illon Resor Roosa Hau9e
It =ill be seen t:at !us: =as not a8on9 t:e leadin9 candidates1 <er:a<s because :is
net=or;s =ere con>inced t:at :e =as 9oin9 to 8a;e anot:er atte8<t for t:e >ice-
<residenc3 and t:at t:erefore t:e Co88erce ,e<art8ent or so8e si8ilar <ost =ould be
8ore suitable? T:e su88ar3 <rofile of !us: sent to ord b3 Ru8sfeld found t:at !us: :ad
FeE<erience in 9o>ern8ent and di<lo8ac3F and =as F9enerall3 fa8iliar =it: co8<onents
of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 and t:eir 8issionsF =:ile :a>in9 8ana9e8ent eE<erience?F
Under FConsF Ru8sfeld noted" FRNC <ost lends undesirable <olitical cast?F As =e :a>e
seen1 t:e CIA <ost =as finall3 offered b3 ord to Ed=ard !ennett *illia8s1 <er:a<s =it:
an e3e on buildin9 a bi<artisan brid9e to=ards a <o=erful faction of t:e intelli9ence
co88unit3? !ut *illia8s did not =ant t:e Bob? !us:1 ori9inall3 slated for t:e ,e<art8ent
of Co88erce1 =as 9i>en t:e CIA a<<oint8ent?
T:e announce8ent of !us:7s no8ination occasioned a stor8 of criticis81 =:ose t:e8es
included t:e inad>isabilit3 of c:oosin9 a *ater9ate fi9ure for suc: a sensiti>e <ost so soon
after t:at scandal :ad finall3 be9un to subside? References =ere 8ade to !us:7s recei<t of
financial lar9esse fro8 NiEon7s To=n:ouse fund and related o<erations? T:ere =as also t:e
@uestion of =:et:er t:e do8estic CIA a<<<aratus =ould 9et 8iEed u< in !us:7s eE<ected
ca8<ai9n for t:e >ice <residenc3? T:ese t:e8es =ere de>elo<ed in editorials durin9 t:e
8ont: of No>e8ber1 12.-1 =:ile !us: =as ;e<t in !eiBin9 b3 t:e re@uire8ents of
<re<arin9 t:e ord-Mao 8eetin9s of earl3 ,ece8ber? To so8e de9ree1 !us: =as Bust
:an9in9 t:ere and slo=l31 slo=l3 t=istin9 in t:e =ind? T:e slo=-=itted ord soon realiAed
t:at :e :ad been ine<t in su88aril3 firin9 Colb31 since !us: =ould :a>e to re8ain in
C:ina for so8e =ee;s and t:en return to face confir8ation :earin9s? ord :ad to as; Colb3
to sta3 on in a careta;er ca<acit3 until !us: too; office? T:e dela3 allo=ed o<<osition
a9ainst !us: to cr3stalliAe to so8e de9ree1 but :is o=n net=or; =as also @uic; to s<rin9 to
:is defense?
or8er CIA officer To8 !raden1 =ritin9 in t:e ort Lauderdale Ne=s1 noted t:at t:e !us:
a<<oint8ent to t:e CIA loo;ed bad1 and loo;ed bad at a ti8e =:en <ublic confidence in t:e
CIA =as so lo= t:at e>er3t:in9 about t:e a9enc3 des<eratel3 needed to loo; 9ood? !raden7s
colu8n =as entitled FGeor9e !us:1 !ad C:oice for CIA &ob?F
Roland E>ans and Robert No>a;1 =ritin9 in t:e *as:in9ton %ost1 co88ented t:at Ft:e
!us: no8ination is re9arded b3 so8e intelli9ence eE<erts as anot:er 9ra>e 8orale deflator?
T:e3 reason t:at an3 identified <olitician1 no 8atter :o= resol>ed to be <oliticall3 <ure1
=ould a99ra>ate t:e CIA7s credibilit3 9a<? Instead of an identifed <olitician li;e
!us:???=:at is needed1 t:e3 feel1 is a res<ected non-<olitician1 <er:a<s fro8 business or t:e
acade8ic =orld?F E>ans and No>a; conceded t:at Fnot all eE<erts a9ree? One for8er CIA
official =ants t:e CIA <laced under <olitical leaders:i< ca<able of =or;in9 closel3 =it:
Con9ress? !ut e>en t:at distinctl3 8inorit3 <osition rebels a9ainst an3 %residential scenario
t:at loo;s to t:e CIA as <ossible ste<<in9-stone to t:e 6ice-%residential no8ination?F
T:e *as:in9ton %ost ca8e out a9ainst !us: in an editorial entitled FT:e !us:
A<<oint8ent?F Here t:e reasonin9 =as t:at t:is <osition Fs:ould not be re9arded as a
<olitical <ar;in9 s<ot1F and t:at <ublic confidence in t:e CIA :ad to be restored after t:e
recent re>elations of =ron9doin9?
After a lon9-=inded ar9u8ent1 Geor9e *ill ca8e to t:e conclusion t:at A8bassador !us:
at t:e CIA =ould be Ft:e =ron9 ;ind of 9u3 at t:e =ron9 <lace at t:e =orst <ossible ti8e?F
Senator C:urc: >ie=ed t:e !us: a<<oint8ent in t:e conteEt of a letter sent to :i8 b3 ord
on October '11 12.+1 de8andin9 t:at t:e co88ittee7s re<ort on US assassination <lots
a9ainst forei9n leaders be ;e<t secret? In C:urc:7s o<inion1 t:ese t=o de>elo<8ents =ere
<art of a <attern1 and a8ounted to a ne= stone=allin9 defense b3 =:at C:urc: :ad called
Ft:e ro9ue ele<:ant?F C:urc: issued a <ress state8ent in res<onse to ord7s letter atte8<tin9
to i8<ose a blac;out on t:e assassination re<ort? FI a8 astonis:ed t:at %resident ord =ants
to su<<ress t:e co88ittee7s re<ort on assassination and ;ee< it concealed fro8 t:e
A8erican <eo<le1F said C:urc:? T:en1 on No>e8ber '1 C:urc: =as a<<roac:ed b3
re<orters outside of :is Senate :earin9 roo8 and as;ed b3 ,aniel Sc:orr about t:e firin9 of
Colb3 and :is li;el3 re<lace8ent b3 !us:? C:urc: res<onded =it: a >oice t:at =as
tre8blin9 =it: an9er? FT:ere is no @uestion in 83 8ind but t:at conceal8ent is t:e ne=
order of t:e da31F :e said? FHidin9 e>il is t:e trade8ar; of a totalitarian 9o>ern8ent?F Gfn
'H? Sc:orr said t:at :e :ad ne>er seen C:urc: so u<set?
T:e follo=in9 da31 No>e8ber )1 C:urc: read Leslie Gelb7s colu8n in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es
su99estin9 t:at Colb3 :ad been fired1 a8on9 ot:er t:in9s1 Ffor not doin9 a 9ood Bob
containin9 t:e Con9ressional in>esti9ations?F Geor9e !us:1 Gelb t:ou9:t1 F=ould be able
to 9o to Con9ress and as; for a 9race <eriod before <ressin9 t:eir in>esti9ations furt:er? A
*as:in9ton Star :eadline of t:is <eriod su88ed u< t:is ar9u8ent" FCIA NEE,S !USH7S
%R TALENT?F C:urc: tal;ed =it: :is staff t:at da3 about =:at :e sa= as an o8inous
<attern of e>ents? He told re<orters" First ca8e t:e >er3 deter8ined ad8inistration effort to
<re>ent an3 re>elations concernin9 NSA1 t:eir stone=allin9 of <ublic :earin9s? T:en ca8e
t:e <resident7s letter? No= co8es t:e firin9 of Colb31 Mr? Sc:lesin9er1 and t:e 9eneral belief
t:at Secretar3 #issin9er is be:ind t:ese latest de>elo<8ents?F or C:urc:1 Fclearl3 a <attern
:as e8er9ed no= to tr3 and disru<t t:is GSenate Intelli9ence Co88itteeH in>esti9ation? As
far as I78 concerned1 it =on7t be disru<ted1F said C:urc: 9ri8l3?
One of C:urc:7s for8er aides1 s<eec:-=riter Loc: #? &o:nson1 describes :o= :e =or;ed
=it: C:urc: to <re<are a s<eec: sc:eduled for deli>er3 on No>e8ber 111 12.+ in =:ic:
C:urc: =ould sta;e out a <osition o<<osin9 t:e !us: no8ination"
T:e no8ination of Geor9e !us: to succeed Colb3 disturbed :i8 and :e =anted to =ind u< t:e
s<eec: b3 o<<osin9 t:e no8ination? G???H He :o<ed to influence Senate o<inion on t:e no8ination
on t:e e>e of Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee :earin9s to confir8 !us:?
I ra<idl3 Botted do=n notes as C:urc: discussed t:e lines :e =ould li;e to ta;e a9ainst t:e
no8ination? FOnce t:e3 used to 9i>e for8er national <art3 c:air8en Gas !us: :ad been under
%resident NiEonH <ost8aster 9enerals:i<s--t:e 8ost <olitical and least sensiti>e Bob in
9o>ern8ent1F :e said? FNo= t:e3 :a>e 9i>en t:is for8er <art3 c:air8an t:e 8ost sensiti>e and
least <olitical a9enc3?F C:urc: =anted 8e to stress :o= !us: F8i9:t co8<ro8ise t:e
inde<endence of t:e CIA--t:e a9enc3 could be <oliticiAed?F
So8e da3s later C:urc: a<<eared on t:e C!S <ro9ra8 ace t:e Nation1 :e =as as;ed b3
Geor9e Her8an if :is o<<osition to !us: =ould 8ean t:at an3one =it: <olitical eE<erience
=ould be a <riori unacce<table for suc: a <ostD C:urc: re<lied" FI t:in; t:at =:oe>er is
c:osen s:ould be one =:o :as de8onstrated a ca<acit3 for ind<endence1 =:o :as s:o=n
t:at :e can stand u< to t:e 8an3 <ressures?F C:urc: :inted t:at !us: :ad ne>er stood u< for
<rinci<le at t:e cost of <olitical office? Moreo>er1 Fa 8an =:ose bac;9round is as <artisan
as a <ast c:air8an of t:e Re<ublican <art3 does serious da8a9e to t:e a9enc3 and its
intended <ur<oses?F Gfn )H
T:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones cro=d counterattac;ed in fa>or of !us:1
8obiliAin9 so8e si9nificant resources? One =as none ot:er t:an Leon &a=ors;i1 t:e for8er
*ater9ate s<ecial <rosecutor? &a=ors;i7s 8ission for t:e !us: net=or; a<<ears to :a>e been
to 9et t:e To=n:ouse and related NiEon slus:fund issues off t:e table of t:e <ublic debate
and confir8ation :earin9s? &a=ors;i1 s<ea;in9 at a con>ention of for8er !I S<ecial
A9ents 8eetin9 in Houston1 defended !us: a9ainst c:ar9es t:at :e :ad acce<ted ille9al or
i8<ro<er <a38ents fro8 NiEon and CREE% o<erati>es? FT:is =as in>esti9ated b3 8e =:en
I ser>ed as *ater9ate s<ecial <rosecutor? I found no in>ol>e8ent of Geor9e !us: and 9a>e
:i8 full clearance? I :o<e t:at in t:e interest of fairness1 t:e 8atter =ill not be bandied
about unless so8et:in9 ne= :as a<<eared on t:e :oriAon?F &a=ors;i1 =:o b3 t:en =as bac;
in Houston =or;in9 for :is la= fir8 of ulbri9:t and &a=ors;i1 sent a co<3 of t:e Houston
%ost article re<ortin9 t:is state8ent to ord7s *:ite House counselor %:ili< !uc:en? Gfn +H
Saul #o:ler of t:e Ne=:ouse Ne=s Ser>ice offered t:e ord *:ite House an all-<ur<ose
refutation of t:e ar9u8ents ad>anced b3 t:e o<<onents of !us: durin9 No>e8ber and into
,ece8ber? FAnd no=1F =rote #o:ler1 F%resident ord is catc:in9 all sorts of :eat fro8 a lot
of <eo<le for a<<ointin9 !us: to t:e non-<olitical sensiti>e CIA because :e once ser>ed as
C:air8an of t:e Re<ublican national Co88ittee?F Ho= unfair1 t:ou9:t #o:ler1 Ffor of all
t:e a<<oint8ents ord 8ade last =ee;end1 t:e no8ination of !us: =as t:e best?F or one
t:in91 F3ou7d :a>e to 9o a lon9 =a3 to find a 8an =it: less 9uile t:an Geor9e !us:?F !us:
:ad been 9reat at t:e RNC- F:e 8ana9ed to ;ee< t:e RNC a=a3 fro8 t:e eE<leti>e deleted
of t:at dar; c:a<ter in A8erican <olitical :istor3?F FNot onl3 did :e ;ee< t:e <art3
a<<aratus clean1 :e ;e<t :is o=n i8a9e clean???F And t:en" F*as Cordell Hull less
distin9uis:ed a Secretar3 of State because :e :ad :eaded t:e ,e8ocratic National
Co88itteeD1F and so fort:? #o:ler @uoted a *:ite House official co88entin9 on t:e !us:
no8ination" FT:e 9a9 line around :ere e>er since T:e !oss announced Geor9e for t:e CIA
is t:at s<3in9 is 9oin9 to be a bore fro8 no= on because Geor9e is suc: a clean 9u3?F Gfn -H
In t:e 8eanti8e1 !us: 9ot read3 for :is second 8eetin9 =it: Mao and <re<ared t:e
docu8entation for :is conflict of interest and bac;9round c:ec;s? In a letter to &o:n C?
Stennis1 t:e c:air8an of t:e Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee1 =:ic: =ould :old t:e
:earin9s on :is no8ination1 !us: stated t:at :is onl3 or9aniAational affiliations =ere as a
trustee of %:ili<s Acade83 in Ando>er1 Massac:usetts1 and as a 8e8ber of t:e !oard of t:e
E<isco<al C:urc: oundation in Ne= (or; Cit3? In t:is letter1 !us: refers to t:e F!us:
C:ildren TrustF :e :ad created for :is fi>e c:ildren1 and Ffunded b3 a di>ersified <ortfolioF
=:ic: 8i9:t <ut :i8 into conflicts of interest? He told Stennis t:at if confir8ed1 :e =ould
resi9n as trustee of t:e !us: C:ildren und and direct t:e ot:er trustees to sto< disclosin9
to :i8 an3 details of t:e o<erations of t:e !us: C:ildren Trust? Ot:er=ise !us: said t:at :e
=as not ser>in9 as officer1 director1 or <artner of an3 cor<oration1 alt:ou9: :e :ad a lu8<-
su8 retire8ent benefit fro8 Ja<ata Cor<oration in t:e a8ount of I)51555? Accordin9 to :is
o=n account1 :e o=ned a :o8e in *as:in9ton ,C1 :is su88er :ouse at #ennebun;<ort1 a
s8all residential lot in Houston1 <lus so8e ban; accounts and life insurance <olicies? He
:ad a securities <ortfolio 8ana9ed b3 T? Ro=e %rice in !alti8ore1 and :e assured Stennis
:e =ould be =illin9 to di>est an3 s:ares t:at 8i9:t <ose conflict of interest <roble8s? Gfn .H
Con9ressional reaction reac:in9 t:e *:ite House before !us:7s :earin9s =as not
ent:usiastic? ,ic; C:ene3 of t:e *:ite House staff ad>ised ord to call Senator &o:n
Stennis on No>e8ber '1 notin9 t:at Stennis Fcontrols confir8ation <rocess for CIA and
,O,?F ord re<lied s:ortl3 after1 FI did?F Gfn /H A fe= da3s later ord :ad a tele<:one
con>ersation =it: Senator Mi;e Mansfield1 t:e ,e8ocratic 8aBorit3 leader1 and one of :is
notations =as FGeo !us:--for :i8 but :e 8ust sa3 no <olitics?F Gfn 2H
Ne9ati>e 8ail fro8 bot: :ouses of Con9ress =as also co8in9 in to t:e *:ite House? On
No>e8ber 1$1 ord recei>ed a sin9ular note fro8 GO% Con9ress8an &a8es M? Collins of
,allas1 TeEas? Collins =rote to ord" FI :o<e 3ou =ill reconsider t:e a<<oint8ent of
Geor9e !us: to t:e CIA? At t:is ti8e it see8s to 8e t:at it =ould be a 9reater ser>ice for
t:e countr3 for Geor9e to continue :is ser>ice in C:ina? He is not t:e ri9:t 8an for t:e
CIA1F =rote Collins1 =:o :ad been =illin9 to su<<ort !us: for t:e >ice <residenc3 bac; in
12.)? F(esterda31F =rote Collins1 FI sat neEt to 83 friend ,ale Milford =:o is t:e onl3
friendl3 ,e8ocrat on %i;e7s Co88ittee? He strenuousl3 @uestioned =:3 !us: =as bein9
<ut in c:ar9e of t:e CIA? He li;es Geor9e but :e is con>inced t:at t:e Liberals =ill contend
fro8 no= to ,oo8sda3 t:at Geor9e is a <artisan Re<ublican >oice? T:e3 are 9oin9 to sin9
t:is son9 about Re<ublican C:air8en and let t:e liberal <ress beat it out in :eadlines e>er3
da3? I :a>e :eard t:is sa8e stor3 fro8 8an3 on t:e Hill =:o stand =it: 3ou? %lease use
Geor9e in so8e ot:er =a3? T:e3 are 9oin9 to crucif3 :i8 on t:is Bob and Senator C:urc:
=ill lead t:e <rocession? I :o<e 3ou find an ur9ent need to ;ee< !us: in C:ina1F =rote
Collins1 a Re<ublican and a TeEan1 to ord? Gfn 15H
T:ere =as also a letter to ord fro8 ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an Lucien NedAi of Mic:i9an1
=:o :ad been t:e c:air8an of one of t:e <rinci<al House *ater9ate in>esti9atin9
co88ittees? NedAi =rote as follo=s"
T:e <ur<ose of 83 letter is to eE<ress dee< concern o>er t:e announced a<<oint8ent of Geor9e
!us: as t:e ne= ,irector of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3?
As C:air8an of t:e S<ecial Subco88ittee on Intelli9ence of t:e House Ar8ed Ser>ices
Co88ittee since 12.11 I :a>e :ad t:e obli9ation and o<<ortunit3 to closel3 obser>e t:e CIA1 t:e
ot:er intelli9ence a9encies1 t:e eEecuti>e and le9islati>e relations:i<s of t:ese a9encies1 and >ice-
>ersa? *e are at a critical Buncture?
After reassurin9 ord t:at :e :ad no <ersonal ani8us a9ainst !us:1 NedAi =ent on"
Ho=e>er1 :is <ro<osed a<<oint8ent =ould brin9 =it: it ine>itable co8<lications for t:e
intelli9ence co88unit3? Mr? !us: is a 8an =it: a recent <artisan <olitical <ast and a <robable
near-ter8 <artisan <olitical future? T:is is a burden neit:er t:e A9enc31 nor t:e le9islati>e
o>ersi9:t co88ittee1 nor t:e EEecuti>e s:ould :a>e to bear as t:e CIA enters <er:a<s t:e 8ost
difficult <eriod of its :istor3?
T:e ,irector of t:e CIA 8ust be unfettered b3 an3 doubts as to :is <olitics? He 8ust be free of
t:e a<<earance1 as =ell as t:e substance1 t:at :e is actin91 or not actin91 =it: <artisan <olitical
considerations in 8ind?
In 83 Bud98ent1 as one buffeted b3 t:e =inds of t:e CIA contro>ers3 of t:e last fe= 3ears1 I a9ree
t:at a 8an of stature is needed1 but a non-<olitical 8an?
Accordin9l31 I res<ectfull3 ur9e t:at 3ou reconsider 3our a<<oint8ent of Mr? !us: to t:is 8ost
sensiti>e of <ositions? Gfn 11H
Senator *illia8 6? Rot: of ,ela=are sent !us: a letter on No>e8ber $5 =:ic: 8ade a
related <oint"
,ear Geor9e"
It is 83 dee< con>iction t:at t:e securit3 of t:is nation de<ends u<on an effecti>e >iable Central
Intelli9ence A9enc3? T:is de<ends in <art u<on t:e intelli9ence a9enc3 bein9 in>ol>ed in no =a3
in do8estic <olitics1 es<eciall3 in t:e after8at: of *ater9ate? or t:at reason1 I belie>e 3ou :a>e
no c:oice but to =it:dra= 3our na8e une@ui>ocall3 fro8 consideration for t:e 6ice %residenc31 if
3ou desire to beco8e ,irector of t:e CIA? G???H
If !us: still =anted to <ursue national office1 =rote Rot:1 Ft:en I belie>e t:e =ise decision
is for 3ou to as; t:e %resident to =it:dra= 3our no8ination for t:e CIA ,irectors:i<?F Gfn
1$H Rot: sent a co<3 of t:e sa8e letter to ord?
T:rou9: &ac; Mars: at t:e *:ite House1 !us: also recei>ed a letter of ad>ice fro8 TeE
McCrar31 t:e Ne= (or; tele>ision and radio <ersonalit3 =:o =as also an e8inence 9rise of
S;ullN!ones? FOld TeEF ur9ed !us: to F:old a <ress conference in %e;in9 =:ile t:e
%resident is t:ere1 or fro8 %earl Harbor on ,ece8ber .1 and ta;e 3ourself out of t:e 6ice
%residential s=ee<sta;es for 7.-?F McCrar37s co88unication s:o=s t:at :e =as a =ar8
su<<orter of !us:7s confir8ation? Gfn 1'H
*it:in Bust a cou<le of da3s of 8a;in9 !us:7s no8ination <ublic1 t:e ord *:ite House
=as a=are t:at it :ad a si9nificant <ublic relations <roble8? To 9et re-elected1 ord :ad to
a<<ear as a refor8er1 brea;in9 decisi>el3 =it: t:e bad old da3s of NiEon and t:e %lu8bers?
!ut =it: t:e !us: no8ination1 ord =as <uttin9 a for8er <art3 c:air8an and future
candidate for national office at t:e :ead of t:e entire intelli9ence co88unit3? ord7s staff
be9an to 8ars:al atte8<ted rebuttals for t:e attac;s on !us:? On No>e8ber +1 &i8 Connor
of ord7s staff :ad so8e trite boiler-<late inserted into ord7s !riefin9 !oo; in case :e =ere
as;ed if t:e ad>ent of !us: re<resented a 8o>e to obstruct t:e C:urc: and %i;e
co88ittees? ord =as told to ans=er t:at :e F:as as;ed ,irector Colb3 to coo<erate full3
=it: t:e Co88itteeF and FeE<ects A8bassador !us: to do li;e=ise once :e beco8es
,irector? As 3ou are a=are1 t:e =or; of bot: t:e C:urc: and %i;e Co88ittees is slated to
=ind u< s:ortl3?F Gfn 1)H In case :e =ere as;ed about !us: <oliticiAin9 t:e CIA1 ord =as
to ans=er"F FI belie>e t:at Re<ublicans and ,e8ocrats =:o ;no= Geor9e !us: and :a>e
=or;ed =it: :i8 ;no= t:at :e does not let <olitics and <artisans:i< interfere =it: t:e
<erfor8ance of <ublic dut3?F T:at =as a 8out:ful? FNearl3 all of t:e 8en and =o8en in
t:is and <receedin9 Ad8inistrations :a>e :ad <artisan identities and :a>e :eld <artisan
<art3 <osts?F FGeor9e !us: is a <art of t:at A8erican tradition and :e =ill de8onstrate t:is
=:en :e assu8es :is ne= duties?F
!ut =:en ord1 in an a<<earance on a Sunda3 tal; s:o=1 =as as;ed if :e =ere read3 to
eEclude !us: as a <ossible >ice-<residential candidate1 :e refused to do so1 ans=erin9 FI
don7t t:in; <eo<le of talent ou9:t to be eEcluded fro8 an3 field of <ublic ser>ice?F At a
<ress conference1 ord said1 FI don7t t:in; :e7s eli8inated fro8 consideration b3 an3bod31
t:e dele9ates or t:e con>ention or 83self?
In t:e 8eanti8e1 !us: =as in touc: =it: t:e ord *:ite House about :is i8<endin9 return
to *as:in9ton? On No>e8ber $. :e =rote to MaE L? riedersdorf1 an assistant to ord"
F*e7ll be bac; t:ere in 8id-,ece8ber? It loo;s li;e I a8 =al;in9 into t:e 8idst of a real
=:irl=ind1 but all I ;no= to do is to 9i>e it 83 all and be direct =it: t:e Co88ittee?F T:en1
<encilled in b3 :and" FMaE- I =ill be t:ere in EO! on t:e 15t:-- &ennifer itA9erald =it:
8e no= in C:ina =ill be settin9 u< a sc:edule for 8e a da3 or so in ad>ance1F and =ould
ridersdorf <lease coo<erate =it: !us:7s 9irl rida3? Gfn 1+H
ord7s lobb3in9 o<eration =ent into :i9: 9ear? Inside t:e *:ite House1 MaE riedersdorf
=rote a 8e8o to *illia8 #endall on No>e8ber -1 sendin9 alon9 t:e useful fact t:at FI
understand t:at Senator Ho=ard !a;er is 8ost anEious to assist in t:e confir8ation of
Geor9e !us: at t:e CIA?F Mi;e ,u>al =rote to &ac; Mars: on No>e8ber 1/ t:at FGRe<?H
Sonn3 Mont9o8er3 0a close friend of !us:4 s:ould contact Senator Stennis?F ,u>al also
related :is findin9s t:at FSenators McGee and !ell8on =ill be 8ost su<<orti>e1F =:ile
FSenator Stie9er can ad>ise 3ou =:at House 8e8bers =ould be 8ost useful in tal;in9 to
t:eir o=n Senators1 if t:at is needed?F Gfn 1-H It =as?
!us:7s confir8ation :earin9s 9ot under =a3 on ,ece8ber 1+1 12.+? E>en Bud9ed b3 !us:7s
standards of toda31 t:e3 constitute a land8ar; eEercise in sancti8onious :3<ocris3 so
astoundin9 as to def3 co8<re:ension? If !us: =ere e>er to tr3 an actin9 career1 :e 8i9:t be
best cast in t:e role of Moliere7s Tartuffe?
!us:7s s<onsor =as GO% Senator Stro8 T:ur8ond of Sout: Carolina1 t:e ran;in9
Re<ublican on Senator &o:n Stennis7s Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee? Later1 in 12//1 it
=as to be T:ur8ond7s <olitical <rote9e1 Lee At=ater1 cunnin9 in t:e =a3s of t:e GO%
Fsout:ern strate931F =:o ran !us:7s <residential ca8<ai9n? T:ur8ond unloaded a 8a=;is:
<ane93ric in fa>or of !us:" FI t:in; all of t:is s:o=s an interest on 3our <art in :u8anit31
in ci>ic de>elo<8ent1 lo>e of 3our countr31 and =illin9ness to ser>e 3our fello= 8an?F
Could t:e aide =ritin9 t:at1 e>en if it =as Lee At=ater1 :a>e ;e<t a strai9:t faceD
!us:7s o<enin9 state8ent =as also in t:e 8ain a tissue of banalit3 and clic:es? He indicated
:is su<<ort for t:e Roc;efeller Co88ission re<ort =it:out :a>in9 8astered its contents in
detail? He <ointed out t:at :e :ad attended Cabinet 8eetin9s fro8 12.1 to 12.)1 =it:out
8entionin9 =:o t:e <resident =as in t:ose da3s? E>er3bod3 =as =aitin9 for t:is
consu88ate <ontificator to 9et to t:e issue of =:et:er :e =as 9oin9 to atte8<t t:e >ice-
<residenc3 in 12.-? Readers of !us:7s <ro<a9anda bio9ra<:ies ;no= t:at :e ne>er decides
on :is o=n to run for office1 but al=a3s res<onds to t:e ur9in9 of :is friends? *it:in t:ose
li8its1 :is ans=er =as t:at :e =as a>ailable for t:e second s<ot on t:e tic;et? More
re8ar;abl31 :e indicated t:at :e :ad a :ereditar3 ri9:t to it--it =as1 as :e said1 :is
Fbirt:ri9:t?F
*ould !us: acce<t a draftD FI cannot in all :onest3 tell 3ou t:at I =ould not acce<t1 and I
do not t:in;1 9entle8en1 t:at an3 A8erican s:ould be as;ed to sa3 :e =ould not acce<t1 and
to 83 ;no=led9e1 no one in t:e :istor3 of t:is Re<ublic :as been as;ed to renounce :is
<olitical birt:ri9:t as t:e <rice of confir8ation for an3 office? And I can tell 3ou t:at I =ill
not see; an3 office =:ile I :old t:e Bob of CIA ,irector? I =ill <ut <olitics =:oll3 out of 83
s<:ere of acti>ities?F E>en 8ore1 !us: ar9ued1 :is =illin9ness to ser>e at t:e CIA reflected
:is sense of noblesse obli9e? riends :ad as;ed :i8 =:3 :e =anted to 9o to Lan9le3 at all1
F=it: all t:e contro>ers3 s=irlin9 around t:e CIA1 =it: its ob>ious barriers to <olitical
futureDF
Ma9nani8ousl3 !us: re<lied to :is o=n r:etorical @uestion" FM3 ans=er is si8<le? irst1
t:e =or; is des<eratel3 i8<ortant to t:e sur>i>al of t:is countr31 and to t:e sur>i>al of
freedo8 around t:e =orld? And second1 old fas:ioned as it 8a3 see8 to so8e1 it is 83 dut3
to ser>e 83 countr3? And I did not see; t:is Bob but I =ant to do it and I =ill do 83 >er3
best?F Gfn 1.H
Stennis res<onded =it: a Bo;e t:at sounds eerie in retros<ect" FIf I t:ou9: t:at 3ou =ere
see;in9 t:e 6ice %residential no8ination or %residential no8ination b3 =a3 of t:e route of
bein9 ,irector of t:e CIA1 I =ould @uestion 3ou Bud98ent 8ost se>erel3?F T:ere =as
lau9:ter in t:e co88ittee roo8?
Senators Gold=ater and Stuart S38in9ton 8ade clear t:at t:e3 =ould 9i>e !us: a free ride
not onl3 out of deference to ord1 but also out of re9ard for t:e late %rescott !us:1 =it:
=:o8 t:e3 :ad bot: started out in t:e Senate in 12+$? Senator McInt3re =as 8ore
de8andin91 and raised t:e issue of ene8ies7 list o<erations1 a notorious abuse of t:e NiEon
0and subse@uent4 ad8inistratio ns"
F*:at if 3ou 9et a call fro8 t:e %resident1 neEt &ul3 or Au9ust1 sa3in9 7Geor9e1 I =ould li;e
to see 3ou?7 (ou 9o in t:e *:ite House? He ta;es 3ou o>er in t:e corner and sa3s1 7loo;1
t:in9s are not 9oin9 too =ell in 83 ca8<ai9n? T:is Rea9an is 9ainin9 on 8e all t:e ti8e?
No=1 :e is a 8o>ie star of so8e reno=n and :as tra>eled =it: t:e fast set? He =as a
Hol3=ood star? I =ant 3ou to 9et an3 dirt 3ou can on t:is 9u3 because I need it?F
*:at =ould !us: do D FI do not t:in; t:at is difficult1 sir1F intoned !us:? FI =ould si8<l3
sa3 t:at it 9ets bac; to c:aracter and it 9ets bac; to inte9rit3C and furt:er8ore1 I cannot
concei>e of t:e incu8bent doin9 t:at sort of t:in9? !ut if I =ere <ut into t:at ;ind of
<osition =:ere 3ou :ad a clear 8oral issue1 I =ould si8<l3 sa3 Fno1F because 3ou see I
t:in;1 and 8a3be-- I :a>e t:e ad>anta9es as e>er3one on t:is co88ittee of $5-$5 :indsi9:t1
t:at t:is a9enc3 8ust sta3 in t:e forei9n intelli9ence business and 8ust not :arass A8erican
citiAens1 li;e in O<eration C:aos1 and t:at t:ese ;inds of t:in9s :a>e no business in t:e
forei9n intelli9ence business?F T:is =as t:e sa8e !us: =:ose 12/5 ca8<ai9n =as :ea>il3
staffed b3 CIA >eterans1 so8e retired1 so8e on acti>e ser>ice and in fla9rant >iolation of
t:e Hatc: Act? T:is is t:e >ice-<resident =:o ran Iran-contra out of :is o=n <ri>ate office1
and so fort:?
Gar3 Hart also :ad a fe= @uestions? Ho= did !us: feel about assassinationsD !us: Ffound
t:e8 8orall3 offensi>e and I a8 <leased t:e %resident :as 8ade t:at <osition >er31 >er3
clear to t:e Intelli9ence Co88ittee???F Ho= about Fcou<s d7etat in >arious countries around
t:e =orld1F Hart =anted to ;no=D
F(ou 8ean in t:e co>ert field1F re<lied !us:? F(es?F FI =ould =ant to :a>e full benefit of
all t:e intelli9ence? I =ould =ant to :a>e full benefit of :o= t:ese 8atters =ere ta;in9
<lace but I cannot tell 3ou1 and I do not t:in; I s:ould1 t:at t:ere =ould ne>er be an3
su<<ort for a cou< d7etatC in ot:er =ords1 I cannot tell 3ou I cannot concei>e of a situation
=:ere I =ould not su<<ort suc: action?F In retros<ect1 t:is =as a 8o8ent of refres:in9
candor?
Gar3 Hart ;ne= =:ere at least one of !us:7s bodies =as buried"
Senator Hart" (ou raised t:e @uestion of 9ettin9 t:e CIA out of do8estic areas totall3? Let us
:3<t:esiAe a situation =:ere a %resident :as ste<<ed o>er t:e bounds? Let us sa3 t:e !I is
in>esti9atin9 so8e <eo<le =:o are in>ol>ed1 and t:e3 9o ri9:t to t:e *:ite House? T:ere is so8e
<ossible CIA interest? T:e %resident calls 3ou and sa3s1 I =ant 3ou as ,irector of t:e CIA to call
t:e ,irector of t:e !I to tell :i8 to call off t:is o<eration because it 8a3 Beo<ardiAe so8e CIA
acti>ities?
Mr? !us:? *ell1 9enerall3 s<ea;in91 and I t:in; 3ou are :3<ot:ecatin9 a case =it:out s<ellin9 it
out in enou9: detail to ;no= if t:ere is an3 real le9iti8ate forei9n intelli9ence as<ect??? G???H
T:ere it =as" t:e s8o;in9 9un ta<e a9ain1 t:e notorious !us:-Lietdt;e-Mosbac:er-
%ennAoil contribution to t:e CREE% a9ain1 t:e 8one3 t:at :ad been found in t:e <oc;ets of
!ernard !ar;er and t:e %lu8bers after t:e *ater9ate brea;-in? !ut Hart did not 8ention it
o>ertl31 onl3 in t:is obli@ue1 !3Aantine 8anner? Hart =ent on" FI a8 :3<ot:esiAin9 a case
t:at actuall3 :a<<ened in &une1 12.$? T:ere 8i9:t :a>e been so8e tan9ential CIA interest
in so8et:in9 in MeEico? unds =ere laundered and so fort:?F
Mr? !us:? Usin9 a +5-+5 :indsi9:t on t:at case1 I :o<e I =ould :a>e said t:e CIA is not 9oin9 to
9et in>ol>ed in t:at if =e are tal;in9 about t:e sa8e one?
Senator Hart? *e are?
Senator Lea:3? Are t:ere ot:ersD
!us: =as on t:e ed9e of :a>in9 :is entire *ater9ate <ast co8e out in t:e =as:1 but t:e
liberal ,e8ocrats =ere alread3 far too de>oted to t:e one-<art3 state to 9rill !us: seriousl3?
In a fe= seconds1 res<ondin9 to anot:er @uestion fro8 Hart1 !us: =as off t:e :oo;1
dronin9 on about <lausible deniabilit31 of all t:in9s"F???and t:ou9: I understand t:e need for
<lausible deniabilit31 I t:in; it is eEtre8el3 difficult?F In :is neEt 9o-round1 Hart as;ed !us:
about t:e i8<act of t:e cut:roat at8os<:ere of t:e Cold *ar and its i8<act on A8erican
>alues? !us: res<onded" FI a8 not 9oin9 to sit :ere and sa3 =e need to 8atc: rut:lessness
=it: rut:lessness? I do feel =e need a co>ert ca<abilit3 and I :o<e t:at it can 8ini8iAe
t:ese <roble8s t:at offend our A8ericans? *e are li>in9 in a >er3 co8<licated1 difficult
=orld?F T:is note of su<<ort for co>ert o<erations =ould co8e u< a9ain and a9ain?
Indicati>e of !us:7s t:in;in9 =as :is res<onse to a @uer3 fro8 Hart about =:et:er :e
=ould su<<ort a US >ersion of t:e !ritis: Official Secrets Act1 =:ic: defines as a state
secret an3 official infor8ation =:ic: :as not been for8all3 released to t:e <ublic1 =it: stiff
cri8inal <enalties for t:ose =:o di>ul9e or <rint it? In t:e era of OIA1 !us: did not
:esitate" F*ell1 I understand t:at =as one of t:e reco88endations of t:e Roc;efeller
Co88ission? Certainl3 I =ould 9i>e it so8e serious attention?F *:ic: ree;s of
totalitarianis8?
T:e neEt da31 ,ece8ber 1-1 12.+1 C:urc:1 a<<earin9 as a =itness1 deli>ered :is <:illi<ic
a9ainst !us:? After citin9 e>idence of =ides<read <ublic concern about t:e rene=ed
intrusion of t:e CIA in do8estic <olitics under !us:1 C:urc: re>ie=ed t:e situation"
So :ere =e stand? Need =e find or loo; to :i9:er <laces t:an t:e %residenc3 and t:e no8inee
:i8self to confir8 t:e fact t:at t:is door Gof t:e 6ice %residenc3 in 12.-H is left o<en and t:at :e
re8ains under acti>e consideration for t:e tic;et in 12.-D *e stand in t:is <osition in t:e close
=a;e of *ater9ate1 and t:is co88ittee :as before it a candidate for ,irector of t:e CIA1 a 8an of
stron9 <artisan <olitical bac;9round and a bec;onin9 <olitical future? Under t:ese ciru8stances I
find t:e a<<oint8ent astonis:in9? No=1 as ne>er before1 t:e ,irector of t:e CIA 8ust be
co8<letel3 abo>e <olitical sus<icion? At t:e >er3 least t:is co88ittee1 I belie>e1 s:ould insist t:at
t:e no8inee disa>o= an3 <lace on t:e 12.- %residential tic;et? G???H I belie>e t:at t:is co88ittee
s:ould insist t:at t:e no8inee disa>o= an3 <lace on t:e 12.- %residential tic;et? Ot:er=ise :is
<osition as CIA ,irector =ould be :o<lessl3 co8<ro8ised? G???H Mr? C:air8an1 let us not 8a;e a
tra>est3 out of our efforts to refor8 t:e CIA? T:e Senate and t:e <eo<le =e re<resent :a>e t:e
ri9:t to insist u<on a Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 =:ic: is <oliticall3 neutral and totall3
<rofessional? It is stran9e t:at I s:ould :a>e to co8e before t:is of all co88ittees to 8a;e t:at
ar9u8ent?G???H
If A8bassador !us: =ants to be ,irector of t:e CIA1 :e s:ould see; t:at <osition? If :e =ants to
be 6ice %resident1 t:en t:at ou9:t to be :is 9oal? It is =ron9 for :i8 to =ant bot: <ositions1 e>en
in a !icentennial 3ear?
It =as an ar9u8ent t:at conceded far too 8uc: to !us: in t:e effort to be fair? !us: =as
inco8<etent for t:e <ost1 and t:e ar9u8ent s:ould :a>e ended t:ere? C:urc:7s
un=illin9ness to de8and t:e un@ualified reBection of suc: a no8inee no 8atter =:at future
9oodies :e =as =illin9 te8<oraril3 to renounce :as cast lon9 s:ado=s o>er subse@uent
A8erican :istor3? !ut e>en so1 !us: =as in trouble? T:e ot:er senators @uestioned C:urc:?
T:ur8ond =as a bull3in9 <artisan for !us:1 de8andin9 t:at C:urc: certif3 Geor9e for t:e
GO% tic;et in 12.-1 =:ic: C:urc: =as un=isel3 =illin9 to do? Senator To=er =anted to
;no= about C:urc:7s o=n <residential a8bitions1 and brou9:t u< t:at t:e <ress cor<s called
t:e Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee t:e FC:urc: for %residentF co88ittee? *:3 didn7t
C:urc: renounce :is <residential a8bitions so as to 9i>e :is criticis8 8ore credibilit3D
Gold=ater s<un out a 8iti9atin9 defense of !us:? C:urc: fou9:t bac; =it: =:at =e 8a3
consider t:e <redecessor of t:e F=i8<F ar9u8ent1 t:at !us: =as al=a3s t:e 3es-8an of :is
<atrons" if 3ou =ere 9oin9 to <ut a <ol into Lan9le31 :e ar9ued1 Ft:en I t:in; t:at it ou9:t to
be a 8an =:o :as de8onstrated in :is <olitical career t:at :e can and is =illin9 to stand u<
and ta;e t:e :eat e>en =:ere it courts t:e dis<leasure of :is o=n %resident?F F!ut I do not
t:in; t:at Mr? !us:7s <olitical record :as been of t:at c:aracter?F
C:urc: =as at :is ironic best =:en :e co8<ared !us: to a recent c:air8an of t:e
,e8ocratic national Co88ittee" F???if a ,e8ocrat =ere %resident1 Mr? Larr3 O7!rien ou9:t
not to be no8inated to be ,irector of t:e CIA? Of all ti8es to do it1 t:is is t:e =orst1 ri9:t at
a ti8e =:en it is ob>ious t:at <ublic confidence needs to be restored in t:e <rofessional1
i8<artial1 and non<olitical c:aracter of t:e a9enc3? So1 =e :a>e t:e =orst of all <ossible
=orlds?F C:urc: tellin9l3 underlined t:at F!us:7s birt:ri9:t does not include bein9 ,irector
of t:e CIA? It includes t:e ri9:t to run for <ublic office1 to be sure1 but t:at is @uite a
different 8atter t:an confir8in9 :i8 no= for t:is <articular <osition?F
C:urc: said :e =ould under no circu8stance >ote for !us:1 but t:at if t:e latter renounced
t:e .- tic;et1 :e =ould refrain fro8 atte8<tin9 to can>ass ot:er >otes a9ainst !us:? It =as
an a8bi9uous <osition?
*:ile still reelin9 fro8 C:urc:7s <:ili<<ic1 !us: also :ad to absorb a state8ent fro8
Senator Cul>er1 =:o announced t:at :e also =ould >ote a9ainst !us:?
!us: ca8e bac; to t:e =itness c:air in an un8ista;eable =:inin9 8ood? He =as offended
abo>e all b3 t:e co8<arison of :is au9ust self to t:e u<start Larr3 O7!rien" FI t:in; t:ere is
so8e difference in t:e @ualifications1F said !us: in a :3<ert:3roid ra9e? FLarr3 O7!rien did
not ser>e in t:e Con9ress of t:e United States for ) 3ears? Larr3 O7!rien did not ser>e1 =it:
no <artisans:i<1 at t:e United Nations for $ 3ears? Larr3 O7!rien did not ser>e as t:e C:ief
of t:e US Liaison Office in t:e %eo<le7s Re<ublic of C:ina?F Not onl3 !us: but :is =:ole
cursus :onoru8 =ere insultedK FI =ill ne>er a<olo9iAe1F said !us: a fe= second later1
referrin9 to :is o=n record? T:en !us: <ulled out :is F3ou 8ust resi9nF letter to NiEon"
FNo=1 I sub8it t:at for t:e record t:at t:at is de8onstrable inde<endence? I did not do it b3
callin9 t:e ne=s<a<ers and sa3in91 7Loo;1 I a8 :a>in9 a <ress conference? Here is a
sensational state8ent to 8a;e 8e1 to se<arate 8e fro8 a %resident in 9reat a9on3?7F
!us: reco>ered so8e=:at under @uestionin9 b3 Hu9: Scott of %enns3l>ania1 a reliable all3?
Senator S38in9ton ur9ed !us: to co88itt to ser>e at t:e CIA for at least t=o 3earsC !us:
=as non-co88ittal1 but t:e <ressure =as beco8in9 unbearable? After so8e s<arrin9
bet=een !us: and Gar3 Hart1 Henr3 &ac;son of *as:in9ton ca8e in for t:e first ti8e?
&ac;son7s constant refrain =as t:at t:e 8aladroit and bu8blin9 ord :ad <ut !us: in a >er3
a=;=ard and unfair <osition b3 no8inatin9 :i8"
To be >er3 candid about it1 it see8s to 8e t:at t:e %resident :as <ut 3ou in a >er3 a=;=ard
<osition? T:e need :ere is reall3 to sa>e t:e CIA? I do not need to recite =:at t:e A9enc3 :as 9one
t:rou9:? It :as been a >er3 rou9: <eriod? And it see8s to 8e t:at t:e Bud98ent of t:e %resident in
t:is 8atter is at best i8<osin9 a terrible burden on t:e CIA and on 3ou? It raises a <roble8 :ere of
no8inatin9 so8eone1 =:o is a <otential candidate1 for ser>ice of less t:an a 3ear? T:is is =:at
reall3 troubles 8e because I :a>e t:e :i9:est re9ard and <ersonal res<ect for 3our abilit3 and
abo>e all1 3our inte9rit3? Mr? C:air8an1 it see8s to 8e t:at t:e %resident s:ould assure
t:is co88ittee t:at :e =ill not as; A8bassador !us: to be on t:e tic;et?
&ac;son1 a for8er c:air8an of t:e ,e8ocratic national Co88ittee1 :ad turned do=n an
offer fro8 NiEon to be Secretar3 of ,efense1 and :ad cited :is <art3 <ost as a reason for
declinin9? *:ile Geor9e s@uir8ed1 &ac;son ;e<t re<eatin9 :is litan3 t:at FA8bassador
!us: is in an a=;=ard <osition?F !us: as;ed for t:e o<<ortunit3 to re<l31 sa3in9 t:at :e
=ould 8a;e it Fbrief and stron9?F He be9an citin9 &a8es Sc:lesin9er ser>in9 a fe= 8ont:s
at t:e CIA before 9oin9 on to t:e %enta9on1 a la8entable co8<arison all around? *it: !us:
red-faced and =:inin91 ;no=in9 t:at t:e da3 =as 9oin9 >er3 badl3 indeed1 Stennis tried to
<ut :i8 out of :is 8iser3 b3 endin9 t:e session? !ut e>en t:is =as not >ouc:safed to <oor1
tor8ented Geor9e? He still :ad to endure Senator Lea:3 eE<lainin9 =:3 :e1 too1 =ould >ote
a9ainst t:e !us: no8ination?
!us: =:ined in re<l3 FSenator1 I ;no= 3ou :a>e arri>ed at 3our conclusion :onestl3 and I
=ould onl3 sa3 I t:in; it is unfortunate t:at 3ou can sa3 I :a>e t:e c:aracter and I :a>e t:e
inte9rit31 t:e <erce<tion1 but t:at t:e =a3 it is loo;ed at b3 so8ebod3 else o>errides t:at?F A
candidate for t:e CIA =as in 8ortal <eril1 but a <ublic =i8< =as born?
!us: :ad been sa>a9ed in t:e :earin9s1 and :is no8ination =as no= in 9ra>e dan9er of
bein9 reBected b3 t:e co88ittee1 and t:en b3 t:e full Senate? Later in t:e afternoon of
No>e8ber 1-1 a da8a9e control <art3 8et at t:e *:ite House to assess t:e situation for
ord? Gfn 1/H Accordin9 to %atric; O7,onnell of ord7s Con9ressional Relations Office1 t:e
8ost !us: could :o<e for =as a bare 8aBorit3 of 2 out of 1- >otes on t:e Stennis
co88ittee? T:is re<resented t:e co88ittee Re<ublicans1 <lus Stennis1 Harr3 !3rd of
6ir9inia1 and Stuart S38in9ton? !ut t:at =as <a<er t:in1 t:ou9:t O7,onnell" FT:is 9i>es is
a bare 8aBorit3 and =ill1 of course1 lead to an acti>e floor fi9:t =:ic: =ill brin9 t:e ran;
and file ,e8ocrats to9et:er in a >ote =:ic: =ill e8barrass t:e %resident and badl3 tarnis:1
if not destro31 one of :is bri9:test stars?F O7,onnell =as 8uc: concerned t:at &ac;son :ad
Fcalled for t:e %resident to <ulicl3 re8o>e Geor9e !us: fro8 t:e >ice <residential race?F
Senator Cannon :ad not attended t:e :earin9s1 and =as :ard to Bud9e? Senator McInt3re
ob>iousl3 :ad serious reser>ations1 and Cul>er1 Lea:31 and Gar3 Hart =ere all sure to >ote
no? A <ossible additional ,e8ocratic >ote for !us: =as t:at of Sa8 Nunn of Geor9ia1
=:o8 O7,onnell described as Falso >er3 :esitant but stron9l3 res<ects Geor9e and :as
stated t:at a fa>orable >ote =ould onl3 be because of t:e <ersonal relations:i<?F O7,onnell
ur9e ord to call bot: Cannon and Nunn?
L!& :ad obser>ed t:at ord =as so dull t:at :e =as inca<able of =al;in9 and c:e=in9 9u8
at t:e sa8e ti8e? !ut no= e>en ord ;ne= :e =as facin9 t:e s:i<=rec; of one of :is 8ost
<oliticall3 sensiti>e no8inations1 i8<ortant in :is efforts to dissociate :i8self fro8 t:e
intelli9ence co88unit3 8a3:e8 of t:e recent <ast?
ord =as inclined to 9i>e t:e senators =:at t:e3 =anted1 and eEclude !us: a <riori fro8
t:e >ice <residential contest? *:en ord called Geor9e o>er to t:e O>al Office on
,ece8ber 1/1 :e alread3 :ad t:e teEt of a letter to Stennis announcin9 t:at !us: =as
su88aril3 ruled off t:e tic;et if ord =ere t:e candidate 0=:ic: =as an3t:in9 but certain4?
ord s:o=ed !us: t:e letter? *e do not ;no= =:at =:inin9 8a3 :a>e been :eard in t:e
*:ite House t:at da3 fro8 a senatorial <atrician de<ri>ed 0for t:e 8o8ent4 of :is
birt:ri9:t? ord could not 3ieldC it =ould :a>e t:ro=n :is entire election ca8<ai9n into
acute e8barrass8ent Bust as :e =as tr3in9 to 9et it off t:e 9round under t:e li;es of !o
Calla=a3? *:en Geor9e sa= t:at ord =as obdurate1 :e <ro<osed t:at t:e letter be
a8ended to 8a;e it loo; as if t:e initiati>e to rule :i8 out as a runnin9 8ate :ad ori9inated
=it: !us:? T:e fateful letter"
,ear Mr? C:air8an"
As =e bot: ;no=1 t:e nation 8ust :a>e a stron9 and effecti>e forei9n intelli9ence ca<abilit3? &ust
o>er t=o =ee;s a9o1 on ,ece8ber . =:ile in %earl Habor1 I said t:at =e 8ust ne>er dro< our
9uard nor unilaterall3 dis8antle our defenses? T:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 is essential to
8aintainin9 our national securit3?
I no8inated A8bassador Geor9e !us: to be CIA ,irector so =e can no= 9et on =it: a<<ro<riate
decisions concernin9 t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? I need-- and t:e nation needs-- :is leaders:i< at
CIA as =e rebuild and stren9t:en t:e forei9n intelli9ence co88unit3 in a 8anner =:ic: earns t:e
confidence of t:e A8erican <eo<le?
A8bassador !us: and I a9ree t:at t:e Nation7s i88ediate forei9n intelli9ence needs 8ust ta;e
<recedence o>er ot:er considerations and t:ere s:ould be continuit3 in :is CIA leaders:i<?
T:erefore1 if A8bassador !us: is confir8ed b3 t:e Senate as ,irector of Central Intelli9ence1 I
=ill not consider :i8 as 83 6ice %residential runnin9 8ate in 12.-?
He and I :a>e discussed t:is in detail? In fact1 :e ur9ed t:at I 8a;e t:is decision? T:is sa3s
so8et:in9 about t:e 8an and about :is desire to do t:is Bob for t:e nation? G???H
On ,ece8ber 121 t:is letter =as recei>ed b3 Stennis1 =:o announced its contents to :is
co88ittee? T:is co88itte <ro8<tl3 a<<ro>ed t:e !us: a<<oint8ent b3 a >ote of 1$ to )1
=it: Gar3 Hart1 Lea:31 Cul>er1 and McInt3re >otin9 a9ainst :i8? !us:7s na8e could no=
be sent to t:e floor1 =:ere a recrudescence of anti-!us: senti8ent =as not li;el31 but could
not be ruled out?
!us:1 true to for81 sent a :and-=ritten note to #endall and O7,onnell on ,ece8ber 1/?
F(ou 9u3s =ere 9reat to 8e in all t:is =:irl=ind1F =rote !us:? FT:an; 3ou for 3our :el<--
and for 3our understandin9? I :a>e ne>er been in one @uite li;e t:is before and it :el<ed to
:a>e a cou<le of 9u3s =:o see8ed to care and =ant to :el<? T:an;s1 8en-- T:an; MaE1
GriedersdorfH too -Geor9eF Gfn 12H
!ut underneat: :is usual net=or;-tendin9 :abits1 !us: =as no= en9ulfed b3 a <rofound
ra9e? He :ad fou9:t to 9et elected to t:e Senate t=ice1 in 12-) and 12.51 and failed bot:
ti8es? He :ad tried for t:e >ice <residenc3 in 12-/1 in 12.$1 :ad been <assed o>er b3 NiEon
in late 12.' =:en ord =as c:osen1 in 12.)1 and =as no= out of t:e runnin9 in 12.-? T:is
=as si8<l3 intolerable for a senatorial <atrician1 and t:at =as indeed !us:7s conce<t of :is
o=n Fbirt:ri9:t?F
!us: 9a>e t:e lie to Aristotle7s t:eor3 of t:e :u8ors" neit:er blood nor <:le98 nor blac;
nor e>en t:e 3ello= bile of ra9e 8o>ed :i81 but :3<ert:3roid trans<orts of a 8anic ra9e
t:at =ent be3ond t:e 8erel3 bilious? Geor9e !us: :ad alread3 :ad enou9: of t:e Stennis
Co88ittee1 enou9: of t:e C:urc: Co88ittee1 enou9: of t:e %i;e Co88ittee? (ears later1
on t:e ca8<ai9n trail in 12//1 :e >o8ited out :is ra9e a9ainst :is tor8entors of 12.+? !us:
said t:at :e :ad 9one to t:e CIA Fat a >er3 difficult ti8e? I =ent in t:ere =:en it :ad been
de8oraliAed b3 t:e attac;s of a bunc: of little untutored s@uirts fro8 Ca<itol Hill1 9oin9 out
t:ere1 loo;in9 at t:ese confidential docu8ents =it:out one si8<le iota of concern for t:e
le9iti8ate national securit3 interests of t:is countr3? And I stood u< for t:e CIA t:en1 and I
stand u< for it no=? And defend it? So let t:e liberals =rin9 t:eir :ands and consider it a
liabilit3? I consider it a stren9t:?F
!ut in 12.+ t:ere =as no doubt t:at Geor9e !us: =as in a to=erin9 ra9e? As C:rist8as
a<<roac:ed1 no >isions of su9ar<lu8s danced in !us:7s :ead? He drea8ed of a sin9le
triu8<:ant stro;e t:at =ould send C:urc: and all t:e rest of :is tor8entors reelin9 in
dis8a31 and 9i>e t:e ne= CIA ,irector a di9nified and <er:a<s triu8<:ant inau9uration?
T:en1 t=o da3s before C:rist8as1 t:e CIA c:ief in At:ens1 Ric:ard *elc: =as 9unned
do=n in front of :is :o8e b3 8as;ed assassins as :e returned :o8e =it: :is =ife fro8 a
C:rist8as <art3? A 9rou< callin9 itself t:e FNo>e8ber 12 Or9aniAationF later clai8ed credit
for t:e ;illin9?
Certain net=or;s i88ediatel3 be9an to use t:e *elc: assassination as a blud9eon a9ainst
t:e C:urc: and %i;e co88ittees? An eEa8<le ca8e fro8 colu8nist C:arles !artlett =ritin9
in t:e old *as:in9ton Star" FT:e assassination of t:e CIA Station C:ief1 Ric:ard *elc:1 in
At:ens is a direct conse@uence of t:e sta9e3 :earin9s of t:e C:urc: Co88ittee? S<ies
traditionall3 function in a 9ra3 =orld of i88unit3 fro8 suc: crudities? !ut t:e Co88ittee7s
<rolon9ed focus on CIA acti>ities in Greece left a9ents t:ere eE<osed to rando8
>en9eance?F Gfn $5H Staffers of t:e C:urc: co88ittee <ointed out t:at t:e C:urc:
co88ittee :ad ne>er said a =ord about Greece or 8entioned t:e na8e of *elc:?
CIA ,irector Colb3 first bla8ed t:e deat: of *elc: on Counters<3 8a9aAine1 =:ic: :ad
<ublis:ed t:e na8e of *elc: so8e 8ont:s before? T:e neEt da3 Colb3 bac;ed off1 bla8in9
a 8ore 9eneral cli8ate of :3steria re9ardin9 t:e CIA =:ic: :ad led to t:e assassination of
*elc:? In :is boo;1 Honorable Men1 <ublis:ed so8e 3ears later1 Colb3 continued to
attribute t:e ;illin9 to t:e Fsensational and :3sterical =a3 t:e CIA in>esti9ations :ad been
:andled and tru8<eted around t:e =orld?F
T:e ord *:ite House resol>ed to eE<loit t:is tra9ic incident to t:e li8it? Liberals raised a
:ue and cr3 in res<onse? Les As<in later recalled t:at Ft:e air trans<ort <lane carr3in9
G*elc:7sH bod3 circled Andre=s Air orce !ase for t:ree-@uarters of an :our in order to
land li>e on t:e 7Toda37 S:o=?F ord =ai>ed restrictions in order to allo= interr8ent at
Arlin9ton Ce8eter3? T:e funeral on &anuar3 . =as described b3 t:e *as:in9ton %ost as Fa
s:o= of <o8< usuall3 reser>ed for t:e nation7s 8ost reno=ned 8ilitar3 :eroes?F Ant:on3
Le=is of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es described t:e funeral as Fa <olitical de>iceF =it: cere8onies
Fbein9 8ani<ulated in order to arouse a <olitical bac;las: a9ainst le9iti8ate criticis8?F
Nor8an #e8<ster in t:e *as:in9ton Star found t:at Fonl3 a fe= :ours after t:e CIA7s
At:ens station c:ief =as 9unned do=n in front of :is :o8e1 t:e a9enc3 be9an a subtle
ca8<ai9n intended to <ersuade A8ericans t:at :is deat: =as t:e indirect result of
con9ressional in>esti9ations and t:e direct result of an article in an obscure 8a9aAine?F
Here1 in t:e =ords of a *as:in9ton Star :eadline1 =as Fone CIA effort t:at =or;ed?F
!et=een C:rist8as and Ne= (ear7s in #ennbun;<ort1 loo;in9 for=ard to t:e decisi>e floor
>ote on :is confri8ation1 !us: =as at =or; tendin9 and 8obiliAin9 ;e3 <arts of :is
net=or;? One of t:ese =as a certain Leo C:erne?
Leo C:erne is not a :ouse:old =ord1 but :e :as been a <o=erful fi9ure in t:e US
intelli9ence co88unit3 o>er t:e <eriod since *orld *ar II? Leo C:erne =as to be one of
!us:7s 8ost i8<ortant allies =:en :e =as CIA ,irector and t:rou9:out !us:7s subse@uent
career1 so it is =ort: ta;in9 a 8o8ent to 9et to ;no= C:erne better?
C:erne7s <arents =ere bot: <rinters =:o ca8e to t:e US fro8 Ro8ania? In :is 3out: :e =as
a c:a8<ion orator of t:e A8erican Jionist Association1 and :e :as re8ained a <art of !7nai
!7rit: all :is life? He =as trained as an attorne31 and :e Boined t:e Researc: Institute of
A8erica1 a <ublis:er of business boo;s1 in 12'-? He clai8s to :a>e :el<ed to draft t:e ar83
and na>3 industrial 8obiliAation <lans for *orld *ar II1 and at t:e end of t:e =ar :e =as an
econo8ic ad>isor to Gen? ,ou9las MacArt:ur in &a<an? ,urin9 t:at ti8e :e =or;ed for
Ft:e dis8antlin9 of t:e <er>asi>e control o>er &a<anese societ3 =:ic: :ad been 8aintained
b3 t:e Jaibnatsu fa8ilies1F Gfn $1H and de>ised a ne= &a<anese taE structure? C:erne built
u< a lon9 association =it: t:e Industrial Colle9e of t:e Ar8ed orces?
C:erne =as t3<ical of t:e so-calledFneoconser>ati>esF =:o :a>e been <ro8inent in
9o>ern8ent and <olic3 circles under Rea9an-!us:1 and !us:? C:erne =as t:e founder of
t:e International Rescue Co88ittee1 =:ic: accordin9 to C:erne7s o=n blurb Fca8e into
eEistence one =ee; after Hitler ca8e to <o=er to assist t:ose =:o =ould :a>e to flee fro8
NaAi Ger8an3???In t:e 3ears since1 =e :a>e :el<ed t:ousands of &e=s =:o :a>e fled fro8
t:e Iron Curtain countries1 all of t:e81 and :a>e =or;ed to assist in t:e re- settle8ent of
&e=s in Euro<e and t:e United States =:o :a>e left t:e So>iet Union?F
C:erne7s IRC =as clearl3 a conduit for neo-!u;:arinite o<erations bet=een east and =est
in t:e Cold *ar1 and it =as also re<utedl3 a CIA front or9aniAation? CIA fundin9 for t:e
IRC ca8e t:rou9: t:e &?M? #a<lan und1 a ;no=n CIA conduit1 and also t:rou9: t:e
Nor8an oundation1 accordin9 to ran; A? Ca<<ell7s Re>ie= of t:e Ne=s 0Marc: 1.1
12.-4? IRC o<erations in !an9lades: included t:e conduitin9 of CIA 8one3 to 9rou<s of
intellectuals? Ca<ell noted t:at C:erne :ad Fclose ties to t:e leftist ele8ent in t:e CIA?F
C:erne =as also on 9ood ter8s =it: Sir %erc3 Craddoc;1 t:e !ritis: intelli9ence
coordinator1 and Sir Leonard Hoo<er?
C:erne =as a ra>in9 :a=; durin9 t:e 6ietna8 =ar1 =:en :e =as associated =it: t:e as 3et
unreconstructed #issin9er clone Morton Hal<erin in t:e A8erican riends of 6ietna8?
Alon9 =it: &o:n Connall31 C:erne =as a co-c:air of ,e8ocrats for NiEon in 12.$? He :ad
been a foundin9 8e8ber of Her8an #a:n7s Hudson Institute1 a sc:ool for #issin9erian
Stran9elo>es1 and :as al=a3s been a leader of Ne= (or;7s reedo8 House?
C:erne =as also bi9 on Robert O? Anderson7s National Co88ission on Co<in9 =it:
Interde<endence and on Nelson Roc;efeller7s T:ird Centur3 Cor<oration?
C:erne =as a close friend of *illia8 Case31 =:o =as =or;in9 in t:e NiEon Ad8inistration
as Undersecretar3 of State for Econo8ic Affairs in 8id-12.'? T:at =as =:en C:erne =as
na8ed to t:e <resident7s orei9n Intelli9ence Ad>isor3 !oard 0%IA!4 b3 NiEon? On
Marc: 1+1 12.-1 C:erne beca8e t:e c:air8an of t:is bod31 =:ic: s<ecialiAes in conduitin9
t:e de8ands of financier and related interests into t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? C:erne1 as
=e =ill see1 =ould be alon9 =it: !us: a leadin9 beneficiar3 of ord7s s<rin91 12.-
intelli9ence re-or9aniAation?
To to< it all off1 C:erne :as al=a3s been so8et:in9 of a 8e9alo8aniac? His self-ser>in9
RIA bio9ra<:ical s;etc: cul8inates" F%olitical scientist1 econo8ist1 scul<tor1 la=3er1
forei9n affairs s<ecialist-- an3 one and all of t:ese descri<tions fit Leo C:erne? A
Renaissance 8an born in t:e $5t: centur31 :e is e@uall3 at :o8e in fields of fine arts1 <ublic
affairs1 industr31 econo8ics1 or forei9n <olic3?F
!us:7s corres<ondence =it: C:erne lea>es no doubt t:at t:eirs =as a >er3 s<ecial
relations:i<? C:erne re<resented for !us: a stren9t:enin9 of :is lin;s to t:e Jionist-
neoconser>ati>e 8ilieu1 =it: o<tions for bac;c:annelin9 into t:e So>iet bloc;? So on Ne=
(ear7s E>e !us:7s t:ou9:ts1 <er:a<s sti8ulated b3 :is a=areness of =:at :el< t:e Jionist
lobb3 could 9i>e to :is still e8battled no8ination1 =ent out to Leo C:erne in one of :is
celebrated :and=ritten notes" FI read 3our testi8on3 =it: ;een interest and a<<reciation? I
a8 reall3 loo;in9 for=ard to 8eetin9 3ou and =or;in9 =it: 3ou in connection =it: 3our
%IA! c:ores? Ha>e a =onderful 12.-1F !us: =rote?
&anuar3 12.- =as not aus<icious for !us:? He :ad to =ait until al8ost t:e end of t:e 8ont:
for :is confir8ation >ote1 :an9in9 t:ere1 slo=l3 t=istin9 in t:e =ind? In t:e 8eanti8e1 t:e
%i;e Co88ittee re<ort =as a<<roac:in9 co8<letion1 after 8ont:s of <robin9 and :a99lin91
and =as sent to t:e Go>ern8ent %rintin9 Office on &anuar3 $'1 des<ite continuin9
ar9u8ents fro8 t:e *:ite House and fro8 t:e GO% t:at t:e co88ittee could not re>eal
confidential and secret 8aterial <ro>ided b3 t:e eEecuti>e branc:? On Sunda3 &anuar3 $+1 a
co<3 of t:e re<ort =as lea;ed to ,aniel Sc:orr of C!S Ne=s1 and =as eE:ibited on
tele>ision t:at e>enin9? T:e follo=in9 8ornin91 t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es <ublis:ed an
eEtensi>e su88ar3 of t:e entire %i;e Co88ittee re<ort1 =:ic: t:is ne=s<a<er :ad also
recei>ed?
,es<ite all t:is eE<osure1 t:e House >oted on &anuar3 $2 t:at t:e %i;e Co88ittee re<ort
could not be released? A fe= da3s later it =as <ublis:ed in full in t:e 6illa9e 6oice1 and
C!S corrs<ondent ,aniel Sc:orr =as :eld res<onsible for its a<<earance? T:e %i;e
Co88ittee re<ort attac;ed Henr3 #issin9er F=:ose co88ents1F it said Fare at >ariance
=it: t:e facts?F In t:e 8idst of :is i8<erial re9enc3 o>er t:e United States1 an una8used
#issin9er res<onded t:at F=e are facin9 a ne= >ersion of McCart:3is8?F A fe= da3s later
#issin9er said of t:e %i;e Co88ittee" FI t:in; t:e3 :a>e used classified infor8ation in a
rec;less =a31 and t:e >ersion of co>ert o<erations t:e3 :a>e lea;ed to t:e <ress :as t:e
cu8ulati>e effect of bein9 totall3 untrue and da8a9in9 to t:e nation?F Gfn $$H T:us1 as
!us:7s confir8ation >ote a<<roac:ed1 t:e ord *:ite House on t:e one :and and t:e %i;e
and C:urc: co88ittees on t:e ot:er =ere close to Fo<en <olitical =arfare1F as t:e
*as:in9ton %ost <ut it at t:e ti8e? One eE<lanation of t:e lea;in9 of t:e %i;e re<ort =as
offered b3 Otis %i;e :i8self on ebruar3 11" FA co<3 =as sent to t:e CIA? It =ould be to
t:eir ad>anta9e to lea; it for <ublication?F !3 no= ord =as ra>in9 about 8obiliAin9 t:e
!I to find out :o= t:e re<ort :ad been lea;ed?
On &anuar3 121 Geor9e !us: =as <resent in t:e EEecuti>e Galler3 of t:e House of
Re<resentati>es1 seated close to t:e unfortunate !ett3 ord1 for t:e %resident7s State of t:e
Union Address? T:is =as a <:oto o<<ortunit3 so t:at ord7s CIA candidate could 9et on
tele>ision for a ca8eo a<<earance t:at 8i9:t boost :is standin9 on t:e e>e of confir8ation?
T:e in>itation =as :andled b3 &i8 Connor of t:e *:ite House staff1 =:o dul3 recei>ed a
:and-=ritten note of t:an;s fro8 t:e as<irin9 ,CI?
Senate floor debate =as under=a3 on &anuar3 $-1 and Senator McInt3re las:ed out at t:e
!us: no8ination as Fan insensiti>e affront to t:e A8erican <eo<le?F T:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire
,e8ocrat ar9ued" FIt is clearl3 e>ident t:at t:is colla<se of confidence in t:e CIA =as
brou9:t on not onl3 b3 t:e eE<osure of CIA 8isdeeds1 but b3 t:e <ainful realiAation t:at
so8e of t:ose 8isdeeds =ere encoura9ed b3 <olitical leaders =:o sou9:t not an
intelli9ence ad>anta9e o>er a forei9n ad>ersar31 but a <olitical ad>anta9e o>er t:eir
do8estic critics and t:e o<<osition <art3?F
McInt3re =ent on" FAnd =:o can loo; at t:e :istor3 of <olitical subordination of t:e CIA
and eE<ect t:e <eo<le to 9i>e an a9enc3 director so clearl3 identified =it: <olitics t:eir full
fait: and confidenceD To 8e it is a trans<arent absurdit3 t:at 9i>en t:e sensiti>it3 of t:e
issue1 %resident ord could not find anot:er no8inee of e@ual abilit3--and less sus<ect
credentials--t:an t:e for8er national c:air8an of t:e <resident7s <olitical <art3?F
In furt:er debate on t:e da3 of t:e >ote1 &anuar3 $.1 Senator !iden Boined ot:er ,e8ocrats
in assailin9 !us: as Ft:e =ron9 a<<oint8ent for t:e =ron9 Bob at t:e =ron9 ti8e?F C:urc:
also continued :is attac;1 brandin9 !us: Fan indi>idual =:ose <ast record of <olitical
acti>is8 and <artisan ties to t:e <resident contradict t:e >er3 <ur<ose of i8<artialit3 and
obBecti>it3 for =:ic: t:e a9enc3 =as created?F C:urc: a<<ealed to t:e Senate to reBect
!us:1 a 8an Ftoo dee<l3 e8broiled in <artisan <olitics and too intert=ined =it: t:e <olitical
destin3 of t:e <resident :i8selfF to be able to lead t:e CIA? Gold=ater1 To=er1 %erc31
Ho=ard !a;er1 and Clifford Case all s<o;e u< for !us:?
!us:7s floor leader =as Stro8 T:ur8ond1 =:o su<<orted !us: b3 attac;in9 t:e C:urc: and
%i;e Co88ittees? FT:at is =:ere t:e <ublic concern lies1 on disclosures =:ic: are tearin9
do=n t:e CIA1F orated T:ur8ond1 Fnot u<on t:e selection of t:is :i9:l3 co8<etent 8an to
re<air t:e da8a9e of t:is o>er-eE<osure?F
inall3 it ca8e to a roll call and !us: <assed b3 a >ote of -)-$.1 =it: Lo=ell *eic;er of
Connecticut >otin9 <resent? T:ose >otin9 a9ainst !us: =ere" AboureA;1 !iden1 !u8<ers1
C:urc:1 Clar;1 Cranston1 Cul>er1 ,ur;in1 ord1 Gar3 Hart1 %:ili< Hart1 Has;ell1 Hel8s Gt:e
lone GO% o<<onentH1 Huddleston1 Inou3e1 &o:nston1 #enned31 Lea:31 Ma9nuson1
McInt3re1 Metcalf1 Mondale1 Mor9an1 Nelson1 %roE8ire1 Stone1 and *illia8s? C:urc:7s
staff felt t:e3 :ad failed la8entabl31 :a>in9 9otten onl3 liberal ,e8ocrats and t:e sin9le
Re<ublican >ote of &esse Hel8s? Gfn $'?
It =as t:e da3 after !us:7s confir8ation t:at t:e House Rules co88ittee >oted 2 to . to
bloc; t:e <ublication of t:e %i;e Co88ittee re<ort? T:e issue t:en =ent to t:e full House
on &anuar3 $21 =:ic: >oted1 1)- to 1$)1 t:at t:e %i;e Co88ittee 8ust sub8it its re<ort to
censors:i< b3 t:e *:ite House and t:us b3 t:e CIA? At al8ost t:e sa8e ti8e1 Senator
Ho=ard !a;er Boined To=er and Gold=ater in o<<osin9 t:e <rinci<al final reco88endation
of t:e C:urc: Co88ittee1 suc: as it =as1 t:e establis:8ent of a <er8anent intelli9ence
o>ersi9:t co88ittee?
%i;e found t:at t:e atte8<t to censor :is re<ort :ad 8ade Fa co8<lete tra>est3 of t:e =:ole
doctrine of se<aration of <o=ers?F In t:e >ie= of a staffer of t:e C:urc: co88ittee1 Fall
=it:in t=o da3s1 t:e House Intelli9ence Co88ittee :ad 9round to a :alt1 and t:e Senate
Intelli9ence Co88ittee :ad s<lit asunder o>er t:e center<iece of its reco88endations? T:e
*:ite House 8ust :a>e reBoicedC t:e *elc: deat: and lea;s fro8 t:e %i;e co88ittee re<ort
:ad <roduced1 at last1 a bac;las: a9ainst t:e con9ressional in>esti9ations?F Gfn $)H
Ridin9 t:e crest of t:at =a>e of bac;las: =as Geor9e !us:? T:e constellation of e>ents
around :is confir8ation <refi9ures t:e =retc:ed state of Con9ress toda3" a rubber sta8<
<arlia8ent in a totalitarian state1 inca<able of o>erridin9 e>en one of !us:7s $$ >etoes?
On rida31 &anuar3 '51 ord and !us: =ere Boined at t:e CIA auditoriu8 for !us:7s
s=earin9 in cere8on3 before a lar9e 9at:erin9 of a9enc3 e8<lo3ees? Colb3 =as also t:ere"
so8e said :e :ad been fired <ri8aril3 because #issin9er t:ou9:t t:at :e =as di>ul9in9 too
8uc: to t:e Con9ressional co88ittees1 but #issin9er later told Colb3 t:at t:e latter7s
strata9e8s :ad been correct? Colb3 o<ened t:e cere8on3 =it: a fe= brief =ords" FMr?
%resident1 and Mr? !us:1 I :a>e t:e 9reat :onor to <resent 3ou to an or9aniAation of
dedicated <rofessionals? ,es<ite t:e tur8oil and tu8ult of t:e last 3ear1 t:e3 continue to
<roduce t:e best intelli9ence in t:e =orld?F T:is =as 8et b3 a burst of a<<lause? Gfn $+H
ord7s line =as" F*e cannot i8<ro>e t:is a9enc3 b3 destro3in9 it?F !us: <ro8ised to 8a;e
FCIA an instru8ent of <eace and an obBect of <ride for all our <eo<le?F !us: =ent on to
sa3" FI =ill not turn 83 bac; fro8 t:e <ast? *e7>e learned a lot about =:at an intelli9ence
a9enc3 8ust do to 8aintain t:e confidence of t:e <eo<le in an o<en societ3? !ut t:e
e8<:asis =ill no= be on t:e future? I78 deter8ined to <rotect t:ose t:in9s t:at 8ust be ;e<t
secret? And I a8 8ore deter8ined to <rotect t:ose unselfis: and <atriotic <eo<le =:o =it:
total dedication ser>e t:eir countr31 often <uttin9 t:Beir li>es on t:e line1 onl3 to :a>e so8e
<eo<le bent on destro3in9 t:is a9enc3 eE<ose t:eir na8es?F A nu8ber of senators =ere
in>ited1 =it: Stennis1 T:ur8ond1 To=er1 Gold=ater1 !a;er and !roo;e leadin9 t:e <ac;C
ot:ers :ad been added b3 t:e *:ite House after c:ec;in9 b3 tele<:one =it: &ennifer
itA9erald?
!efore <rocedin91 let us ta;e a loo8 at !us:7s tea8 of associates at t:e CIA1 since =e =ill
find t:e8 in 8an3 of :is later <olitical ca8<ai9ns and office staffs?
*:en !us: beca8e ,CI1 :is <rinci<al de<ut3 =as General 6ernon *alters1 a for8er ar83
lieutenant 9eneral? T:is is t:e sa8e Gen? 6ernon *alters =:o =as 8entioned b3 Halde8an
and NiEon in t:e notorious Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e alread3 discussed1 but =:o of course denied
t:at :e e>er did an3 of t:e t:in9s t:at Halde8an and E:rlic:8an said t:at :e :ad <ro8ised
to do? *alters :ad been at t:e CIA as ,,CI since Ma31 12.$--a NiEon a<<ointee =:o :ad
been =it: NiEon =:en t:e t:en >ice <resident7s car =as stoned in Caracas1 6eneAuela =a3
bac; =:en? E>er since t:en NiEon :ad seen :i8 as <art of t:e old 9uard? *alters left to
beco8e a <ri>ate consultant in &ul31 12.-?
To re<lace *alters1 !us: <ic;ed Enno Henr3 #noc:e1 =:o :ad Boined CIA in 12+' as an
intelli9ence anal3st s<ecialiAin9 in ar Eastern <olitical and 8ilitar3 affairs? #noc:e ca8e
fro8 t:e na>3 and ;ne= C:inese? ro8 12-$ to 12-. :e :ad been t:e c:ief of t:e National
%:oto9ra<:ic Inter<retation Center? In 12-21 :e :ad beco8e de<ut3 director of <lannin9 and
bude9tin91 and c:aired t:e internal CIA co88ittee in c:ar9e of co8<uteriAation? 0T:is
e8<:asis =as reflected durin9 t:e !us: tenure b3 :ea>3 e8<:asis on satellites and SIGINT
co88unications 8onitorin9?4 #noc:e =as t:en de<ut3 director of t:e Office of Current
Intelli9ence1 =:ic: <roduces on9oin9 assess8ents of international e>ents for t:e %resident
and t:e NSC? After 12.$1 #noc:e :eaded t:e Intelli9ence ,irectorate7s Office of Strate9ic
Researc:1 c:ar9ed =it: e>aluatin9 strate9ic t:reats to t:e US? In 12.+1 #noc:e :ad been a
s<ecial liaison bet=een Colb3 and t:e Roc;efeller Co88ission1 as =ell as =it: t:e C:urc:
and %i;e Co88ittees? T:is =as a >er3 sensiti>e <ost1 and !us: clearl3 loo;ed to #noc:e to
:el< :i8 deal =it: continuin9 c:allen9es co8in9 fro8 t:e Con9ress? In t:e fall of 12.+1
#noc:e :ad beco8e t:e nu8ber t=o on Colb37s staff for t:e coordination and 8ana9e8ent
of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? Accordin9 to so8e1 #noc:e =as to function as !us:7s
FIndian 9uideF t:rou9: t:e secrets of Lan9le3C :e ;ne= F=:ere t:e bodies =ere buiried?F
Ot:er=ise1 #noc:e =as ;no=n for :is lo>e of tennis?
#noc:e =as :i9:l3 critical of Colb37s <olic3 of :andin9 o>er li8ited a8ounts of classified
8aterial to t:e %i;e and C:urc: co88ittees1 =:ile fi9:tin9 to sa>e t:e core of co>ert
o<erations? #noc:e told a 9rou< of friends durin9 t:is <eriod" FT:ere is no
counterintelli9ence an3 8ore?F T:is i8<lies a conde8nation of t:e Con9ressional
co88ittees =it: =:o8 #noc:e :ad ser>ed as liaison1 and can also be read as a la8ent for
t:e oustin9 of &a8es &esus An9leton1 c:ief of t:e CIA7s Counterintelli9ence o<erations until
12.+ and director of t:e 8ail-o<enin9 o<eration t:at :ad been eE<osed b3 >arious <robers?
Gfn $-H
Here =as a de<ut3 =:o could <rotect !us:7s flan; =it: :is Con9ressional tor8entors1 =:o
=ould call !us: to t:e Hill 8ore t:an fift3 ti8es durin9 :is a<<roEi8atel3 one 3ear of CIA
tenure? He =ould also a<<ear to :a>e :ad enou9: ad8inistrati>e eE<erience to run t:in9s1
s:ieldin9 !us: fro8 t:e defect t:at Go>ernor Scranton :ad <ointed out 3ears before- t:e
lac; of ad8inistrati>e abilit3? Ne>ert:eless1 *ood=ard and %incus Gfn $.H <ortra3 t:e
#noc:e a<<oint8ent as 9ettin9 8iEed re>ie=s =it:in t:e CIA1 and @uote Ad8iral ,aniel &?
Mur<:37s >ie= t:at t:e #noc:e no8ination =as Fnot <o<ular?F or *ood=ard and %incus
#noc:e =as Fa <ersonable1 tennis-<la3in9 9iant of a 8an?F T:e Ad8iral ,aniel &? Mur<:3
Bust 8entioned =as !us:7s de<ut3 director for t:e intelli9ence co88unit31 and later beca8e
!us:7s c:ief of staff durin9 :is first ter8 as >ice <resident? Muc: later1 in No>e8ber1 12/.1
Mur<:3 >isited %ana8a in t:e co8<an3 of Sout: #orean business8an and intelli9ence
o<erati>e Ton9sun %ar;1 and 8et =it: Gen? Manuel Antonio Norie9a? Mur<:3 =as later
obli9ed to testif3 to t:e Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee about :is 8eetin9 =it:
Norie9a? Mur<:3 clai8ed t:at :e =as onl3 in %ana8a to F8a;e a buc;1F but t:ere are
indications t:at :e =as carr3in9 8essa9es to Norie9a fro8 !us:? Ton9sun %ar;1 Mur<:37s
ostensible business associate1 =ill soon turn out to :a>e been t:e central fi9ure of t:e
#orea9ate scandal of 12.-1 a >er3 i8<ortant de>elo<8ent on !us:7s CIA =atc:? Gfn $/H
Ot:er na8es on t:e !us: flo= c:art included :oldo>er Ed=ard %roctor and t:en !us:
a<<ointee Sa3re Ste>ens in t:e slot of ,e<ut3 ,irector for Intelli9enceC :oldo>er Carl
,uc;ett and t:en !us: a<<ointee Leslie ,ir;s as ,e<ut3 ,irector for Science and
Tec:nolo93C &o:n !la;e1 :oldo>er as ,e<ut3 ,irector for Ad8inistrationC and :oldo>er
*illia8 Nelson1 follo=ed b3 !us: a<<ointee *illia8 *ells1 ,e<ut3 ,irector for
O<erations ?
*illia8 *ells as ,e<ut3 ,irector for O<erations =as a >er3 si9nificant c:oice? He =as a
career co>ert o<erations s<ecialist =:o :ad 9raduated fro8 (ale a fe= 3ears before !us:?
*ells soon ac@uired :is o=n de<ut31 reco88ended b3 :i8 and a<<ro>ed b3 !us:" t:is =as
t:e infa8ous T:eodore S:ac;le31 =:ose title t:us beca8e Associate ,e<ut3 ,irector for
Co>ert O<erations? S:ac;le3 later e8er9ed as one of t:e central fi9ures of t:e Iran- contra
scandal of t:e 12/57s? He is re<utedl3 one of t:e do8inant <ersonalities of a CIA old bo3s7
net=or; ;no=n as T:e Enter<rise1 =:ic: =as at t:e :eart of Iran-contra and t:e ot:er
ille9al co>ert o<erations of t:e Rea9an-!us: 3ears?
,urin9 t:e earl3 12-57s1 after t:e !a3 of %i9s1 T:eodore S:ac;le3 :ad been t:e :ead of t:e
CIA Mia8i Station durin9 t:e 3ears in =:ic: O<eration Mon9oose =as at its <ea;? T:is
=as t:e Ho=ard Hunt and *ater9ate Cubans cro=d1 circles fa8iliar to eliE Rodri9ueA
0MaE Go8eA41 =:o in t:e 12/57s su<er>ised 9un-runnin9 and dru9-runnin9 out of !us:7s
>ice <residential office?
Later1 S:ac;le3 =as re<ortedl3 t:e c:ief of t:e CIA station in 6ientiane1 Laos1 bet=een &ul3
12-- and ,ece8ber 12-/? So8e ti8e after t:at :e 8o>ed on to beco8e t:e CIA station
c:ief in Sai9on1 =:ere :e :ad directed t:e i8<le8entation of t:e Ci>ilian O<erations and
Rural ,e>elo<8ent Su<<ort 0COR,S4 <ro9ra1 better ;no=n as O<eration %:oeniE1 a
9enocidal cri8e a9ainst :u8anit3 =:ic: ;illed tens of t:ousands of 6ietna8ese ci>ilians
because t:e3 =ere sus<ected of =or;in9 for t:e 6ietcon91 or so8eti8es si8<l3 because
t:e3 =ere able to read and =rite? As for S:ac;le31 t:ere are also re<orts t:at :e =or;ed for a
ti8e in t:e late 12-57s in Ro8e1 durin9 t:e <eriod =:en t:e CIA7s GLA,IO ca<abilities
=ere bein9 used to launc: a =a>e of terroris8 in t:at countr3? Suc: =as t:e 8an t:at !us:
c:ose to a<<oint to a <osition of re<onsibilit3 in t:e CIA? Later1 S:ac;le3 =ill turn u< as a
Fs<eec: =riterF for !us: durin9 t:e 12.2-/5 ca8<ai9n?
Alon9 =it: S:ac;le3 ca8e :is associate and for8er Mia8i station second in co88and1
T:o8as Clines1 a <artner of General Ric:ard Secord and Albert Ha;;i8 durin9 t:e Iran-
contra o<eration1 con>icted in Se<te8ber 1225 on four felon3 taE counts for not re<ortin9
:is ill-9otten 9ains1 and sentenced to 1- 8ont:s in <rison and a fine of I)51555?
,urin9 !us:7s tenure S:ac;le37s circles =ere 8i9:tli3 re8oraliAed? In <articular Ed *ilson1
a >eteran of S:ac;le37s Mia8i station1 no= a retired CIA officer =:o =or;ed closel3 =it:
ser>in9 CIA <ersonnel to or9aniAe 9un runnin91 seE o<erati>es1 and ot:er acti>ities1 <lied
:is trade undisturbed? T:e *ilson scandal1 =:ic: :ad 9ro=n u< on !us:7s =atc:1 =ould
be9in to eE<lode onl3 durin9 t:e tenure of Stansfield Turner1 under Carter?
Anot:er career co>ert o<erations 8an1 &o:n *aller1 beca8e t:e Ins<ector General1 t:e
officer =:o =as su<<osed to ;ee< trac; of ille9al o<erations? or le9al ad>ice1 !us: turned
first to :oldo>er General Counsel Mitc:ell Ro9o>in1 =:o :ad in ,ece8ber 12.+ t:eoriAed
t:at intelli9ence acti>ities belon9ed to t:e Fin:erent <o=ersF of t:e %residenc31 and t:at no
s<ecial Con9ressional e9islation =as re@uired to <er8it suc: t:in9s as co>ert o<erations to
9o on? Later !us: a<<ointed Ant:on3 La<:a81 (ale 7+/1 as CIA General Counsel? La<:a8
=as t:e scion of an old San rancisco ban;in9 fa8il31 and :is brot:er =as Le=is La<:a81
t:e editor of Har<er7s Ma9aAine? La<:a8 =ould ta;e a leadin9 role in t:e CIA co>eru< of
t:e Letelier assassination case? Gfn $2H
T3<ical of t:e broad section of CIA officers =:o =ere deli9:ted =it: t:eir ne= boss fro8
!ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones =as Cord Me3er1 =:o :ad 8ost recentl3 been
t:e station c:ief in London fro8 12.' on1 a =ild and =ool3 ti8e in t:e ti9:t little island1 as
=e =ill see? Me3er1 a co>ert action >eteran and *ater9ate o<erati>e1 =rites at len9t: in :is
autobio9ra<:3 about :is ent:usias8 for t:e !us: re9i8e at CIA1 =:ic: induced :i8 to
<rolon9 :is o=n career t:ere"
I a9ain seriousl3 t:ou9:t of retirin9 fro8 t:e A9enc3 but t:e ne= at8os<:ere in CIA7s Lan9le3
:ead@uarters c:an9ed 83 8ind? Geor9e !us: :ad been a<<ointed b3 %resident ord to succeed
Colb3 as ,CI in &anuar31 and b3 t:e ti8e of 83 return :e :ad co8<letel3 dis<elled t:e fears t:at
:ad been aroused b3 :is for8er <olitical connections? Ha>in9 ser>ed in t:e Con9ress as a
Re<ublican re<resentati>e fro8 TeEas and :a>in9 recentl3 been c:air8an of t:e Re<ublican
National Co88ittee1 :e =as initiall3 >ie=ed =it: sus<icion as an a8bitious <olitician =:o 8i9:t
tr3 to use t:e A9enc3 for <artisan <ur<oses? Ho=e>er1 :e @uic;l3 <ro>ed b3 :is <erfor8ance t:at
:e =as <re<ared to <ut <olitics aside and to de>ote all :is considerable abilit3 and ent:usias8 to
restorin9 t:e 8orale of an institution t:at :ad been battered enou9: b3 sucessi>e in>esti9ations?
Instead of reac:in9 outside for defeated Re<ublican candidates to fill ;e3 Bobs1 :e c:ose fro8
=it:in t:e or9aniAation a8on9 8en =:o :ad de8onstrated t:eir co8<etence t:rou9: lon9 careers
in intelli9ence =or;? He leaned o>er bac;=ard to <rotect t:e obBecti>it3 and inde<endence of t:e
A9enc37s esti8ates and to a>oid slantin9 t:e results to fit so8e <reconcei>ed notion of =:at t:e
%resident =anted to :ear?
On t:e ot:er :and1 :is close relations:i< to ord G!us: =as a re9ular tennis doubles <artner =it:
ordH and t:e trust t:at t:e %resident ob>iousl3 :ad in :i8 9a>e !us: an access to t:e *:ite
House and an influence in t:e =ider *as:in9ton bureaucrac3 t:at Colb3 :ad ne>er enBo3ed? Not
onl3 did 8orale i8<ro>e as a result1 but t:rou9: !us: t:e A9enc37s >ie=s carried ne= =ei9:t and
influence in t:e to< reac:es of t:e ord Ad8inistration? In effect1 I found on 83 return t:at t:e
=or;in9 en>iron8ent at t:e A9enc3 =as far better t:an I :ad i8a9ined it to be fro8 83 eE<osed
<osition abroad and I deter8ined to sta3 on for a <eriod before retirin9? !us: and FHan;F
#noc:e1 t:e ne=l3 a<<ointed de<ut3 director1 as;ed 8e to ser>e as a s<ecial assistant1 and 9a>e
8e as first assi9n8ent t:e tas; of re>ie=in9 t:e entire structure of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 to
deter8ine
t:e ade@uac3 of t:e arran9e8ents for <ro>idin9 strate9ic =arnin9 a9ainst an attac; on t:e United
States and for :andlin9 8aBor international crises? Gfn '5H
T:is all sounds li;e a !us: ca8<ai9n broc:ure1 but it is t3<ical of t:e intelli9ence
co88unit3 forces lo3al to !us:C as for Cord Me3er1 it 8a3 be t:at :e de>elo<ed t:e desi9n
for t:e S<ecial Situation Grou< =:ic: !us: c:aired fro8 Marc:1 12/1 to &anuar31 12/21
t:rou9: =:ic: !us: ran Iran-Contra and all of t:e ot:er si9nificant co>ert o<erations and
cou<s of t:e entire Rea9an era?
And =:at did ot:er CIA officers1 suc: as intelli9ence anal3sts1 t:in; of !us:D A co88on
i8<ression is t:at :e =as a su<erficial li9:t=ei9:t =it: no serious interest in intelli9ence?
,e<ut3 ,irector for Science and tec:nolo93 Carl ,uc;ett1 =:o =as ousted b3 !us: after
t:ree 8ont:s1 co88ented t:at :e Fne>er sa= Geor9e !us: feel :e :ad to understand t:e
de<t: of so8et:in9????G:eH is not a 8an tre8endousl3 dedicated to a cause or ideas? He7s not
fer>ent? He 9oes =it: t:e flo=1 loo;in9 for :o= it =ill <la3 <oliticall3?F Accordin9 to
Maurice Ernst1 t:e :ead of t:e CIA7s office of econo8ic researc: fro8 12.5 to 12/51
FGeor9e !us: doesn7t li;e to 9et into t:e 8iddle of an intellectual debate???:e li;ed to
dele9ate it? I ne>er reall3 :ad a serious discussion =it: :i8 on econo8ics?F Anot:er for8er
CIA aide to !us: =:o =anted to re8ain anon38ous obser>ed t:at Fit =as an a<<roac:
re8ar;abl3 si8ilar to =:at a 3oun9er1 8ore acti>e Ronald Rea9an 8i9:t :a>e done?F Hans
He38ann =as !us:7s National Intelli9ence Officer for Econo8ics1 and :e re8e8bers
:a>in9 been i8<ressed b3 !us:7s %:i !eta #a<<a (ale de9ree in econo8ics? As He38ann
later recalled !us:7s res<onse1 FHe loo;ed at 8e in :orror and said1 7I don7t re8e8ber a
t:in9? It =as so lon9 a9o1 so I78 9oin9 to :a>e to rel3 on 3ou?7F Gfn '1H
Ot:er CIA e8<lo3ees re8e8ber !us: as a 8ana9er =:o =ould not 9ra<<le =it: conce<ts1
but =:o rat:er sa= :i8self as a <roble8 sol>er and consensus builder =:o =ould tr3 to
resol>e difficulties b3 9ettin9 <eo<le into a roo8 to find a co8<ro8ise basis of a9ree8ent?
In realit31 8uc: of t:is =as also a calculated <ose? No one :as e>er accused !us: of
<rofundit3 on an3 subBect1 eEce<t <er:a<s race :atred1 but :is disen9a9ed stance a<<ears as
an elaborate dece<tion to conceal :is real >ie=s fro8 t:e official c:ain of co88and?
In t:e 8eanti8e1 t:e scuttlebut around Lan9le3 and t:e %enta9on =as1 accordin9 to a :i9:
CIA official1 t:at Ft:e CIA and ,O, =ill lo>e Geor9e !us: and ,on Ru8sfeld 8ore t:an
t:e3 :ated or feared !ill Colb3 and &i8 Sc:lesin9er because neit:er =ill 8a;e an3 real
=a>es?F One =riter su88ed u< !us:7s su<erficial <ublic <rofile durin9 t:is <eriod as Fnot
alto9et:er inco8<etent?F Gfn '$H
,urin9 t:e first fe= =ee;s of !us:7s tenure1 t:e ord ad8inistration =as 9ri<<ed b3 a Ffirst
stri;eF <3sc:osis? T:is :ad not:in9 to do =it: t:e So>iet Union1 but =as rat:er ord7s
desire to <re-e8<t an3 <ro<osals for refor8 of t:e intelli9ence a9encies co8in9 out of t:e
%i;e or C:urc: co88ittees =it: a <seudo-refor8 of :is o=n1 <re8issed on :is o=n in-
:ouse stud31 t:e Roc;efeller re<ort1 =:ic: reco88ended an increase of secrec3 for co>ert
o<erations and classified infor8ation? Since about t:e ti8e of t:e !us: no8ination1 an
intera9enc3 tas; force ar8ed =it: t:e Roc;efeller co88ission reco88endations :ad been
8eetin9 under t:e c:air8ans:i< of ord7s counselor &ac; O? Mars:? T:is =as t:e
Intelli9ence Coordinatin9 Grou<1 =:ic: included dele9ates of t:e intelli9ence a9encies1
<lus NSC1 OM!1 and ot:ers? T:is 9rou< =or;ed u< a series of final reco88endations t:at
=ere 9i>en to ord to stud3 on :is C:rist8as >acation in 6ail1 Colorado? At t:is <oint ord
=as inclined to F9o slo= and =or; =it: Con9ress?F
!ut on &anuar3 15 Mars: and t:e intelli9ence a9enc3 bosses 8et a9ain =it: ord1 and t:e
strate93 be9an to s:ift to=ards <re-e8<tin9 Con9ress? On &anuar3 '51 ord and !us: ca8e
bac; fro8 t:eir a<<earance at t:e CIA auditoriu8 s=earin9 in session and 8et =it: ot:er
officials in t:e Cabinet Roo8? Attendin9 besides ord and !us: =ere Secretar3 of State
#issin9er1 Secretar3 of ,efense Ru8sfeld1 Attorne3 General Le>i1 &ac; Mars:1 %:il
!uc:en1 !rent Sco=croft1 Mi;e ,u>al1 and %eter *allison re<resentin9 6ice %resident
Roc;efeller1 =:o =as out of to=n t:at da3? Gfn ''H Here ord <resented :is tentati>e
conclusions for furt:er discussion? T:e 9eneral line =as to <re-e8<t t:e Con9ress1 not to
coo<erate =it: it1 to increase secrec31 and to increase aut:oritarian tendencies?
ord sc:eduled a *:ite House <ress conference for t:e e>enin9 of ebruar3 1.? In an
at8os<:ere of intense last-8inute :a99lin9 o>er bureaucratic <rero9ati>e1 !us: =as careful
to 8eet =it: Leo C:erne to consolidate :is relations =it: bot: C:erne and %IA!? C:erne7s
8e8o of ebruar3 - s:o=s t:at :e as;ed !us: to F8a;e sure t:at =e on t:e board are not
sur<rised?F C:erne stressed t:e need to ;no= as 8uc: as <ossible about c:an9es in t:e
Sino-So>iet relations:i< and t:e need to u<9rade econo8ic intelli9ence1 =:ic:1 :e
la8ented1 =as beco8in9 flabbier as t:e oil crisis and t:e acco8<an3in9 s:oc;s to t:e
international 8onetar3 s3ste8 receded? C:erne =as for declassif3in9 =:ate>er could be
declassified1 a bureaucratic <osture t:at could not 9o =ron9? C:erne t:ou9:t t:at t:e F%i;e
Co88ission :as a <oor staff1 issued a dreadful final re<ort1 but it did in t:e course of its
in@uir3 as; t:e ri9:t @uestions?F T:ese1 C:erne told !us:1 s:ould be ans=ered? C:erne also
=anted to set u< Fnon-<uniti>e re9ular 8onitorin9F to e>aluate t:e successes and failures of
t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? T:is <ro<osal s:ould be noted1 for :ere =e :a>e t:e 9er8inal
idea for Tea8 !1 =:ic: !us: set u< a fe= 8ont:s later to e>aluate t:e a9enc37s record in
Bud9in9 t:e strate9ic intentions and ca<abilities of t:e USSR? Gfn ')H
In :is <ress conference of ebruar3 1.1 ord scoo<ed t:e Con9ress and touted :is
bureaucratic res:uffle of t:e intelli9ence a9encies as t:e 8ost s=ee<in9 refor8 and
reor9aniAation of t:e United States intelli9ence a9encies since t:e <assa9e of t:e National
Securit3 Act of 12).? FI =ill not be a <art3 to t:e dis8antlin9 of t:e CIA or ot:er
intelli9ence a9encies1F :e intoned? He re<eated t:at t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 :ad to
function under t:e direction of t:e National Securit3 Council as if t:at =ere so8et:in9
eart:-s:a;in9 and ne=C fro8 t:e <ers<ecti>e of Oli>er Nort: and Ad8iral %oindeEter =e
can see in retros<ect t:at it 9uaranteed not:in9? A ne= NSC co88ittee c:aired b3 !us:
=as entrusted =it: t:e tas; of 9i>in9 9reater central coordination to t:e intelli9ence
co88unit3 as a =:ole? T:is co88ittee =as to consist of !us:1 #issin9er clone *illia8
H3land of t:e National Securit3 Council Staff1 and Robert Ells=ort:1 t:e assistant secretar3
of ,efense for Intelli9ence? T:is co88ittee =as Bointl3 to for8ulate t:e bud9et of t:e
intelli9ence co88unit3 and allocate its resources to t:e >arious tas;s?
T:e )5 Co88ittee1 =:ic: :ad o>erseen co>ert o<erations1 =as no= to be called t:e
O<erations Ad>isor3 Grou<1 =it: its 8e8bers:i< res:uffled to include Sco=croft of NSC1
#issin9er1 Ru8sfeld1 C:air8an of t:e &oint C:iefs of Staff Geor9e !ro=n1 <lus obser>ers
fro8 t:e Attorne3 General and t:e Office of Man9e8ent and !ud9et?
An inno>ation =as t:e creation of t:e Intelli9ence O>ersi9:t !oard 0in addition to t:e
%resident7s orei9n Intelli9ence Ad>isor3 !oard41 =:ic: =as c:aired b3 A8bassador
Robert ,? Mur<:31 t:e old ad>ersar3 of C:arles deGaulle durin9 *orld *ar II? T:e IO!
=as su<<osed to be a =atc:do9 to <re>ent ne= abuses fro8 co8in9 out of t:e intelli9ence
co88unit3? Also on t:is board =ere Ste<:en Ailes1 =:o :ad been Undersecretar3 of
,efense for #enned3 and Secretar3 of t:e Ar83 for L!&? T:e t:ird fi9ure on t:is IO! =as
Leo C:erne1 =:o =as soon to be <ro8oted c:air8an of %IA! as =ell? T:e increasin9l3
co8<licit relations:i< of C:erne to !us: 8eant t:at all alle9ed o>ersi9:t b3 t:e IO! =as a
8oc;er3? T:e a>era9e a9e of t:e IO! =as about .51 leadin9 Carl Ro=an to Bo;e t:at it =as
a case of Ri< 6an *in;le 9uardin9 t:e CIA? None of t:e IO! 8e8bers1 Ro=an <ointed out1
=as 3oun91 <oor1 or blac;?
!elie>e it or not1 ord also =anted a >ersion of t:e Official Secrets Act =:ic: =e :a>e seen
!us: su<<ortin9" :e called for Fs<ecial le9islation to 9uard critical intelli9ence secrets? T:is
le9islation =ould 8a;e it a cri8e for a 9o>ern8ent e8<lo3ee =:o :as access to certain
:i9:l3 classified infor8ation to re>eal t:at infor8ation i8<ro<erl3?F *:ic: =ould :a>e
8ade t:e *as:in9ton lea; 9a8e rat:er 8ore dice3 t:an it is at <resent?
T:e Official Secrets Act =ould :a>e to be <assed b3 Con9ress1 but 8ost of t:e rest of =:at
ord announced =as e8bodied in EEecuti>e Order 1125+? C:urc: t:ou9:t t:at t:is =as
o>erreac:in91 since it a8ounted to c:an9in9 so8e <ro>isions of t:e National Securit3 Act
b3 <residential fiat? !ut t:is =as no= t:e ne= te8<er of t:e ti8es?
As for t:e CIA1 EEecuti>e Order 1125+ aut:oriAed it Fto conduct forei9n
counterintelli9ence acti>ities???in t:e United States1F =:ic: o<ened t:e door to 8an3 t:in9s?
A<art fro8 restrictions on <:3sical searc:es and electronic bu99in91 it =as still o<en season
on A8ericans abroad? T:e !I =as <ro8ised t:e Le>i 9uidelines1 and ot:er a9encies =ould
9et c:arters =ritten for t:e8? In t:e interi81 t:e <o=er of t:e !I to co8bat >arious
Fsub>ersi>eF acti>ities =as reaffir8ed? %olitical assassination =as banned1 but t:ere =ere
no li8itations or re9ulations <laced on co>ert o<erations1 and t:ere =as not:in9 about
8easures to i8<ro>e t:e intelli9ence and anal3tical <roduct of t:e a9encies?
In t:e >ie= of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 t:e bi9 =inner =as !us:" Fro8 a 8ana9e8ent <oint
of >ie=1 Mr? ord toni9:t centraliAed 8ore <o=er in t:e :ands of t:e ,irector of Central
Intelli9ence t:an an3 :ad :ad since t:e creation of t:e CIA? T:e director :as al=a3s been
t:e no8inal :ead of t:e intelli9ence co88unit31 but in fact :as :ad little <o=er o>er t:e
ot:er a9encies1 <articularl3 t:e ,e<art8ent of ,efense?F !us: =as no= de facto
intelli9ence cAar? Gfn '+H
%oor ord =as unable to realiAe t:at :is interest =as to be seen as a refor8er1 not as
so8eone =:o =anted to re-i8<ose secrec3? *:en :e =as as;ed if :is Official Secrets Act
could not be used to deter =:istle-blo=ers on future bureaucratic abuses1 ord res<onded
t:at all federal e8<lo3ees =ould be 8ade to si9n a state8ent <led9in9 t:at t:e3 =ould not
di>ul9e classified infor8ation1 and t:at t:e3 could eE<ect draconian <unis:8ent if t:e3
e>er did so?
Con9ress8an %i;e said t:at ord7s reor9aniAation =as bent Flar9el3 on <reser>in9 all of t:e
secrets in t:e eEecuti>e branc: and >er3 little on 9uaranteein9 a lac; of an3 furt:er abuses?F
C:urc: co88ented t:at =:at ord =as reall3 after =as Fto 9i>e t:e CIA a bi99er s:ield and
a lon9er s=ord =it: =:ic: to stab about?F
An incident of t:ose da3s re>eals so8et:in9 of =:at =as 9oin9 on? ,aniel Sc:orr of C!S1
=:ose na8e :ad <o<<ed u< on t:e NiEon ene8ies7 list durin9 t:e *ater9ate :earin9s1 :ad
obtained a co<3 of t:e %i;e Co88itte re<ort and <assed it on to t:e 6illa9e 6oice? Sc:orr
:ad attended ord7s <ress conference1 and listened as ord denounced t:e lea;in9 of t:e
%i;e re<ort? T:e neEt da31 co>erin9 Ca<itol Hill1 Sc:orr encountered !us: =:ile t:e ne=
CIA boss =as on :is =a3 to testif3 before t:e Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee? A
=ire<:oto of an an9r3 !us: 9esticulatin9 at Sc:orr =ound u< on t:e front <a9e of t:e
*as:in9ton Star under t:e :eadline" FAnot:er Confrontation?F *it: t:at1 Sc:orr7s t=ent3-
3ear career =it: C!S =as o>er1 and :e =as soon to face a =itc::unt b3 t:e House Et:ics
Co88ittee? Ot:er re<orters soon cau9:t on t:at under t:e ne= !us: re9i8e1 <olitical
o<<onents =ould be sla88ed? 0Sc:orr later s<eculated about CIA lin;s to C!S o=ner
*illia8 %ale3C t:ere =as no need to loo; an3 furt:er t:an t:e fact t:at Harri8an :ad :el<ed
to create C!S and t:at %rescott !us: :ad been a C!S director durin9 t:e 12+57s1 9i>in9 t:e
!us:8an net=or; a fir8 <resence t:ere?
,urin9 t:ese da3s1 t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice announced t:at it =ould not <rosecute for8er
CIA ,irector Ric:ard Hel8s for :is role in an ille9al brea;-in at a <:oto9ra<:ic studio in
airfaE1 6ir9inia durin9 12.1? T:e rationale =as fro8 t:e National Securit3 Act of 12)."
Ft:e director of central intelli9ence s:all be res<onsible for <rotectin9 intelli9ence sources
and 8et:ods fro8 unaut:oriAed disclosure1F e>en if it 8eant brea;in9 t:e la= to do it? !us:
=ould beco8e a <ast 8aster of t:is Fsources and 8et:odsF clause1 =:ic: could be used to
co>er u< al8ost an3ut:in9?
T:e C:urc: Co88ittee =as still functionin91 and =as loo;in9 into Bournalists controlled b3
t:e CIA1 =:ic: so8e senators =anted to eE<ose b3 na8e? On t:e sa8e da3 as ord7s <ress
conference1 Senators Huddleston and Mat:ias dro>e out to Lan9le3 to confront !us: and
de8and t:at :e di>ul9e t:e na8es of t:ese CIA 8edia assets? T:e CIA =as Fnot at libert3 to
re>eal t:e na8es1F !us: told t:e t=o senators? Instead1 !us: offered docu8ents t:at
9enerall3 described t:e CIA7s use of re<orters and sc:olars o>er t:e 3ears1 but =it: no
na8es? Senators !a;er1 Hart1 and Mondale t:en called !us: and ur9ed t:at t:e na8es be
8ade <ublic? !us: refused?
!us: <ointed to :is state8ent1 8ade on ebruar3 1$ as t:e first <ublic act of :is CIA
career1 re8o>in9 all Ffull-ti8e or <art-ti8e ne=s corres<ondents accredited b3 an3 US
ne=s ser>ice1 ne=s<a<er1 <eriodicals1 radio or T6 net=or; or stationF fro8 t:e CIA <a3roll?
He also clai8ed t:at t:ere =ere no cler938en or 8issionaries on t:e CIA <a3roll at all? As
far as t:e Bournalists =ere concerned1 in A<ril t:e Senate Select Co88ittee on Intelli9ence
Aciti>ities announced t:at t:e3 :ad alread3 cau9:t !us: l3in91 and t:at at least $+
Bournalists and re<orters =ere still on t:e CIA <a3roll1 and t:e CIA =as deter8ined to ;ee<
t:e8 t:ere? !us: :ad @uibbled on t:e =ord Faccredited?F T:is li8ited t:e <ur9e to
accredited corres<ondents issued ne=s credentials? !ut t:is eEcluded free lance re<orters1
editors1 ne=s eEecuti>es1 and forei9n ne=s or9aniAations at all le>els? *:en dealin9 =it:
!us:1 it <a3s to read t:e fine <rint?
T:e !us:-#issin9er-ord counteroffensi>e a9ainst t:e Con9ressional co88itttes =ent
for=ard? On Marc: + t:e CIA lea;ed t:e stor3 t:at t:e %i;e Co88ittee :ad lost 8ore t:an
$'$ secret docu8ents =:ic: :ad been turned o>er fro8 t:e files of t:e eEecuti>e branc:?
%i;e said t:at t:is =as anot:er classic CIA <ro>ocation desi9ned to discredit :is co88ittee1
=:ic: :ad ceased its acti>it3? !us: denied t:at :e :ad en9ineered t:e lea;" FT:e CIA did
not do an3 suc: t:in9? Not:in9 of t:at nature at all1F !us: told a re<orter to =:o8 :e :ad
<laced a call to =:ine out :is denial? FM3 =:ole <ur<ose =as to a>oid an ar9u8ent =it:
:i81F said !us:1 alt:ou9: :e said t:at F%i;e =as t:e cause of t:is =:ole <roble8 under
9reat <ressure?F
In Marc: !us: :ad to ta;e action in t:e =a;e of t:e lea;in9 of a CIA re<ort s:o=in9 t:at
Israel :ad bet=een 15 and $5 nuclear bo8bsC t:e re<ort =as <ublis:ed b3 Art:ur #ranis:1
t:e editor of Science Trends Ma9aAine? C:urc:1 =:o :ad Jionist lobb3 ties of :is o=n and
=:o =as in t:e 8idst of a bid for t:e ,e8ocratic <residential no8ination1 de8anded an
in>esti9ation" FCan 3ou i8a9ine :o= a lea; of t:at ;ind =ould :a>e been treated if it :ad
co8e out of t:e Con9ress of t:e United StatesKF In retros<ect1 t:e re<ort 8a3 :a>e been
so8e ti8el3 =indo=-dressin9 for Israeli <ro=ess in a ord re9i8e in =:ic: Israel7s 8ilitar3
>alue as an all3 =as :otl3 contestedC a little later Gen? Geor9e !ro=n1 t:e c:air8an of t:e
Boint c:iefs1 =as @uoted to be t:e effect t:at Israeli and its ar8ed forces :ad F9ot to be
considered a burdenF for t:e United States?
In A<ril1 !us: told t:e A8erican Societ3 of Ne=s<a<er Editors t:at :e =as Bust bac; fro8 a
secret >isit to t:ree countries in Euro<e1 =:ic: :e refused to na8e1 durin9 =:ic: :e
conceded t:at :e F8i9:t or 8i9:t notF :a>e 8et =it: ran; Sinatra? 0!rot:er &onat:an
!us: :ad said in ebruar3 t:at Sinatra :ad offered :is ser>ices to t:e ne= CIA boss?4 !us:
<raised t:e CIA in :is s<eec:" FIt is a fantastic reser>oir of disci<line in t:e CIA? Our
<ersonnel <eo<le sa3 t:e @ualit3 of a<<<lications is u<? T:is is an eE<ression of confidence
in t:e a9enc3? Morale is A-one?F T:ere =as s<eculation t:at !us: 8i9:t :a>e 9one to Ital31
=:ere terrorist acti>it3 =as increasin9 and t:e Italian Co88unist %art31 <rofitin9 fro8 t:e
>o9ue of FEuro-co88unis81F =as ra<idl3 increasin9 its >ote s:are durin9 12.+-.-?
In Ma31 !I ,irector Clarence #elle3 a<olo9iAed to t:e A8erican <eo<le for t:e abuses
co88itted b3 :is secret <olice? #elle3 said t:at :e =as Ftrul3 sorr3F for <ast abuses of
<o=er1 all of =:ic: =ere neatl3 laid at t:e door of t:e deceased for8er director1 &? Ed9ar
Hoo>er? !us:1 for :is <art1 a99ressi>el3 refused to a<olo9iAe? !us: conceded t:at :e felt
Foutra9eF at t:e ille9al CIA do8estic o<erations of t:e *ater9ate era1 but t:at Ft:at7s all I78
9oin9 to sa3 about it???3ou can inter<ret it an3 =a3 3ou =ant?F !us:7s line =as t:at all
abuses :ad alread3 been :alted under Colb3 b3 t:e latter7s Fad8inistrati>e dictu81F and t:at
t:e issue no= =as t:e i8<le8entation of t:e Roc;efeller Co88ission re<ort1 to =:ic:
!us: once a9ain <led9ed fealt3? !us: :ad no co88ent on t:e Loc;:eed scandal1 =:ic: :ad
be9un to destabiliAe t:e &a<anese1 Ger8an1 Italian1 and Net:erlands 9o>ern8ents? T:e
ad>ance of t:e Italian co88unists and t:e %ana8a canal treaties =ere all F<olic3 @uestions
for t:e *:ite HouseF in :is >ie=? Alt:ou9: C:ina =as bein9 roc;ed b3 t:e Fde8ocrac3
=allF 8o>e8ent and t:e first Tien An Men 8assacre of 12.-1 !us:1 e>er lo3al to :is
C:inese co88unist cronies1 found t:at all t:at did not add u< to an3t:in9 Fdra8aticall3
different?F
A >isit to t:e TeEas !rea;fast Club on Ma3 $. found !us: tr3in9 to burnis: :is i8a9e as a
9ood 9u3 b3 tal;in9 about t:e eEistential dile88as of a 9ood 8an in an3 i8<erfect =orld1
=:ile <leadin9 for 8ore co>ert o<oerations all t:e ti8e? FI ;no= in a li8ited =a3 t:ere are
conflicts of conscience1F !us: told t:e brea;fasters? F!ut =e7re not li>in9 in a <articularl3
8oral =orld? *e7re li>in9 in a =orld t:at7s not <ure blac; or <ure =:ite? *e7re li>in9 in a
=orld =:ere Gt:e USH :as to :a>e a co>ert ca<abilit3?F On t:e ot:er :and1 !us: =as Fnot
unconcerned about t:e constitutional @uestions t:at t:e eEcesses of t:e <ast :a>e raised?F
FI78 not 9oin9 to defend t:e t:in9s t:at =ere done but I78 not 9oin9 to d=ell on t:e8
eit:er?F FI78 :a<<3 to sa3 I t:in; t:in9s are 8o>in9 a=a3 fro8 t:e 8ore sensational
re>elations of t:e <ast1F lea>in9 t:e CIA as an institution Fintact?F Necessit31 <ontificated
!us:1 so8eti8es de8ands Fco8<ro8ise =it: t:e <urit3 of 8oral decisions?F
On &une '1 t:e Houston %ost touted !us: as a 9ood >ice <residential candidate after all1
8oderate and sout:ern1 no 8atter =:at ord :ad <ro8ised to t:e senate to 9et !us:
confir8ed? !us: =as 8u8?
A fe= da3s later !us: <aid tribute to t:e Israeli ,efense orces1 =:o :ad Bust rescued a
9rou< of :osta9es at Entebbe? !us: deni9rated US ca<abilities in co8<arison =it: t:ose of
Israel1 sa3in9 t:at t:e US could not 8atc: =:at Israel =as able to do" F*e do :a>e a >er3
i8<ortant role in furnis:in9 intelli9ence to <olic3 8a;ers and our friends on t:e 8o>e8ent
of international terrorists1 but to indicate t:at =e :a>e t:at ;ind of action ca<abilit3--t:e
ans=er is >er3 fran;l3 no?F !us: said t:at :is <olic3 on t:is 8atter =as to fi9:t terroris8
=it: better intelli9ence1 for Ft:e 8ore t:e A8erican <eo<le understand t:is1 t:e 8ore
su<<ort t:e CIA =ill :a>e?F (et1 !us: =as unable to sto< a terrorist 8urder in *as:in9ton
,C1 des<ite t:e fact t:at :e :ad <ersonall3 recei>ed a teler9a8 infor8in9 :i8 t:at t:e
assassins =ere co8in9 to >isit :i8-- scarcel3 a 9ood eEa8<le of usin9 intelli9ence to fi9:t
terroris8?
!3 Se<te8ber1 !us: could boast in <ublic t:at :e :ad =on t:e i88ediate en9a9e8ent" :is
ad>ersaries in t:e Con9ressional in>esti9atin9 co88ittees =ere defeated? FT:e CIA1F !us:
announced1 F:as =eat:ered t:e stor8?F FT:e 8ood in Con9ress :as c:an9ed1F :e cro=ed?
FNo one is ca8<ai9nin9 a9ainst stron9 intelli9ence? T:e ad>ersar3 t:in91 :o= =e can ferret
out corru<tion1 :as 9i>en =a3 to t:e 8ore serious @uestion :o= =e can :a>e better
intelli9ence?F
As !us: ne>er tired of re<eatin91 t:at 8eant 8ore co>ert o<erations? In t:e 8iddle of
October1 !us: s<o;e once a9ain on t:is 8atter to t:e TeEas Mid-Continent Oil and Gas
Association" F*e =ould be stu<id to 9i>e u< co>ert o<erations and =e are not 9oin9 to do it
as lon9 as I :a>e an3t:in9 to sa3 about it?F !us: clai8ed t:at co>ert o<erations consu8ed
onl3 $R of t:e entire CIA bud9et but t:at suc: o<erations =ere necessar3 because Fnot
e>er3bod3 is 9oin9 to <la3 b3 Mar@uis of Lueensbur3 rules?F
Suc: =as t:e <ublic <rofile of !us:7s CIA tenure u< until about t:e ti8e of t:e No>e8ber1
12.- elections? If t:is :ad been t:e =:ole stor31 t:en =e 8i9:t acce<t t:e usual tal; about
!us:7s <eriod of une>entful rebuildin9 and 8orale boostin9 =:ile :e =as at Lan9le3? *e
8i9:t s:are t:e conclusions of one aut:or t:at F!us: =as <ic;ed because :e could be
trusted to <ro>ide no sur<rises? A8iable and =ell-li;ed b3 old CIA :ands1 :e sincerel3
belie>ed in t:e a9enc3 and its 8ission? !us: soot:ed Con9ress1 tried to restore confidence
and 8orale and Lan9le31 and a>oided del>in9 too dee<l3 into t:e a9enc37s dar;er recesses?F
Gfn '-H Or1 =e 8i9:t acce<tt:e follo=in9 edif3in9 su88ar3" 7G!us:H :ad a funda8ental
lo3alt3 to t:e a9enc3 and its <eo<le e>en t:ou9: :e =as an outsider? He =as a 8an =it: a
stron9 sense of obli9ation do=n=ard? Under :i8 t:e <eo<le of t:e CIA soon realiAed t:at
t:e3 =ere not 9oin9 to be ser>ed u< <iece8eal? He <robabl3 did 8ore for a9enc3 8orale
and standin9 in Con9ress t:an an3 ,CI since Allen ,ulles? Unli;e Colb31 =:o =as lo3al to
t:e ideal of t:e CIA rat:er t:an to t:e <eo<le1 !us: =as co88itted to bot:? He =as a
9enuine conser>ati>e in :is <olitics and :is a<<roac:1 con>e3in9 no touc: of ori9inalit31
and =as not a 8an to ta;e initiati>es? %eo<le ;ne= eEactl3 =:ere t:e3 stood =it: :i8? He
=as a classic custodian1 and it =as t:is @ualit3 t:at ord :ad reco9niAed in :i8? or !us:
bein9 ,CI =as 7t:e best Bob in *as:in9ton?7F Gfn '.H T:e s<irit of t:e red Studeba;er sc:ool
of idolatr31 =e see1 :ad follo=ed !us: to Lan9le3 and t:ence into 8an3 standard :istories
of t:e CIA?
Realit3 loo;ed different? T:e ad8inistration !us: ser>ed :ad ord as its titular :ead1 but
8ost of t:e real <o=er1 es<eciall3 in forei9n affairs1 =as in t:e :ands of #issin9er? !us:
=as 8ore t:an =illin9 to <la3 alon9 =it: t:e #issin9er a9enda?
T:e first <riorit3 =as to <ut an end to suc: e<isodes as conte8<t citations for Henr3
#issin9er? T:an;s to t:e <resence of ,on Gre99 as CIA station c:ief in Seoul1 Sout: #orea1
t:at =as eas3 to arran9e? T:is =as t:e sa8e ,on Gre99 of t:e CIA =:o =ould later ser>e as
!us:7s national securit3 ad>isor durin9 t:e second >ice <residential ter81 and =:o =ould
8ana9e decisi>e <arts of t:e Iran-contra o<erations fro8 !us:7s o=n office? Gre99 ;ne= of
an a9ent of t:e #orean CIA1 Ton9sun %ar;1 =:o :ad for a nu8ber of 3ears been 8a;in9
lar9e <a38ents to 8e8bers of Con9ress1 abo>e all to ,e8ocratic 8e8bers of t:e House of
Re<resentati>es1 in order to secure t:eir su<<<ort for le9islation t:at =as of interest to %ar;
C:un9 Hee1 t:e Sout: #orean leader? It =as t:erefore a si8<le 8atter to blo= t:e lid off
t:is stor31 causin9 a =a>e of :3steria a8on9 t:e literall3 :undreds of 8e8bers of Con9ress
=:o :ad attended <arties or9aniAed b3 Ton9sun %ar;1 =:o :ad beco8e t:e %erle Mesta of
t:e 12.57s =:en it ca8e to entertainin9 Con9ressional bi9=i9s? Ton9sun %ar; also :ad a
stable of call 9irls a>ailable1 and could <ro>ide ot:er ser>ices? T:e US A8bassador to t:e
Re<ublic of #orea durin9 t:is <eriod =as Ric:ard Sneider?
T:e #orea9ate :eadlines be9an to a<<ear a fe= da3s after !us: :ad ta;en o>er at Lan9le3?
In ebruar3 t:ere =as a stor3 b3 MaEine C:es:ire of t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<ortin9 t:at t:e
,e<art8ent of &ustice =as in>esti9atin9 Con9ress8en !ob Le99ett and &ose<: Addabbo
for alle9edl3 acce<tin9 bribes fro8 t:e #orean 9o>ern8ent? !ot: 8en =ere lin;ed to SuAi
%ar; T:o8son1 =:o :ad been :ostin9 <arties of t:e #orean E8bass3? Later it turned out
t:at S<ea;er of t:e House Carl Albert :ad ;e<t SuAi %ar; T:o8son on :is <a3roll for all of
t:e siE 3ears t:at :e :ad been S<ea;er? Con9ress8en Hanna1 Galla9:er1 !roo8field1 Hu9:
Care31 and Lester *olf =ere all i8<licated? T:e na8es of Ti< O7Neill1 !rade8as1 and
Mcall also ca8e u<? T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es esti8ated t:at as 8an3 as 11+ Con9ress8en
=ere in>ol>ed?
In realit3 t:e nu8ber =as 8uc: lo=er1 but for8er *ater9ate S<ecial %rosecutor Leon
&a=ors;i =as brou9:t bac; fro8 Houston to beco8e s<ecial <rosecutor for t:is case as
=ell? T:is underlined t:e <ress line t:at Ft:e ,e8ocrats7 *ater9ateF :ad finall3 arri>ed? It
=as e8barrassin9 to t:e !us: CIA =:en Ton9sun %ar;7s official a9enc3 file disa<<eared for
se>eral 8ont:s1 and finall3 tuned u< s:orn of ;e3 infor8ation on t:e CIA officers =:o :ad
been =or;in9 8ost closel3 =it: %ar;? E>entuall3 Con9ress8an Hanna =as con>icted and
sent to Bail1 =:ile Con9ress8an Otto %ass8an of Louisiana =as ac@uitted1 lar9el3 because
:e :ad :ad t:e <resence of 8ind to secure a >enue in :is o=n state? A nu8ber of ot:er
con9ress8en @uit1 and it is t:ou9:t t:at t:e <rinci<al reason for t:e decision b3 ,e8ocratic
S<ea;er of t:e House Carl Albert to retire at t:e end of 12.- =as t:e fact t:at :e :ad been
touc:ed b3 t:e breat: of t:is scandal1 =:ic: =ould 9o into t:e c:ronicles as F#orea9ate?F
*it: t:is1 8ost of t:e Con9ress =as brou9:t to :eel? *e note in <assin9 t:at =:en Geor9e
!us: ta;es a ste< u< t:e ladder in *as:in9ton1 t:e S<ea;er of t:e House is li;el3 to be
ousted? As; &i8 *ri9:t?
An interestin9 sideli9:t of #orea9ate in>ol>es t:en Con9ress8an Ed=ard ,er=in;si1 toda3
!us:7s Secretar3 of 6eteran7s Affairs? An article in t:e *all Street &ournal durin9 t:is <eriod
alle9ed t:at federal in>esti9ators sus<ected ,er=in;si of infor8in9 t:e #orean CIA t:at
one of t:eir officers =as about to defect to t:e US for t:e <ur<ose of coo<eratin9 =it: t:e
#ore9ate in>esti9ations? ,er=ins;i denied t:e accusations1 and :e =as ne>er <rosecuted?
Gfn '/H
*it: t:at1 t:e Con9ress =as terroriAed and brou9:t to :eel? In t:is at8os<:ere1 !us: 8o>ed
to reac: a secret forei9n <olic3 consensus =it: ;e3 Con9ressional leaders of bot: <arties of
t:e one-<art3 state? Accordin9 to t=o senior 9o>ern8ent officials in>ol>ed1 li8ited co>ert
o<erations in suc: <laces as An9ola =ere continued under t:e <reteEt t:at t:e3 =ere
necessar3 for <:asin9 out t:e earlier1 lar9er1 and 8ore eE<ensi>e o<erations? !us:7s secret
deal =as es<eciall3 successful =it: t:e <ost-C:urc: Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee?
!ecause of t:e cli8ate of restoration t:at <re>ailed1 a nu8ber of ,e8ocrats on t:is
co88ittee concluded t:at t:e3 8ust brea; off t:eir a99ressi>e in@uiries 0Ft:e ad>ersar3
t:in9F4 and 8a;e <eace =it: !us:1 accordin9 to re<orts of re8ar;s b3 t=o senior 8e8bers
of t:e co88ittee staff? T:e result =as an interre9nu8 durin9 =:ic: t:e Senate co88ittee
=ould neit:er set s<ecific re<ortin9 re@uire8ents1 nor atte8<t to <ass an3 bindin9
le9islation to restrict CIA co>ert and related acti>it3? In return1 !us: =ould <retend to 8a;e
a fe= disclosures to create a >eneer of coo<eration? Gfn '2H T:ese 12.- deals set t:e sta9e
for 8an3 of t:e forei9n intelli9ence 8onstrosities of t:e &i883 Carter era? E>er since1 t:e
<retense of Con9ressional o>ersi9:t o>er t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 :as been a 8oc;er3?
One t:eatre of co>ert o<erations in =:ic: !us: beca8e in>ol>ed =as An9ola? Here a ci>il
=ar :ad eru<ted in 12.) =it: t:e end of %ortu9uese colonial rule1 <ittin9 t:e US- bac;ed
UNITA of &onas Sa>i8bi and t:e NLA of Holden Roberto a9ainst t:e MarEist M%LA? In
,ece8ber1 12.+ t:e Senate <assed t:e Clar; A8end8ent1 desi9ned to cut off US fundin9
for t:e 8ilitar3 factions? T:e Clar; A8end8ent <assed t:e House1 and a ban on CIA
o<erations in An9ola beca8e la= on ebruar3 21 12.-? T:e c:ief of t:e CIA An9ola tas;
force1 &o:n Stoc;=ell1 later =rote t:at after ebruar3 21 t:e CIA ;e<t sendin9 <laneloads of
=ea<ons fro8 Jaire to UNITA forces in An9ola1 des<ite t:e fact t:at t:is =as no= ille9al?
T:ere =ere at least $$ of suc: fli9:ts? Also in ebruar31 t:e !us: CIA be9an 8a;in9 lar9e
cas: <a3offs Fto an3one =:o :ad been associated =it: our side of t:e An9olan =ar?F T:is
8eant t:at %resident Mobutu of Jaire 9ot I$ 8illion =:ic: :e =as su<<osed to 9i>e to <ro-
=estern 9uerilla factionsC Mobutu si8<l3 ;e<t t:e 8one31 and t:e CIA7s 9uerillas F=ere left
star>in91F said Stoc;=ell? T:e Con9ress found out about !us:7s ille9al lar9esse1 and
subBected :i8 to a series of :ostile co88itte :earin9s in =:ic: full disclosure =as
de8anded? T:e House A<<ro<riations Co88ittee <laced a tea8 of auditors in CIA
:ead@uarters to re>ie= accountin9 on t:e An9ola <ro9ra81 =:ic: =as code na8ed
IAEATURE? On Marc: 1$ !us: sent a cable to all CIA stations orderin9 t:at no funds be
s<ent on IAEATURE? One da3 later1 an uninsured car9o <lane =as s:ot do=n inside
An9ola? ,es<ite t:is i9no8inious conclusion1 !us: ordered a=ards and co88endations for
t:e 155 CIA <ersonnel =:o :ad =or;ed on t:e <ro9ra8? G fn )5H
,urin9 !us:7s first 8ont:s in Lan9le31 t:e CIA under orders fro8 Henr3 #issin9er
launc:ed a ca8<ai9n of destabiliAation of &a8aica for t:e <ur<ose of <re>entin9 t:e re-
election of %ri8e Minister Mic:ael Manle3? T:is included a lar9e-scale ca8<ai9n to fo8ent
>iolence durin9 t:e election1 and lar9e a8ounts of ille9al ar8s =ere s:i<<ed into t:e island?
I15 8illion =as s<ent on t:e atte8<t to o>ert:ro= Manle31 and at least t:ree assassination
atte8<ts too; <lace =it: t:e conni>ance of t:e CIA? Gfn )1H
T:e !us: CIA also continued a <ro9ra8 in Iran =:ic: =ent under t:e na8e of I!EM? T:is
ai8ed at buildin9 and o<eratin9 a I+55 8iilion electronic and <:oto9ra<:ic ca<abilit3 to
co>er t:e entire re9ion1 includin9 <arts of t:e USSR? On Au9ust $/1 12.-1 t:ree A8ericans
=or;in9 on t:e <roBect =ere assassinated in Te:eran? Accordin9 to a *as:in9ton %ost
account b3 !ob *ood=ard1 a 8ont: before t:ese ;illin9s t:e for8er CIA ,irector and t:en
current US A8bassador to Iran1 Ric:ard Hel8s1 sent !us: a note co8<lainin9 about abuses
connected =it: t:e <roBect1 and in <articular de8andin9 t:at !us: in>esti9ation corru<t
<ractices =:ic: Hel8s sus<ected =ere in>ol>ed =it: t:e <roBect? Hel8s a<<arentl3 =anted
to be s<ared 8ore e8barrass8ent in case I!EM =ere to beco8e t:e obBect of a ne=
scandal? Gfn )$H
,urin9 !us:7s CIA tenure1 t:e CIA =as found to :a>e conducted electronic su>eillance
a9ainst t:e re<resentati>es of Micronesia1 a UN Trustees:i< territor3 in t:e %acific t:at :ad
been ad8inistered b3 t:e United States1 and =:ic: =as t:en about to beco8e inde<endent?
In a stor3 b3 !ob *ood=ard1 t:e *as:in9ton %ost alle9ed t:at t:e CIA :ad been bu99in9
t:e Micronesian 9o>ern8ent o>er a four 3ear <eriod =it: a >ie= to ac@uirin9 details of
t:eir ne9otiatin9 strate93 in tal;s =it: t:e State ,e<art8ent concernin9 relations =it: t:e
United States after inde<endence? T:e CIA7s rebuttal see8s to :a>e been t:at =:ile it
=ould indeed :a>e been ille9al to bu9 t:e Micronesians if t:e3 =ere US citiAens1 t:e3 =ere
no= forei9ners1 and suc: bu99in9 :ad ne>er been restricted?
,urin9 !us:7s ti8e at t:e CIA1 a series of 9o>ern8ents around t:e =orld =ere destabiliAed
b3 t:e Loc;:eed briber3 scandal1 t:e 9reatest 8ultinational scandal of t:e 12.57s? T:is
scandal 9re= out of :earin9s before a Senate subco88ittee c:aired b3 ran; C:urc:1
alt:ou9: se<arate fro8 t:e Intelli9ence Co88ittee 8entioned abo>e? A nu8ber of
Loc;:eed eEecuti>es testified t:at t:e3 :ad s3ste8aticall3 bribed officials of allied
9o>ern8ents to secure contracts t:e sale of t:eir 8ilitar3 aircraft? T:is s3ste8 of unre<orted
<a38ents e>entuall3 i8<licated suc: fi9ures as for8er &a<anese %ri8e Minister #a;uei
Tana;a1 t:e leader of t:e 8ost i8<ortant faction in t:e Liberal ,e8ocratric %art31 and
ranA &osef Strauss1 a for8er ederal Ger8an ,efense Minister1 %ri8e Minister of !a>aria1
and t:e leader of t:e C:ristian Social Union1 t:en a <art of t:e o<<osition in t:e !undesta9
in !onn? Also i8<licated =ere a series of Italian C:ristian ,e8ocratic and Social
,e8ocratic <olitical leaders1 includin9 t:e t:en %ri8e Minister Giulio Andreotti1 t:e
%resident of t:e Italian Re<ublic Gio>anni Leone1 and for8er ,efense Ministers Mario
Tanassi of t:e %S,I and Lui9i Gui of t:e ,C? In t:e Net:erlands1 %rince !ern:ard1 t:e
consort of Lueen &uliana1 =as i8<licated1 and >irtuall3 no NATO countr3 =as s<ared? T:e
Loc;:eed scandal1 co8in9 as it did out of a 8ileu full of 8ilitar3 intelli9ence connections1
=as co:erent =it: a lon9-ter8 An9lo-A8erican desi9n of destabiliAin9 and =ea;enin9
allied 9o>ern8ents and t:e <olitical forces t:at constituted t:ose 9o>ern8ents?
T:ose =:o :a>e =itnessed t:e 9:oulis: <ublic lo>e affair bet=een Geor9e !us: and t:e
fascist FIron Lad3F of Great !ritain1 Mar9aret T:atc:er1 8a3 be interested in indications
t:at CIA ,irector !us: :el<ed to brin9 Mrs? T:atc:er to <o=er? At t:e be9innin9 of !us:7s
tenure1 t:e !ritis: %ri8e Minister =as Harold *ilson of t:e Labor %art31 =:o :ad =on t=o
9eneral elections durin9 12.) and =:ose ter8 =ould nor8all3 :a>e ended in 12./? !ut
*ilson =as destabiliAed and forced out of office? Alt:ou9: :is i88ediate successor =as
&a8es Calla9:an1 also of t:e Labor %art31 Calla9:an7s cabinet =as 8erel3 t:e <relude to t:e
ad>ent of T:atc:er1 =:o =ould re8ain in <o=er for 8ore t:an 11 3ears1 until late in 1225?
Gfn )'H
!us:7s i8<lication in t:e 8atter is be3ond an3 doubt? S:ortl3 after !us: :ad arri>ed at
Lan9le31 %ri8e Minister *ilson des<atc:ed :is close friend Lord *eidenfeld to t:e United
States =it: a confidential letter to be 9i>en to Senator Hubert Hu8<:re3? *ilson and
*eidenfeld 8et on ebruar3 151 12.-? T:e letter enu8erated t:e na8es of a nu8ber of MI-
+ and MI-- officers of =:o8 *ilson =as sus<icious? *ilson7s letter re@uested t:at
Hu8<:re3 9o to !us: and a;s :i8 =:et:er t:e CIA ;ne= an3t:in9 about t:ese !ritis:
counter-intelli9ence and intelli9ence officers? *as it <ossible1 *ilson =anted to ;no=1 t:at
t:ose na8ed in t:e letter =ere actuall3 =or;in9 =it: or for t:e CIAD *ere t:e !ritis:
officials in lea9ue =it: a CIA faction t:at =as carr3in9 out eletronic or ot:er sur>eillance of
*ilson1 includin9 in :is office in 15 ,o=nin9 StreetD I8<lied =as t:e furt:er @uestion" =as
t:e CIA <art of an o<eration to destabiliAe *ilson and brin9 :i8 do=nD
It is ;no=n t:at !us: too; *ilson7s letter @uite seriousl31 so seriousl3 t:at :e fle= to
London to tal; to *ilson and assured :i8 t:at t:e CIA :ad not been res<onsible for an3
sur>eillance of t:e %M? !ut b3 t:e ti8e !us: reac:ed London1 *ilson :ad alread3 resi9ned
in a sur<rise announce8ent 8ade on Marc: 1-1 12.-? *:at role :ad t:e CIA actuall3
<la3edD
T:e transition fro8 Harold *ilson to Mar9aret T:atc:er a8ounts to t:e re<lace8ent of
Lord 6ictor Rot:sc:ild7s fa>orite <u<<et <olitician of t:e 12-57s =it: Lord 6ictor
Rot:sc:ild7s <referred c:oice for t:e 12/57s? T:e <reteEt used to :arrass *ilson out of
office =as *ilson7s =ell-;no=n close ties to co88unists and to t:e So>iet bloc;1 but all of
t:at :ad been =ell ;no=n bac; in 12-) =:en :e :ad co8e to <o=er for t:e first ti8e? T:e
<reteEt a<<ears in all of its iron3 =:en =e recall t:at Lord 6ictor Rot:sc:ild =as :i8self
t:e leadin9 candidate to be na8ed as t:e le9endar3 Fift: ManF of t:e #G!-SIS s<3 tea8
of %:ilb31 Maclean1 !ur9ess1 and !lunt?
A leadin9 <ur>e3or of t:e ar9u8ent t:at *ilson =as a So>iet asset =as &a8es &esus
An9leton1 li;e !us: a (ale 9raduate? An9leton :ad been t:e counterintelli9ence director of
t:e CIA until 12.+1 but :e :ad not been >er3 successful? An9leton :ad al=a3s been
obsessed b3 t:e <resence of :i9:-le>el CIA 8oles in t:e US 9o>ern8ent and :is o=n
a9enc3? An9leton =as in touc: =it: %eter *ri9:t of MI-+? *ri9:t =as also bitterl3 o<<osed
to *ilson1 =:o8 :e c:aracteriAed as a FSo>iet-Jionist a9ent1F =:ic: =as <erfectl3 accurate
as far as it =ent? !ut a9ain1 all t:at :ad been clear bac; in 12-) and e>en 8uc: earlier?
*ri9:t :ad <ro>ided C:a<8an %inc:er1 a ri9:t-=in9 !ritis: Bournalist and also an asset of
Lord 6ictor1 =it: t:e 8aterial for t:e boo; T:eir Trade is Treac:er31 a Fli8ited :an9outF
=:ic: <ro>ided 8an3 interestin9 facts about t:e So>iet <entration of !ritis: intelli9ence1
but =:ic: =as 8ainl3 desi9ned to ;ee< Lord 6ictor out of t:e s<otli9:t? Later *ri9:t7s o=n
boo;1 S<3catc:er1 succeeded e>en better in <rotectin9 Lord 6ictor b3 beco8in9 an
international succes de scandale t:at allo=ed Lord 6ictor to die a natural deat: =it:out e>er
:a>in9 been a<<re:ended b3 !ritis: aut:orities? T:e cro=nin9 iron3 is t:at %:ilb37s old <al
Lord 6ictor1 *ri9:t1 and t:e obsessi>e An9leton =ere all in a stran9e united front to >illif3
*ilson for :is lin;s to So>iet intelli9ence1 =:ic: =ere of course 8assi>e but =:ic: :ad
been =ell ;no=n all alon9?
T:e CIA7s s<ecific contributions to t:e destabiliAation of *ilson included t:e a9enc37s
s<onsors:i< of a boo; =ritten b3 a CAec: defector na8ed &osef roli;? T:is to8e accused
&o:n Stone:ouse1 t:e %ost8aster General in *ilson7s cabinet1 of bein9 an east bloc a9ent?
Stone:ouse later atte8<ted to 9o under9round in Australia after fei9nin9 suicide?
Stone:ouse =as later found and brou9:t bac;1 alt:ou9: :e still asserts :is innocence of
es<iona9e c:ar9es? T:is affair1 co8<lete =it: a fu9iti>e cabinet 8inister1 =as a colossal
e8barrass8ent to *ilson?
*ilson1 as indicated1 =as con>inced t:at :e =as bein9 bu99ed1 <ossibl3 =it: CIA
<artici<ation? Accordin9 to C:a<8an %inc:er1 F=:et:er t:is sur>eillance eEtended to
inde<endent bu99in9 b3 t:e CIA and NSA is un;no=n1 alt:ou9: t:e CIA :as denied it?
Under t:e An9lo-A8erican a9reee8ent datin9 bac; to 12).1 t:ere :ad lon9 been an
eEc:an9e of su>eillance infor8ation1 includin9 cable and letter interce<ts1 but it is not
i8<ossible t:at t:e A8ericans a9encies occasionall3 undertoo; acti>ities denied1 b3 =rit or
circu8stances1 to t:e !ritis:?F Gfn ))H In ot:er =ords1 it =as easier for t:e An9lo- A8erican
establis:8ent to :a>e t:e CIA :andle t:e bu99in9 in London1 since t:is =as not ille9al
under t:e CIA7s re9ulations? *as t:ere reci<rocit3 in t:is res<ectD %art of t:e destabiliAation
of *ilson =as run t:rou9: %ri>ate E3e 8a9aAine? Anot:er li;el3 <artici<ant =as Tor3
acti>ist Aire3 Nea>e1 =:o :ad =anted to re<lace for8er %ri8e Minister Ed=ard Heat: =it:
T:atc:er =:en Heat: fell in 12.)? Ulti8atel31 T:atc:er =ould be t:e leadin9 beneficiar3 of
t:e fall of *ilson?
Anot:er 9o>ern8ent destabiliAed t:rou9: t:e CIA durin9 t:e sa8e <eriod =as t:e Gou9:
*:itla8 Labor %art3 9o>ern8ent of Australia? *:itla8 t:reatened to de<ri>e t:e CIA of its
;e3 %ine Ga< electronic listenin9 <ost after :e disco>ered t:at t:e Austrialian intelli9ence
ser>ices :ad been =or;in9 =it: t:e CIA to brin9 do=n Allende? On No>e8ber /1 12.+1
=it: !us:7s li;el3 ad>ent at t:e CIA alread3 <ublic ;no=led9e1 T:eodore S:ac;le3
des<atc:ed a tele9ra8 to t:e Australian intelli9ence ser>ices t:reatenin9 to cut off all
eEc:an9es1 :an9in9 t:e Australians out to dr3? On No>e8ber 111 in a :i9:l3 unusual action1
t:e Ro3al Go>ernor General dis8issed *:itla8 as %ri8e Minister1 brin9in9 Malcol8 rase
and t:e conser>ati>es bac; to <o=er? *:en *:itla87s Labor %art3 8aBorit3 in t:e lo=er
:ousr res<onded b3 >otin9 no confidence in raser1 t:e Ro3al Go>ernor General dissol>ed
t:e lo=er :ouse and called a election? It =as a cou< ordered directl3 b3 Lueen EliAabet: II1
and carried out =it: !us:7s :el<? In t:e bac;9round of t:is affair is t:e Nu9an Hand ban;1
an An9lo-A8erican intelli9ence <ro<rietar3 in>ol>ed =it: dru9 8one3 launderin9?
One of t:e 8ost s<ectacular scandals of !us:7s tenure at t:e CIA =as t:e assassination in
*as:in9ton ,C of t:e C:ilean eEile leader Orlando Letelier1 =:o :ad been a 8inister in t:e
9o>ern8ent of Sal>ador Allende Gossens1 =:o :ad been o>ert:ro=n b3 #issin9er in 12.'?
Letelier alon9 =it: Ronnie Moffitt of t:e *as:in9ton Institute for %olic3 Studies died on
Se<te8ber $11 12.- in t:e eE<losion of a car bo8b on S:eridan Circle1 in t:e :eart of
*as:in9ton7s E8bass3 Ro= district alon9 Massac:usetts A>enue?
Relati>el3 fe= cases of international terroris8 :a>e ta;en <lace on t:e territor3 of t:e
United States1 but t:is =as certainl3 an eEce<tion? !us:7s acti>ities before and after t:is
assassination a8ount to one of t:e 8ost biAarre e<isodes in t:e annals of secret intelli9ence
o<erations?
One of t:e assassins of Letelier =as un@uestionabl3 one Mic:ael 6ernon To=nle31 a CIA
a9ent =:o :ad =or;ed for ,a>id Atlee %:ili<s in C:ile? After t:e o>ert:ro= of Allende and
t:e ad>ent of t:e %inoc:et ditators:i<1 ,a>id Atlee %:ili<s :ad beco8e t:e director of t:e
CIA7s =estern :e8i<s:ere o<erations? In 12.+ %:illi<s founded AIO1 t:e Association of
or8er Intelli9ence Officers1 =:ic: :as su<<orted Geor9e !us: in e>er3 ca8<ai9n :e :as
e>er =a9ed since t:at ti8e? To=nle31 as a Ffor8erF CIA a9ent1 :ad 9one to =or; for t:e
,INA1 t:e C:ilean secret <olice1 and :ad been assi9ned b3 t:e ,INA as its liaison 8an
=it: a 9rou< called CORU? CORU =as t:e acron38 for Co88and of United
Re>olutionar3 Or9aniAations1 a united front of four anti-Castro Cuban or9aniAations based
<ri8aril3 in t:e nei9:bor:ood of Mia8i called Little Ha>ana? *it: CORU1 =e are bac; in
t:e 8ilieu of Mia8i anti-Castro Cubans =:ose <olitical 9odfat:er Geor9e !us: :ad been
since >er3 earl3 in t:e 12-57s? CORU =as at t:at ti8e =or;in9 to9et:er =it: t:e
intelli9ence ser>ices of C:ile7s %inoc:et1 %ara9ua37s Alfredo Stroessner1 and Nicara9ua7s
So8oAa for o<erations a9ainst co88on ene8ies1 includin9 C:ilean left- =in9 e8i9res and
Castro assets? Soon after t:e foundation of CORU1 bo8bs be9an to 9o off at t:e Cuban
Mission to t:e United Nations in Ne= (or;?
,urin9 t:is <eriod a Mia8i doctor na8ed Orlando !osc: =as arrested1 alle9edl3 because
:e :ad been <lannin9 to assassinate Henr3 #issin9er1 and t:at ostensibl3 because of
#issin9er7s concessions to Castro? ,urin9 t:e sa8e <eriod1 t:e C:ilean ,INA =as
8ountin9 its so-called O<eration Condor1 a <lan to assassinate e8i9re o<<onents of t:e
%inoc:et dictators:i< and its Milton ried8an1 C:ica9o sc:ool econo8ic <olicies? Gfn )+H
It =as under t:ese circu8stances t:at t:e US A8bassador to C:ile1 Geor9e Landau1 sent a
cable to t:e State ,e<art8ent =it: t:e sin9ular re@uest t:at t=o a9ents of t:e ,INA be
allo=ed to enter t:e United States =it: %ara9ua3an <ass<orts? One of t:ese a9ents is li;el3
to :a>e been To=nle3? T:e cable also indicated t:at t:e t=o ,INA a9ents also =anted to
8eet =it: Gen? 6ernon *alters1 t:e out9oin9 ,e<ut3 ,irector of Central Intelli9ence1 and
so t:e cable also =ent to Lan9le3? Here t:e cable =as read b3 *alters1 and also <assed into
t:e :ands of ,irector Geor9e !us:? !us: not onl3 :ad t:is cable in :is :andsC !us: and
*alters discussed t:e contents of t:e cable and =:at to do about it1 includin9 =:et:er
*alters ou9:t to 8eet =it: t:e ,INA a9ents? T:e cable also reac:ed t:e des; of Henr3
#issin9er? One of Landau7s @uestions a<<ears to :a>e been =:et:er t:e 8ission of t:e
,INA 8en :ad been a<<ro>ed in ad>ance b3 Lan9le3C :is cable =as acco8<anied b3
<:otoco<ies of t:e %ara9ua3an <ass<orts? 0Later on1 in 12/51 !us: denied t:at :e :ad e>er
seen t:is cableC :e :ad not Bust been out of t:e loo<1 :e clai8sC :e :ad been in C:ina? 0T:e
red Studeba;er :ac;s1 includin9 !us: :i8self in :is ca8<ai9n autobio9ra<:31 do not bot:er
den3in9 an3t:in9 about t:e Letelier caseC t:e3 si8<l3 o8it it? Gfn )-H
On Au9ust )1 on t:e basis of t:e con>ersations bet=een !us: and *alters1 t:e CIA sent a
re<l3 fro8 *alters to Landau statin9 t:at t:e for8er F=as una=are of t:e >isit and t:at :is
A9enc3 did not desire to :a>e an3 contact =it: t:e C:ileans?F Landau res<onded b3
re>o;in9 t:e >isas t:at :e :ad alread3 9ranted and tellin9 t:e I88i9ration and
NaturaliAation Ser>ice to <ut t:e t=o ,INA 8en on t:eir =atc: list to be <ic;ed u< if t:e3
tried to enter t:e US? T:e t=o ,INA 8en entered t:e US an3=a3 on Au9ust $$1 =it: no
a<<arent difficult3? T:e ,INA 8en reac:ed *as:in9ton1 and it is clear t:at t:e3 =ere
:ardl3 tra>elin9 inco9nito" t:e3 a<<ear to :a>e as;ed a C:ilean e8bass3 official call t:e
CIA to re<eat t:eir re@uest for a 8eetin9? Accordin9 to ot:er re<orts1 t:e ,INA 8en 8et
=it: Ne= (or; Senator &a8es !uc;le31 t:e brot:er of conser>ati>e colu8nist *illia8
!uc;le3 of S;ull and !ones? It is also said t:at t:e ,INA 8en 8et =it: ran; Ter<il1 a
close associate of Ed *ilson1 and no stran9er to t:e o<erations of t:e S:ac;le3- Clines
Enter<rise? Accordin9 to one suc: >ersion1 FTo=nle3 8et =it: ran; Ter<il one =ee;
before t:e Letelier 8urder1 on t:e sa8e da3 t:at :e 8et =it: Senator &a8es !uc;le3 and
aides in Ne= (or; Cit3? T:e eE<losi>es sent to t:e United States on C:ilean airlines =ere to
re<lace eE<losi>es su<<lied b3 Ed=in *ilson1 accordin9 to a source close to t:e office of
Assistant US Attorne3 La=rence !arcella?F Gfn ).H T:e bo8b t:at ;illed Letelier and
Moffitt =as of t:e sa8e t3<e t:at t:e !I belie>ed t:at Ed *ilson =as sellin91 =it: t:e
sa8e ti8er 8ec:anis8?
!us: t:erefore :ad <lent3 of =arnin9 t:at a ,INA o<eration =as about to ta;e <lace in
*as:in9ton1 and it =as no secret t:at it =ould be =et=or;? As ,in9es and Landau <oint
out1 =:en t:e ,INA :it8en airri>ed in *as:in9ton t:e3 Falerted t:e CIA b3 :a>in9 a
C:ilean e8bass3 e8<lo3ee call General *alters7 office at t:e CIA7s Lan9le3 :ead@uarters?
It is @uite be3ond belief t:at t:e CIA is so laE in its counteres<iona9e functions t:at it
=ould si8<l3 :a>e i9nored a clandestine o<eration b3 a forei9n intelli9ence ser>ice in
*as:in9ton ,C1 or an3=:ere in t:e United States? It is e@uall3 i8<lausible t:at !us:1
*alters1 Landau and ot:er officials =ere una=are of t:e c:ain of international
assassinations t:at :ad been attributed to ,INA?F Gfn )/H One 8i9:t sa3 t:at !us: :ad been
an accessor3 before t:e fact?
!us:7s co8<licit3 dee<ens =:en =e turn to t:e <ost-assassination co>eru<? T:e <rosecutor
in t:e Letelier-Moffitt 8urders =as Assistant US Attorne3 Eu9ene M? %ro<<er? Nine da3s
after t:e assassinations1 %ro<<er =as tr3in9 =it:out success to 9et so8e coo<eration fro8
t:e CIA1 since it =as ob>ious enou9: to an3one t:at t:e C:ilean re9i8e =as t:e <ri8e
sus<ect in t:e ;illin9 of one of its 8ost <ro8inent <olitical o<<onents? T:e CIA :ad been
crudel3 stone=allin9 %ro<<er? He :ad e>en been unable to secure t:e re@uisite securit3
clearance to see docu8ents in t:e case? T:en %ro<<er recei>ed a tele<:one call fro8
Stanle3 %ottin9er1 Assistant Attorne3 General in c:ar9e of t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts ,i>ision of t:e
&ustice ,e<art8ent? %ottin9er said t:at :e :ad been in contact =it: 8e8bers of t:e Institute
for %olic3 Studies =:o :ad ar9ued t:at t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts ,i>ision ou9:t to ta;e o>er t:e
Letelier case because of its clear <olitical i8<lications? %ro<<er ar9ued t:at :e s:ould ;ee<
control of t:e case since t:e %rotection of orei9n Officials Act 9a>e :i8 Burisdiction?
%ottin9er a9reed t:at %ro<<er =as ri9:t1 and t:at :e ou9:t to ;ee< t:e case? *:en %ottin9er
offered to be of :el< in an3 <ossible =a31 %ro<<er as;ed if %ottin9er could eE<edite
coo<eration =it: t:e CIA?
As %ro<<er later recounted t:is con>ersation"
Instant1 =ar8 confidence s:ot t:rou9: t:e tel<:one line? T:e assistant attorne3 9eneral re<lied t:at
:e :a<<ened to be a <ersonal friend of t:e CIA director :i8self1 Geor9e !us:? %ottin9er called
:i8 FGeor9e?F or :i81 t:e CIA ,irector =as onl3 a <:one call a=a3? *ould %ro<<er li;e an
a<<oint8entD !3 t:at afternoon :e1 Gan !I a9ent =or;in9 on t:e caseH1 and %ottin9er =ere
sc:eduled for lunc: =it: ,irector !us: at CIA :ead@uarters on Monda3? A &ustice ,e<art8ent
li8ousine =ould <ic; t:e8 u< at noon? %ro<<er =:istled to :i8self? T:is =as ;no=n in
*as:int9ton as access? Gfn )2H
At CIA :ead@uarters1 F%ottin9er introduced %ro<<er to ,irector !us:1 and !us: introduced
t:e t=o la=3ers to Ton3 La<:a81 :is 9eneral counsel? T:en1 9raciousl31 t:e ,irector said1
7*ould 3ou 9entl8en care for so8e s:err3DF An old butler in a =:ite coat ser>ed s:err3 and
c:eese :ors d7oeu>res? T:en t:e 9rou< 8o>ed into t:e ,irector7s <ri>ate dinin9 roo81 =:ere
an ele9ant table =as laid on =:ite linen?F
T:ere =as so8e <olite con>ersation? T:en1
=:en finall3 called on to state :is business1 %ro<<er said t:at t:e Letelier-Moffitt 8urders
=ere 8ore t:an li;el3 <olitical assassinations1 and t:at t:e in>esti9ation =ould <robabl3
8o>e outside t:e United States into t:e A9enc37s real8 of forei9n intelli9ence? T:erefore1
%ro<<er =anted CIA coo<eration in t:e for8 of re<orts fro8 =it:in C:ile1 re<orts on
assassins1 re<orts on forei9n o<erati>es enterin9 t:e United States1 and t:e li;e? He =anted
an3t:in9 :e could 9et t:at 8i9:t bear u<on t:e 8urders?
If !us: :ad =anted to be candid1 :e could :a>e infor8ed %ro<<er t:at :e :ad been
infor8ed of t:e co8in9 of t:e ,INA tea8 t=ice1 once before t:e3 left Sout: A8erica and
once =:en t:e3 :ad arri>ed in *as:in9ton? !ut !us: ne>er >olunteered t:is :i9:l3
<ertinent infor8ation? Instead1 :e =ent into a so<:isticated stone=all routine"
FLoo;1F said !us:1 FI78 a<<alled b3 t:e bo8bin9? Ob>iousl3 =e can7t allo= <eo<le to co8e ri9:t
:ere into t:e ca<ital and ;ill forei9n di<lo8ats and A8erican citiAens li;e t:is? It =ould be a
:ideous <recedent? So1 as ,irector1 I =ant to :el< 3ou? As an A8erican citiAen1 I =ant to :el<?
!ut1 as director1 I also ;no= t:at t:e A9enc3 can7t :el< in a lot of situations li;e t:is? *e7>e 9ot
so8e <roble8s? Ton31 tell :i8 =:at t:e3 are?F
La<:a87s ar9u8ent =ent li;e t:is1 =it: !us: loo;in9 on"
T:e first <roble8 is t:at e>er3 ti8e =e7>e tried to :el< &ustice in t:e <ast1 t:e37>e scre=ed us?
T:e3 al=a3s <ro8ise us t:at if =e 9i>e t:e8 t:is assistance of t:at assistance1 t:e37ll Bust use it
for bac;9round1 but t:e neEt t:in9 =e ;no=1 t:e37re tr3in9 to 8a;e a =itness out of our source?
T:e37re tr3in9 to <ut :i8 in court? *e can7t attract and :old sources if t:e37re afraid t:e37ll 9et
sla<<ed into court?
F*ell1 t:at sounds le9iti8ate to 8e1F said %ro<<er1 Fbut I78 sure =e can fi9ure out a =a3 to =or;
around it?F
FT:at7s not all1F said La<:a8? F*e 9ot torn to <ieces last 3ear for do8estic intelli9ence1 so no=
e>er3bod3 o>er :ere is 9un-s:3 about re<Hortin9 on A8ericans or an3 acti>ities in t:is countr3?
*e can7t do it? T:at7s strictl3 out? T:e liberals don7t li;e so8e t:in9s =e do and t:e conser>ati>es
don7t li;e ot:ers1 and t:e =a3 t:e rule boo; is no=1 =e sta3 clean b3 ;ee<in9 out of cri8inal stuff
and do8estic stuff? (ou7>e 9ot a 8urder :ere in t:e states? T:at7s bot:? T:at 8a;es it tou9:?F
FI see1F said %ro<<er? F!ut I can7t belie>e t:ere7s not so8e =a3 for 3ou to 9et into t:is case? T:ere
:as to be a =a3? If so8ebod3 co8es into t:e countr3 fro8 o>erseas and assassinates <eo<le :ere in
*as:in9ton1 t:at7s 9ot to be 3our ;ind of =or;? T:e3 8i9:t do it a9ain? *:o else =ill sto< itDF
FSure1F said La<:a8? FT:at7s a securit3 8atter? T:at7s ours? !ut =e don7t ;no= t:is is a securit3
8atter 3et1 and =e7d :a>e to in>esti9ate a cri8e to find out?F Gfn +5H
Notice t:e consu88ate Aristotelian obfuscation b3 La<:a81 =:o is <ro<oundin9 a c:ic;en
and e99 <aradoE of la= and ad8inistration? A<art fro8 suc: so<:ists1 e>er3one ;ne= t:at
%inoc:et =as a <ri8e sus<ect? La<:a8 and %ro<<er finall3 a9reed t:at t:e3 could :andle
t:e 8atter best t:rou9: an eEc:an9e of letters bet=een t:e CIA ,irector and Attorne3
General Le>i? Geor9e !us: su88ed u<" FIf 3ou t=o co8e u< =it: so8et:in9 t:at Ton3
t:in;s =ill <rotect us1 =e7ll be all ri9:t?F T:e date =as October )1 12.-?
Contrar3 to t:at <led9e1 !us: and t:e CIA be9an acti>el3 to sabota9e %ro<<er7s
in>esti9ation in <ublic as =ell as be:ind t:e scenes? !3 Saturda3 t:e *as:in9ton %ost =as
re<ortin9 8an3 details of %ro<<er7s arran9e8ent =it: t:e CIA? E>en 8ore interestin9 =as
t:e follo=in9 ite8 in t:e F%erisco<eF colu8n of Ne=s=ee; 8a9aAine of October 11"
After stud3in9 !I and ot:er field in>esti9ations1 t:e CIA :as concluded t:at t:e C:ilean secret
<olice =ere not in>ol>ed in t:e deat: of Orlando Letelier????T:e a9enc3 reac:ed its decision
because t:e bo8b =as too crude to be t:e =or; of eE<erts and because t:e 8urder1 co8in9 =:ile
C:ile7s rulers =ere =ooin9 US su<<ort1 could onl3 da8a9e t:e Santia9o re9i8e?F
Accordin9 to t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of October 1$" S
Gord Ad8inistrationH intelli9ence officials said it a<<eared t:at t:e !I and t:e Central
Intelli9ence A9enc3 :ad >irtuall3 ruled out t:e idea t:at Mr? Letelier =as ;illed b3 a9ents of t:e
C:ilean 8ilitar3 Bunta????GT:e3H said t:e3 understood ,INA =as fir8l3 under t:e control of t:e
9o>ern8ent of Gen? Au9usto %inco:et and t:at ;illin9 Mr? Letelier could not :a>e ser>ed t:e
Bunta7s <ur<oses????T:e intelli9ence officials said a <arallel in>esti9ation =as <ursuin9 t:e
<ossibilit3 t:at Mr? Letelier :ad been assassinated b3 C:ilean left-=in9 eEtre8ists as a 8eans of
disru<tin9 United States relations =it: t:e 8ilitar3 Bunta?
On No>e8ber 1? t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted a lea; fro8 !us: <ersonall3"
CIA officials sa3???t:e3 belie>e t:at o<erati>es of t:e <resent C:ilean 8ilitar3 Bunta did not ta;e <art in
Letelier7s ;illin9? Accordin9 to infor8ed sources1 CIA ,irector !us: eE<ressed t:is >ie= in a con>ersation
last =ee; =it: Secretar3 of State #issin9er1 t:e sources said? *:at e>idence t:e CIA :as obtained to su<<ort
t:is initial conclusion =as not disclosed? S
Most re8ar;abl31 !us: is re<orted to :a>e flo=n to Mia8i on No>e8ber / =it: t:e
<ur<ose or <reteEt of ta;in9 Fa =al;in9 tour of little Ha>ana?F As aut:or ,onald reed tells
it1 FActuall3 G!us:H 8et =it: t:e Mia8i !I S<ecial A9ent in C:ar9e &ulius Matson and t:e
c:ief of t:e anti-Castro terroris8 s@uad? Accordin9 to a source close to t:e 8eetin9 !us:
=arned t:e !I a9ainst allo=in9 t:e in>esti9ation to 9o an3 furt:er t:an t:e lo=est le>el
Cubans?F Gfn +1H In a 8eetin9 <resided o>er b3 %ottin9er1 %ro<<er =as onl3 able to 9et
La<:a8 to a9ree t:at t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent could as; t:e CIA to re<ort an3 infor8ation
on t:e Letelier 8urder t:at 8i9:t relate to t:e securit3 of t:e United States a9ainst forei9n
inter>ention? It =as t=o 3ears before an3 =ord of t:e &ul3-Au9ust cables =as di>ul9ed?
Ulti8atel3 so8e lo=-le>el Cubans =ere con>icted in a trial t:at sa= To=nle3 co< a <lea
bar9ain and 9et off =it: a li9:ter sentence t:an t:e rest? Material about To=nle3 under :is
>arious aliases stran9le3 disa<<eared fro8 t:e INS files1 and records of t:e &ul3- Au9ust
cable traffic =it: *alters 0and !us:4 =as eE<un9ed? No doubt t:at t:ere :ad been
obstruction of Bustice1 no doubt t:ere :ad been a co>er-u<?
On October -1 bo8bs destro3ed a Cubana Airlines ,C-/ fl3in9 fro8 #in9ston1 &a8aica to
Ha>ana1 ;illin9 .' <assan9ers and cre=1 includin9 t:e Cuban national fencin9 tea8 =:ic:
=as returnin9 fro8 6eneAuela? Anon38ous callers to ne=s<a<ers and radio stations
clai8ed res<onsibilit3 for CORU and O<eration Condor1 =:ile idel Castro i88ediatel3
bla8ed t:e CIA? 6eneAuelan <olice arrested CORU leaders Orlando !osc: 0freed fro8 Bail
in t:e US4 and Luis %osada Carriles1 =:o8 =e =ill later see as an associate of !us:
o<erati>e eliE Rodri9ueA in Iran-contra?
,urin9 12.-1 Ed *ilson1 officiall3 retired1 :ad been =or;in9 =it: CIA officials on a
<roBect to deli>er eE<losi>es1 ti8ers1 =ea<ons1 and ulti8atel3 Rede3e 8issles to Laddafi of
Lib3a? *ilson =as recei>in9 assistance fro8 acti>e dut3 CIA a9ents1 includin9 *illia8
*eisenbur9er and fro8 Scientific Co88unications1 a CIA front co8<an3? *ilson =as
=or;in9 =it: Clines1 =:o =as still on t:e CIA <a3roll? CIA 8an #e>in Mulca:3 :ad
re<orted to T:eodore S:ac;le3 about *ilson7s acti>ities1 and S:ac;le3 :ad infor8ed de<ut3
director *illia8 *ells1 =:o in turned :ad <assed t:e :ot <otato on to Ins<ector General
&o:n *aller? T:e result of t:is round =as a <robe of Mulca:37s re<ort under T:o8as CoE of
*allers7 staff1 assisted b3 T:o8as Clines1 of all <eo<le? On t:e basis of t:is in-:ouse
in>esti9ation1 !us: on Se<te8ber 1. decided to <ass t:e entire case on to t:e !I?
Anot:er as<ect of *ilson7s s;ulldu99er3 =as re<orted to Clines b3 Rafael FC:i C:iF
Luintero1 anot:er fiEture of t:e Enter<rise1 =:o co8<lained t:at *ilson =as tr3in9 to
recruit :i8 for an assassination atte8<t a9ainst FCarlos1F t:e fabled international terrorist?
(ears later *ilson =as 9i>en a lon9 Bail sentence1 =:ile :is side;ic; ran; Ter<il =ent
under9round? *:at is essential :ere is t:at under !us:7s ad8inistration1 t:e CIA and its
associated Enter<rise and ot:er old bo3s net=or;s be9an to run a8o; alon9 <at:s t:at lead
us to=ards t:e Iran-contra affair and t:e ot:er 9reat co>ert action secret =ars of t:e 12/57s
and 12257s?
,urin9 t:e last da3s of t:e ord Ad8inistration1 Attorne3 General Ed=ard Le>i :ad
occasion to assert t:at t:e CIA7s <olic3 of refusin9 to turn docu8ents and ot:er e>idence
o>er to t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent Fs8ac;ed of a *ater9ate co>er-u<?F T:is =as in connection
=it: t:e <rosecution of one Ed=in Gibbons Moore1 =:o =as alle9edl3 tr3in9 to sell secret
<a<ers to t:e So>iet E8bass3? T:e !us: CIA :ad refused to turn o>er >arious docu8ents
9er8ane to t:is stran9e case?
,urin9 t:e Rea9an 3ears1 !us: =as 9i>en a 8uc:-<ubliciAed assi9n8ent as :ead of t:e
Sout: lorida Tas; orce and related efforts t:at =ere billed as <art of a F=ar on dru9s?F In
12.+1 %resident ord :ad ordered t:e CIA to collect intelli9ence on narcotics traffic;in9
o>erseas1 and also to Fco>ertl3 influenceF forei9n offocials to :el< US anti- dru9 acti>ities?
Ho= =ell did !us: carr3 out t:is critical <art of :is res<onsibilitiesD
%oorl31 accordin9 to a &ustice ,e<art8ent FRe<ort on In@uir3 into CIA-Related Electronic
Sur>eillance Acti>ities1F =:ic: =as co8<iled in 12.-1 but =:ic: :as onl3 <artl3 co8e into
t:e <ublic do8ain? *:at e8er9es is a s3ste8atic <attern of co>eru< t:at recalls La<:a87s
s<urious ar9u8ents in t:e Leletier case? Usin9 t:e notorious stone=all t:at t:e first
res<onsibilit3 of t:e CIA =as to s:ield its o=n F8et:ods and sourcesF fro8 bein9 eE<osed1
t:e a9enc3 eE<ressed fear Ft:at t:e confidentialit3 of CIA7s o>erseas collection 8et:ods
and sources =ould be in Beo<ard3 s:ould disco>er3 <roceedin9s re@uire disclosure of t:e
CIA7s electronic sur>eillance acti>ities?F Gfn +$H T:is caused Fse>eral narcotics
in>esit9ations and7or <rosecutions???to be ter8inated?F
It =as durin9 12.- t:at !us: 8et t:e %ana8anian leader Manuel Antonio Norie9a?
Accordin9 to ,on Gre991 t:is 8eetin9 too; <lace on t:e ed9es of a lunc:eon conference
=it: se>eral ot:er >isitin9 %ana8anian officials?
T:is all 8a;es an i8<ressi>e catalo9ue of debacles in t:e area of co>ert o<erations? !ut
=:at about t:e intelli9ence <roduct of t:e CIA1 in <articular t:e National Intelli9ence
Esti8ates t:at are t:e center<iece of t:e CIA7s =or;? Here !us: =as to o>ersee a 8aneu>er
8ar;edl3 to en:ance t:e influence of t:e <ro-Jionist =in9 of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3?
As =e :a>e alread3 seen1 t:e idea of ne= <rocedures alle9edl3 desi9ned to e>aluate t:e
CIA7s trac; record in intelli9ence anal3sis :ad been ;ic;in9 around in Leo C:erne7s %IA!
for so8e ti8e? In &une1 12.-1 !us: acce<ted a <ro<osal fro8 Leo C:erne to carr3 out an
eE<eri8ent in Fco8<etiti>e anal3sisF in t:e area of National Intelli9ence Esti8ates of
So>iet air defenses1 So>iet 8issle accurac31 and o>erall So>iet strate9ic obBecti>es? !us:
and C:erne decided to conduct t:e co8<etiti>e anal3sis b3 co88issionin9 t=o se<arate
9rou<s1 eac: of =:ic: =ould <resent and ar9ue for its o=n conclusions? On t:e one1 Tea8
A =ould be t:e CIA7s o=n National Intelli9ence Officers and t:eir staffs? !ut t:ere =ould
also be a se<arate Tea8 !1 a 9rou< of ostensibl3 inde<endent outside eE<erts?
T:e 9rou< leader of Tea8 ! =as Har>ard :istor3 <rofessor Ric:ard %i<es1 =:o =as
=or;in9 in t:e !ritis: Museu8 in London =:en :e =as a<<ointed b3 !us: and C:erne?
%i<es :ad enBo3ed su<<ort for :is =or; fro8 t:e office of Senator Henr3 &ac;son1 =:ic:
:ad been one of t:e <rinci<al incubators of a 9eneration of =:iA ;ids and t:in; tan;ers
=:ose entire strate9ic outloo; re>ol>ed around t:e stated or unstated <re8iss of t:e
absolute <ri8ac3 of su<<ortin9 Israel in e>er3 i8a9inable eEcess or ad>enture1 =:ile
fre@uentl3 sacrificin9 >ital US interests in t:e <rocess?
T:e liason bet=een %i<es7 Tea8 ! and Tea8 A1 t:e official CIA1 =as <ro>ided b3 &o:n
%aisle31 =:o :ad earlier ser>ed as t:e liaison bet=een Lan9le3 and t:e McCord-Hunt-
Lidd3 %lu8bers? In t:is sense %aisle3 ser>ed as t:e staff director of t:e Tea8 A-Tea8 !
eE<eri8ent? %i<es t:en be9an c:oosin9 t:e 8e8bers of Tea8 !? irst :e selected fro8 a list
<ro>ided b3 t:e CIA t=o 8ilitar3 8en1 Lieutenant General &o:n 6o9t and !ri9adier
General &as<er *elc:1 &r?1 bot: of t:e Air orce? %i<es t:e added se>en additional 8e8bers"
%aul NitAe1 Gen? ,aniel Gra:a81 t:e retirin9 :ead of t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc31
%rofessor *illia8 >an Clea>e of t:e Uni>ersit3 of Sout:ern California1 for8er US
A8bassador to Mosco= o3 #o:ler1 %aul *olfo=itA of t:e Ar8s Control and ,isar8a8ent
A9enc31 T:o8as *olfe of t:e RAN, Cor<oration1 and Se38our *eiss1 a for8er to< State
,e<art8ent official? T=o ot:er c:oices b3 %i<es =ere reBected b3 !us:?
Tea8 ! be9an 8eetin9 durin9 late Au9ust of 12.-? %aisle3 and ,on Suda <ro>ided Tea8 !
=it: t:e sa8e ra= intelli9ence bein9 used b3 National Intelli9ence Officer Ho=ard
StoertA7s Tea8 A? Tea8 !7s basic conclusion =as t:at t:e So>iet 8ilitar3 <re<arations =ere
not eEclusi>el3 defensi>e1 but rat:er re<resented t:e atte8<t to ac@uire a first-stri;e
ca<abilit3 t:at =ould allo= t:e USSR to unleas: and <re>ail in t:er8onculear =ar? T:e US
=ould face a =indo= of >ulnerabilit3 durin9 t:e 12/57s? !ut it is clear fro8 %i<es7 o=n
discussion of t:e debate t:at Tea8 ! Gfn +'H =as less interested in t:e So>iet Union and its
ca<abilities t:an in seiAin9 :e9e8on3 in t:e intelli9ence and t:in; tan; co88unit3 in
<re<aration for seiAin9 t:e ;e3 <osts in t:e Re<ublican ad8inistration t:at 8i9:t follo=
Carter in 12/5? %i<es =as li>id =:en1 at t:e final Tea8 A-Tea8 ! 8eetin91 :e =as not
allo=ed to sit at !us:7s table for lunc:? T:e ar9u8ent in Tea8 ! @uarters =as t:at since t:e
So>iets =ere turnin9 a99ressi>e once a9ain1 t:e US 8ust do e>er3t:in9 <ossible to
stren9t:en t:e onl3 staunc: and reliable A8erican all3 in t:e Middle East or <ossibl3
an3=:ere in t:e =orld1 Israel? T:is 8eant not Bust t:at Israel :ad to be financed =it:out
stint1 but t:at Israel :ad to be brou9:t into central A8erica1 t:e ar East1 and Africa? T:ere
=as e>en a desi9n for a ne= NATO constructed around Israel1 =:ile Bun;in9 t:e old NATO
because it =as absorbin9 >ital US resources needed b3 Israel?
!3 contrast1 Tea8 ! su<<orters li;e Ric:ard %erle1 =:o ser>ed as Assistant Secretar3 of
,efense under Rea9an1 =ere later bitterl3 :ostile to t:e Strate9ic ,efense Initiati>e1 =:ic:
=as <lainl3 t:e onl3 rational res<onse to t:e So>iet buildu<1 =:ic: =as >er3 real indeed?
T:e F=indo= of >ulnerabilit3F ar9u8ent :ad 8erit1 but t:e <olic3 conclusions fa>ored b3
Tea8 ! :ad none1 since t:eir idea of res<ondin9 to t:e So>iet t:reat =as1 once a9ain1 to
subordinate e>er3t:in9 to Israeli re@uire8ents?
Tea8 A and Tea8 ! =ere su<<osed to be secret1 but lea;s a<<eared in t:e !oston Globe in
October? %i<es =as sur<rised to find an e>en 8ore detailed account of Tea8 ! and its 9ri8
esti8ate of So>iet intent in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es s:ortl3 after C:rist8as1 but %aisle3 told
:i8 t:at !us: and CIA official Ric:ard Le:8an :ad alread3 been lea;in9 to t:e <ress1 and
ur9ed %i<es to be9in to offer so8e inter>ie=s of :is o=n? Gfn +)H
T3<icall3 enou9:1 !us: a<<eared on ace t:e Nation earl3 in t:e ne= 3ear to sa3 t:at :e
=as Fa<<alledF b3 t:e lea;s of Tea8 !7s conclusions? !us: confessed t:at Foutside
eE<ertise :as enor8ous a<<eal to 8e?F He refused to discuss t:e Tea8 ! conclusions
t:e8sel>es1 but did sa3 t:at :e =anted to F9un do=nF s<eculation t:at t:e CIA :ad lea;ed a
tou9: esti8ate of t:e USSR7s 8ilitar3 buildu< in order to sto< Carter fro8 cuttin9 t:e
defense bud9et? T:at s<eculation FBust couldn7t be furt:er fro8 t:e trut:1F said !us:1 =:o
=as t:us cau9:t l3in9 neit:er for t:e first nor last ti8e in :is eEistence? As if b3 co8<ulsi>e
association1 !us: =ent on" FT:at 9ets to t:e inte9rit3 of t:e <rocess? And I a8 :ere to
defend t:e inte9rit3 of t:e intelli9ence <rocess? T:e CIA :as 9reat inte9rit3? It =ould ne>er
ta;e directions fro8 a <olic38a;er-- 8e or an3bod3 else--in order to co8e u< =it:
conclusions to force a %resident-elect7s :and or a %resident7s :and1F <ontificated !us: =it:
Ol38<ian :3<ocris3?
or :is <art1 Henr3 #issin9er1 =it:in a 3ear or t=o1 in an inter>ie= =it: t:e London
Econo8ist1 e8braced ;e3 as<ects of t:e Tea8 ! <osition?
Con9ress soon 9ot into t:e act1 and Geor9e !us: testified at a closed :earin9 of t:e Senate
orei9n Relations Co88ittee on &anuar3 1/1 12..? It turned out t:at Tea8 ! and its
F=orst-caseF scenario enBo3ed stron9 su<<ort fro8 Hubert Hu8<:re31 Clifford Case1 and
&acob &a>its? Later it also beca8e clear t:at Adlai Ste>enson1 t:e c:iar8an of t:e Senate
Intelli9ence Co88ittee Subco88ittee on Collection1 %roduction1 and Lualit3 of
Intelli9ence =as also su<<orti>e of Tea8 !1 alon9 =it: 8an3 ot:er senators suc: as
Mo3ni:an and *allo<? Gar3 Hart =as :ostile1 but %erc3 =as o<en to dialo9ue =it: Tea8 !?
After t:e Tea8 ! conclusions :ad been bruited around t:e =orld1 %i<es beca8e a leadin9
8e8ber of t:e Co88ittee on t:e %resent ,an9er1 =:ere :is fello= Tea8 ! >eteran %aul
NitAe =as alread3 ensconced1 alon9 =it: Eu9ene 6? Rosto=1 ,ean Rus;1 Lane #ir;land1
MaE #a8<el8an1 Ric:ard Allen1 ,a>id %ac;ard1 and Henr3 o=ler? About '5 8e8bers of
t:e Co88ittee on t:e %resent dan9er =ent on to beco8e :i9: officials of t:e Rea9an
Ad8inistration?
Ronald Rea9an :i8self e8bracedt:e F=indo= of >ulerabilit3F t:esis1 =:ic: =or;ed as =ell
for :i8 as t:e bo8ber 9a< and 8issle 9a< ar9u8ents :ad =or;ed in <re>ious elections?
*:en t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration =as bein9 asse8bled1 !us: and &a8es !a;er :ad a lot to
sa3 about =:o 9ot =:at a<<oint8ents? !us: =as t:e founder of Tea8 !1 and t:at is t:e
funda8ental reason =:ic: suc: <ro-Jionist neoconser>ati>es as MaE #a8<el8an1 Ric:ard
%erle1 Ste>en !r3en1 Noel #oc:1 %aul *olfo=itA and ,o> Ja;e8 s:o=ed u< in t:e Rea9an
Ad8inistration? or in one of :is 8an3 ideolo9ical reincarnations1 Geor9e !us: is also a
neoconser>ati>e :i8self? *:at counted for Tea8 ! =as to occu<3 t:e offices1 and to
do8inate t:e debate? Tea8 ! 9reatl3 influenced t:e strate9ic assu8<tions and r:etoric of
t:e first Rea9an Ad8inistrationC t:eir one outstandin9 defeat =as t:e launc:in9 of t:e S,I?
In a 9ri8 <ostlude to t:e Tea8 ! eEercise1 !us:7s :and-<ic;ed staff director for t:e
o<eration1 &o:n %aisle31 t:e So>iet anal3st 0%aisle3 =as t:e for8er de<ut3 director of t:e
CIA7s Office of Strate9ic Researc:4 and CIA liaison to t:e %lu8bers1 disa<<eared on
Se<te8ber $)1 12./ =:ile sailin9 on C:esa<ea;e !a3 in :is sloo<1 t:e !rilli9? Se>eral da3s
later a bod3 =as found floatin9 in t:e ba3 in an ad>anced state of deco8<osition1 and =it:
a 9un s:ot =ound be:ind t:e left ear? T:e cor<se =as =ei9:ed do=n b3 t=o sets of
<onderous di>in9 belts? T:e bod3 =as four inc:es s:orter t:an %aisle37s o=n :ei9:t1 and
%aisle37s =ife later asserted t:at t:e bod3 found =as not t:at of :er :usband? ,es<ite all
t:is1 t:e bod3 =as <ositi>el3 identified as %aisle37s1 t:e deat: su88aril3 ruled a suicide1
and t:e bod3 @uic;l3 cre8ated at a funeral :o8e a<<ro>ed b3 t:e Office of Securit3?
%aisle3 :ad been in>ol>ed alon9 =it: An9leton in t:e debriefin9 and 8ana9in9 of So>iet
defectors li;e Nosen;o and Ni;olai Arta8ono>OFS:adrin1F and >arious as<ects of t:is case
s:o= t:at t:e !us:-C:erne Tea8 ! :ad not reall3 ceased its o<erations after 12.--..1 but
:ad continued to function? So8e :a>e atte8<ted to identif3 %aisle3 as ,ee< T:roat? Ot:ers
:a>e su99ested t:at :e =as a #G! 8ole? Eit:er stor31 if true1 8i9:t lead to :i9:l3
e8barrassin9 conse@uences for Geor9e !us:? Gfn ++H
T:e S:adrin case Bust 8entioned allo=s us to follo= !us: a fe= ste<s furt:er into t:e =orld
of So>iet defectors1 eEc:an9es1 ;idna<<in9s1 8urders1 and ot:er 9risl3 rites of t:e cold =ar?
Nicolai Arta8ono> alias Nic; S:adrin =as a So>iet na>al officer =:o :ad defected to t:e
=est in t:e 12+57s1 and =:o =or;ed for t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc3? T:ere are
indications t:at S:adrin =as encoura9ed b3 :is US :andlers to let :i8self be contacted b3
t:e So>iets so t:at :e could beco8e a double a9ent? In ,ece8ber1 12.+ S:adrin =as sent to
6ienna b3 t:e CIA1 =:ere :e disa<<eared? Accordin9 to so8e >ersions1 :e :ad been a
So>iet a9ent all alon91 and =ent bac; to Mosco= under t:e orders of t:e #G!? Accordin9
to ot:er >ersions1 S:adrin =as c3nicall3 deli>ered u< b3 :is CIA :andlers to certain deat: at
t:e :ands of t:e #G! =it:in t:e fra8e=or; of a dirt3 o<eration to en:ance t:e career of
anot:er #G! a9ent =:o :ad secretl3 9one to =or; for t:e CIA =:ile re8ainin9 =it: t:e
#G!? Gfn +-H
T:e :andlin9 of defectors suc: as S:adrin re<resented t:at <art of CIA o<erations =:ere
&a8es &esus An9leton s<un :is =eb1 so =ere are 8o>in9 t:rou9: an obfuscated =ilderness
of 8irrors in broac:in9 t:is subBect? !ut it see8s =ell establis:ed t:at !us: ac@uired a
<ersonal role in t:e S:adrin affair t:rou9: :is dece<tion of S:adrin7s =ife1 E>a S:adrin1
=:o =as des<eratel3 see;in9 to find out =:at :ad :a<<ened to :er :usband?
*it: t:e :el< of friends1 E>a S:adrin a<<ealed for assistance to Senators &o:n S<ar;8an1
and &a8es Eastland1 to S<ea;er of t:e House Carl Albert1 to %enta9on officials and to
%IA!? On ebruar3 +1 Mrs? S:adrin recei>ed a call fro8 !rent Sco=croft sa3in9 t:at t:e
case :ad been brou9:t to :is attention? T:e sa8e da3 Gen? 6ernon *alters called to sa3 t:at
Sco=croft =as 8eetin9 =it: :i8 at t:at >er3 :our to see =:at could be done? !us: t:en
a<<ointed CIA Counterintelli9ence C:ief Geor9e #alaris to o>ersee coo<eration =it: Mrs?
Sadrin and :er la=3er1 Ric:ard Co<a;en? #alaris is accused in one <ublis:ed account of
t:is stor3 of :a>in9 :el<ed to deli>ered S:adrin into t:e :ands of t:e #G!? Later1 on
October /1 12.- Mrs? S:adrin and Co<a;en =ere recei>ed b3 !us: at Lan9le3 in a 8eetin9
also attended b3 #alaris and for8er CIA e8<lo3ee C:ester Coo<er? 6arious <ossibilities for
forcin9 an eEc:an9e of S:adrin =ere brou9:t u< b3 Mrs?
S:adrin1 but =ere ruled out b3 !us:? !us: also refused to sa3 =:et:er or not S:adrin =as
on a secret 8ission for t:e CIA? !us: did a9ree to set u< a 8eetin9 for Mrs? S:adrin =it:
%resident ord?
On No>e8ber +1 ord recei>ed Mrs? S:adrin at t:e *:ite House? Mrs? S:adrin recalled
ord as Fcold and austere1F a 8an =:ose Fe3es see8ed 9laAed o>er li;e a bullfro97s =:ile I
tal;ed?F ord =as un=illin9 to 8a;e an3 co88itt8ent on be:alf of S:adrin? In t:e
8eanti8e1 !us: :ad allo=ed Co<a;en to inter>ie= se>eral CIA clandestine officers1
includin9 t:e last CIA contact to see S:adrin1 one C3nt:ia Haus8ann? T:is =as considered
a :i9:l3 unusual fa>or b3 t:e ,CI1 e>en t:ou9: Haus8ann7s co>er :ad alread3 been blo=n
b3 %:ili< A9ee? !ut in t:e end1 Mrs? S:adrin concluded t:at :er :usband :ad been set u< b3
t:e CIA1 and t:at Fs:e :ad been a fool to belie>e an3t:in9 told :er b3 Geor9e !us:????F Gfn
+.H
Related di8ensions of !us:7s intri9ues at t:e CIA can onl3 be :inted at? T:ere is for
eEa8<le t:e case of Ral<: &ose<: Si9ler1 an ar83 se9reant =:o =or;ed as a double a9ent
=it: t:e east bloc until :e =as found brutall3 8urdered b3 electrocution in a 8otel in A<ril1
12.-? A8on9 Si9ler7s belon9in9s =as a <:oto9ra<: of :i8self to9et:er =it: CIA ,irector
!us:? Gfn +/H
T:e @uestion raised b3 t:ese cases =as al8ost uni>ersall3 dod9ed durin9 t:e 12// election
ca8<ai9n" F,o t:e A8erican <eo<le reall3 =ant to elect a for8er director of t:e CIA as
t:eir %resident1F as To8 *ic;er <osed it in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of A<ril $21 12//? FT:at7s
:ardl3 been discussed so farC but it see8s ob>ious t:at a CIA c:ief 8i9:t =ell be <ri>3 to
t:e ;ind of 7blac;7 secrets t:at could later 8a;e :i8-- as a <ublic fi9ure-- subBect to
blac;8ail?F Here is one area =:ere =e can be sure t:at =e :a>e onl3 scratc:ed t:e surface?
As :e 8ana9ed t:e for8idable =orld-=ide ca<abilities of t:e CIA durin9 12.-1 !us: =as
la3in9 t:e 9round=or; for :is <ersonal ad>ance8ent to :i9:er office and 9reater <o=er in
t:e 12/57s? As =e :a>e seen1 t:ere =as so8e inter8ittent s<eculation durin9 t:e 3ear t:at1
in s<ite of =:at ord :ad <ro8ised t:e Senate1 !us: 8i9:t s:o= u< as ord7s runnin9 8ate
after all? !ut1 at t:e Re<ublican con>ention1 ord c:ose #ansas Senator !ob ,ole for >ice-
<resident? If ord :ad =on t:e election1 !us: =ould certainl3 :a>e atte8<ted to secure a
furt:er <ro8otion1 <er:a<s to Secretar3 of State1 ,efense1 or Treasur3 as a s<rin9board for
a ne= <residential bid of :is o=n in 12/5? !ut if Carter =on t:e election1 !us: =ould
atte8<t to raise t:e banner of t:e non-<olitical status of t:e CIA in order to con>ince Carter
to let :i8 sta3 at Lan9le3 durin9 t:e <eriod 12..-/1 as a Fnon-<artisanF ad8inistrator?
Carter and !us: =ere not destined to 9et alon9? Carter =ore t:e 8as; of t:e cult of
,ion3sios1 de8andin9 t:at t:e secrets of t:e inner te8<le be t:ro=n o<en to t:e <lebs for
=:ic: :e <retended to act as tribune? !us: =ore t:e 8as; of t:e te8<le of A<ollo1 and
ar9ued in <ublic for t:e sanctit3 of state secrets and t:e <riorit3 of co>ert o<erations =:ile
:e secretl3 de<lo3ed :is o=n irre9ular ar8ies? Carter :ad i8<licitl3 attac;ed !us: durin9
t:e earl3 <:ases of t:e <residential ca8<ai9n in an Au9ust 1$ s<eec: in =:ic: t:e Geor9ian
:ad deni9rated t:e ord Ad8inistration as a Fdu8<in9 9round for unsuccessful candidates1
fait:ful <olitical <artisans1 out-of-fa>or *:ite House aides and re<resentati>es of t:e
s<ecial interests?F T:at da31 !us: :ad tra>elled to %lains1 Geer9ia to <ro>ide Carter =it: a
fi>e-:our intelli9ence briefin9? Re<orters as;ed !us: about Carter7s co88ents1 =:ic:
elicited a fit of a<o<leE3 fro8 our :ero" FT:at7s >er3 interestin91F said !us:? *e ca8e
do=n :ere to do a <rofessional Bob? T:e %resident directed 8e to brief :i8 on intelli9ence
8atters? E>er3t:in9 =ent >er3 =ell?F Carter bac;ed off a da3 later1 sa3in9 FI :a<<en to
t:in; a lot of Geor9e !us:?F
In t:e close 12.- election1 Carter <re>ailed b3 >ote fraud in Ne= (or;1 O:io1 and ot:er
states1 but ord =as con>inced b3 Nelson and Ha<<3 Roc;efeller1 as =ell as b3 :is o=n
distrau9:t =ife !ett31 t:at :e 8ust concede in order to <reser>e t:e =or; of F:ealin9F t:at
:e :ad acco8<lis:ed since *ater9ate? Carter =ould t:erefore enter t:e *:ite House?
!us: <re<ared to 8a;e :is bid for continuit3 at t:e CIA? S:ortl3 after t:e election1 :e =as
sc:eduled to Bourne3 to %lains to brief Carter once a9ain =it: t:e :el< of :is de<ut3 Henr3
#noc:e? Earl3 in t:e 8ornin9 !us: and #noc:e sto<<ed off at t:e Old EEecuti>e Office
!uildin9 to tal; to !ud9et ,irector Robert L3nn in order to secure a cas: infusion for t:e
CIA1 =:ic: =as facin9 a bud9etar3 crunc:? !us: t:en dro<<ed in on 6ice %resident Nelson
Roc;efeller1 and also =ent into t:e O>al Office to tal; to ord?
T:e critical 8eetin9 =it: Carter =ent >er3 badl3 indeed? !us: too; Carter aside and ar9ued
t:at in 12-5 and 12-/1 CIA ,irectors =ere retained durin9 <residential transitions1 and t:at
it =ould 8a;e Carter loo; 9ood if :e did t:e sa8e? Carter si9nalled t:at :e =asn7t
interested? T:en !us: la8el3 sta88ered t:at if Carter =anted :is o=n 8an in Lan9le31
!us: =ould be =illin9 to resi9n? =:ic: is of course standard <rocedure for all a9enc3 :eads
=:en a ne= <resident ta;es office? Carter said t:at t:at =as indeed eEactl3 =:at :e =anted1
and t:at :e =ould :a>e :is o=n ne= ,CI read3 b3 &anuar3 $11 12..? !us: and #noc:e
t:en briefed Carter and :is <eo<le for so8e siE :ours? Carter insiders told t:e <ress t:at
!us:7s briefin9 :ad been a Fdisaster?F F&i883 Bust =asn7t i8<ressed =it: !us:1F said a ;e3
Carter staffer? Gfn +2H
!us: and #noc:e t:en fle= bac; to *as:in9ton1 and on t:e <lane !us: =rote a 8e8o for
Henr3 #issin9er describin9 :is eEc:an9es =it: Carter? At 8idni9:t1 !us: dro>e to
#issin9er7s :o8e and briefed :i8 for an :our?
#noc:e said later t:at :e =as 8i9:til3 i8<ressed b3 !us:7s lon9 da3 of 8eetin9 t:e bud9et
director1 t:e <resident1 t:e >ice <resident1 t:e <resident-elect and t:e secretar3 of state1 all
on t:e sa8e da31 e>en if t:e result :ad been t:at !us: =as fired? At !us:7s 2"'5 AM staff
8eetin9 in Lan9le3 t:e neEt da31 #noc:e and a 9rou< of ot:er officialsa=arded !us: t:e
Intelli9ence Medal of Merit? FIt =as a >er3 touc:in9 da31F said #noc:e?
Carter first atte8<ted to 8a;e T:eodore Sorenson1 t:e for8er #enned3 inti8ate1 :is ne=
CIA ,irector? It soon beca8e clear t:at certain circles =ere deter8ined to bloc; t:is
no8ination? T:e Sorenson no8ination =as soon tor<edoed b3 a series of lea;s1 includin9
re>elations t:at Sorenson :ad been a conscientious obBector durin9 *orld *ar II1 <lus
accusations t:at :e :ad ta;en classified docu8ents =it: :i8 =:en :e :ad left t:e
9o>ern8ent in 12-)? Carter tried to 9et NATO General !ernard Ro9ers for t:e <ost1 but
finall3 :ad to settle for Na>3 Ad8iral Stansfield Turner fro8 :is o=n class at Anna<olis?
An i8<ortant internal CIA issue t:at arose durin9 Turner7s ti8e in Lan9le3 =as t:e
@uestion of <ersonnel cuts1 es<eciall3 in t:e o<erations directorate? To understand !us:7s
inflCuence on t:is to<ic1 =e 8ust 9o bac; to t:e *ater9ate era?
,urin9 t:e Sc:lesin9er-Colb3 <eriod1 about $1555 CIA <ersonnel1 re<resentin9 about 1+R
of t:e CIA 8an<o=er co8<le8ent1 =ere dis8issed? T:e 8et:od of t:ese firin9s a<<ears to
:a>e been :ea>il3 influenced b3 S:ac;le3 and :is faction1 =:o ar9ued t:at CIA <ersonnel
=:o =ere in dan9er of bein9 eE<osed b3 %:ili< A9ee s:ould be <re- e8<ti>el3 ter8inated?
T:ere is t:erefore 8uc: reason to t:in; t:at S:ac;le3 and A9ee =ere in ca:oots? T:is <ur9e
touc:ed 8an3 i8<ortant <osts1 =:ic: could t:en be filled b3 S:ac;le3 lo3alists? A
descri<tion of t:e <rocess is offered b3 retired CIA a9ent &ose<: !ur;:older S8it:1 =:o
ser>ed in t:e *estern He8is<:ere di>ision"
A defensi>e o<eration =as started i88ediatel3 and e>er3 acti>it31 a9ent1 and officer =as
scrutiniAed to deter8ine if A9ee :ad alread3 blo=n t:e8 or if :e =ould =rite about t:e8 in :is
boo;? A S:ac;le3 :enc:8an =as installed as c:ief of o<erations G=as t:is *illia8 NelsonDH and a
cr3<ton381 t:e A9enc37s bad9e of securit3 si9nificance1 =as assi9ned to t:e tas; of 9ettin9 rid of
t:e di>ision7s o<erations and 8uc: of its office staff-- t:e <re-S:ac;le3 staff1 so8e =ere @uic; to
<oint out? T:e3 doubted =:et:er so 8uc: destruction =as necessar31 es<eciall3 since S:ac;le3
:ad a re<utation for rut:lessness and for fillin9 ;e3 Bobs =it: :is fa>orites?
*:et:er or not suc: a >ast a8ount of :ouse cleanin9 =as reall3 necessar31 I could not decide? All
I ;ne= =as t:at it =as dis8al =or;? G???H
Ne>ert:eless1 I =as disturbed to :a>e to dis8iss so 8an3 lo3al 8en and u<set to :a>e t:e defenses
I ;e<t <uttin9 u< to tr3 to sal>a9e so8et:in9 of t:eir old li>es su88aril3 dis8issed b3 t:e Star
C:a8ber conductin9 t:e <ur9e in *as:in9ton? *:en A9ee7s boo; finall3 a<<eared1 not one of t:e
<eo<le I =as ordered to fire =as 8entioned? Gfn -5H
All of t:e CIA7s di>isions =ere <ur9ed1 =it: Bustifications offered t:at ran9ed fro8 t:e
t:reat of denunciation b3 A9ee to bud9et constraints to <oor <erfor8ance to t:e need to
8a;e roo8 for ne= blood? Sc:lesin9er1 =:o fired -'5 officers in fi>e 8ont:s1 =as said to
be acco8<anied b3 bod39uards durin9 t:is <eriod for fear t:at so8e dis9runtled co>ert
=arrior 8i9:t eEact a :orrible re>en9e?
,urin9 !us:7s tenure1 t:e sa8e *illia8 Nelson a<<arentl3 8entioned b3 S8it: see8s to
:a>e su99ested t:at t:e ad8inistrati>e <ur9e :ad not 9one far enou9:? In t:e s<rin9 of
12.-1 =:en :e =as about to be re<laced b3 *illia8 *ells1 Nelson a9ain raised t:e issue of
o<erations directorate <ersonnel? FT:ere =ere a lot of <eo<le in t:e ,O G,irectorate of
O<erationsH =:o =ere 8ar9inal <erfor8ers1F said Nelson in a 12// inter>ie=? FT:e lo=
8iddle? *e needed @ualit31 not @uantit3? I told G!us:H t:at t:e lo=er $+ <er cent s:ould be
identified and s:ould be encoura9ed to see; ot:er e8<lo38ent????I said =e o=ed t:ese
<eo<le a lot but not a lifeti8e Bob? He G!us:H <ut it in :is <oc;et and said :e =ould t:in;
about it?F Gfn -1H
T:is ne= round of firin9s =as rele9ated to Turner1 =:o re<ortedl3 =as told b3 #noc:e on
arri>in9 at t:e CIA t:at t:e a9enc3 =as Fto<-:ea>3?F T:ere =as t:e case of Cord Me3er1
#noc:e said1 =:o :ad too 8uc: ran; for t:e =or; :e =as doin9? As Turner later recalled1
FIt =as at t:is <oint t:at I learned about a stud3 t:e es<iona9e Go<erationsH branc: itself :ad
done on its <ersonnel situation in 8id 12.-1 =:ile Geor9e !us: =as ,CI? It called for a
reduction in t:e siAe of t:e branc: b3 1'+5 <ositions o>er a fi>e-3ear <eriod? No action :ad
been ta;en? !us: :ad not reBected it1 but neit:er :ad :e faced u< to it?F Gfn -$H Turner t:en
<roceeded to abolis: /$5 Bobs1 =:ic: :e clai8s =as acco8<lis:ed t:rou9: attrition? Ot:er
esti8ates of t:e Turner firin9s ran9e bet=een /$5 and $1/55?
T:e <lan Turner i8<le8ented =as t:us accordin9 to so8e t:e Nelson-S:ac;le3-!us: <lan?
Certain acti>ities of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 =ere bein9 <ri>atiAed and far8ed out to
suc: or9anis8s as t:e National Endo=8ent for ,e8ocrac3 and ot:er suc: @uasi-
autono8ous non-9o>ern8ental or9aniAations of %roBect ,e8ocrac3? Under Rea9an1 t:is
<ri>atiAation of intelli9ence o<erations and t:eir increasin9 assi9n8ent to non-
9o>ern8ental or9aniAations =as 8ade offocial t:rou9: EEecuti>e Order 1$'''?
Ot:er=ise1 Geor9e !us: used :is last da3s at t:e CIA for :is lifelon9 <assti8e1 ser>icin9
:is net=or;? On ,ece8ber 1-1 :e a<<eared at an a=ards cere8on3 in t:e !ubble at
Lan9le3 to <resent a 8edal to &uanita Mood3 of t:e National Securit3 A9enc3 %roduct
Or9aniAation staff? Gfn -'H
,urin9 :is 3ear at Lan9le31 !us: =as es<eciall3 fort:co8in9 to=ards *all Street1 abo>e all
to=ards t:e fa8il3 fir8? On at least one occasion1 !us: 9a>e an eEclusi>e <ri>ate briefin91
includin9 forecasts on t:e future de>elo<8ent of t:e =orld ener93 8ar;et1 for <artners and
eEecuti>es of !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8an? Suc: an incident1 it is su<erfluous to <oint out1
entails t:e 9ra>est @uestions of conflict of interest? On anot:er occasion1 !us: 9a>e a
si8ilar briefin9 to t:e board of directors of t:e C:ase Man:attan !an;? Gfn -)H
As al=a3s1 !us: :ad s<ecial attention for Leo C:erne1 t:e source of so 8uc: of t:e <olic3
:e i8<le8ented at t:e CIA? On No>e8ber /1 !us: :ad called C:erne7s attention to a s8all
ite8 in US Ne=s and *orld Re<ort =:ic: su99ested t:at FUS assess8ents :a>e so
underrated Russia7s strate9ic buildu< t:at a to<-secret stud3 is under =a3 to decide =:et:er
to stri< t:e CIA of res<onsibilit3 for t:e esti8ates and 9i>e it to an inde<endent office
ans=erable directl3 to t:e %resident?F Anot:er lea; on Tea8 !K !us: told C:erne t:at Ft:e
attac:ed is t:e ;ind of <ublicit3 t:at I a8 sure 3ou =ould a9ree is >er3 da8a9in9? I reall3
don7t t:in; t:ere is 8uc: =e can do about it at t:is <oint1 but I =orr3 about it?F
!us: left Lan9le3 =it: Carter7s inau9uration1 lea>in9 #noc:e to ser>e a cou<le of 8ont:s
as actin9 ,CI? In earl3 ebruar3 !us: =rote a9ain to Leo C:erne1 =it: =:o8 :e =as no=
on a first-na8e basis"
T:an;s for t:at lo>el3 letter 3ou sent 8e on eb? $nd? I alread3 8iss our contacts a lot? I =ill be
lea>in9 for Houston a =ee; fro8 toda3? G???H
S:ould 3ou 9et do=n t:at =a3 it =ould be 9reat to see 3ou? I a8 Boinin9 a cou<le of !oards t:at
=ill brin9 8e East fro8 ti8e to ti8e? I :o<e to ;ee< u< 83 interest in forei9n affairs and in
national <olitics? It is @uite unclear at t:e 8o8ent :o= to do t:ese t:in9s?
T:e <ast :as been fantasticC but no= I a8 deter8ined to loo; to t:e future? I ;no= it =ill be full
of c:allen9e? I :o<e it :olds fre@uent contacts =it: Leo C:erne?
I =ill follo= =it: interest t:e %resident7s decisions on %IA!? Holler if I can e>er be of :el< to
3ou? I >alue our friends:i<?
Sincerel31 Geor9e Gfn -+H
Carter abolis:ed %IA! and fired C:erne fro8 t:e IO!? Geor9e !us: no= turned to :is
fa8il3 business of international ban;in9?
NOTES"
1? Nat:an Miller1 S<3in9 for A8erica1 0Ne= (or;1 12/241 <? '22?
$? Gerald R? ord Librar31 Ric:ard !? C:ene3 iles1 !oE +?
'? See Loc: #? &o:nson1 A Season of In@uir3"T:e Senate Intelli9ence In>esti9ation 0Uni>ersit3 %ress of
#entuc;31 12/+41 <<? 15/-152?
)? &o:nson1 A Season of In@uir31 <<? 11+-11-?
+? Gerald R? ord Librar31 %:ili< !uc:en iles1 !oE $)? Article is fro8 Houston %ost1 No>e8ber /1 12.+?
-? Ne=:ouse Ne=s Ser>ice article b3 Saul #o:ler1 No>e8ber1 12.+1 =it: letter fro8 ord7s <ress secretar3
Ron Nessen1 at Gerald R? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? ;endall iles1 !oE .?
.? Letter fro8 !us: to Stennis1 ,ece8ber 1$1 12.+ in ord Librar31 %:ili< *? !uc:en iles1 !oE '.?
/? ord Librar31 %residential Hand=ritin9 ile1 !oE 2?
2? ord Librar31 %residential Hand=ritin9 ile1 !oE 2?
15? Collins to ord1 No>e8ber 1$1 12.+1 ord Librar31 &o:n O? Mars: iles1 !oE 1?
11? NedAi to ord1 ,ece8ber 1$1 12.+1 ord Librar31 &o:n O? Mars: iles1 !oE 1?
1$? Rot: to !us:1 No>e8ber $51 12.+1 ord Librar31 &o:n O? Mars: iles1 !oE 1?
1'? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .
1)? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .?
1+? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .?
1-? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .?
1.? US Senate1 Co88ittee on Ar8ed Ser>ices1 No8ination of Geor9e !us: to be ,irector of Central
Intelli9ence1 ,ece8ber 1+-1-1 12.+1 <? 15?
1/? Me8o of ,ece8ber 1-1 12.+ fro8 O7,onnell to Mars: t:rou9: riedersdorf on t:e li;el3 >ote in t:e
Stennis Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .?
12? ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE .?
$5? or an account of t:e eE<litation of t:e *elc: incident b3 t:e ord Ad8inistration1 see Loc: #?
&o:nson1 A Season of In@uir3 0Uni>ersit3 %ress of #entuc;31 12/+41 <<? 1-1-1-$?
$1? ord Librar31 Leo C:erne %a<ers1 !oE /?
$$? or an account of t:e lea;in9 of t:e %i;e Co88ittee re<ort and t:e situation in late &anuar3 and
ebruar31 12.-1 see ,aniel Sc:orr1 Clearin9 t:e Air 0!oston1 12..4 es<eciall3 <<? 1.2-$5.1 and Loc: #?
&o:nson1 A Season of In@uir31 <<? 1.$-121?
$'? A Season of In@uir31 <? 1/5?
$)? A Season of In@uir31 <? 1/$?
$+? T:o8as %o=ers1 T:e Man *:o #e<t t:e Secrets 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 <? 1$?
$-? *illia8 Colb31 Honorable Men 0Ne= (or;1 12./41 <? )+$?
$.? !ob *ood=ard and *alter %incus1 FAt CIA1 a Rebuilder 7Goes *it: t:e lo=17F *as:in9ton %ost1
Au9ust 151 12//? T:e bio9ra<:ical infor8ation on #noc:e is also dra=n fro8 a 1-<a9e su88ar3 in t:e
ord Librar31 *illia8 T? #endall iles1 !oE 2?
$/? On Mur<:3 and Norie9a1 see ran; McNeil1 *ar and %eace in Central A8erica1 0Ne= (or;1 Scribner41
<? $./?
$2? Cord Me3er1 acin9 Realit3" ro8 *orld ederalis8 to t:e CIA 0Uni>ersit3 %ress of A8erica1 12/$41
<<? $$+-$$-?
'5? See &o:n %rados1 %residents7 Secret *ars 0Ne= (or;1 41 T:o8as %o=ers1 T:e Man *:o #e<t t:e
Secrets" Ric:ard Hel8s and t:e CIA 0Ne= (or;1 12/.41 and &o:n Ranela9:1 T:e A9enc3" T:e Rise and
,ecline of t:e CIA 0Ne= (or;1 12/.4?
'1? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 151 12//?
'$? *illia8 R? Corson1 T:e Ar8ies of I9norance 0Ne= (or;1 ,ial %ress41 <? ))-?
''? ord Librar31 %:ili< *? !uc:en iles1 !oE $?
')? Me8o b3 Leo C:erne1 ebruar3 -1 12.-1 in ord Librar3 Leo C:erne %a<ers1 !oE 1?
'+? or ord7s reor9aniAation1 see Loc: #? &o:nson1 A Season of In@uir31 <<? 12)-12.1 and Ne= (or;
Ti8es1 ebruar3 1/1 12.-?
'-? or #ore9ate1 see Robert !? !oettc:er1 Gifts of ,eceit 0Ne= (or;1 Holt Rin:eart and *inston1 12/54?
'.? Nat:an Miller1 S<3in9 or A8erica" T:e Hidden Histor3 of US Intelli9ence 0Ne= (or;1 %ara9on
House1 12/241 <<? )5$-)5'?
'/? Ranela9:1 T:e A9enc31 <? -'$?
'2? Scott Ar8stron9 and &eff Nason1 FCo8<an3 Man1F Mot:er &ones1 October1 12//?
)5? &o:n Stoc;=ell1 In Searc: of Ene8ies1 0Ne= (or;1 12./4?
)1? ,a>id Corn1 FT:e Sa8e Old ,irt3 Tric;s1F T:e Nation1 Au9ust $'1 12//?
)$? ,a>id Corn1 FT:e Sa8e Old ,irt3 Tric;s1F T:e Nation1 Au9ust $'1 12//?
)'? C:a<8an %inc:er1 T:e S<3catc:er Affair0Ne= (or;1 12//41 <? 1).?
))? or t:e CIA-Harold *ilson affair1 see" ,a>id Lei9:1 T:e *ilson %lot 0Ne= (or;1 12//4C %:ili<
#ni9:tle31 T:e Second Oldest %rofession 0Ne= (or;1 Norton4C Ric:ard ,eacon1 T:e !ritis: Connection
0London1 Ha8is: Ha8ilton4C and C:a<8an %inc:er1 T:e S<3catc:er Affair 0Ne= (or;1 12//4? To8
Man9old1 Cold *arrior 0Ne= (or;1 12214 Boins t:e red Studeba;er sc:ool of :istorio9ra<:3 on !us: in t:e
An9leton-*ilson affair?
)+? Accounts of t:e Letelier Affairs include &o:n ,in9es and Saul Landau1 Assassination on E8bass3 Ro=
0Ne= (or;1 12/54C ,onald reed1 ,eat: in *as:in9ton 0*est<ort1 Connecticut1 12/541 and Scott
Ar8stron9 and &eff Nason1 FCo8<an3 Man1F Mot:er &ones1 October 12//?
)-? See Ar8stron9 and Nason1 <? )'?
).? reed1 <? 1.)?
)/? ,in9es and Landau1 <? '/)?
)2? Ta3lor !ranc: and Eu9ene M? %ro<<er1 Lab3rint: 0Ne= (or;1 12/$41 <? .$?
+5? Lab3rint:1 <<? .)-.+?
+1? reed1 ,eat: in *as:in9ton1 <? 1.)?
+$? &efferson Morle31 F!us:7s ,ru9 %roble8- and Ours1F T:e Nation1 Au9ust $.1 12//?
+'? Ric:ard %i<es1 FTea8 !" T:e Realit3 !e:ind t:e M3t:1F Co88entar31 October 12/-?
++? %i<es1 FTea8 !1F Co88entar31 October1 12/-1 <? ')? %i<es 8a;es clear t:at it =as !us: and Ric:ard
Le:8an =:o bot: lea;ed to ,a>id !inder of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es? Le:8an also encoura9ed %i<es to lea;?
T:e >erson offered b3 *illia8 R? Corson et al? in *ido=s 0Ne= (or;1 12/241 na8el3 t:at %aisle3 did t:e
lea;in91 8a3 also be true1 but =ill not eEonerate !us:? T:e aut:ors of *ido=s are in 9ra>e dan9er of bein9
banis:ed to t:e red Studeba;er sc:ool of co>eru< in t:at t:e3 i9nore %i<es7 account and its included
fin9erin9 of !us: as t:e lead lea;er?
++? See *illia8 R? Corson1 Susan !? Trento1 &ose<: &? Trento1 *ido=s?
+-? See *illai8 R? Corson et al?1 *ido=s1 and Henr3 Hurt1 S:adrin" T:e S<3 *:o Ne>er Ca8e !ac;?
+.? Henr3 Hurt1 S:adrin1 <? $-5?
+/? Corson1 *ido=s1 <? '51?
+2? E>ans and No>a; colu8n1 Houston %ost1 ,ece8ber 11 12.-? or t:e <ro-!us: account of t:ese e>ents1
see Nic:olas #in91 Geor9e !us:1 <<? 152-115?
-5? &ose<: !ur;:older S8it:1 %ortrait of a Cold *arrior 0Ne= (or;1 %utna841 <? 1$?
-1? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 151 12//?
-$? Ad8iral Stansfield Turner1 Secrec3 and ,e8ocrac3 0!oston1 12/+41 <? 12-?
-'? &a8es !a8ford1 T:e %uAAle %alace1 <? $+5?
-)? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 151 12//?
-+? ord Librar31 Leo C:erne %a<ers1 !oE 1?
Geor9e !us:" T:e Unaut:oriAed !io9ra<:3 --- b3 *ebster G? Tar<le3 N Anton
C:ait;in
C:a<ter -M6I- Ca8<ai9n 12/5
Le 8ercennarie et ausiliarie sono inutili e <ericoloseC e1 se uno tiene lo stato suo fondato in
sulle ar8e 8ercennarie1 non sara7 8ai fer8o ne7 sicuro?
--Mac:ia>elli1 Il %rinci<e
As =e follo= Geor9e !us: alon9 t:e Geor9e *as:in9ton %ar;=a3 as :e dri>es a=a3 fro8
:is Lan9le3 office in &anuar31 12..1 =e enter an es<eciall3 s:ado=3 and inscrutable
interlude in :is career? ,urin9 t:eir su<erficial and dilator3 12// in@uir3 into !us:7s career1
!ob *ood=ard and *alter %incus did establis: one t3<ical <:eno8enon of !us:7s acti>it3
bet=een &anuar31 12.. and :is e8er9ence as a <residential candidate" !us: ;e<t ;e3 <arts
of :is acti>it3 a secret fro8 :is o=n aides and office staff1 e>en 9oin9 so far as to
8anufacture alibis =:ic: =ould a<<ear to :a>e been in>entions? *ood=ard and %incus
described a F83ster3 about !us: and t:e a9enc3F =:ic: arose durin9 t:e course of t:eir
inter>ie=s about t:e <ost-12.. <eriod? FAccordin9 to t:ose in>ol>ed in !us:7s first <olitical
action co88ittee1 t:ere =ere se>eral occasions in 12./- .21 =:en !us: =as li>in9 in
Houston and tra>ellin9 t:e countr3 in :is first run for t:e <residenc31 t:at :e set aside
<eriods of u< to $) :ours and told aides :e :ad to fl3 to *as:in9ton for a secret 8eetin9 of
for8er CIA ,irectors? !us: told :is aides t:at :e could not di>ul9e :is =:ereabouts1 and
t:at :e =ould not be reac:able?F T:e 83ster3 described b3 *ood=ard and %incus arose
=:en ot:er inter>ie=s cast 9ra>e doubt on t:e >eracit3 of t:is co>er stor3C F???accordin9 to
for8er directors and ot:er senior CIA officials1 t:ere =ere no 8eetin9s of for8er directors
durin9 t:at <eriod1 and !us: :ad no assi9n8ents of an3 ;ind fro8 t:e CIA?F Stansfield
Turner co88ented t:at :e Fne>er ;ne= for8er directors :ad 8eetin9s and t:ere =ere none
=:en I =as t:ere?F Ste<:en Hart of !us:7s staff told *ood=ard and %incus t:at t:e ;ee<ers
of !us:7s sc:edule could Frecall no CIA acti>it3 of an3 ;ind1F but eE<lained t:e absences as
F<ersonal ti8e in *as:in9tonF for Ftennis1 >isits =it: friends1 and dinners?F Gfn 1H Suc:
eni98as are t3<ical of t:e 12..-12.2 interlude in !us:7s career?
S:ortl3 after lea>in9 Lan9le31 !us: asserted :is birt:ri9:t as an international financier in
t:e =a3 :e :ad indicated to :is close friend Leo C:erne1 t:at is to sa3 b3 beco8in9 a
8e8ber of t:e board of directors of a lar9e ban;? On ebruar3 $$1 12.. Robert H? Ste=art
III1 t:e c:air8an of t:e :oldin9 co8<an3 for irst International !an;s:ares of ,allas1
announced t:at !us: =ould beco8e t:e c:air8an of t:e eEecuti>e co88ittee of irst
International !an; in Houston and =ould si8ultaneousl3 beco8e a director of irst
International !an;s:ares Ltd? of London1 a 8erc:ant ban; o=ned b3 irst International
!an;s:ares1 Inc? !us: also beca8e a director of irst International !an;s:ares Inc?1 =:ic:
=as t:e :oldin9 co8<an3 for t:e entire international 9rou<? T:us1 less t:an t=o 3ears
before Mar9aret T:atc:er ca8e to <o=er1 !us: ac@uired t:e status of in>est8ent ban;er in
t:e Cit3 of London1 t:e :o8e of t:e Eurodollar 8ar;et and t:e :o8e of !ritis: i8<erial
financial circles in =:ic: suc: fi9ures as Lord 6ictor Rot:sc:ild1 Tin3 Ro=land1 t:e Sultan
of !runei1 #in9 a:d of Saudi Arabia1 and t:e E8ir of #u=ait =ere at :o8e? An annual fee
of I.+1555 as a FconsultantF also s=eetened t:is <ot? ,urin9 t:e 12// ca8<ai9n1 !us: 9a>e
t:e i8<lacable stone=all to an3 @uestions about t:e ser>ices :e <erfor8ed for t:e irst
International !an;s:ares 9rou< or about an3 ot:er as<ects of :is business acti>ities durin9
t:e <re-12/5 interlude? Interfirst =as t:en t:e lar9est ban; in TeEas and =as re<ortedl3
runnin9 s<eculation all o>er Sout: A8erica1 C:ina1 and Euro<e?
Later1 after t:e Rea9an-!us: or93 of s<eculation and usur3 :ad ruined t:e TeEas econo831
t:e TeEas co88ercial ban;s be9an to colla<se into ban;ru<tc3? irst International of ,allas
0or FInterfirstF4 8er9ed =it: Re<ublic!an; durin9 12/. to for8 irst Re<ublic!an;1 =:ic:
beca8e t:e bi99est co88ercial ban; in TeEas? !an;ru<tc3 o>ertoo; t:e ne= colossus Bust a
fe= 8ont:s later1 but federal re9ulators dela3ed t:eir ine>itable inter>ention until after t:e
TeEas <ri8ar3 in t:e s<rin9 of 12// in order to a>oid a <otentiall3 acute e8barrass8ent for
!us:? Once !us: :ad t:e no8ination loc;ed u<1 t:e ederal ,e<osit Insurance Cor<oration
a=arded t:e assets of irst Re<ublic!an; to t:e Nort: Carolina National !an; in eEc:an9e
for no <a38ent =:atsoe>er on t:e <art of NCNC1 =:ic: is re<utedl3 a darlin9 of t:e
intelli9ence co88unit3?
,urin9 t:e :ead3 da3s of !us:7s directors:i< at Interfirst1 t:e ban; retained a la= fir8 in
=:ic: one La=rence Gibbs =as a <artner? T=o <artners of Gibbs FBoined t:ree
re<resentati>es of t:e ener93 de<art8ent of Interfirst !an; on a tri< to %e;in91 =:ere t:e3
conducted a =ee;-lon9 se8inar on financin9 t:e <roduction of natural resources for t:e Oil
and Gas Ministr3 of t:e %eo<le7s Re<ublic of C:ina?F Gfn $H T:is >isit =as 8ade in t:e
conteEt of tri<s to C:ina b3 !us: for t:e <ur<ose of settin9 u< a lucrati>e oil concession for
&? Hu9: Lietd;te of %ennAoil1 !us:7s old bunsiness <artner? Gibbs1 a clear !us: asset1 =as
8ade Co88issioner of Internal Re>enue on Au9ust )1 12/-? Here :e en9ineered t:e
s=ee:eart deal for NCN! b3 decreein9 I1?- billion in taE brea;s for t:is ban;? T:is is
t3<ical of t:e 8assi>e fa>ors and 9raft for <ro-!us: financier interests at t:e eE<ense of t:e
taE<a3er =:ic: are t:e :all8ar; of t:e !us: 8ac:ine?
!us: also Boined t:e board of %urolator Oil Co8<an3 in Ra:=a31 Ne= &erse3 =:ere :is
cron31 *all Street raider Nic:olas !rad3 0later !us:7s Secretar3 of t:e Treasur34 =as t:e
c:air8an? !us: also Boined t:e board of Eli Lill3 N Co?1 a >er3 lar9e and >er3 sinister
<:ar8aceutical co8<an3? T:e t:ird board !us: Boined =as t:at of TeEas Gulf Inc? !us:7s
total 12.. ra;eoff fro8 t:e four co8<anies =it: =:ic: :e =as in>ol>ed =as I11$15551
accordin9 to !us:7s 12.. taE return?
,urin9 t:is ti8e1 !us: beca8e a director of !a3lor Medical Colle9e1 a trustee of Trinit3
Medical Colle9e in San Antonio1 and a trustee of %:ili<s Acade83 in Ando>er? He =as also
listed as an adBunct <rofessor at Rice Uni>ersit3?
!us: also found ti8e line :is <oc;ets in a series of :i9:-3ield deals t:at be9in to 9i>e us
so8e fla>or of =:at =ould later be described as t:e Ffinancial eEcesses of t:e 12/57sF in
=:ic: !us:7s circle =as to <la3 a decisi>e role?
A t3<ical !us: >enture of t:is <eriod =as %onderosa orest A<art8ents1 a :i9:l3
re8unerati>e s<eculati>e <la3 in real estate? %onderosa bou9:t u< a 1/5-unit a<art8ent
co8<leE near Houston t:at =as in financial trouble1 9entrified t:e interiors1 and :i;ed t:e
rents? Horace T? Ardin9er1 a ,allas real estate 8an =:o =as a8on9 !us:7s <artners in t:is
deal described t:e transaction as Fa 9ood taE 9i88ic;???and a t3<ical TeEas Boint >enture
offerin9?F Accordin9 to !us:7s taE returns fro8 12.. t:rou9: 12/+1 t:e %onderosa
<artners:i< accrued to !us: a <a<er loss of I$$+11-5 =:ic: allo=ed :i8 to a>oid <a38ent
of so8e I1551555 in federal taEes alone1 <lus a direct <rofit of o>er I1)1555 and a ca<ital
9ain of I$1.1$./? T:is t3<e of =indfall re<resents <recisel3 t:e for8 of real estate s=indle
t:at contributed to t:e TeEas real estate and ban;in9 crisis of t:e 8id-12/57s? T:e deal
illustrates one of t:e i8<ortant =a3s in =:ic: t:e federal taE base :as been eroded t:rou9:
real estate sca8s? *e also see =:3 it is no sur<rise t:at t:e one fiscal inno>ation =:ic: :as
earned !us:7s sustained attention is t:e idea of a reduction in t:e ca<ital 9ains taE to allo=
t:ose =:o en9a9e in s=indles li;e t:ese to <a3 an e>en s8aller federal taE bite? It is also
t3<ical of t:e !us: st3le t:at red M? Jeder1 t:e <ro8oter of t:e %onderosa deal1 =as 8ade
US A8bassador to t:e Mars:all Island in t:e Sout: %acific b3 t:e !us: Ad8inistration
after :e :ad contributed o>er I'51555 to !us:7s 12// ca8<ai9n?
In 12./1 !us: cron3 and cabinet 8e8ber Robert Mosbac:er1 a >eteran of t:e Lietdt;e-
CREE% 8one3 transfers1 de>ised a sc:e8e to set u< a <artners:i< to bu3 so8e s8all bar9es
to trans<ort <etroleu8 <roducts? !us: in>ested I+51555 in t:is deal1 =:ic: :ad netted :i8
so8e I11+1'.' in inco8e b3 12//1 =:en !us:7s s:are :ad increased in >alue to I-51555? In
12// it =as forecast t:at t:is in>est8ent =ould continue to <a3 I$51555 <er 3ear for t:e
foreseeable future? &a8es !a;er III also san; I+51555 into t:is deal1 and :as been re=arded
b3 si8ilar :andso8e <a3offs? Mosbac:er co88ented t:at t:is bar9e ca<er :ad turned out to
be a F>er31 >er3 9ood in>est8ent?F
!ut !us:7s 8ain <reoccu<ation durin9 t:ese 3ears =as to asse8ble a <olitical 8ac:ine =it:
=:ic: :e could blud9eon :is =a3 to <o=er? After :is nu8erous frustrations of t:e <ast1
!us: =as resol>ed to or9aniAe a ca8<ai9n t:at =ould 9o far be3ond t:e innocuous eEercise
of a<<ealin9 for citiAens7 >otes? If suc: a 8ac:ine =ere actuall3 to succeed in seiAin9 <o=er
in *as:in9ton1 tendencies to=ards t:e edification of an aut:oritarian <olice state =it:
8ar;ed totalitarian tendencies =ould ine>itabl3 increase?
!ut first let us re>ie= so8e of !us:7s <ublic acti>ities durin9 t:e <re-ca8<ai9n interlude? In
A<ril1 12./ !us: a<<eared alon9 =it: E? Henr3 #noc:e and *illia8 Colb3 at Senate
:earin9s on <ro<osed le9islation to 8odif3 t:e 8et:ods b3 =:ic: Con9ress eEercised
o>ersi9:t of t:e intelli9ence a9encies? T:e bill bein9 discussed :ad a <ro>ision to outla=
assassinations of forei9n officials and to <unis: >iolations =it: life in <rison? T:e 8easure
=ould also :a>e <ro:ibited co>ert o<erations in>ol>in9 Ftorture1F Ft:e creation of e<ide8ics
of diseases1F and Ft:e creation of food or =ater s:orta9es or floods?F !us: and #noc:e bot:
obBected to t:e ban on assassinations 0=:ic: Colb3 acce<ted41 and bot: =ere critical of t:e
entire bill? #noc:e said :is fear =as t:at if enacted t:e bill 8i9:t create Fa =eb =o>en so
ti9:t around t:e a>era9e intelli9ence officer t:at 3ou7re 9oin9 to deaden :is creati>it3?F
!us: denounced t:e Senate bill for its FeEcessi>eF re<ortin9 re@uire8ents? FT:e Con9ress
s:ould be infor8ed1 full3 infor8ed1 but it ou9:t not to 8icro-8ana9e t:e intelli9ence
business1F <rotested !us:? He =as es<eciall3 indi9nant about a <ro>ision t:at =ould :a>e
re@uired notification of t:e House and Senate o>ersi9:t co88ittees e>er3 ti8e a US
intelli9ence a9enc3 =anted to sti<ulate an a9ree8ent =it: a forei9n intelli9ence a9enc31 or
do8estic securit3 ser>ice? FI don7t belie>e t:at ;ind of inti8ate disclosure is essential1F said
!us:? !us: =as con>inced t:at Fso8e US sources are dr3in9 u< because forei9n ser>ices
don7t belie>e t:e US Con9ress can ;ee< secrets?F T:is1 fro8 t:e 8an =:o :ad lea;ed t:e
Tea8 ! re<ort to t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 and t:en :ad 9one on tele>ision to sa3 t:at :e =as
a<<alled?
!us: ur9ed t:e senators to dro< lan9ua9e in t:e bill t:at =ould :a>e se>ered t:e ,CI <ost
fro8 t:e CIA? !us: =arned >e:e8entl3 t:at an intelli9ence cAar sittin9 in t:e *:ite House
Fand se<arated fro8 :is CIA troo<s???=ould be >irtuall3 isolated? He needs t:e CIA as :is
<rinci<al source of su<<ort to be 8ost effecti>e? And t:e CIA needs its :ead to be t:e c:ief
forei9n intelli9ence ad>iser to t:e <resident?F Gfn 'H
A fe= 8ont:s later :e <artici<ated in a sin9ular round table or9aniAed b3 t:e *as:in9ton
Luarterl3 of t:e Geor9eto=n Center for Strate9ic and International Studies =it: none ot:er
t:an Mic:ael Ledeen as 8oderator? 0Ledeen1 =:o >aunted inti8ate connections to Israeli
intelli9ence1 =as later one of t:e central fi9ures in t:e 8id-12/57s acceleration of US ar8s
s:i<8ents to Iran?4 In t:is round table1 !us: =as Boined b3 for8er ,CIs Ric:ard Hel8s and
*illia8 Colb3 as =ell as b3 Ra3 Cline?
Accordin9 to !us: t:ere =as Fan underl3in9 feelin9 on t:e <art of t:e A8erican <eo<le
t:at =e 8ust :a>e clandestine ser>ices?F Abo>e all :e re9retted Ft:at so8e of t:e t:rust of
t:e le9islation before t:e Hill is still flo99in9 CIA for so8et:in9 t:at =as lon9 corrected1 or
t:at ne>er :a<<ened?F E>en Holl3=ood =as a9ainst t:e CIA1 !us: t:ou9:t1 Fand 3ou 9et
8o>ies and tele>ision <ro9ra8s and it :as a >er3 sinister ;ind of <ro<a9andistic o>ertone?F
Here !us: =anted to defend :is o=n record" FI7ll 9i>e 3ou one eEa8<le t:at :a<<ened on
83 =atc:" One of t:ese rat:er ribald 8a9aAines described a <ur<orted destabiliAation effort
a9ainst G%ri8e Minister Mic:aelH Manle3 in &a8iaca?F F!ut1F said !us: =it: t:at self-
ri9:teous =:ine1 Fit ne>er :a<<ened? T:ere =asn7t an3 trut: in it?F
An i8<ortant @uestion ca8e fro8 Ledeen" FIs t:e a9enc3 <enetratedDF !us: =as read3 to
ad8it t:at it 8i9:t be" FNobod3 is sa3in9 t:at t:ere7s not:in9?F FHo= about double a9entsDF
Ledeen =anted to ;no=? F*ell1 ob>iousl3 =e7>e :ad double a9ents but t:at7s not officers of
t:e a9enc31F =as !us:7s a8bi9uous re<l3? !us: =ent on"
T:e 9reat So>iet a9ents =ere recruited =:en t:e So>iet re<resented so8et:in9 ideolo9icall3?
*:en t:e3 re<resented antifascis8? T:at7s =:en t:e3 9ot <eo<le li;e %:ilb3? !ut t:e fact is t:at
=e7>e Bust =ent GsicH t:rou9: a <eriod in =:ic: =e :ad :undreds of t:ousands of our 3oun9 <eo<le
out screa8in9 a9ainst t:eir 9o>ern8ent? No= t:e3 =ere totall3 o<<osed to t:eir 9o>ern8ent1 but
t:e3 =eren7t <ro-So>iet?
!us: and Cline Boined to <raise t:e Fbeni9n co>ert <olitical actionF of t:e 12)57s and 12+57s
b3 =:ic: t:e CIA sent US intellectuals to Euro<e to tal; to t:e Euro<eans? F*e essentiall3
=on t:at ideolo9ical battle1F said !us:?Gfn )H
*:en Carter and !rAeAins;i <la3ed t:eir treac:erous C:ina card in ,ece8ber1 12./1 !us:
=as @uic;1 des<ite :is o=n 8iserable record on t:is issue1 to launc: a <re-election attac; on
Carter =it: an o<-ed in t:e *as:in9ton %ost? !us: :ar;ened bac; to t:e da3 in ,ece8ber1
12.+ 0alt:ou9: !us: =rote October4 =:en :e1 ord1 and #issin9er :ad sat do=n =it:
C:air8an Mao? ro8 Mao7s re8ar;s t:at da31 !us: sa3s1 it =as clear t:at Red C:ina =as
obsessed =it: t:e So>iet t:reat1 and =as =illin9 to =ait indefinitel3 for C:ina to be
reunited =it: Tai=an? No= Carter :ad bro;en di<lo8atic relations =it: Tai=an1 be9un t:e
<ullout of US forces1 abro9ated t:e US-Tai=an securit3 treat31 and =as =indin9 do=n ar8s
assistance to Tai=an? !us: =as t:e 8an =:o :ad <resided o>er t:e eBection of t:e Re<ublic
of C:ina fro8 t:e UN? It =as a c:ea< s:ot for :i8 to @uote %eter !er9er about t:e
<ri8ae>al <rinci<le of 8oralit3 t:at Fone 8ust not deli>er one7s friends to t:eir ene8ies?F
After !us:7s su<<ort for ,en9 Miao-<in9 after t:e 12/2 Tein An Men 8assacre1 t:e
:3<ocris3 is e>en 8ore ob>ious?
!ut !us: :ad so8e ot:er <oints to 8a;e a9ainst Carter? One =as t:at =:en Fblac;
8oderates in R:odesia arran9ed =it: %ri8e Minister Ian S8it: for t:e transfer of <o=er
and free elections1 =e G8eanin9 CarterH t:re= in our lot =it: MarEist radicals?F
T:en t:ere =as t:e Middle East1 =:ere Ft:e Israelis announced t:at t:e3 =ere <re<ared to
acce<t a final <lan drafted =it: A8erican :el<? !ut =:en E93<t raised t:e ante1 =e
8odified our <osition to acce<t t:e ne= E93<tian <ro<osals1 and =:en t:e Israelis refused
to 9o alon91 =e <ublicl3 ;ic;ed t:e8 in t:e s:ins?F E>en t:e Carter of Ca8< ,a>id1 =:o
s<lit t:e Arab front =it: a se<arate <eace bet=een Israel and E93<t1 =as not Jionist enou9:
for !us:?
A<art fro8 t:ese <ublic <ronounce8ents1 !us: =as at =or; asse8blin9 a ca8<ai9n
8ac:ine?
One of t:e central fi9ures of t:e !us: effort =ould be &a8es !a;er III1 !us:7s friend of ten
3ears7 standin9? !a;er7s <o=er base deri>ed first of all fro8 :is fa8il37s Houston la= fir81
!a;er N !otts1 =:ic: =as founded Bust after t:e end of t:e Ci>il *ar b3 defeated <artiAans
of t:e Confederate cause? &ud9e %eter Gra3 and *alter !ro=ne !otts establis:ed a la=
<artners:i< in 1/--1 and t:is beca8e !a;er N !otts durin9 t:e 1/.57s =:en &a8es !a;er
0t:e 9reat-9randfat:er of !us:7s Secretar3 of State4 Boined t:e fir8?
!a;er N !otts founder %eter Gra3 :ad been Assistant Treasurer of t:e Confederate States of
A8erica and financial su<er>isor of t:e CSA7s FTrans-Mississi<<i ,e<art8ent?F Gra31
actin9 on orders of Confederate Secretar3 of State Robert Too8bs1 financed t:e sub>ersi>e
=or; of Confederate 9eneral Albert %i;e a8on9 t:e Indian tribes of t:e sout:=est? T:e
close of t:e =ar in 1/-+ :ad found %i;e :idin9 in Canada1 and Too8bs in eEile in En9land?
%i;e =as eEcluded fro8 t:e 9eneral US a8nest3 for rebels because :e =as t:ou9:t to :a>e
induced Indians to co88it 8assacres and =ar cri8es?
%i;e and Too8bs re-establis:ed t:e FSout:ern &urisdictionF of t:e Scottis: Rite of
ree8asonr31 of =:ic: %i;e :ad been t:e leader in t:e sla>e states before t:e =ar of t:e
rebellion? %i;e7s de<ut31 one %:illi< C? Tuc;er1 returned fro8 Scottis: Rite indoctrination in
Great !ritain to set u< a Scottis: rite lod9e in Houston in t:e s<rin9 of 1/-.? Tuc;er
desi9nated *alter !ro=ne !otts and :is relati>e !enBa8in !otts as t:e leaders of t:is ne=
Scottis: Rite lod9e? Gfn +H
T:e <olic3 of t:e Scottis: Rite =as to re9rou< unreconstructed Confederates to secure t:e
disenfranc:ise8ent of blac; citiAens and to <ro8ote An9lo<:ile do8ination of finance and
business? !3 t:e be9innin9 of t:e t=entiet: centur31 t:ere =re t=o 9reat <o=ers do8inatin9
TeEas" on t:e one :and1 t:e railroad e8<ire of E?H? Harri8an1 ser>ed b3 t:e la= fir8 of
!a;er N !ottsC and on t:e ot:er1 t:e !ritis:-trained <olitical o<erati>e Colonel Ed=ard M?
House1 t:e controller of %resident *oodro= *ilson? T:e close relation bet=een !a;er N
!otts and t:e Harri8an interests :as re8ained in <lace do=n to t:e <resent? And since t:e
ti8e t:at Ca<tain !a;er founded t:e TeEas Co88erce !an;1 t:e !a;er fa8il3 :as :el<ed
t:e London-Ne= (or; aEis run t:e TeEas ban;in9 s3ste8?
In 12511 t:e disco>er3 of lar9e oil de<osits in TeEas offered 9reat <ro8ise for t:e future
econo8ic de>elo<8ent of t:e state1 but also attracted t:e An9lo-A8erican oil cartel? T:e
!a;er fa8il3 la= fir8 in TeEas1 li;e t:e !us: and ,ulles fa8ilies in Ne= (or;1 =as
ali9ned =it: t:e Harri8an-Roc;efeller cartel? Robert S? Lo>ett1 a !a;er N !otts <artner
fro8 1//$ on1 later beca8e t:e c:air8an of Harri8an7s Union %acific Railroad and c:ief
counsel to E?H? Harri8an? T:e !a;ers =ere <ro8inent in su<<ortin9 eu9enics and uto<ian-
feudalist social en9ineerin9?
Ca<tain &a8es A? !a;er1 so t:e stor3 9oes1 t:e 9randfat:er of t:e current boss of o993
!otto81 sol>ed t:e 8urder of :is client *illia8 Mars: Rice and too; control of Rice7s :u9e
estate? !a;er used t:e 8one3 to start Rice Uni>ersit3 and beca8e t:e c:air8an of t:e
sc:ool7s board of trustees? !a;er sou9:t to create a center of diffusion of racist eu9enics1
and for t:is <ur<ose brou9:t in &ulian HuEle3 of t:e infa8ous !ritis: oli9arc:ical fa8il3 to
found t:e biolo93 <ro9ra8 at Rice startin9 in 121$? Gfn -H HuEle3 =as t:e >ice <resident of
t:e !ritis: Eu9enics Societ3 and actuall3 :el<ed to or9aniAe Frace scienceF <ro9ra8s for
t:e NaAi Interior Ministr31 before beco8in9 t:e foundin9 ,irector General of UNESCO in
12)--)/?
&a8es A? !a;er III =as born A<ril $/1 12'51 in t:e fourt: 9eneration of :is fa8il37s =ealt:?
!a;er :oldin9s :a>e included EEEon1 Mobil1 Atlantic Ric:field1 Standard Oil of California1
Standard Oil of Indiana1 #err-McGee1 Merc;1 and ree<ort Minerals? !a;er also :eld stoc;
in so8e lar9e Ne= (or; ban;s durin9 t:e ti8e t:at :e =as ne9otiatin9 t:e Latin A8erican
debt crisis in :is ca<acit3 as Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3? Gfn .H
!a;er 9re= u< in <atrician surroundin9s? His social <rofile :as been described as FTeE-
<re<?F Li;e :is fat:er1 &a8es III attended t:e Hill Sc:ool near %:iladel<:ia1 and t:en =ent
on to %rinceton1 =:ere :e =as a 8e8ber of I>3 Club1 a traditional <reser>e of Eastern
An9lo<:ile Liberal Establis:8ent oli9arc:s? Nanc3 Rea9an =as enc:anted b3 !a;er7s
sartorial ele9ance and s8oot: sa>oir-faire? Nanc3 li;ed !a;er far 8ore t:an s:e e>er did
!us:1 and t:is =as a ;e3 ad>anta9e for !us:-!a;er durin9 t:e factional stru99les of t:e
Rea9an 3ears?
!a;er N !otts 8aintains an Fanti-ne<otis8F <olic31 so &a8es III beca8e a boss of
Houston7s Andre=s1 #urt:1 Ca8<bell1 N &ones la= fir81 a satellite of !a;er N !otts?
!a;er7s relation to !us: eEtends across bot: la= fir8s" in 12..1 !a;er N !otts <artner
!laine #err beca8e <resident of %ennAoil1 and in 12.21 !a;er N !otts <artner !? &? Mac;in
beca8e c:air8an of Ja<ata Cor<oration? !a;er N !otts :a>e al=a3s re<resented Ja<ata1
and are often listed as counsel for Sc:lu8ber9er1 t:e oil ser>ices fir8? &a8es !a;er and :is
Andre=s1 #urt: <artners =ere t:e Houston attorne3s for irst International !an; of
Houston =:en Geor9e !us: =as c:air8an of t:e ban;7s eEecuti>e co88ittee?
,urin9 t:e 12/5 ca8<ai9n1 !a;er beca8e t:e c:air8an of t:e Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n
co88ittee1 =:ile fello= TeEan !ob Strauss =as c:air8an of t:e Carter-Mondale ca8<ai9n?
!ut !a;er and Strauss =ere at t:e >er3 sa8e ti8e business <artners in Her8an !rot:ers1
one of A8erica7s lar9est beer distributors? !us: ,e8ocrat Strauss later =ent to Mosco= as
!us:7s a8bassador to t:e USSR and later1 to Russia?
In 12251 t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es offered a co8<arison of !us: and !a;er1 and sou9:t to
con>e3 t:e i8<ression t:at !a;er =as t:e far 8ore de>ious of t:e duo"
*:en 3ou sit across fro8 t:e %resident1 it is li;e :oldin9 an M-ra3 <late u< to t:e li9:t? (ou can
see if :e feels defensi>e or anno3ed or a8used? He is often distracted1 to3in9 =it: so8et:in9 on
:is des;? His t:ou9:ts start and sto< and start a9ain1 as t:ou9: :e :ad call-=aitin9 in :is brain?
T:ere is a s<ontaneit3 and =ar8t: about :i8?
*:en 3ou sit across fro8 !a;er1 it is li;e loo;in9 at a len9t: of blac; sil;? T:ere is a stillness1
as !a;er :olds 3ou loc;ed in :is 9aAe and Sout:ern co8fort >oice1 occasionall3 flas:in9 a rat:er
=intr3 s8ile???He :as a co8<ellin9 <resence1 but :e is suc: a foE t:at 3ou feel t:e i8<ulse to
c:ec; 3our =allet =:en 3ou lea>e :is office? Gfn /H
Anot:er leadin9 !us: su<<orter =as Ra3 Cline? ,urin9 12.2 it =as Ra3 Cline =:o :ad
9one >irtuall3 <ublic =it: a loose and infor8al but :i9:l3 effecti>e ca8<ai9n net=or;
8ainl3 co8<osed of for8er intelli9ence officers? Cline :ad been t:e CIA Station C:ief in
Tai=an fro8 12+/ to 12-$? He :ad been ,e<ut3 ,irector of Central Intelli9ence fro8 12-$
to 12--1 and :ad t:en 9one on to direct t:e intelli9ence 9at:erin9 o<eration at t:e State
,e<art8ent? Cline beca8e a de facto *:ite House official durin9 t:e first !us:
Ad8inistration1 and =rote t:e *:ite House boiler <late entitled FNational Securit3 Strate93
of t:e United StatesF under =:ic: t:e Gulf =ar =as carried out?
Cline later said t:at :is a<<roac: to !us:7s 12.2-/5 <ri8ar3 ca8<ai9n =as to For9aniAe
so8et:in9 li;e one of 83 old CIA staffs?F FI found t:ere =as a tre8endous constituenc3 for
t:e CIA =:en e>er3one in *as:in9ton =as still urinatin9 all o>er it1F co88ented Cline to
t:e *as:in9ton %ost of Marc: 11 12/5? FIt7s <anned out al8ost too 9ood to be true? T:e
countr3 is =a;in9 u< Bust in ti8e for Geor9e7s candidac3?F
Headin9 u< t:e !us: ca8<ai9n 8uc;-ra;in9 Fresearc:F staff =as Stefan Hal<er1 Ra3
Cline7s son in la= and a for8er official of t:e NiEon *:ite House?
A 8e8ber of Hal<er7s staff =as a CIA >eteran na8ed Robert Ga8bino? Ga8bino :ad :eld
t:e sensiti>e <ost of director of t:e CIA7s Office of Securit3? It =ill be recalled t:at t:e
Office of Securit3 constitutes t:e interface bet=een Lan9le3 and state and local <olice
de<art8ents all across t:e United States =it: =:o8 it 8ust coo<erate to <rotect t:e securit3
of CIA buildin9s and CIA <ersonnel1 as for eEa8<le in cases in =:ic: t:ese latter 8a3 run
afoul of t:e la=? T:e Office of Securit3 is re<uted to <ossess eEtensi>e files on t:e do8estic
acti>ities of A8erican citiAens? ,a>id Aaron1 !rAeAins;i7s de<ut3 at t:e Carter National
Securit3 Council1 recalled t:at so8e :i9: Carter officials =ere Fu<setF t:at Ga8bino :ad
9one to =or; for t:e !us: ca8<? Accordin9 to Aaron1 Fse>eral GCIAH <eo<le too; earl3
retire8ent and =ent to =or; for !us:7s so-called securit3 staff? T:e t:in9 t:at u<set us1 =as
t:at a 9u3 =:o :as been :ead of securit3 for t:e CIA :as been <ri>3 to a lot of dossiers1 and
t:e <ossibilit3 of abuse =as @uite :i9:1 alt:ou9: =e ne>er :eard of an3 occasion =:en
Ga8bino called so8eone u< and forced t:e8 to do so8et:in9 for t:e ca8<ai9n?F Gfn 2H
Ot:er :i9:-le>el s<oo;s acti>e in t:e !us: ca8<ai9n included Lt? General Sa8 6? *ilson
and Lt? General Harold A? Aaron1 bot: for8er directors of t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc3?
Anot:er ent:usiastic !us:8an =as retired General Ric:ard Still=ell1 for8erl3 t:e CIA7s
C:ief of Co>ert O<erations for t:e ar East? T:e for8er ,e<ut3 ,irector for O<erations
T:eodore S:ac;le3 =as also on board1 re<ortedl3 as a s<eec:=riter1 but 8ore li;el3 for
so8e=:at :ea>ier =or;?
Accordin9 to one esti8ate1 at least $+ for8er intelli9ence officials =or;ed directl3 for t:e
!us: ca8<ai9n? As !ill %eterson of t:e *as:in9ton %ost =rote on Marc: 11 12/51 FSi8<l3
<ut1 no <residential ca8<ai9n in recent 8e8or3--<er:a<s e>er--:as attracted as 8uc:
su<<ort fro8 t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 as t:e ca8<ai9n of for8er CIA ,irector Geor9e
!us:?F
urt:er intelli9ence >eterans a8on9 t:e !us:8en =ere ,aniel C? Arnold1 t:e for8er CIA
Station c:ief in !an9;o;1 T:ailand1 =:o retired earl3 to Boin t:e ca8<ai9n durin9 12.2?
Harr3 *ebster1 a for8er clandestine a9ent1 beca8e a 8e8ber of !us:7s <aid staff for t:e
lorida <ri8ar3? CIA >eteran !ruce Rounds =as !us:7s Fdirector of o<erationsF durin9 t:e
;e3 Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3? Also on board =it: t:e !us:8en =as &on R? T:o8as1 a
for8er clandestine o<erati>e =:o :ad been listed as a State ,e<art8ent official durin9 a
tour of dut3 in S<ain1 and =:o later =or;ed on terroris8 and dru9 traffic;in9 at t:e State
,e<arte8ent? Andre= al;ie=icA1 t:e for8er s<o;es8an of t:e CIA in Lan9le31 attended
so8e of !us:7s <re-ca8<ai9n brainstor8in9 sessions as a consultant on forei9n <olic3
8atters? Accordin9 to an unna8ed for8er CIA de<ut3 director for intelli9ence =:o
alle9edl3 tal;ed to Rollin9 Stone 8a9aAine in Marc:1 12/51 Ft:e !us: ca8<ai9n is1 I t:in;1
e8barrassed b3 all t:e craA3 s<oo;s runnin9 around tr3in9 to :el< t:e8?F Anot:er retired
to< s<oo; told t:e *as:in9ton %ost t:at Ft:ere is a >er3 :i9: le>el of su<<ort for Geor9e
!us: a8on9 current and for8er CIA e8<lo3ees?F
So8e =orried t:at all t:is intelli9ence co88unit3 su<<ort 8i9:t :a>e da8a9in9 b3-
<roducts for !us:? FI can see t:e :eadlines Gno=H1F said one for8er clandestine officer
durin9 t:e <ri8aries" F!USH S%RIN#LES CAM%AIGN *ITH ORMER S%OO#S?F
One leadin9 bastion of t:e !us:8en =as <redictabl3 ,a>id Atlee %:ili<7s AIO1 t:e
Association of or8er Intelli9ence Officers? &ac; Coa;le3 =as a for8er director and !us:7s
ca8<ai9n coordinator for 6ir9inia? He certified t:at at t:e AIO annual 8eetin9 in t:e fall
of 12.21 :e counted 125 F!us: for %residentF buttons a8on9 $)5 dele9ates to t:e
con>ention? Gfn 15H
,urin9 t:e course of t:e 12/) ,ebate9ate in>esti9ation1 a nu8ber of !us: ca8<ai9n
acti>ists =ere de<ositioned about <ossible abuses in t:e course of t:is ca8<ai9n? Most
re>ealin9 =as t:e s=orn state8ent of An9elo Code>illa1 a for8er na>al intelli9ence officer
=:o =as a fiEture for a nu8ber of 3ears on t:e staff of t:e Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee?
Under @uestionin9 b3 &o:n itA9erald1 =:o =as actin9 as counsel for t:e House
subco88ittee c:aired b3 Re<? ,on Albosta1 Code>illa res<onded"
I a8 a=are t:at acti>e dut3 a9ents of t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 =or;ed for t:e Geor9e !us:
<ri8ar3 ca8<ai9n? Ho=e>er1 I cannot no= re8e8ber so8e of t:ese <ersons and I a8 not at
libert3 to identif3 ot:ers b3 na8es or <ositions because to do so =ould co8<ro8ise t:eir co>er?
Gfn 11H
!ut before si9nin9 t:is as an affida>it1 Code>illa crossed out Fa8 a=areF to F:a>e :eardF in
t:e first sentence? In t:e second sentence1 :e cancelled Fidentif3 ot:ersF and <ut in Fdiscuss
t:ese ru8ors?F Acti>e intelli9ence co88unit3 officers =:o 8i9:t :a>e =or;ed for t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n =:ile still dra=in9 t:eir federal <a3roll c:ec;s =ere li;el3 to :a>e been in
>iolation t:e Hatc: Act1 =:ic: <ro:ibits federal e8<lo3ees fro8 en9a9in9 in <artisan
<olitical acti>it3?
!a;er =as t:e ob>ious c:oice to be !us:7s ca8<ai9n 8ana9er? He :ad ser>ed !us: in t:is
function in t:e failed senate ca8<ai9n of 12.5? ,urin9 t:e ord 3ears1 !a;er :ad ad>anced
to beco8e ,e<ut3 Secretar3 of Co88erce? !a;er :ad been t:e 8ana9er of ord7s failed
12.- ca8<ai9n? !rin9in9 !a;er into t:e !us: ca8<ai9n 8eant t:at :e could brin9 =it:
:i8 8an3 of t:e ord <olitical o<erati>es and 8uc: of t:e ord <olitical a<<aratus and
>olunteers in a nu8ber of states? In t:e 12./1 !a;er :ad atte8<ted to 9et :i8self elected
attorne3 9eneral of TeEas1 but :ad been defeated? ,a>id #eene =as <olitical ad>isor? As
al=a3s1 no !us: ca8<ai9n =ould be co8<lete =it:out Robert Mosbac:er :eadin9 u< t:e
national finance o<eration? Mosbac:er7s eE<erience1 as =e :a>e seen1 reac:ed bac; to t:e
!ill Lietd;e con>e3ances to Maurice Stans of t:e CREE% in 12.$? Tea8in9 u< =it:
Mosbac:er =ere red !us: in Houston and &ac; Sloat in *as:in9ton?
*it: t:e :el< of !a;er and Mosbac:er1 !us: be9an to set u< <olitical ca8<ai9n co88ittees
t:at could be used to con>o3 @uasi-le9al Fsoft 8one3F into :is ca8<ai9n coffers? T:is is t:e
classic strata9e8 of settin9 u< <olitical action co88ittees t:at are re9istered =it: t:e
ederal Election Co88ission for t:e alle9ed <ur<ose of c:annelin9 funds into t:e
ca8<ai9ns of deser>in9 Re<ublican 0or ,e8ocratic4 candidates? In realit31 al8ost all of t:e
8one3 is used for t:e <residential candidate7s o=n staff1 office1 8ailin9s1 tra>el1 and related
eE<enses? !us:7s <rinci<al >e:icle for t:is t3<e of fundin9 =as called t:e und for Li8ited
Go>ern8ent? ,urin9 t:e first - 8ont:s of 12/.1 t:is 9rou< collected I221555 and s<ent
I)-15551 of =:ic: onl3 I$1+55 =ent to ot:er candidates? T:e rest =as in effect s<ent to
finance !us:7s ca8<ai9n <re<arations? !us: :ad a second %AC called t:e Con9ressional
Leaders:i< Co88ittee1 =it: Senator Ho=ard !a;er and Con9ress8an &o:n R:odes on t:e
board1 =:ic: did 8ana9e to dole out t:e <rincel3 su8 of I+55 to eac: of $1 GO% office-
see;ers?
T:e cas: for t:e und for Li8ited Go>ern8ent ca8e fro8 +) fat cat contributors1 :alf of
t:e8 in TeEas1 includin9 %ennAoil1 Ha99ar Slac;s1 McCor8ic; Oil and Gas1 Houston Oil
and Minerals1 and TeEas Instru8ents? Mone3 also ca8e in fro8 EEEon1 Mc,onnell-
,ou9las1 and Clairol cos8etics? Gfn 1$H
,es<ite t:e :a<<3 facade1 !us:7s ca8<ai9n staff =as <la9ued b3 tur8oil and 8orale
<roble8s1 leadin9 to a :i9: rate of turno>er in ;e3 <osts? One =:o :as sta3ed on all alon9
:as been &ennifer itA9erald1 a !ritis: =o8an born in 12'$ =:o :ad been =it: !us: since
at least !eiBin9? itA9erald later =or;ed in !us:7s >ice-<residential office1 first as
a<<oint8ents secretar31 and later as eEecuti>e assistant? Accordin9 to so8e *as:in9ton
=a9s1 s:e controlled access to !us: in t:e sa8e =a3 t:at Martin !or8ann controlled
access to Hitler? Accordin9 to Harr3 Hurt1 a8on9 for8er !us: staffers FitA9erald 9ets
>itu<erati>e re>ie=s? S:e :as been accused of bun9lin9 t:e 12/5 <residential ca8<ai9n b3
cancellin9 !us: a<<earances at factor3 sites in fa>or of lunc:eon club s<eec:es? Critics of
:er <erfor8ance sa3 s:e 8isre<resents staff sc:edulin9 re@uests and bloc;s access to :er
boss?F FA nu8ber of t:e >ice <resident7s close friends =orr3 t:at 7t:e &ennifer <roble87 --or
t:e a<<earance of one-- 8a3 ini:ibt !us:7s future <olitical career?
7T:ere7s Bust so8et:in9 about :er t:at 8a;es :i8 feel 9ood17 sa3s one trusted !us:
confidant? 7I don7t t:in; it7s seEual? I don7t ;no= =:at it is? !ut if !us: e>er runs for
<resident a9ain1 I t:in; :e7s 9oin9 to :a>e to 8a;e a c:an9e on t:at score?7F Gfn 1'H
!us: for8all3 announced :is <residential candidac3 on Ma3 11 12.2? One of !us:7s t:e8es
=as t:e idea of a FUnion of t:e En9lis:-S<ea;in9 %eo<les?F !us: =as as;ed later in :is
ca8<ai9n b3 a re<orter to elaborate on t:is? !us: stated at t:at ti8e t:at Ft:e !ritis: are t:e
best friend A8erica :as in t:e =orld toda3? I belie>e =e can benefit 9reatl3 fro8 8uc:
close collaboration in t:e econo8ic1 8ilitar31 and <olitical s<:eres? Sure I a8 an
An9lo<:ile? *e s:ould all be? !ritain :as ne>er done an3t:in9 bad to t:e United States?F Gfn
1)H
&ules *itco>er and &ac; Ger8ond1 t=o eE<erienced obser>ers of <residential ca8<ai9ns1
obser>ed t:at !us:7s =as t:e first ca8<ai9n in :istor3 to :a>e <ea;ed before it e>er started?
,urin9 t:e su88er of 12.21 !us: 9ra<<led =it: =:at :as since been called Ft:e 6ision
T:in9?F *:at could :e tell t:e >oters =:en :e =as as;ed =:3 :e =anted to be <residentD
,urin9 t:at su88er !us: in>ited eE<erts on >arious areas of <olic3 to co8e to
#ennebun;<ort and 9i>e :i8 t:e benefit of t:eir >ie=s? !us: 8et =it: t:ese eE<erts fro8
business1 acade8ia1 and 9o>ern8ent in se8inars t:ree da3s a =ee; fro8 2 to + o>er a
<eriod of siE =ee;s? Man3 =ere in>ited to t:e fa8il3 :ouse at *al;er7s %oint for lunc:?
In t:e e>enin9s t:ere =ere barbecues and coc;tails on t:e ocean front?
It is an indication of t:e eEtraordinar3 intellectual aridit3 of Geor9e !us: t:at t:ese blab
sessions <roduced al8ost no identifiable <olic3 ideas for !us:7s 12/5 ca8<ai9n? !us: :ad
=anted to a>oid t:e fate of Ted #enned3 :ad been =idel3 ridiculed =:en :e :ad <ro>en
unable to res<ond to t:e @uestion of =:3 :e =anted to be <resident? !ut !us: ne>er
de>elo<ed an ans=er to t:is @uestion eit:er?
Or1 8ore <recisel31 it =as t:e i8<erati>e to a>oid an3 identifiable idea content t:at e8er9ed
as !us:7s strate93? or1 Bust as 8uc: as Ronald Rea9an and &i883 Carter1 Geor9e !us: =as
one of t:e <ioneers of t:e :ollo=1 de8a9o9ic1 tele>ision-based ca8<ai9n st3le t:at :ad
beco8e do8inant durin9 t:e 12/57s1 9reasin9 t:e s;ids to <olitical atro<:3 and national
decline?
To9et:er =it: &a8es !a;er III1 al=a3s t:e idea 8an of t:e !us:-!a;er co8bo1 t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n studied &i883 Carter7s success stor3 of 12/5? T:e3 ;ne= t:e3 =ere startin9 =it:
a FGeor9e *:oDF1 >irtuall3 un;no=n to 8ost >oters? irst of all1 !us: =ould a<e t:e Carter
strate93 of s:o=in9 u< in Io=a and Ne= Ha8<s:ire earl3 and offer1 atte8<tin9 to in9ratiate
:i8self =it: t:e little <eo<le b3 assiduous culti>ation? !us: s<ent $. da3s in Io=a before
t:e caucuses t:ere1 and +) da3s in Ne= Ha8<s:ire?
,urin9 t:is <eriod1 !us: =as o>er:eard tellin9 a Ne= (or; Ti8es re<orter t:at :e didn7t
=ant to Fresist t:e Carter analo93?F !us: readil3 ad8itted t:at :e =as Fan elitist candidate?F
FIf Carter could do it =it: no credentials1 I can do it =it: fantastic credentials1F !us:
blurted out? He conceded t:at t:e fact t:at nobod3 ;ne= an3t:in9 about :is Ffantastic
credentialsF =as a little discoura9in9? F!ut t:e3 =illK T:e3 =illKF
T:an;s to Mosbac:er7s o<eration1 t:e !us: ca8<ai9n =ould ad>ance on a cus:ion of
8one3-- :e s<ent I1?' 8illion for t:e Illinois <ri8ar3 alone? T:e bi99est ite8 =ould be
8edia bu3s- abo>e all tele>ision? T:is ti8e !us: brou9:t in !alti8ore 8edia eE<ert Robert
Good8an1 =:o desi9ned a series of tele>ision s:orts t:at =ere described as Ffast- 8o>in91
ne=sfil8li;e <ortraits of an enere9tic1 d3ani8c !us: creatin9 eEcite8ent and 8o>in9
t:rou9: cro=ds1 =it: an u<beat 8usical trac; be:ind :i8? Eac: of t:e ad>ertise8ents used
a slo9an t:at atte8<ted to ca<italiAe on !us:7s eE<erience1 =:ile :ittin9 Carter7s =retc:ed
on-t:e-Bob <erfor8ance and Ronald Rea9an7s ineE<erience on t:e national scene" 7Geor9e
!us:17 t:e announcer intoned1 7a %resident =e =on7t :a>e to train?7F Gfn 1+H One of t:ese
s:orts s:o=ed !us: tal;in9 about inflation to a 9rou< of a<<ro>in9 factor3 =or;ers? In
anot:er1 !us: cli8bed out of a <ri>ate <lane at a s8all air<ort1 surrounded b3 su<<orters
=it: stra= :ats and <lacards and 3elled F*e7re 9oin9 all t:e =a3F to t:e acco8<ani8ent of
a<<lause and 8usic Good8an :o<ed =ould sound F<residential?F T:e ine>itable foota9e of
!us: 9ettin9 fis:ed out of t:e drin; off C:ic:i &i8a s:ootdo=n =as also aired?
Net=or; ca8era cre=s =ere offered re<eated c:ances to fil8 !us: =:ile :e =as Bo99in9?
T:is =as an obli@ue =a3 of <ointin9 out t:at Rea9an =ould be .5 3ears old b3 t:e be9inin9
of t:e <ri8ar3 season? FI78 u< for t:e 12/57s1F =as a fa>orite !us: @uote for inter>ie=s?
T:ere =ere no attac;s on Rea9anC indeed !us: =as see;in9 to co8e across as a 8oderate
conser>ati>e1 in order first to fend off t:e c:allen9e of Sen? Ho=ard !a;er1 =:o =as also
runnin91 and to 9ain on Rea9an?
In a rat:er sla>is: i8itation of t:e Carter >ictor3 scenario1 !us: also c:ose to i8itate =:at
:ad been called Carter7s FfuAAiness1F or un=illin9ness to sa3 an3t:in9 of substance about
issues? !us: =as t:e unabas:ed de8a9o9ue1 tellin9 ,iane Sa=3er of C!S =:en :e =ould
finall3 tal; about t:e issues" Fif t:e3 can s:o= 8e :o= it =ill 9et 8e 8ore >otes
so8e<lace1 I7ll be 9lad to do it?F
!us: tal;ed >a9uel3 about taE cuts to s<ur business and in>est8entC :e =as un:a<<3 about
t:e Fdecline in A8erica7s stature o>erseasF due to CarterC :e =as a9ainst eEcessi>e
9o>ern8ent re9ulation? Militar3 a99ression o>erseas :as ne>er been far belo= t:e surface
of !us:7s <s3c:eC in 12.2 :e tal;ed about t:e need to o>erco8e t:e <ost-6ietna8 9uilt
s3ndro8e? He =as1 :e <roclai8ed1 Fsic; and tired of :earin9 <eo<le a<olo9iAe for
A8erica?F !us: =as stri>in9 to a<<ear as si8ilar to Rea9an1 but 8ore 8oderate in
<ac;a9in91 3oun9er and 8ore d3na8ic1 and abo>e all1 a *inner?
!ut in t:e 8idst of !us:7s su88er1 12.2 <re<arations for :is <residential bid1 t:ere =as one
>er3 serious 8o8ent of <re<aration t:at addressed t:e so8e real issues1 albeit in a =a3
>irtuall3 in>isible fro8 t:e ca8<ai9n trail? T:is =as a conference !us: attended at t:e
&onat:an Institute in &erusale8 on &ul3 $-+? Instead of 8u99in9 for t:e tele>ision ca8eras
=:ile eatin9 :otdo9s on t:e ourt: of &ul3 at a <icnic in Io=a or Ne= Ha8<s:ire1 !us:
Bourne3ed to Israel for =:at =as billed as t:e &erusale8 Conference on International
Terroris8?
T:e &onat:an Institute :ad been founded earlier t:e sa8e 3ear b3 !enBa8in Netan3a:u1 a
3oun9 craA3 of t:e Li;ud bloc;1 in 8e8or3 of :is brot:er &onat:an1 =:o :ad been ;illed
durin9 t:e Israeli raid on Entebbe in 12.-? T:e &onat:an Institute =as a se8i-co>ert
<ro<a9anda o<eration and could onl3 be defined as a branc: of t:e Israeli 9o>ern8ent? T:e
co88ittee s<onsorin9 t:is conference on terroris8 =as :eaded u< b3 %ri8e Minister
Menac:e8 !e9in1 follo=ed b3 Mos:e ,a3an and 8an3 ot:er <ro8inent Israeli <oliticians
and 9enerals?
T:e US dele9ation to t:e conference =as di>ided accordin9 to <artisan lines1 but =as
9enerall3 united b3 s38<at:3 for t:e ideas and outloo; of t:e !us:-C:erne Tea8 !? T:e
,e8ocratic dele9ation =as led b3 t:e late Senator Henr3 &ac;son of *as:in9ton? T:is
9rou< included ci>il ri9:ts leader !a3ard Rustin1 <lus Nor8an %od:oretA and Mid9e ,ecter
of Co88entar3 Ma9aAine1 t=o of t:e 8ost 8ilitant and influential Jionist
neoconser>ati>es? !en *attenber9 of t:e A8erican Enter<rise Institute =as also on :and?
Alt:ou9: t:e 9rou< t:at arri>ed =it: Scoo< &ac;son =ere su<<osedl3 ,e8ocrats1 8ost of
t:e8 =ould su<<ort Rea9an-!us: in t:e No>e8ber1 12/5 election?
T:en t:ere =as t:e GO% dele9ation1 =:ic: =as led b3 Geor9e !us:? Here =ere !us:
acti>ist Ra3 Cline1 MaBor General Geor9e #ee9an1 a stal=art su<<orter of Tea8 !1 and
%rofessor Ric:ard %i<es of Har>ard1 t:e leader of Tea8 !? Here =ere Senator &o:n
,anfort: of Missouri and !rian CroAier1 a Fterroris8 eE<ert?F %seudo-intellectual colu8nist
Geor9e *ill 0F*ill t:e S:illF4 =as also on :and1 as =as Ro8e-based Bournalist Claire
Sterlin91 =:o :ad been acti>e in co>erin9 u< t:e role of Henr3 #issin9er in t:e 12./
assassination of Italian %ri8e Minister Aldo Moro1 and =:o =ould later be blind to
indications of an An9lo-A8erican role in t:e atte8<ted assassination of %o<e &o:n %aul II?
International <artici<ation =as also notable" Annie #rie9el and &ac@ues Soustelle of rance1
Lord Alun C:alfont1 %aul &o:nson1 and Robert Moss of t:e United #in9do81 and 8an3
leadin9 Israelis?
T:e ;e3note state8ent =as 8ade b3 %ri8e Minister !e9in1 =:o told t:e <artici<ants t:at
t:e3 s:ould s<read t:rou9: t:e =orld t:e 8ain idea of t:e conference1 =:ic: =as t:at all
terroris8 in t:e =orld1 =:ate>er its ori9in1 is controlled b3 t:e So>iet Union? Ra3 Cline
8ade a 8aBor <resentation1 de>elo<in9 :is t:eor3 t:at terroris8 s:ould not be seen as a
s<ontaneous res<onse to o<<ression b3 frustrated 8inorities1 but rat:er onl3 as t:e <referred
tool of So>iet bloc sub>ersion? or Cline1 t:e 9reat =aters:ed =as an alle9ed 12-2 decision
b3 t:e %oliburo in Mosco= to use t:e %alestine Liberation Or9aniAation as t:e #re8lin7s
fift: colu8n in t:e Middle East1 and s<ecificall3 to subsidiAe %LO terrorist attac;s =it:
8one31 trainin91 and co88unications <ro>ided b3 t:e #G!? or Cline1 t:e %LO1 des<ite
t:e fact t:at it enBo3ed t:e su<<ort of t:e >ast 8aBorit3 of %alestinians1 =as 8erel3 a
s3nt:etic tool of So>iet intelli9ence? It =as a >er3 con>enient ar9u8ent for Jionist
:ardliners?
Ric:ard %i<es t:en dre= on Russian :istor3 to illustrate t:e sin9ular t:esis t:at terroris8
=as a <roduct of Russian :istor31 and of no ot:er :istor3? FT:e roots of So>iet terroris81
indeed of 8odern terroris81F accordin9 to %i<es1 Fdate bac; to 1/.2???It 8ar;s t:e
be9innin9 of t:at or9aniAation =:ic: is t:e source of all 8odern terrorist 9rou<s1 =:et:er
t:e3 be na8ed t:e Tu<a8aros1 t:e !aader-Mein:of 9rou<1 t:e *eat:er8en1 Red !ri9ades
or %LO? I refer 3ou to t:e establis:8ent in 1/.2 of a Con9ress in t:e s8all Russian to=n of
Li<es;1 of an or9aniAation ;no=n as Narodna3a 6ol3a1 or t:e %eo<le7s *ill?F
T:ere is no doubt t:at t:e #G! and its east bloc satellite a9encies =ere 8assi>el3 in>ol>ed
in runnin9 terroris81 as for8er So>iet bloc arc:i>es o<ened after 12/2 definiti>el3 s:o=?
!ut is it reall3 true t:at terroris8 =as in>ented in Li<es; in 1/.2D And is terroris8 reall3
t:e absolute 8ono<ol3 of t:e #G!D ,id t:at include Menac:e8 !e9in1 =:o ble= u< t:e
#in9 ,a>id Hotel in &erusale8D ,id it include ot:er 8e8bers of t:e Ir9un and Stern
9an9sD E>er3one <resent see8s to :a>e found 9ood reasons for belie>in9 t:at t:e ludicrous
t:esis of t:e conference =as true? or t:e Israelis1 it =as a ne= reason not to ne9otiate =it:
t:e %LO1 =:o could be classed as So>iet terrorist <u<<ets? or t:e i88ediate needs of
!us:7s election-3ear de8a9o931 it =as an ar9u8ent t:at could be used a9ainst Carter7s
e@uall3 de8a9o9ic F:u8an ri9:tsF slo9aneerin9? More broadl31 it could be used to alle9e a
clear and <resent uni>ersal dan9er t:at 8ade it 8andator3 to close t:e boo; once and for all
on t:e old C:urc: co88ittee-%i;e co88itte 8entalit3? All t:e <artici<ants1 fro8 CIA1 MI-
-1 S,ECE1 Mossad1 and so on do=n t:e line could readil3 a9ree t:at onl3 t:e #G!1 and
ne>er t:e3 t:e8sel>es ran terroris8? Hardl3 e>er?
!e9in :ad been a terrorist :i8selfC Soustelle :ad been in t:e renc: OAS durin9 t:e
Al9erian =ar =:ere t:e S,ECE :ad co88itted 8onu8ental cri8es a9ainst :u8anit3C
!us: and Cline =ere 9odfat:ers of t:e Enter<riseC t:e Mossad =as re<uted to :a>e an a9ent
on t:e Abu Nidal central co88ittee1 and also eEercised influence o>er t:e Italian Red
!ri9adesC =:ile t:e c:a<s fro8 MI-- :ad t:e lon9est and bloodiest i8<erial records? !ut
Ian !lac; =rote in t:e &ersuale8 %ost =rote t:at Ft:e conference or9aniAers eE<ect t:e
e>ent to initiate a 8aBor anti-terrorist offensi>e?F In %aris1 t:e ri9:t-=in9 L7Aurore ran an
article under t:e :eadline FTouBours le #G!1F =:ic: <raised t:e conference for :a>in9
confir8ed t:at =:en it co8es to international terroris81 t:e So>iets <ull all t:e strin9s?
Gfn 1-H
T:ere =ere s;e<tics1 e>en in t:e US intelli9ence co88unit31 =:ere Ra3 Cline7s 8ono8ania
=as reco9niAed? At t:e 12/5 8eetin9 of AIO1 Cline =as criticiAed b3 Ho=ard !ane1 t:e
for8er CIA station c:ief in Mosco=1 =:o su99ested F*e7>e 9ot to 9et Cline off t:is
Mosco= control of terrorists? It7s di>isi>e? It7s not true? T:ere7s not one sin9le but of trut: to
it?F A retired CIA officer na8ed Harr3 RostiA;e <ut in" FIt7s t:at far- ri9:t stuff1 t:at7s all? It7s
:orses:it?F
Ne>ert:eless1 t:e absurd t:esis of t:e &erusale8 Conference =as soon re9ur9itated b3
se>eral ne= to< officials of t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration? In AleEander Hai97s first ne=s
conference as Secretar3 of State on &anuar3 $/1 12/11 Hai9 t:undered t:at t:e #re8lin =as
tr3in9 to Ffoster1 su<<ort1 and eE<andF terrorist acti>it3 =orld=ide t:rou9: t:e Ftrainin91
fundin91 and e@ui<<in9F of terrorist ar8ies? Hai9 8ade it official t:at Finternational
terroris8 =ill ta;e t:e <lace of :u8an ri9:tsF as t:e central international concern of t:e
Rea9an Ad8inistration? And t:at 8eant t:e #G!?
,urin9 12./ and 12.21 t:e Carter Ad8inistration deliberatel3 to<<led t:e S:a: of Iran1 and
deliberatel3 re<laced :i8 =it: #:o8eini? T:e US :ad s:i<<ed ar8s to t:e S:a:1 and ne>er
sto<<ed suc: s:i<8ents1 des<ite t:e ad>ent of #:o8eini and t:e ta;in9 of US :osta9es? T:e
continuit3 of t:e ar8s deli>eries1 so8eti8es 8ediated t:rou9: Israel1 =ould later lead into
t:e Iran-contra affair? In t:e 8eanti8e !us: and :is <artners in t:e Israeli Mossad :ad
sealed a <act and si9nalled it in <ublic =it: a ne= ideolo9ical s8o;e- screen t:at1 t:e3
:o<ed1 =ould co>er a ne= =orld-=ide u<sur9e in co>ert o<erations durin9 t:e 12/57s?
On No>e8ber '1 12.21 !us: bested Sen? Ho=ard !a;er in a Fbeaut3 contestF stra= <oll
ta;en at t:e Maine Re<ublican con>ention in %ortland? !us: =on b3 a <a<er-t:in 8ar9in of
$5 >otes out of 11''- cast1 and Maine =as reall3 :is :o8e state1 but t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8an net=or;s at t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es deli>ered a front<a9e lead stor3 =it: a sub:ead
t:at read F!us: 9ainin9 stature as 7/5 contender?F
!us:7s bi99est lift of t:e 12/5 ca8<ai9n ca8e =:en :e =on a <luralit3 in t:e &anuar3 $1
Io=a caucuses1 narro=l3 bestin9 Rea9an1 =:o :ad not <ut an3 effort into t:e state? At t:is
<oint t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones 8edia o<eration =ent into :i9: 9ear?
T:at sa8e ni9:t *alter Cron;ite told >ie=ers" FGeor9e !us: :as a<<arentl3 done =:at :e
:o<ed to do1 co8in9 out of t:e <ac; as t:e <rinci<al c:allen9er to front-runner Ronald
Rea9an?F
In t:e inter>al bet=een &anuar3 $1 and t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 of ebruar3 $-1 t:e
Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent labored 8i9:til3 to <ut Geor9e !us: into <o=er as <resident
t:at sa8e 3ear? T:e <ress :3<e in fa>or of !us: =as o>er=:el8in9? Ne=s=ee;7s co>er
featured a :a<<3 and s8ilin9 !us: tal;in9 =it: :is su<<orters" F!USH !REA#S OUT O
THE %AC#1F =ent t:e :eadline? S8aller <icutres s:o=ed a sco=lin9 Senator !a;er and a
decidedl3 un-tele9enic Rea9an 9ri8acin9 before a 8icro<:one? T:e Ne=s=ee; re<orters
<la3ed u< !us:7s <lan to redo t:e Carter scri<t fro8 12.-1 and =ent on to assert t:at !us:7s
triu8<: in Io=a Fraised t:e serious <ossibilit3 t:at :e could acco8<lis: on t:e Re<ublican
side t:is 3ear =:at Carter did in 12.---<arla3 a =ell-tuned <ersonal a<<etite for on-t:e-
9round ca8<ai9nin9 into a Lon9 Marc: to :is <art37s %residential no8ination?F So =rote
t:e 8a9aAine controlled b3 t:e fa8il3 8one3 of !us:7s old business associate Eu9ene
Me3er1 and !us: =as a<<reciati>eC doubl3 so for t:e reference to :is old friend Mao?
Ti8e1 =:ic: :ad been founded b3 Henr3 Luce of S;ull and !ones1 s:o=ed a :u9e1
9rinnin9 !us: and a s8aller1 >er3 cross Rea9an1 :eadlined" F!USH SOARS?F T:e leadin9
<olls1 al=a3s doctored b3 t:e intelli9ence a9encies and ot:er interests1 s:o=ed a !us:
boo8" Lou Harris found t:at =:ereas Rea9an :ad led !us: into Io=a b3 '$-- nation=ide1
!us: :ad <ulled e>en =it: Rea9an at $.-$. =it:in $) :ours after t:e Io=a result :ad
beco8e ;no=n?
Sa>>3 Re<ublican o<erati>es =ere re<orted to be floc;in9 to t:e !us: band=a9on? E>en
seasoned obser>ers stuc; t:eir nec;s outC *itco>er and Ger8ond =rote in t:eir colu8n of
ebruar3 $$ t:at Fa rou9: consensus is ta;in9 s:a<e a8on9 8oderate Re<ublican
<oliticians t:at Geor9e !us: 8a3 ac:ie>e a co88andin9 <osition =it:in t:e neEt t:ree
=ee;s in t:e contest for t:e Re<ublican no8ination? And t:ose =it: unresol>ed
reser>ations about !us: are be9innin9 to =onder <ri>atel3 if it is e>en <ossible to ;ee< an
alternati>e <oliticall3 ali>e for t:e late <ri8aries?F
Robert Heal3 of t:e !oston Globe stuc; :is nec; out e>en furt:er for t:e neo-Harri8anite
cause =it: a forecast t:at Fe>en t:ou9: :e is still called leadin9 candidate in so8e <laces1
Rea9an does not loo; li;e :e7ll be on t:e %residential sta9e 8uc: lon9er?F It =as e>en
<ossible1 Heal3 9us:ed t:at !us: F=ill 9o t:rou9: 12/5???=it:out losin9 an i8<ortant
%residential <ri8ar3?F *illia8 Safire of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es clai8ed t:at :is contacts =it:
Re<ublican insiders across t:e countr3 :ad 3ielded Fa 9ro=in9 sus<icion t:at Rea9an 8a3
once a9ain be b3<assed for t:e :istoric role???a 9eneral feelin9 t:at :e 8a3 be a 8an =:ose
cause 8a3 triu8<:1 but =:ose o=n ti8e 8a3 ne>er co8e?F Gfn 1.H
N!C7s !ro;a= started callin9 Rea9an t:e Ffor8er front-runner?F To8 %etit of t:e sa8e
net=or; =as 8ore direct" FI =ould li;e to su99est t:at Ronald Rea9an is <oliticall3 dead?F
Once a9ain t:e c:oice of <ictures 8ade !us: loo; 9ood1 Rea9an bad?
T:e Eastern Liberal establis:8ent :ad left no doubt =:o its darlin9 =as" !us:1 and not
Rea9an? In t:eir arro9ance1 t:e Ol38<ians :ad once a9ain co88itted t:e error of confusin9
t:eir collecti>e <atrician =:i8 =it: real <rocesses on9oin9 in t:e real =orld? T:e Ne=
Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 =as to <ro>e a de>astatin9 setbac; for !us:1 in s<ite of all t:e :3<e t:e
!us:8an net=or;s =ere able to cran; out? Ho= did it :a<<enD
Geor9e !us: =as of course a life-lon9 8e8ber of t:e S;ull and !ones secret societ3 of
(ale Uni>ersit31 t:rou9: =:ic: :e ad>anced to=ards t:e free8asonic u<<er reac:es of t:e
An9lo-A8erican establis:8ent1 to=ards t:ose eEalted circles of London1 Ne= (or;1 and
*as:in9ton in =:ic: t:e transatlantic destin3 of t:e self-st3led An9lo-SaEon 8aster race is
elaborated? T:e entrees <ro>ided b3 S;ull and !ones 8e8bers:i< =ould al=a3s be1 for
!us:1 t:e 8ost >ital ones? !ut1 in addition to suc: eEalted feudal brot:er:oods as S;ull and
!ones1 t:e An9lo-A8erican Establis:8ent also 8aintains a series of broader- based elite
or9aniAations =:ose function is to 8anifest t:e :e9e8onic An9lo-A8erican <olic3 line to
t:e broader la3ers of t:e establis:8ent1 includin9 bureaucrats1 business8en1 ban;ers1
Bournalists1 <rofessors1 and ot:er suc: assorted retainers and ste=ards of <o=er?
Geor9e !us: :ad t:us found it <olitic o>er t:e 3ears to beco8e a 8e8ber of t:e Ne= (or;
Council on orei9n Relations? !3 12.21 !us: =as a 8e8ber of t:e board of t:e CR1
=:ere :e sat neEt to :is old <atron Henr3 #issin9er? T:e %resident of t:e CR durin9 t:is
<eriod =as #issin9er clone *inston Lord of t:e traditional S;ull and !ones fa8il3?
Geor9e =as also a 8e8ber of t:e !o:e8ian Club of San rancisco1 =:ic: :ad been
founded b3 A8brose !ierce after t:e Ci>il *ar to cater to t:e Stanfords1 Huntin9tons1
Croc;ers1 Ho<;ins1 and t:e ot:er nou>eau-ric:e t3coons t:at :ad e8er9ed fro8 t:e 9old
rus:? T:e !o:e8ian Club 8ade a su88er outin9 e>er3 3ear to its ca8< at !o:e8ian
Gro>e1 a secluded1 $1.55 acre stand of 8aBestic red=oods about .+ 8iles fro8 San
rancisco? A si9n o>er t:e 9ate ad>ises" FS<iders *ea>e Not Here?F U< to 11-55 8e8bers1
=it: t:e occasional forei9n 9uest li;e Ger8an C:ancellor Hel8ut Sc:8idt1 9at:er in 8id-
su88er for free8asonic cere8onies featurin9 t:e ritual interr8ent of Fdull careF1 ca>ort in
=o8en7s <ant3 :ose in fe88e i8<ersonatuer t:eatricals1 or better 3et frolic in t:e nude
near t:e ban;s of t:e Russian Ri>er? Herbert Hoo>er =as a de>oted re9ular1 Eisen:o=er
and Allen ,ulles 8ade cold =ar s<eec:es t:ereC NiEon and Rea9an :ad discussed <ros<ects
for t:e 12-/ electionC !ec:tel =as al=a3s bi9C and Henr3 #issin9er lo>ed to <ontificate1 all
at t:e Gro>e?
T:en t:ere =as t:e Trilateral Co88ission1 founded b3 ,a>id Roc;efeller in 12.'-.)? One
branc: fro8 Nort: A8erica1 one branc: fro8 Euro<e1 one branc: fro8 &a<an1 =it: t:e
resultin9 or9anis8 a ;ind of <olic3 foru8 ai8in9 at an international consensus a8on9
financier factions1 under o>erall An9lo-A8erican do8ination? T:e Trilateral Co88ission
e8er9ed at t:e sa8e ti8e t:at t:e Roc;efeller-#issin9er interests <er<etrated t:e first oil
:oaE? So8e of its first studies =ere de>oted to t:e 8ec:anics of i8<osin9 aut:oritarian-
totalitarian for8s of 9o>ern8ent in t:e US1 Euro<e1 and &a<an to 8ana9e t:e austerit3 and
econo8ic deca3 t:at =ould be t:e results of Trilateral <olicies? T:e Carter Ad8inistration
=as >er3 o>ertl3 a Trilateral Ad8inistration? %o<ular :atred of Carter and :is cre= 8ade
t:e Trilterals an attracti>e tar9et? Rea9an <ro8ised t:at :e =ould c:an9e all t:at1 but :is
9o>ern8ent =as also do8inated b3 t:e Trilateraloids?
!us: =as also a 8e8ber of t:e Alibi Club1 a societ3 of *as:in9ton insiders =:o 9at:er
<eriodicall3 to assert t:e <ri8ac3 of oli9arc:is8 o>er suc: <artisan or ot:er di>isions t:at
:a>e been concocted to di>ert t:e 8asses? !us: :ad also Boined anot:er *as:in9ton
association1 t:e Alfalfa Club1 =it: 8uc: t:e sa8e et:os and a sli9:tl3 differrent cast of
c:aracters? !us: =as clearl3 a Boiner? Later1 in 12251 :e =ould acce<t a bid to Boin !ritain7s
Ro3al and Ancient Golf Club of St? Andre=7s in Scotland as t:e nint: :onorar3 8e8ber in
t:e :istor3 of t:at au9ust bod3? T:is =as also a tribute to Geor9e Herbert *al;er1 a <ast
<resident of t:e US Golf Association1 and to %rescott !us:1 =:o =as also <resident of t:e
USGA?
As =e sa= briefl3 durin9 !us:7s senate ca8<ai9n1 t:e co8bination of ban;ru<tc3 and
arro9ance =:ic: =as t:e :all8ar; of Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent rule o>er t:e United
States 9enerated resent8ents =:ic: could 8a;e 8e8bers:i< in suc: or9aniAations a
distinct <olitical liabilit3?
One =:o =as cau9:t u< in t:e turbulence =as *illia8 Loeb1 t:e o<inionated cur8ud9eon
of %ride7s Crossin91 Massac:usetts =:o =as t:e <ublis:er of t:e Manc:ester Union-Leader1
t:e 8ost i8<ortant ne=s<a<er in t:e state? Loeb :ad su<<orted Rea9an in 12.- and =as for
:i8 a9ain in 12/5? Loeb 8i9:t :a>e dis<ersed :is fire a9ainst all of Rea9an7s Re<ublican
ri>als1 includin9 Ho=ard !a;er1 Robert ,ole1 %:il Crane1 &o:n Anderson1 &o:n Connall31
and !us:? Loeb =ould launc: a barra9e of slas:in9 attac;s on !us:? T:e ot:er GO%
contenders =ould be >irtuall3 i9nored b3 Loeb?
Loeb :ad assailed ord as F&err3 t:e &er;F in 12.-C :is attac;s on Sen? Mus;ie reduced t:e
latter to tears durin9 t:e 12.$ <ri8ar3? Loeb be9an to <la3 u< t:e t:e8e of !us: as a
liberal1 as a candidate controlled b3 t:e FinternationalistF 0or #issin9er4 =in9 of t:e GO%
and t:e *all Strreet ban;ers1 al=a3s soft on co88unis8 and al=a3s read3 to under8ine
libert3 t:rou9: !i9 Go>ern8ent :ere at :o8e? A ebruar3 editorial b3 Loeb reacted to
!us:7s Io=a success =it: t:ese =arnin9s of >ote fraud"
T:e !us: o<eration in Io=a :ad all t:e s8ell of a CIA co>ert o<eration????Stran9e as<ects of t:e
Io=a o<eration GincludedH a lon91 slo= count and t:en t:e co8<uters bro;e do=n at a >er3
con>enient <oint1 =it: !us: :a>in9 a siE <er cent bul9e o>er Rea9an???*ill t:e elite no8inate t:eir
8an1 or =ill =e no8inate Rea9anD Gfn 12H
or Loeb t:e 8ost da8nin9 e>idence =as !us:7s 8e8bers:i< in t:e Trilateral Co88ission1
t:e creature of ,a>id Roc;efeller and t:e intern8ational ban;ers? Carter and :is
ad8inistration :ad been <ac;ed =it: Trilateral 8e8bersC t:ere =ere indications t:at t:e
establis:8ent c:oice of Carter to be t:e neEt US <resident :ad been 8ade at a 8eetin9 of
t:e Trilateral Co88ission in #3odo1 &a<an1 =:ere Carter :ad been introduced b3 Gianni
A9nelli of Ital37s IAT 8otor co8<an3?
Loeb si8<lified all t:at" FGeor9e !us: is a LiberalF =as t:e title of :is editorial <ublis:ed
t:e da3 before t:e <ri8ar3? Loeb fla3ed !us: as a Fs<oiled little ric: ;id =:o :as been =et-
nursed to succeed and no=1 <ac;a9ed b3 ,a>id Roc;efeller7s Trilateral Co88ission1 t:in;s
:e is entitled to t:e *:ite House as :is latest to3?F
S:ortl3 before t:e election Loeb ran a cartoon entitled FSil; Stoc;in9 Re<ublicans1F =:ic:
s:o=ed !us: at a coc;tail <art3 =it: a ci9arette and 9lass in :and? !us: and t:e ot:er
<artici<ants1 all 8ale1 =ere =earin9 =o8en7s <ant3-:ose? T:is =as t:e 8essa9e t:at Loeb
:ad a<<arentl3 9otten fro8 !us:7s bod3 lan9ua9e?
%aid <olitical ads be9an to a<<ear in t:e Union-Leader s<onsored b3 9rou<s fro8 all o>er
t:e countr31 so8e :el<ed alon9 b3 &o:n Sears of t:e Rea9an ca8<ai9n? One s:o=ed a
dra=in9 of !us: BuEta<osed =it: a Mr? %eanut lo9o" FT:e sa8e <eo<le =:o 9a>e 3ou
&i883 Carter =ant no= to 9i>e 3ou Geor9e !us:1F read t:e :eadline? T:e teEt described a
Fcoalition of liberals1 8ultinational cor<orate eEecuti>es1 bi9-cit3 ban;ers1 and :un9r3
<o=er bro;ersF led b3 ,a>id Roc;efeller =:ose F<ur<ose is to control t:e A8erican
9o>ern8ent1 re9ardless of =:ic: <olitical <art3--,e8ocrat or Re<ublican-- =ins t:e
<residenc3 t:is co8in9 No>e8berKF FT:e TroBan :orse for t:is sc:e8e1F t:e ad =ent on1 Fis
Connecticut-(an;ee-turned-TeEas oil8an Geor9e !us:- t:e out-of-no=:ere Re<ublican
=:o o<enl3 ad8its :e is usin9 t:e sa8e F9a8e-<lanF de>elo<ed for &i883 Carter in t:e
12.- <residential no8ination ca8<ai9n?F T:e ad =ent on to 8en8tion t:e Council on
o<rei9n Relations and t:e FRoc;efeller 8one3F t:at =as t:e lifeblood of !us:7s effort? Gfn
$5H On ebruar3 $)1 Loeb trotted out Gen? ,ann3 Gra:a81 <art of !us:7s Tea8 !
o<eration1 to tal; about FGeor9e !us:7s =ea;ness as t:e :ead of t:e CIA and :is co8<lete
failure to esti8ate correctl3 t:e So>iet t:reat?F !us: :ad Fstac;edF t:e Tea8 A-Tea8 !
debate1 Gra:a8 =as no= clai8in9? !rent Sco=croft1 Lt? Gen? Sa8 *ilson and Ra3 Cline
all rus:ed to !us:7s defense? FAn3 inference t:at Geor9e =as too soft in :is anal3sis of t:e
So>iet Union =as Bust dead =ron91F res<onded Cline? FGeor9e is <robabl3 8ore s;e<tical
and concerned about So>iet be:a>ior t:an an3one in to=n?F F!alone3KF =as Gra:a87s
reBoinder?
Loeb :3<ed a de8and fro8 t:e National Alliance of Senior CitiAens t:at !us: re<udiate
and a<olo9iAe for a re8ar; t:at Social Securit3 :ad Fbeco8e lar9el3 a =elfare <ro9ra8?F
Here !us: =as scour9ed for :is Finsensiti>it3 to t:e inde<endence of Social Securit3
reci<ients?F Ri9:t underneat: =as anot:er article fro8 a Union-Leader s<ecial
corres<ondent in Ne= (or; Cit3 re<ortin9 t:at !us:7s dele9ates :ad been t:ro=n off t:e
ballot t:ere b3 t:e !oard of Elections because !us:7s <etitions F=ere ille9al?F
*:ile all t:is =as 9oin9 on1 !us: =as <ratin9 about :is F8o8entu8F =it: ca8<ai9n
state8ents t:at focussed eEclusi>el3 on tec:nicalities rat:er t:an offerin9 reasons =:3
an3bod3 s:ould su<<ort !us:? Ri9:t after t:e Io=a >ictor31 :ere =as !us:" FClearl31 =e7re
9oin9 to co8e out of :ere =it: 8o8entu8???*e a<<ear to :a>e beaten bot: Connall3 and
!a;er >er31 >er3 badl3? T:e nu8bers loo; substantial? And t:e3 are 9oin9 to :a>e to 9et
so8e 8o8entu8 9oin91 and I78 co8in9 out of :ere =it: 8o8entu8?F A fe= =ee;s later1
!us: =as still re<eatin9 t:e sa8e 9ibberis:? !us: told !ob Sc:ieffer of C!S about :is
ad>anta9e for Ne= Ha8<s:ire"
*:at =e7ll :a>e1 3ou see1 is 8o8entu8? *e =ill :a>e for=ard F!i9 MoF on our side1 as t:e3 sa3
in at:letics?
!i9 MoD
(ea:1 !us: said? FMo1F 8o8entu8?
*:ile ca8<ai9nin91 !us: =as as;ed once a9ain about t:e 8one3 :e recei>ed fro8 NiEon7s
12.5 To=n:ouse slus: fund? !us:7s stoc; re<l3 =as t:at :is friend &a=ors;i :ad cleared
:i8" FT:e ans=er ca8e bac;1 clean1 clean1 clean1F said !us:?
!3 no= t:e Rea9an ca8< :ad cau9:t on t:at so8et:in9 i8<ortant =as :a<<enin91
so8et:in9 =:ic: could benefit Rea9an enor8ousl3? irst Rea9an7s cron3 Ed=in Meese
<i<ed u< in obli@ue reference to t:e Trilateral 8e8bers:i< of so8e candidates1 includin9
!us:" Fall t:ese <eo<le co8e out of an international econo8ic industrial or9aniAation =it:
a <attern of t:in;in9 on =orld affairsF t:at led to a Fsoftenin9 on defense?F T:at <la3ed
=ell1 and Rea9an decided :e =ould <ic; u< t:e t:e8e? On ebruar3 .1 12/5 Rea9an
obser>ed in a s<eec: t:at 12 ;e3 8e8bers of t:e Carter Ad8inistration1 includin9 Carter1
=ere 8e8bers of t:e Trilateral Co88ission? Accordin9 to Rea9an1 t:is influence :ad
indeed led to a Fsoftenin9 on defenseF because of t:e Trilateraloids7 belief t:at business
Fs:ould transcend1 <er:a<s1 t:e national defense?F Gfn $1H T:is 8ade sense" !us: =ould
later :el< enact NATA and GATT? 6oters =:ose fat:ers re8e8bered t:e co8<laint of a
beaten !ones8an1 Robert Taft1 in 12+$-- t:at e>er3 GO% <residential candidate since 12'-
:ad been c:osen b3 C:ase ban; and t:e Roc;efellers-- found t:is touc:ed a res<onsi>e
c:ord?
!us: realiAed t:at :e =as faced =it: an u9l3 <roble8? He su88aril3 resi9ned fro8 bot:
t:e Traileral Co88ission and fro8 t:e Ne= (or; Council on orei9n Relations? !ut :is
situation in Ne= Ha8<s:ire =as des<erate? His co>er :ad been lar9el3 blo=n? He sto<<ed
tal;in9 about t:e F!i9 MoF and be9an babblin9 t:at :e =as Ft:e issues candidate?F T:is =as
an error in de8a9o931 also because !us: :ad not:in9 to sa3? *:en :e tried to 9ra<<le =it:
issues1 :e i88ediatel3 ca8e under fire fro8 t:e <ress? Ne=s=ee; no= found :is solutions
F>a9ue?F T:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted t:at !us: F:as been ill-<re<ared to res<ond to
si8<le @uestions about basic issues as t:e3 arise? *:en :e =as as;ed about %resident
Carter7s ne= bud9et t:is =ee;1 :is re<lies =ere >a9ue and contradictor3?F T:e *all Street
&ournal a9reed t:at !us:7s <ositions =ere Fs:ort on detail? In econo8ics :is s<endin9 and
taE <riorities re8ain fuAA3? In forei9n <olic31 :e :asn7t 8ade it at all clear :o= :e en>isions
usin9 A8erican 8ilitar3 <o=er to ad>ance econo8ic and <olitical interests?F
T:ese =ere t:e <ress or9ans t:at :ad 8ounted t:e :3<e for !us: a fe= =ee;s before? No=
t:e real <olls1 t:e ones t:at are 9enerall3 not <ublis:ed1 s:o=ed !us: colla<sin91 and e>en
8edia t:at =ould nor8all3 :a>e been rabidl3 <ro-!us: =ere obli9ed to distance t:e8sel>es
fro8 :i8 in order to defend t:eir o=n Fcredibilit31F 8eanin9 t:eir future abilit3 to <l3 t:e
citiAens =it: lies and disorientation? %art of Rea9an7s su<<ort reflected a desire b3 >oters to
stic; it to t:e 8edia?
!us: =as no= runnin9 scared1 sufficientl3 so as to entertain t:e <ros<ect of a debate a8on9
candidates? One =as :eld in Manc:ester1 =:ere !us: tried to bait Rea9an about an et:nic
Bo;e t:e latter :ad told? FI =as stiffed1F eE<lained Rea9an1 and =ent into :is a>uncular act
=:ile !us: s@uir8ed?
&o:n Sears of t:e Rea9an ca8<ai9n si9nalled to t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<:1 a <a<er <ublis:ed in
sout:ern Ne= Ha8<s:ire1 t:at Rea9an =ould acce<t a one-on-one debate =it: !us:? &a8es
!a;er =as 9ulled" :e =elco8ed t:e idea because t:e debate for8at =ould establis: !us: as
t:e 8ain alternati>e to Rea9an? F*e t:ou9:t it =as t:e best t:in9 since sliced bread1F said
!a;er? !ob ,ole co8<lained to t:e ederal Elections Co88ission about bein9 eEcluded1
and t:e Rea9an ca8< su99ested t:at t:e debate be <a3ed for out of ca8<ai9n funds1 :alf b3
Rea9an and :alf b3 !us:? !us: refused to <a31 but Rea9an <ronounced :i8self =illin9 to
defra3 t:e entire cost? T:us it ca8e to <ass t:at a bilateral !us:-Rea9an debate =as
sc:eduled for ebruar3 $' at a 938anasiu8 in Nas:ua?
or 8an31 t:is e>enin9 =ould <ro>ide t:e e<i<:an3 of Geor9e !us:1 a 8o8ent =:en :is
<ersonal essence =as 8ade 8anifest?
!us: <ro<a9anda :as al=a3s tried to <ortra3 t:e Nas:ua Tele9:ra<: debate as so8e ;ind of
a8bus: <lanned b3 Rea9an7s diabolical ca8<ai9n 8ana9er1 &o:n Sears? Establis:ed facts
include t:at t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<: o=ner1 blueblood &? Her8an %ouliot1 and Tele9ra<:
editor &o:n !reen1 =ere bot: close <ersonal friends of for8er Go>ernor Hu9: Gre991 =:o
=as !us:7s ca8<ai9n director in t:e state? !us: :ad 8et =it: !reen before t:e debate?
%er:a<s it =as !us: =:o =as tr3in9 to set so8e ;ind of a tra< for Rea9an?
On t:e ni9:t of ebruar3 $'1 t:e 938anasiu8 =as <ac;ed =it: 8ore t:an $)55 <eo<le?
!us:7s cron3 Re<? !arber Conable 0or F!arbarian Cannibal1F later !us:7s 8an at t:e *orld
!an;4 =as t:ere =it: a 9rou< of Con9ress8en for !us:? T:en t:e eEcluded GO%
candidates1 &o:n Anderson1 Ho=ard !a;er1 !ob ,ole1 and %:il Crane all arri>ed and as;ed
to 8eet =it: Rea9an and !us: to discuss o<enin9 t:e debate u< to t:e8 as =ell? 0Connall31
also a candidate1 =as in Sout: Carolina?4 Rea9an a9reed to 8eet =it: t:e8 and =ent
bac;sta9e into a s8all office =it: t:e ot:er caandidates? He eE<ressed a 9eneral =illin9ness
to let t:e8 Boin in? !ut !us: refused to tal; to t:e ot:er candidates1 and sat on t:e sta9e
=aitin9 i8<atientl3 for t:e debate to be9in? &o:n Sears told %eter Teele3 t:at Sears =anted
to tal; to !us: about t:e debate for8at? FIt doesn7t =or; t:at =a31F :issed t:e liberal Teele31
=:o sent &a8es !a;er to tal; =it: Sears? Sears said it =as ti8e to :a>e an o<en debate?
!a;er <assed t:e buc; to t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<:?
ro8 t:e roo8 be:ind t:e sta9e =:ere t:e candidates =ere 8eetin91 t:e Rea9an <eo<le sent
US Senator Gordon Hu8<:re3 out to ur9e !us: to co8e and confer =it: t:e rest of t:e8?
FIf 3ou don7t co8e no=1F said Hu8<r:e3 to !us:1 F3ou7re doin9 a disser>ice to <art3 unit3?F
!us: =:ined in re<l3" F,on7t tell 8e about unif3in9 t:e Re<ublican %art3K I7>e done 8ore
for t:is <art3 t:an 3ou7ll e>er doK I7>e =or;ed too :ard for t:is and t:e37re not 9oin9 to ta;e
it a=a3 fro8 8eKF In t:e bac; roo81 t:ere =as a <ro<osal t:at Rea9an1 !a;er1 ,ole1
Anderson1 and Crane s:ould 9o on sta9e to9et:er and announce t:at Rea9an =ould refuse
to debate unless t:e ot:ers =ere included?
FE>er3one see8ed @uite irritated =it: !us:1 =:o8 t:e3 >ie=ed as actin9 li;e a s<oiled
c:ild1F =rote an aide to Anderson later? Gfn $$H !us: refused to e>en ac;o=led9e t:e
<resence of ,ole1 =:o :ad :el<ed :i8 9et started as GO% c:air8anC of Anderson and
Crane1 for8er House collea9uesC and of Ho=ard !a;er1 =:o :ad :el<ed :i8 9et confir8ed
at t:e CIA? Geor9e ;e<t tellin9 an3bod3 =:o ca8e close t:at :e =as stic;in9 =it: t:e
ori9inal rules?
T:e audience =as c:eerin9 for t:e four eEcluded candidates1 de8andin9 t:at t:e3 be
allo=ed to s<ea;? %ublis:er %ouliot addressed t:e cro=d? FT:is is 9ettin9 to sound 8ore
li;e a boEin9 8atc:? In t:e rear are four ot:er candidates =:o :a>e not been in>ited b3 t:e
Nas:ua Tele9ra<:1F said %ouliot? He =as roundl3 booed? FGet t:e8 c:airs1F cried a =o8an1
and s:e =as a<<lauded? !us: ;e<t starin9 strai9:t a:ead into s<ace1 and t:e :ostilit3 of t:e
cro=d =as focussin9 8ore and 8ore on :i8?
Rea9an started to s<ea;1 8oti>atin9 =:3 t:e debate s:ould be o<ened u<? Editor !reen1 a
rubber3-loo;in9 :ac; =it: a bald <ate and 9lasses1 <i<ed u<" FTurn Mr? Rea9n7s
8icro<:one off?F T:ere =as <ande8oniu8? F(ou HitlerKF screa8ed a 8an in t:e front ro=
ri9:t at !reen?
Rea9an re<lied" FI78 <a3in9 for t:is 8icro<:one1 Mr? Green?F T:e cro=d bro;e out in =ild
c:eers? !us: still stared strai9:t a:ead in :is te8<er tantru8? Rea9an s<o;e on to as; t:at
t:e ot:ers be included1 sa3in9 t:at eEclusion =as unfair? !ut :e =as unsure of :i8self1
loo;in9 to Nanc3 Rea9an for a si9n as to =:at :e s:ould do? At t:e end Rea9an said :e
=ould <refer an o<en debate1 but t:at :e =ould acce<t t:e bilateral for8at if t:at =ere t:e
onl3 =a3?
*it: t:at t:e ot:er candidates left t:e <odiu8 in a to=erin9 ra9e? FT:ere7ll be anot:er da31
Geor9e1F 9ro=led !ob ,ole?
Rea9an and !us: t:en debated1 and t:ose =:o =ere still <a3in9 attention a9reed t:at !us:
=as t:e loser? A staff 8e8ber later told !us:1 FT:e 9ood ne=s is t:at nobod3 <aid an3
attention to t:e debate? T:e bad ne=s is 3ou lost t:at1 too?F
!ut 8ost <eo<le7s attention1 and t:e ca8era tea8s1 :ad s:ifted to a 8usic roo8 =:ere t:e
eBected :o<efuls =ere unifor8l3 sla88in9 !us:? Anderson asserted t:at FClearl3 t:e
res<onsibilit3 for t:is =:ole tra>est3 rests =it: Mr? !us:?F FHe refused to e>en co8e bac;
:ere and tal;?F Ho=ard !a;er called !us:7s be:a>ior Ft:e 8ost fla9rant atte8<t to return to
t:e closed door I7>e e>er seen?F !a;er =as beside :i8self" FT:e <un;est <olitical de>ice I
e>er sa=KF FHe =ants to be ;in91 F ra9ed !ob ,ole? FI :a>e ne>er been treated t:is =a3 in
83 life? *:ere do =e li>eD Is t:is A8ericaD So far as Geor9e !us: is concerned :e7d better
find anot:er Re<ublican %art3 if :e can7t tal; to t:ose of us =:o co8e u< :ere?F FHe didn7t
=ant us to debate? He can7t <ro>ide leaders:i< for t:e Re<ublican %art3 =it: t:at attitude1F
,ole ;e<t re<eatin9?
il8 foota9e of Rea9an 9rabbin9 t:e 8icro<:one =:ile !us: ste=ed in :is te8<er tantru8
=as all o>er local and net=or; tele>ision for t:e neEt )/ :ours? It =as t:e e<i<:an3 of a
scoundrel?
No= t:e !us: da8a9e control a<<aratus =ent into t:at 8ode it finds so con9enial" l3in9? A
radio co88ercial =as <re<ared under orders fro8 &a8es !a;er for Ne= Ha8<s:ire
stations" :ere an announcer1 not !us:1 intoned t:at Fat no ti8e did Geor9e !us: obBect to a
full candidate foru8? T:is accusation b3 t:e ot:er candidates is =it:out foundation
=:atsoe>er?F
*alter Cron;ite :eard a =:inin9 >oice fro8 Houston TeEas as :e inter>ie=ed !us: on :is
ne= <ro9ra8" FI =anted to do =:at I a9reed to do1F said t:e =:ine? FI =anted to debate
=it: Ronald Rea9an?F
Ha3nes &o:nson of t:e *as:in9ton %ost cau9:t so8et:in9 of t:e 8o8ent" FIt =as !us:7s
o=n <ersonal res<onse to t:e contro>ers3 t:at destro3ed :i8? T:e self-<ortrait of Geor9e
!us: dra=n t:ese last fe= da3s before t:e ballotin9 =as sin9ularl3 unattracti>e? !us: ca8e
o>er as a <etulant <olitician1 lac;in9 9race and di9nit31 and co8<lainin9 <ee>is:l3 about
bein9 7sandba99ed7 and 7a8bus:ed7 b3 all t:e ot:er nast3 <oliticians? He rese8bled not:in9
8ore t:an a s<oiled c:ild =:ose to3 :as been ta;en a=a3?F T:at =as t:e tal; of Ne=
Ha8<s:ire t:rou9: t:e <ri8ar3?
!us:7s :andlers =ere resi9nedC so8e of t:e8 ;ne= it =as all o>er? F*:at can I sa3D He
c:o;ed u<1F said one? FGeor9e does not :a>e a sense of t:eater1F noted anot:er?
T:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 =as a debacle for !us:? Rea9an =on +5R of t:e >otes to
Geor9e7s $'R1 =it: 1'R for !a;er and 15R for Anderson? !i9 Mo :ad <ro>en to be fic;le?
Gfn $'H
As for t:e old cur8ud9eon *illia8 Loeb1 :e =as dead =it: t=o 3ears?
!us: <la3ed out t:e strin9 t:rou9: t:e <ri8aries1 but :e =on onl3 four states
0Massac:usetts1 Connecticut1 %enns3l>ania1 and Mic:i9an4 <lus %uerto Rico? Rea9an too;
$2? E>en in %enns3l>ania1 =:ere t:e !us:8en outs<ent Rea9an b3 a colossal 8ar9in1
Rea9an 8ana9ed to 9arner 8ore dele9ates e>en t:ou9: !us: 9ot 8ore >otes?
So8eti8e durin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12/51 !us: be9an attac;in9 Rea9an for :is Fsu<<l3-sideF
econo8ic <olicies? !us: 8a3 :a>e t:ou9:t :e still :ad a c:ance to =in t:e no8ination1 but
in an3 case :e coined t:e <:rase F>oodoo econo8ics?F !us: later clai8ed t:at t:e idea :ad
co8e fro8 :is !ritis:-born <ress secretar31 %eter Teele3? Later1 =:en t:e ti8e ca8e to
in9ratiate :i8self =it: Rea9an7s follo=in91 !us: clai8ed t:at :e :ad ne>er used t:e
offendin9 ter8? !ut1 in a s<eec: 8ade at Carne9ie-Mellon Uni>ersit3 on A<ril 151 12/51 :e
attac;ed Rea9an for Fa >oodoo econo8ic <olic3?F He co8<ared Rea9an7s a<<roac: to
so8et:in9 =:ic: for8er Go>ernor &err3 !ro=n of California1 FGo>ernor Moonbea81F
8i9:t :a>e concocted?
!us: =as able to ;ee< 9oin9 after Ne= Ha8<s:ire because Mosbac:er7s 8ac:inations :ad
9i>en :i8 a <ost-Ne= Ha8<s:ire =ar c:est of I' 8illion? T:e Rea9an ca8< :ad s<ent t=o
t:irds of t:eir le9al total eE<enditure of I1/ 8illion before t:e <ri8aries :ad be9un? T:is
:ad <ro>en effecti>e1 but it 8eant t:at in 8ore t:an a doAen <ri8aries1 Rea9an could afford
no tele>ision <urc:ases at all? T:is allo=ed !us: to 8o>e in and s8ot:er Rea9an under a
cascade of 9reenbac;s in a fe= states1 e>en t:ou9: Rea9an =as on :is =a3 to t:e
no8ination? T:at =as t:e stor3 in %enns3l>ania and Mic:i9an? T:e i8<ortant t:in9 for
!us: no= =as to outlast t:e ot:er candidates and to build :is credentials for t:e >ice
<residenc31 since t:at =as =:at :e =as no= runnin9 for?
One of !us:7s friends did not desert :i8? *:en !us: ca8e to Houston on A<ril $/ for a
lunc::our rall31 :e =as introduced b3 for8er *ater9ate s<ecial <rosecutor Leon &a=ors;i1
a 8an de>oted to :is cause? &a=ors;i conde8ned Rea9an as an FeEtre8ist =:ose o>er-t:e-
counter si8<listic re8edies and s:o<=orn <latitudes of solutions trouble o<en-8inded and
infor8ed >oters?F &a=ors;i assailed Carter as a F,e8ocrat in des<air1F and called on t:e
TeEas >oters Fto <a3 no attention to t:e also-rans =:o 8arc:ed to t:e altar of <ublic
o<inion1 =ooin9 t:e >oters =it: lar9e ca8<ai9n c:ests and =:o are no= bac; :o8e lic;in9
t:eir =ounds as reBected suitors?F T:is =as a >eiled attac; on Connall31 =:o :ad s<ent I1$
8illion 9ettin9 one Ar;ansas dele9ate1 dro<<ed out1 and endorsed Rea9an? &a=ors;i7s
*ater9ate-era lo3alties ran dee<? Gfn $)H !us: still clai8ed t:at TeEas =as :is :o8e state1
so :e =as obli9ed to 8a;e an effort t:ere in ad>ance of t:e Ma3 ' <ri8ar3? Here !us:
s<ent about :alf a 8illion dollars on tele>ision1 =:ile t:e Rea9anauts =ere unable to bu3
ti8e o=in9 to t:eir lac; of 8one3C Rea9an :ad no= reac:ed :is EC s<endin9 ceilin9? T:e
secret societ3 issue =as as bi9 in TeEas as it :ad been in Ne= Ha8<s:ireC durin9 an
a<<earance at t:e Uni>ersit3 of TeEas !us: deli>ered a =:inin9 ulti8atu8 to Rea9an to
order :is ca8<ai9n =or;ers to Fsto< <assin9 out insidious literatureF @uestionin9 !us:7s
<atriotis8 because of :is 8e8bers:i< in t:e Trilateral Co88ission1 =:ic: !us:
c:aracteriAed as a 9rou< t:at sou9:t to i8<ro>e US relations =it: our closest allies? He
=anted Rea9an to re<udiate t:ie entire line of attac;1 =:ic: =as still :urtin9 t:e !us:8en
badl3? ,urin9 a fi>e-da3 <lane-:o<<in9 blitA of t:e state1 !us: ca8e across as Fcr3<ticall3
:a=;is:F?
,es<ite t:e lac; of 8one3 for tele>ision1 Rea9an defeated !us: b3 +$R to ).R of t:e :alf
a 8illion >otes cast? !ut because of t:e =inner-ta;e-all rule in indi>idual <recincts1 Rea9an
too; -1 dele9ates to !us:7s 12? !us:7s onl3 areas of stren9t: =ere in :is old Houston liberal
Re<ublican encla>e and in nort:=est ,allas? Rea9an s=e<t t:e rest1 es<eciall3 t:e rural
areas? Gfn $+ H
T:e issue beca8e acute a8on9 t:e !us:8en on Ma3 $5? T:is =as t:e da3 !us: =on in
Mic:i9an1 but t:at !us: =in =as irrele>ant because Rea9an1 b3 =innin9 t:e Nebras;a
<ri8ar3 t:e sa8e da31 :ad ac@uired enou9: <led9ed dele9ates to ac@uire t:e arit:8etical
certaint3 of bein9 no8inated on t:e first ballot? In t:e tradition of ,in; Sto>er at (ale1
=:ic: sa3s t:at one 8ust not be a @uitter1 !us: 8ade so8e noises about 9oin9 on to O:io
and to California on t:e outside c:ance t:at Rea9an 8i9:t self-destruct t:rou9: so8e
:orrendous 9affe1 but t:is =as 8erel3 :istrionics? !us: allo=ed :i8self to be con>inced
t:at discretion =as t:e better <art of >alor b3 ,a>id #eene and s<eec:=riter 0and later red
Studeba;er bio9ra<:er4 6ic Gold? His ca8<ai9n =as no= I)551555 in debt1 but Mosbac:er
later clai8ed to :a>e =i<ed t:at slate clean =it:in t=o 8ont:s? !us: officiall3 ca<itulated
on Ma3 $-1 12/51 and declared t:at :e =ould su<<ort Rea9an all t:e =a3 to No>e8ber?
Rea9an1 ca8<ai9nin9 t:at da3 at t:e San !ernardino Count3 air9rounds1 co88ended
!us:7s ca8<ai9n and t:an;ed :i8 for :is su<<ort?
All t:e 8one3 and or9aniAation :ad not sufficed? !us: no= turned :is entire attention to
t:e @uest for :is Fbirt:ri9:t1F t:e >ice <residenc3? T:is =ould be :is fift: atte8<t to attain
t:at office1 and once a9ain1 des<ite t:e <o=er of !us:7s net=or;1 success =as uncertain?
Inside t:e Rea9an ca8<1 one of !us:7s 9reatest assets =ould be *illia8 Case31 =:o :ad
been closel3 associated =it: t:e late %rescott !us:? Case3 =as to be Rea9an7s ca8<ai9n
8ana9er for t:e 12/5 elections? In 12-$1 %rescott and Case3 :ad co-founded a t:in; tan;
called t:e National Strate93 Infor8ation Center in Ne= (or; Cit31 a foru8 =:ere *all
Street la=3ers li;e Case3 could Boin :ands =it: <oliticians fro8 %rescott7s =in9 of t:e
Re<ublican %art31 financiers1 and t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? T:e National Strate93
Infor8ation Center <ro>ided 8aterial for a ne=s a9enc3 called oru8 *orld eatures1 a
CIA <ro<rietar3 t:at o<erated in London1 and =:ic: =as in liaison =it: t:e !ritis:
Infor8ation Researc: ,e<art8ent1 a cold-=ar <ro<a9anda unit set u< b3 C:risto<:er
Ma3:e= of !ritis: intelli9ence =it: t:e a<<ro>al of %M Cle8ent Attlee? oru8 *orld
eatures =as <art of t:e net=or; t:at 9ot into t:e act durin9 t:e destabiliAation of Harold
*ilson for t:e benefit of Mar9aret T:atc:er? Gfn $-H
T:is %rescott !us:-*illia8 Case3 t:in; tan; <ro8oted t:e creation of endo=ed c:airs in
strate9ic anal3sis1 national intelli9ence1 and t:e li;e on a nu8ber of ca8<uses? T:e
Geor9eto=n Center for Strate9ic and International Studies1 later t:e :o8e of #issin9er1
Ledeen1 and a =:ole stable of ideolo9ues of An9lo-A8erican e8<ire1 =as in <art a result of
t:e =or; of Case3 and %rescott?
Case3 =as also an old friend of Leo C:erne? *:en C:erne =as a<<ointed to %IA! in t:e
su88er of 12.'1 Case31 =:o =as at t:at ti8e NiEon7s Undersecretar3 of State for
Econo8ic Affairs1 sent C:erne a =ar8 note of con9ratulations tellin9 :o= Fdeli9:tedF :e
:ad been to 9et t:e official notice of C:erne7s ne= <ost? Gfn $.H
Case3 =as also a close associate of Geor9e !us:? ,urin9 12.-1 ord a<<ointed Case3 to
%IA!1 =:ere Case3 =as an ent:usiastic su<<orter of t:e Tea8 ! o<eration alon9 =it:
!us: and C:erne? Geor9e !us: and Case3 =ould <la3 decisi>e roles in t:e secret
9o>ern8ent o<erations of t:e Rea9an 3ears?
As t:e Re<ublican con>ention 9at:ered in ,etroit in &ul31 12/51 t:e <roble8 =as to
con>ince Rea9an of t:e ine>itabilit3 of ta<<in9 !us: as :is runnin9 8ate? !ut Rea9an did
not =ant !us:? He :ad concei>ed an anti<at:31 e>en a :ostilit3 for Geor9e? One factor 8a3
:a>e been !ritis: liberal %eter Teele37s line about Rea9an7s F>oodoo econo8ics?F !ut t:e
decisi>e factor =as =:at Rea9an :ad eE<erienced <ersonall3 fro8 !us: durin9 t:e Nas:ua
Tele9ra<: debate1 =:ic: :ad left a lastin9 and :i9:l3 dero9ator3 i8<ression?
Accordin9 to one account of t:is <:ase1 Fe>er since t:e e<isode in Nas:ua in ebruar31
Rea9an :ad co8e to :old t:e <re<<3 (an;ee trans<lant in1 as t:e late Senator Robert #err
of O;la:o8a used to sa31 8i8u8u8 :i9: re9ard? 7Rea9an is a >er3 9racious contestant17
one of :is inner circle said1 7and :e 9enerall3 >ie=s :is o<<onents =it: a 9ood deal of
res<ect? T:e t:in9 :e couldn7t understand =as !us:7s conduct at t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<:
debate? It i8<rinted =it: Rea9an t:at !us: =as a =i8<? He re8e8bered t:at ni9:t clearl3
=:en =e :ad our >ice-<residential discussions? He couldn7t understand :o= a 8an could
:a>e sat t:ere so <assi>el3? He felt it s:o=ed a lac; of coura9e?F And no= t:at it =as ti8e
to t:in; about a runnin9 8ate1 t:e <ros<ecti>e <residential no8inee 9a>e a s38<at:etic ear
to t:ose =:o obBected to !us: for reasons t:at ran1 one of t:e 9rou< said later1 fro8 :is
be:a>ior at Nas:ua to 7anit-Trilateralis87F Accordin9 to t:is account1 conser>ati>es see;in9
to sto< !us: at t:e con>ention =ere citin9 t:eir sus<icions about a F7cons<irac37 bac;ed b3
Roc;efeller to 9ain control of t:e A8erican 9o>ern8ent?F Gfn $/H
,re= Le=is =as a leadin9 !us:8an sub8arine in t:e Rea9an ca8<1 tellin9 t:e candidate
t:at !us: could :el< :i8 in electoral colle9e 8e9astates li;e %enns3l>ania and Mic:i9an
=:ere Ted #enned3 :ad de8onstrated t:at Carter =as >ulnerable durin9 t:e <ri8aries?
Le=is bad9ered Rea9an =it: t:e <ros<ect t:at if :e =aited too lon91 :e =ould :a>e to
acce<t a <oliticall3 neutral runnin9 8ate in t:e =a3 t:at ord too; ,ole in 12.-1 =:ic:
8i9:t end u< costin9 :i8 t:e election? Accordin9 to Le=is1 Rea9an needed to broaden :is
base1 and !us: =as t:e 8ost <alatable and <ractical >e:icle for doin9 so?
Muc: to :is credit1 Rea9an resistedC F:e told se>eral staff 8e8bers and ad>isers t:at :e still
:arbored 7doubts7 about !us:1 based on Nas:ua? FIf :e can7t stand u< to t:at ;ind of
<ressure17 Rea9an told one inti8ate1 7:o= could :e stand u< to t:e <ressure of bein9
<residentD7 To anot:er1 :e said" FI =ant to be >er3 fran; =it: 3ou? I :a>e stron9 reser>ations
about Geor9e !us:? I78 concerned about turnin9 t:e countr3 o>er to :i8?7F
As t:e con>ention ca8e closer1 Rea9an continued to be :ounded b3 !us:8en fro8 inside
and outside :is o=n ca8<ai9n? A fe= da3s before t:e con>ention it be9an to da=n on
Rea9an t:at one alternati>e to t:e un<alatable !us: 8i9:t be for8er %resident Gerald ord1
assu8in9 t:e latter could be con>inced to 8a;e t:e run? T=o da3s before Rea9an left for
,etroit1 accordin9 to one of :is strate9ists1 Rea9an Fca8e to t:e conclusion t:at it =ould be
!us:1 but :e =asn7t all t:at :a<<3 about it?F Gfn $2H !ut t:is =as not 3et t:e last =ord?
Case31 Meese1 and ,ea>er sounded out ord1 =:o =as reluctant but did not issue a
cate9orical reBection? Stuart S<encer1 ord7s 12.- ca8<ai9n 8ana9er1 re<orted to Rea9an on
:is contacts =it: ord? 77Ron17 S<encer said1 7ord ain7t 9onna do it1 and 3ou7re 9onna <ic;
!us:?7 !ut Bud9in9 fro8 Rea9an7s reaction1 S<encer recalled later1 FT:ere =as no =a3 :e
=as 9oin9 to <ic; !us:17and t:e reason =as si8<le" Rea9an Bust didn7t li;e t:e 9u3? FIt =as
c:e8istr317 S<encer said? Gfn '5H
Rea9an no= :ad to be 9round do=n b3 an assort8ent of Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent
<erce<tion-8on9ers and <olitical :ea>ies? Muc: of t:e =ell-;no=n <rocess of ne9otiation
bet=een Rea9an and ord for t:e F,rea8 Tic;etF of 12/5 =as si8<l3 a c:arade to disorient
and de8oraliAe Rea9an =:ile eatin9 u< t:e cloc; until t:e <oint =as reac:ed =:en Rea9an
=ould :a>e no c:oice but to 8a;e t:e classic <:one call to !us:? It is ob>ious t:at Rea9an
offered t:e 6ice %residenc3 to ord1 and t:at t:e latter refused to acce<t it outri9:t1 but
en9a9ed in a <rocess of ne9otiations ostensibl3 in order to establis: t:e conditions under
=:ic: :e 8i9:t1 e>entuall31 acce<t? G fn '1H Case3 called in Henr3 #issin9er and as;ed :i8
to intercede =it: ord? *:at t:en de>elo<ed =as a 8arat:on of :a99lin9 in =:ic: ord
=as re<resented b3 #issin9er1 Alan Greens<an1 &ac; Mars:1 and !ob !arrett? Rea9an =as
re<resented b3 Case31 Meese1 and <erce<tion-8on9er Ric:ard *irt:lin? ,ic; C:ene31
ord7s for8er c:ief of staff and no= !us:7s <ro-9enocide Secretar3 of ,efense1 also 9ot
into t:e act?
T:e strate93 of !us: and Case3 =as to dra= out t:e tal;s1 runnin9 out t:e cloc; until
Rea9an =ould be forced to <ic; so8eone? Inside t:e ne9otiations1 t:e ord ca8< 8ade
de8and after de8and? *ould ord :a>e a >oice on forei9n <olic3 and defenseD *ould :e
be a 8e8ber of t:e cabinetD *ould :e beco8e t:e *:ite House c:ief of staffD At t:e sa8e
ti8e1 lea;s =ere 8ade to t:e <ress about t:e ne9otiations and :o= s=ee<in9 constitutional
issues =ere bein9 :a99led o>er in a classic s8o;e-filled roo8? T:ese lea;s beca8e 8ore
and 8ore e8barrassin91 8a;in9 it eas3 to con>ince Rea9an t:at :is i8na9e =as bein9
tarnis:ed1 t:at :e ou9:t to call off t:e tal;s and <ic; !us:?
T:is co8<leE strate93 of intri9ue cul8inated in ord7s notorious inter>ie= =it: *alter
Cron;ite1 in =:ic: t:e C!S anc:or 8an as;ed ord if FIt7s 9ot to be so8et:in9 li;e a co-
<residenc3DF FT:at7s so8et:in9 Go>ernor Rea9an reall3 ou9:t to consider1F re<lied ord1
=:ic: =as not =:at a serious >ice <residential candidate 8i9:t sa31 but did corres<ond
rat:er =ell to =:at F&err3 t:e &er;F =ould sa3 if :e =anted to e8barass Rea9an and :el<
!us:? As for Cron;ite1 =as it <ossible t:at :is coinin9 of t:e ter8 Fco-<residenc3F =as
sti8ulated b3 so8eone fro8 %rescott !us:7s old circles at C!SD
!o8barded b3 t:e 8edia no= =it: t:e Fco-<residentF t:esis1 Rea9an be9an to see
fores:ado=in9s of a <ublic relations debacle? Tele>ision re<orters be9an to :3<e an
i88inent >isit b3 Rea9an and ord to t:e con>ention to <resent t:e F,rea8 Tic;et?F Meese
=as des<atc:ed to #issin9er to de8and a strai9:t ans=er fro8 t:e ord ca8<? F#issin9er
told Meese t:at t:e ord side 8i9:t not be able to :a>e an ans=er until t:e neEt 8ornin91 if
t:en1 because t:ere =ere still 8an3 @uestions about :o= t:e arran9e8ent 8i9:t =or;?F
Rea9an called ord and as;ed for a <ro8<t decision?
Rea9an aide L3n NofAi9er concluded at t:is <oint" FHe31 =e don7t t:in; t:is is 9oin9 to
=or;1 and t:ese 9u3s are ;ind of stallin9 for ti8e :ere?F NofAi9er sus<ected t:at ord =as
tr3in9 to bac; Rea9an into a corner1 9oin9 do=n to t:e =ire in a =a3 t:at =ould obli9e
Rea9an to ta;e ord and acce<t an3 conditions t:at ord 8i9:t c:oose to i8<ose? !ut t:en
ord =ent to Rea9an7s :otel roo8 to F9i>e :i8 83 decision1 and 83 decision is no?F FAs
ord left1 Rea9an =i<ed :is bro= and said1 7No= =:ere t:e :ell7s Geor9e !us:D7F Gfn '$H
Rea9an :ad been so fiEated on :is :a99lin9 =it: ord t:at :e :ad not done an3t:in9 to
de>elo< >ice <residential alternati>es to !us:1 and no= it =as too late?
T:e best indication t:at ord :ad been =or;in9 all alon9 as an a9ent of !us: =as <ro>ided
b3 ord :i8self to Ger8ond and *itco>er" Ford1 incidentiall31 told us after t:e election
t:at one of :is <ri8e obBecti>es at t:e con>ention :ad been 7to subtl3 :el< Geor9e !us: 9et
t:e G>ice-<residentialH no8ination?7F Gfn ''H
,re= Le=is :el<ed Rea9an 8a;e t:e call t:at :e found so distasteful? Rea9an ca8e on t:e
line" FHello1 Geor9e1 t:is is Ron Rea9an? I7d li;e to 9o o>er to t:e con>ention and announce
t:at 3ou7re 83 c:oice for >ice <reident???if t:at7s all ri9:t =it: 3ou?F
FI7d be :onored1 Go>ernor?F
Rea9an =as still reluctant? FGeor9e1 is t:ere an3t:in9 at all ???about t:e <latfor8 or an3t:in9
else???an3t:in9 t:at 8i9:t 8a;e 3ou unco8fortable do=n t:e roadDF F*:31 3es1 sir1F said
!us: FI t:in; 3ou can sa3 I su<<ort t:e <latfor8 --=:ole:eartedl3?F Rea9an no= <roceeded
to t:e con>ention floor1 =:ere :e =ould announce t:is c:oice of !us:? #no=in9 t:at t:is
decision =ould alienate 8an3 of Rea9an7s ideolo9ical bac;ers1 t:e Rea9an ca8<ai9n lea;ed
t:e ne=s t:at !us: :ad been c:osen to t:e 8edia1 so t:at it =ould @uic;l3 s<read to t:e
con>ention floor? T:e3 =ere see;in9 to cus:ion t:e blo=1 to a>oid 8ass eE<ressions of
dis9ust =:en !us:7s na8e =as announced? E>en as it =as1 t:ere =as 8uc: 9roanin9 and
booin9 a8on9 t:e Rea9an fait:ful?
In retros<ect1 t:e sucess of !us:7s 8ac:inations at t:e 12/5 con>ention can be seen to :a>e
:ad a >er3 sinister <recedent at t:e GO% con>ention :eld in %:iladel<:ia Bust ei9:t3 3ears
earlier? At t:at con>ention1 *illia8 Mc#inle31 one of t:e last of t:e Lincoln Re<ublicans1
=as no8inated for a second ter8?
T:e Ne= (or; ban;ers1 es<eciall3 t:e House of Mor9an1 =anted T:eodore Roose>elt for
>ice <resident1 but Mc#inle3 and :is c:ief <olitical all31 Senator Marc Hanna1 =ere
ada8ant t:at t:e3 =anted no <art of t:e infantile and 8e9alo8aniac Ne= (or; 9o>ernor? At
one <oint Hanna eEclai8ed to a 9rou< of sout:ern dele9ates1 F,on7t an3 of 3ou realiAe t:at
t:ere7s onl3 one life bet=een t:is 8ad8an and t:e *:ite HouseKF E>entuall3 Mc#inle37s
:and =as forced b3 a 9rou< of Ne= (or; dele9ates =:o =ere 8oti>ated <ri8aril3 b3 t:eir
desire to 9et t:e un<o<ular and erratic Roose>elt out of t:e state at an3 cost? T:e3 told
Hanna t:at unless Roose>elt =ere on t:e tic;et1 Mc#inle3 8i9:t loose t:e >ital Ne= (or;
electoral >otes? Mc#inle3 and Hanna ca<itulated1 and T:eodore Roose>elt Boined t:e tic;et?
Gfn ')H
*it:in one 3ear1 %resident Mc#inle3 =as assassinated at !uffalo1 and T:eodore Roose>elt
assu8ed <o=er in t:e na8e of t:e fanatical and i8becilic An9lo-SaEon i8<erial strate93 of
=orld do8ination =:ic: :el<ed to <reci<itate t:e irst *orld *ar?
,id !us:7s <rofessed ad8iration for T:eodore Roose>elt include a desire to seiAe t:e
<residenc3 >ia a si8ilar <at:D T:e e>ents of Marc:1 12/1 =ill 9i>e us cause to <onder?
As t:e ,etroit con>ention ca8 to a close1 t:e Rea9an and !us: ca8<ai9n staffs =ere
8er9ed1 =it: &a8es !a;er assu8in9 a <ro8inent <osition in t:e Case3-run Rea9an
ca8<ai9n? T:e Ra3 Cline1 Hal<er1 and Ga8bino o<erations =ere all continued? ro8 t:is
<oint on1 Rea9an7s entoura9e =ould be :ea>il3 infiltrated b3 !us:8en?
T:e Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n1 no= c:oc; full of !us:7s !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull
and !ones assets1 no= announced a ca8<ai9n of es<iona9e? T:is ca8<ai9n told re<orters
t:at it =as 9oin9 to s<3 on t:e Carter re9i8e?
!ac; in A<ril1 Carter :ad ta;en to li>e tele>ision at . AM one 8ornin9 to announce so8e
e<:e8eral <ro9ress in :is efforts to secure t:e release of State ,e<art8ent officials and
ot:ers fro8 t:e US E8bass3 in Te:eran t:at =ere bein9 :eld as :osta9es b3 t:e #:o8eini
forces in Iran? T:is announce8ent =as ti8ed to coincide =it: ,e8ocratic <ri8aries in
#ansas and *isconsin1 in =:ic: Carter =as able to o>er=:el8 c:allen9es fro8 Tedd3
#enned3 and &err3 !ro=n? A 8e8o fro8 Ric:ard *irt:lin to Case3 and Rea9an initiated a
discussion of :o= t:e Carter 9an9 8i9:t eE<loit t:e ad>anta9es of incu8benc3 in order to
influence t:e outco8e of t:e election1 <er:a<s b3 atte8<tin9 to sta8<ede t:e <ublic b3
so8e dra8atic e>ent at t:e last 8inute1 suc: as t:e freein9 of t:e :osta9es in Te:eran?
Case3 be9an to institute counter-8easures e>en before t:e ,etroit GO% con>ention?
,urin9 t:e con>ention1 at a &ul3 1) <ress conference1 Case3 told re<orters of :is concern
t:at Carter 8i9:t s<rin9 an FOctober sur<riseF in forei9n or do8estic <olic3 on t:e e>e of
t:e No>e8ber elections? He announced t:at :e :ad set u< =:at :e called an Fincu8benc3
=atc:F to 8onitor Carter7s acti>ities and decisions? Case3 eE<lained t:at an Fintelli9ence
o<erationF directed a9ainst t:e Carter *:ite House =as functionin9 Falread3 in 9er8inal
for8?F Ed Meese1 =:o =as =it: Case3 at t:is <ress conference1 added t:at t:e October
sur<rise Fcould be an3t:in9 fro8 a su88it conference on ener93F or de>elo<8ent in Latin
A8erica1 or <er:a<s t:e i8<osition of F=a9e and <rice controlsF on t:e do8estic econo83?
F*e7>e tal;ed about t:e October sur<rise and =:at t:e October sur<rise =ill be1F said
Case3? FI t:in; it7s i88oral and i8<ro<er?F
T:e <re>ious e>enin91 in a tele>ison a<<earance1 Rea9an :ad su99ested t:at Ft:e So>iet
Union is 9oin9 to t:ro= a fe= bones to Mr? Carter durin9 t:is co8in9 ca8<ai9n to :el< :i8
continue as <resident?F Gfn '+H
Alt:ou9: Case3 and Meese :ad defined a broad ran9e of <ossibilities for t:e October
sur<rise1 t:e 8ost <ro8inent of t:ese =as certainl3 t:e liberation of t:e A8erican :osta9es
in Iran? A <oll s:o=ed t:at if t:e :osta9es =ere to be released durin9 t:e <eriod bet=een
October 1/ and October $+1 Carter could recei>e a 15R increase in <o<ular >ote on election
da3?
T:e Fincu8benc3 =atc:F set u< b3 Case31 =ould 9o be3ond sur>eillance and beco8e a
dirt3 tric;s o<eration a9ainst Carter1 includin9 b3 atte8<tin9 to bloc; t:e liberation of t:e
:osta9es before t:e No>e8ber1 12/5 election?
*:at follo=s =as in essence a <itc:ed battle bet=een t=o fascist 9an9s1 t:e Carter *:ite
House and t:e !us:-Case3 forces? Out of t:is 12/5 9an9 =arfare1 t:e <ost-12/1 United
States re9i8e =ould e8er9e? In t:e e>ent t:e te8<le of A<ollo in Ne= Ha>en defeated t:e
te8<le of ,ion3sios in %lains1 Geor9ia?
Carter and !rAeAins;i :ad deliberatel3 to<<led t:e S:a:1 deliberatel3 installed #:o8eini in
<o=er? T:is =as an inte9ral <art of !rAeAins;i7s Farc of crisisF 9eo<olitical lunac31 anot:er
8ade-in-London artefact =:ic: called for t:e US to su<<ort t:e rise of #:o8eini1 and :is
<ersonal brand of fanaticis81 a 8ilitant :eres3 =it:in Isla8? US ar8s deli>eries =ere 8ade
to Iran durin9 t:e ti8e of t:e S:a:C durin9 t:e s:ort-li>ed !a;tiar 9o>ern8ent at t:e end of
t:e S:a:7s rei9nC and continuousl3 after t:e ad>ent of #:o8eini? T:ere are indications t:at
t:e Carter re9i8e conni>ed =it: #:o8eini to 9et t:e :osta9es ta;en in t:e first <laceC t:e
eEistence of t:e :osta9es =ould allo= Carter to continue ar8s deli>eries and ot:er >ital
for8s of su<<ort for #:o8eini under t:e <reteEt t:at :e =as doin9 it out of lo>e for
#:o8eini1 but in order to free t:e :osta9es? It =as1 in s:ort1 t:e sa8e c:arade t:at =as later
acted out under Rea9an?
A little-noted as<ect of t:e Carter ar8s ne9otiations =it: #:o8eini durin9 t:e :osta9e
crisis is t:e <ossible in>ol>e8ent of net=or;s friendl3 to !us:? On ,ece8ber .1 12.21 less
t:an t=o 8ont:s after t:e :osta9es =ere seiAed1 Assistant Secretar3 of State Harold
Saunders =as contacted b3 a certain C3rus Has:e8i1 an Iranian ar8s dealer and a9ent of
t:e Iranian SA6A# secret <olice? Has:e8i <ro<osed a deal to free t:e :osta9es1 and
sub8itted a 8e8orandu8 callin9 for t:e re8o>al of t:e ailin9 eE<atriate S:a: fro8 US
territor3C an a<olo93 b3 t:e US to t:e <eo<le of Iran for <ast US interferenceC t:e creation
of a United Nations Co88issionC and t:e unfreeAin9 of t:e Iranian financial assets seiAed
b3 Carter and ar8s and s<are <arts deli>eries b3 t:e US to Iran? All of t:is =as su88ed u<
in a 8e8orandu8 sub8itted to Secretar3 of State C3rus 6ance? Gfn '-H
T:e re8ar;able as<ect of t:is encounter =as t:at C3rus Has:e8i =as acco8<anied b3 :is
la=3er1 &o:n Stanle3 %ottin9er? T:e account of t:e 12.- Letelier case <ro>ided abo>e :as
establis:ed t:at %ottin9er =as a close !us: collaborator? %ottin9er1 it =ill be recalled1 :ad
ser>ed as Assistant Attorne3 General for Ci>il Ri9:ts in t:e NiEon and ord ad8inistrations
bet=een 12.' and 12.. after :a>in9 directed t:e US Office of Ci>il Ri9:ts in t:e &ustice
,e<art8ent bet=een 12.5 and 12.'? %ottin9er :ad also sta3ed on into t:e earl3 Carter
ad8inistration1 ser>in9 as s<ecial assistant to t:e Attorne3 General fro8 ebruar3 to A<ril1
12..? %ottin9er :ad t:en Boined t:e la= fir8 of Trac31 Malin1 and %ottin9er of *as:in9ton1
London1 and %aris?
T:is sa8e %ottin9er =as no= t:e la=3er for 9un-runner C3rus Has:e8i? Gi>en %ottin9er7s
<ro>en relation to !us:1 =e 8a3 =onder =:et:er !us: 8a3 :a>e been infor8ed of
Has:e8i7s <ro<osal and of t:e <ossible res<onses of t:e Carter ad8inistration? !us: 8a3
:a>e ;no=n1 for eEa8<le1 t:at durin9 t:e C:rist8as season of 12.2 one Ca<tain Sia>as:
Setoude:1 an Iranian na>al officer and t:e for8er Iranian 8ilitar3 attac:e before t:e
brea;in9 of di<lo8atic relations bet=een t:e United States and Iran1 =as arran9in9 ar8s
deli>eries to #:o8eini out of a <re8ises of t:e US Office of Na>al Researc: in Arlin9ton1
6ir9inia? If !us: :ad been in contact =it: %ottin9er1 :e 8i9:t :a>e ;no=n so8et:in9 about
t:e Carter offers for ar8s deli>eries?
Rele>ant e>idence t:at 8i9:t :el< us to deter8ine =:at !us: ;ne= and =:en :e ;ne= it is
still bein9 =it::eld b3 t:e !us: re9i8e ? T:e !I bu99ed C3rus Has:e8i7s <:one bet=een
October 12/5 and &anuar3 12/11 and 8an3 of t:e con>ersations t:at =ere recorded =ere
bet=een Has:e8i and !us:7s friend %ottin9er? T:e !I first clai8ed t:at t:ese ta<es =ere
Flost1F but no= ad8its t:at it ;no=s t:e location of so8e of t:e8? Are t:e3 bein9 =it::eld
to <rotect %ottin9erD Are t:e3 bein9 =it::eld to <rotect !us:D
Ot:er infor8ation on t:e intentions of t:e #:o8eini re9i8e 8a3 :a>e reac:ed !us: fro8
:is old friend and associate1 Mitc:ell Ro9o>in1 t:e for8er CIA General Counsel? ,urin9
12.-1 Ro9o>in :ad acco8<anied !us: on 8an3 tri<s to t:e Ca<itol to testif3 before
Con9ressional co88itteesC t:e t=o =ere ;no=n to be close? In t:e s<rin9 of 12/51 Ro9o>in
told t:e Carter ad8inistration t:at :e :ad been a<<roac:ed b3 t:e Iranian- A8erican ar8s
dealer Hous:an9 La>i =it: an offer to start ne9otiations for t:e release of t:e :osta9es?
La>i clai8ed to be an e8issar3 of Iranian <resident Abol Hassan !ani-SadrC Ro9o>in at t:is
ti8e =as =or;in9 as t:e la=3er for t:e &o:n Anderson GO% <residential ca8<ai9n?
!us:7s fa8il3 friend Case3 :ad also been in touc: =it: Iranian re<resentati>es? &a8s:id
Has:e8i1 t:e brot:er of C3rus Has:e8i 0=:o died under sus<icious circu8stances durin9
12/-41 :as told Gar3 Sic; t:at :e 8et =it: *illia8 Case3 at t:e Ma3flo=er Hotel in
*as:in9ton1 ,C in Marc: of 12/5 to tal; about t:e :osta9es? Accordin9 to &a8s:id
Has:e8i1 FCase3 @uic;l3 8ade clear t:at :e =anted to <re>ent &i883 Carter fro8 9ainin9
an3 <olitical ad>anta9e fro8 t:e :osta9e crisis? T:e Has:e8is a9reed to coo<erate =it:
Case3 =it:out t:e ;no=led9e of t:e Carter Ad8inistration?F Gfn '.H
Case37s Fintelli9ence o<erationF included t:e s<3in9 on t:e o<<osin9 candidate t:at :as
been routine in US <olitical ca8<ai9ns for decades1 but =ent far be3ond it? As Bournalists
li;e *itco>er and Ger8ond ;ne= durin9 t:e course of t:e ca8<ai9n1 and as t:e 12/)
Albosta co88ittee F,ebate9ateF in>esti9ation s:o=ed1 Case3 set u< at least t=o October
Sur<rise es<iona9e 9rou<s?
T:e first of t:ese =atc:ed t:e Carter *:ite House1 t:e *as:in9ton bureaucrac31 and
di<lo8atic and intelli9ence <osts o>erseas? T:is 9rou< =as :eaded b3 Rea9an7s <rinci<al
forei9n <olic3 ad>isor and later NSC c:air8an Ric:ard Allen? Allen =as assisted b3 red
Ic;le and &o:n Le:8an1 =:o later 9ot to< Bobs in t:e %enta9on1 and b3 Ad8iral T:o8as
Moorer? T:is 9rou< also included Robert Mcarlane? Allen =as in touc: =it: so8e 1$5
forei9n <olic3 and national securit3 eE<erts s38<at:etic to t:e Rea9an ca8<ai9n? Case3
:el<ed Allen to interface =it: t:e !us: ca8<ai9n net=or; of retired and acti>e dut3 assets
in t:e intelli9ence co88unit3? T:is net=or; reac:ed into t:e Carter NSC1 =:ere !us:
cron3 ,on Gre99 =or;ed as t:e CIA liaison 8an1 and into Carter7s to<-secret *:ite House
situation roo8?
,urin9 t:ese >er3 8ont:s t:ere =as a furt:er influE of retired intelli9ence officers into t:e
Rea9an-!us: 8ac:ine? Accordin9 to Colonel C:arlie !ec;=it:1 =:o :ad led t:e aborti>e
F,esert OneF atte8<t to rescue t:e :osta9es durin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12/51 FT:e Carter
Ad8inistration 8ade a serious 8ista;e? A lot of t:e old =:ores--9u3s =it: lots of street
s8arts and eE<erience--left t:e a9enc3?F Accordin9 to anot:er CIA 8an1 FStan Turner fired
t:e best CIA o<erati>es o>er t:e :osta9e crisis? T:e firees a9reed a8on9 t:e8sel>es t:at
t:e3 =ould re8ain in touc: =it: one anot:er and =it: t:eir contacts and continue to
o<erate 8ore or less as inde<endents?F Gfn '/H
Anot:er October Sur<rise 8onitorin9 9rou< =as :eaded b3 Ad8iral Robert Garric;1 =:o
=as assisted b3 Ste<:an Hal<er1 Ra3 Cline7s son in la=? T:e tas; of t:is 9rou< =as t:e
<:3sical sur>eillance of US 8ilitar3 bases b3 on-t:e-9round obser>ers1 often retired and
so8eti8es acti>e dut3 8ilitar3 officers? Loo;outs =ere <osted to =atc: Tin;er Air orce
!ase in O;la:o8a1 Andre=s Air orce !ase near *as:in9ton1 McGuire Air orce !ase in
Ne= &erse3 0=:ere =ea<ons alread3 bou9:t and <aid for b3 t:e S:a: =ere stoc;<iled41 and
Norton and Marc: Air orce bases in California?
Garric;1 Case31 Meese1 *irt:lin and ot:er ca8<ai9n offocials 8et eac: 8ornin9 in alls
C:urc:? 6ir9inia1 Bust outside of *as:in9ton1 to re>ie= intelli9ence 9at:ered? !us: =as
certainl3 infor8ed of t:ese 8eetin9s? ,id :e also attend t:e8D T:is 9rou< soon beca8e
o<erational? It =as clear t:at #:o8eini =as ;ee<in9 t:e :osta9es to sell t:e8 to t:e :i9:est
bidder? !us: and Case3 =ere not reticent about <uttin9 t:eir o=n offer on t:e table?
S:ortl3 after t:e GO% con>ention1 Case3 a<<ears to :a>e tra>elled to Euro<e for a 8eetin9
in Madrid in late &ul3 =it: Me:di #arrubi1 a leadin9 #:o8eini su<<orter1 no= t:e s<ea;er
of t:e Iranan %arlia8ent? &a8s:id Has:e8i said t:at :e and :is late brot:er C3rus =ere
<resent at t:is 8eetin9 and at anot:er one in Madrid durin9 Au9ust =:ic: t:e3 sa3 Case3
also attended? T:e <resent 9o>ern8ent of Iran :as declined to confir81 or den3 t:is contact1
sa3in9 t:at Ft:e Isla8ic Go>ern8ent of Iran sees no benefit to in>ol>e itself in t:e 8atter?F
Case37s =:ereabouts are officiall3 un;no=n bet=een &ul3 $--$. and &ul3 '5? *:at is
;no=n is t:at as soon as Case3 surfaced a9ain in *as:in9ton on &ul3 '51 :e re<orted bac;
to >ice <residential candidate Geor9e !us: in a dinner 8eetin9 :eld at t:e Alibi Club? It is
certain fro8 t:e e>idence t:at t:ere =ere ne9otiations =it: t:e Mulla:s b3 t:e Rea9an-
!us: ca8<1 and t:at !us: =as :ea>il3 in>ol>ed at e>er3 sta9e?
In earl3 Se<te8ber1 !us:7s brot:er %rescott !us: beca8e in>ol>ed =it: a letter to &a8es
!a;er in =:ic: :e described :is contacts =it: a certain Herbert Co:en1 a consultant to t:e
Carter Ad8inistration on Middle East 8atters? Co:en :ad <ro8ised to abort an3 <ossible
Carter 8o>es to F<oliticiAeF t:e :osta9e issue b3 o<enl3 denouncin9 an3 8ac:inations t:at
Carter 8i9:t atte8<t? %rescott offered !a;er a 8eetin9 =it: Co:en? *ere it not fot t:e
<o=er of t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;s1 Geor9e7s brot:er
%rescott !us: 8i9:t :a>e beco8e so8et:in9 li;t t:e !ill3 Carter of t:e 12/57s?
In Se<te8ber-October 12/5 t:ere =as a 8eetin9 at t:e L7Enfant %laAa Hotel in *as:in9ton
a8on9 Ric:ard Allen1 !ud Mcarlane1 Laurence Silber8an of t:e Rea9an- !us: ca8<ai9n
and a 83sterious Iranian re<resentati>e1 t:ou9:t to be an e8issar3 of Iranian asset Has:e8i
RafsanBani1 an asset of US intelli9ence =:o =as beco8in9 one of t:e 8ost <o=erful
8ulla:s in #:o8eini7s entoura9e? T:e Iranian re<resentati>e offered a deal =:ereb3 F:e
could 9et t:e :osta9es released directl3 to our ca8<ai9n before t:e election1F Silber8an
recalls? Allen :as clai8ed t:at :e cut t:is 8eetin9 s:ort after t=ent3 8inutes? Allen1
Mcarlane1 and Silber8an 0later na8ed a federal Bud9e4 all failed to re<ort t:is a<<roac: to
t:e *:ite House1 t:e State ,e<art8ent1 or ot:er aut:orities?
On Se<te8ber $$1 Ira@ in>aded Iran1 startin9 a =ar t:at =ould last until t:e 8iddle of 12//
and =:ic: =ould clai8 8ore t:an a 8illion li>es? T:e US intelli9ence esti8ate :ad been
t:at #:o8eini and t:e 8ulla:s =ere in dan9er of losin9 <o=er b3 t:e end of 12/5 because
of t:eir inco8<etence1 corru<tion1 and beni9:ted stu<idit3? US and ot:er =estern
intelli9ence a9encies1 es<eciall3 t:e renc:1 t:ereu<on encoura9ed Ira@ to attac; Iran1
offerin9 t:e <ros<ect of an eas3 >ictor3? T:e eas3 >ictor3F anal3sis =as incor<orated into a
FsecretF CIA re<ort =:ic: =as deli>ered to t:e Saudi Arabian 9o>ern8ent =it: t:e
su99estion t:at it be lea;ed to Ira@? T:e real US esti8ate =as t:at a =ar =it: Ira@ =ould
stren9t:en #:o8eini a9ainst refor8ers =:o loo;ed to %resident !ani-Sadr1 and t:at t:e =ar
e8er9enc3 =ould assist in t:e i8<osition of a Fne= dar; a9esF re9i8e in Iran? An added
benefit =as t:at Iran and Ira@ as =arrin9 states =ould be forced >astl3 to increase t:eir oil
<roduction1 forcin9 do=n t:e oil <rice on t:e =orld 8ar;et and t:us <ro>idin9 t:e ban;ru<t
US dollar =it: an i8<ortant subsid3 in ter8s of t:e dollar7s abilit3 to co88and basic
co88odities in t:e real =orld? !ani-Sadr s<o;e in t:is connection of Fan oil crisis in
re>erseF as a result of t:e Iran-Ira@ =ar?
%resident !ani-Sadr1 =:o =as later de<osed in a cou< d7etat b3 #:o8eini1 RafsanBani1 and
!e:es:ti1 :as recalled t:at durin9 t:is <eriod #:o8eini decided to bet on Rea9an- !us:?
FSo =:at if Rea9an =ins1F said #:o8eini? FNot:in9 =ill reall3 c:an9e since :e and Carter
are bot: ene8ies of Isla8?F Gfn '2H
T:is =as t:e ti8e of t:e Rea9an-Carter <residential debates1 and Case37s o<eration :ad also
3ielded boot3 in t:is re9ard? !us: all3 and t:en Con9ress8an ,a>id Stoc;8an boasted in
Indiana in late October t:at :e :ad used a F<ilfered co<3F of Carter7s <ersonal briefin9 boo;
to coac: Rea9an <rior to a debate?
Man3 sources a9ree t:at a conclusi>e series of 8eetin9s bet=een Rea9an-!us: and t:e
#:o8eini forces too; <lace in %aris durin9 t:e October 1+-$5 <eriod1 and t:ere is little
doubt t:at *illia8 Case3 =as <resent for t:ese 8eetin9s? Accordin9 to t:e account
furnis:ed b3 Ric:ard !renne;e1 t:ere =as a 8eetin9 at t:e Hotel Ra<:ael in %aris at about
noon on October 121 attended b3 Geor9e !us:1 *illia8 Case31 ,on Gre991 Manuc:er
Gorbanifar and t=o unna8ed Iranian officials? !renne;e sa3s t:at t:ere =as a second
8eetin9 t:e sa8e afternoon1 =it: t:e sa8e cast of c:aracters1 8inus Geor9e !us:? T:en
t:ere =as a t:ird 8eetin9 at t:e Hotel lorida t:e neEt da31 October $51 t:is ti8e attended
b3 Case31 Gre991 Has:e8i1 Manuc:er Gorbanifar1 MaBor Robert !enes of t:e renc:
intelli9ence ser>ices1 and one or t=o ot:er <ersons?
Accordin9 to !ani-Sadr1 :is re<orts s:o= t:at t:e 8eetin9s too; <olace1 and =ere attended
b3 Rea9an-!us: re<resentati>es1 Iranians lo3al to !e:est:i and RafsanBani1 and ar8s
8erc:ants li;e C3rus Has:e8i1 Manuc:er G:orbanifar1 and Albert Ha;i8? !ani- Sadr7s
first re<orts fro8 8ilitar3 officials in Iran s<ecified t:at F!us: :ad 8et =it: a
re<resentati>e of !e:es:ti?F !ani-Sadr later elaborated t:at :is sources in Iran Finfor8 8e
t:at !us: =as in t:e discussions in %aris???t:at :is na8e :ad been on t:e docu8ent? I :a>e it
in =ritin9?F Gfn )5H
Accordin9 to Gar3 Sic;7s collation of fifteen sources clai8in9 ;no=led9e of t:e %aris
8eetin91 t:e Iranian side a9reed not to release t:e :osta9es before t:e No>e8ber ) US
election1 and t:e Rea9an-!us: side <ro8ised to deli>er s<are <arts for 8ilitar3 e@ui<8ent
t:rou9: Israel?
Heinric: Ru<<1 a <ilot =:o often =or;ed for Case31 sa3s t:at :e fle= a !AC-1-11 <ri>ate
Bet fro8 *as:in9ton National Air<ort >ia Gander1 Ne=foundland1 to Le !our9et air<ort in
%aris durin9 t:e ni9:t of october 1/-121 12/51 arri>in9 in %aris at 15 AM in t:e 8ornin9 of
October 121 local ti8e? He 8a3 also :a>e sto<<ed in one of t:e Ne= (or; air<orts? Ru<<
:as told Bournalists t:at alt:ou9: :e is not sure eEactl3 =:o fle= in :is <lane1 :e 7s F155R
certainF t:at :e sa= *illia8 Case3 on t:e tar8ac of Le !our9et after :is arri>al? Ru<< is
also F2/R certainF t:at :e also sa= Geor9e !us: at t:e sa8e ti8e and <lace? At ot:er ti8es
Ru<< :as been F22?2RF certain t:at :e sa= !us: at Le !our9et t:at da3?
Accordin9 to Gar3 Sic;1 Fat least fi>e of t:e sources =:o sa3 t:e3 =ere in %aris in
connection =it: t:ese 8eetin9s insist t:at Geor9e !us: =as <resent for at least one
8eetin9? T:ree of t:e sources sa3 t:at t:e3 sa= :i8 t:ere?F Gfn )1H
!us: :as :eatedl3 denied t:at :e =as in %aris at t:is ti8e1 and :as said t:at :e <ersonall3
did not ne9otiate =it: #:o8eini en>o3s? !ut :e :as 9enerall3 a>oided a blan;et denial t:at
t:e ca8<ai9n of =:ic: :e =as a <rinci<al en9a9ed in surre<titious dealin9s =it: t:e
#:o8eini 8ulla:s?
!us:7s alibi for October 1/-October 121 12/5 :as al=a3s a<<eared dubious? T:ere is in fact
a <eriod of $1 or $$ :ours in =:ic: :is =:ereabouts cannot be conclusi>el3 <ro>en?
Accordin9 to !us:7s ca8<ai9n records1 :e =as in %:iladel<:ia on October 1/1 and :is last
e>ent of t:e da3 =as a s<eec: at *idener Uni>ersit3 in ,ela=are Count3 t:at be9an at
about /")5 %M? After t:e s<eec:1 :e =as sc:eduled to fl3 to *as:in9tonC t:e neEt e>ent on
:is sc:edule =as an address to t:e Jionist Or9aniAation of A8erica at t:e Ca<ital Hilton
Hotel in do=nto=n *as:in9ton at . %M on October 12? In t:e 8eanti8e :e =ould rest at
:is ca8<ai9n residence at ))$2 Lo=ell Street in *as:in9ton?
!us: staffer %eter Hart :as clai8ed t:at !us: arri>ed at Andre=s Air orce !ase in t:e
Mar3land suburbs of *as:in9ton on t:e ni9:t of October 12 and t:en <roceeded to :is
ca8<ai9n residence? Secret Ser>ice records sa3 t:at !us: landed at *as:in9ton National
Air<ort in nort:ern 6ir9inia at 2"$+ %M? T:e Secret Ser>ice records are t:e8sel>es sus<ect
in t:at t:e3 =ere filed 1$ da3s later? 0One t:in;s of t:e undated co8bat re<ort of !us:7s
8ission fro8 t:e San &acinto?4 T:is is t:e sa8e air<ort and about t:e sa8e ti8e 8entioned
b3 Ru<< in :is account of :is de<arture for %aris?
T:ere is so8e indication t:at a !us: double 8a3 :a>e 8ade an a<<earance at t:e Ho=ard
&o:nson Motel in C:es:ire1 %enns3l>ania =:ere !us: =as sta3in9? Accordin9 to t:e 8otel
8ana9er1 !us: did not c:ec; out of :is establis:8ent until after 11 %M t:at ni9:t1 =:ic:
cointradicts bot: Hart and t:e Secret Ser>ice records?
T:ere are so8e Secret Ser>ice lo9s t:at indicate so8et:in9 about !us: >isitin9 C:e>3
C:ase Countr3 Club in suburban Mar3land bet=een 15"'5 AM and 11"+- AM on t:e
8ornin9 of October 121 but t:is e>idence is :i9:l3 sus<ect? T:e records in @uestion a<<ear
to :a>e been filled out b3 an ad>ance 8an fro8 !us:7s <olitical staff1 not a Secret Ser>ice
a9ent? T:e docu8ents are dated one =ee; after t:e e>ents in @uestion? %arts of t:e
docu8entation :a>e been :ea>il3 censored and Fredacted?F An in>esti9ati>e Bournalist =as
unable to find an3one a8on9 t:e <ersonnel of t:e countr3 club =:o could confir8 t:at
!us: :ad been t:ere1 and t:ere a<<ear to be no files or records at t:e countr3 club t:at
could <ro>e :is <resence?
,on Gre99 :as also atte8<ted to <ro>ide :is o=n alibi for October 1/-12? T:is ca8e in a
trial in %ortland1 Or9eon in A<ril-Ma31 1225 in =:ic: t:e !us: re9i8e :ad indicted Ric:ard
!renne;e for <erBur3 alle9edl3 co88itted in tellin9 t:e stor3 of t:e %aris 8eetin9 and
!us:7s <resence to a federal Bud9e in a Colorado trial in =:ic: Heinric: Ru<< :ad been
con>icted for ban; fraud in Se<te8ber1 12//? Gre997s stor3 =as t:at :e :ad been at t:e
beac: in ,ela=are =it: :is fa8il3 durin9 t:e <eriod in @uestion1 and :e <roduced so8e
<:oto9ra<:s :e said =ere 8ade durin9 t:ose da3s? EE<ert =itness !ob L3nott1 an
eE<erienced =eat:er8an1 refuted Gre997s testi8on3 b3 s:o=in9 t:at t:e =eat:er conditions
in ,ela=are t:at da3 did not 8atc: t:ose s:o=n b3 8eteorolo9ical records? Gre99 =as
discredited1 and !renne;e =as ac@uitted on t:e c:ar9e of <erBur3?
T:e !us:8en :a>e also brou9:t for=ard Gordon Cro>itA of t:e *all Street &ournal =it: a
lo9 of !us:7s acti>ities on October 12 t:at includes a lunc:eon =it: for8er US Su<re8e
Court &ustice %otter Ste=art of S;ull and !ones? !ut %otter Ste=art died in 12/+?
inall3 Secret Ser>ice lo9s s:o= t:at !us: arri>ed at t:e Ca<itol Hilton to s<ea; before t:e
Jionist Association of A8erica at eit:er . %M or /"1$ %M1 de<endin9 on =:ic: Secret
Ser>ice records are consulted? Gfn )$H
If !us: :ad flo=n to %aris b3 <ri>ate or 8ilitar3 Bet and returned t:e sa8e =a31 or if :e :ad
returned b3 t:e Concorde or so8e ot:er t3<e of co88ercial Betliner1 t:ere =ould :a>e been
a8<le ti8e for :i8 to <roceed to %aris and <artici<ate in t:e consultations described? T:ere
is anot:er intri9uin9 <ossibilit3" durin9 t:is sa8e <eriod of $) :ours1 Iranian %ri8e
Minister Ali RaBai1 an ad>ersar3 of !ani-Sadr and <u<<et of #:o8eini1 =as in Ne= (or;
<re<arin9 to de<art for Al9iers after consultations at t:e United Nations? RaBai :ad refused
all contact =it: t:e Carter1 Mus;ie and ot:er US officials1 but :e 8a3 :a>e been 8ore
interested in 8eetin9 !us: or one of :is re<resentati>es?
!et=een October $1 and October $'1 Israel des<atc:ed a <laneload of 8uc:-needed -)
%:anto8 Bet s<are <arts it Iran in >iolation of t:e US ar8s bo3cott? *:o in *as:in9ton :ad
sanctioned t:ese s:i<8entsD In Te:eran1 t:e US :osta9es =ere re<ortedl3 dis<ersed into a
8ultitude of locations on October $$? Also on October $$1 %ri8e Minister RaBai1 bac; fro8
Ne= (or; and Al9iers1 announced t:at Iran =anted neit:er A8erican s<are <arts nor
A8erican ar8s? T:e Iranian a<<roac: to t:e on9oin9 contacts =it: t:e Carter
Ad8inistration no= be9an to fa>or e>asi>e dela3in9 tactics? T:ere =ere 8ulti<le
indications t:at #:o8eini :ad decided t:at Rea9an-!us: =as a better bet t:an Carter1 and
t:at Rea9an-!us: :ad 8ade t:e 8ore 9enerous offer?
!arbara Hone99er1 t:en an official of t:e Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n recalls t:at Fon October
$)t: or $+t:1 an assistant to Ste<:an Hal<er7s 7October Sur<rise7 intelli9ence o<eration
ec:oed *illia8 Case37s ne=found confidence1 boastin9 to t:e aut:or in t:e o<erations
center =:ere GRea9an-!us: Iran =atc:er Mic:elH S8it: =or;ed t:at t:e ca8<ai9n no
lon9er needed to =orr3 about an 7October sur<rise7 because 7,ic; GAllenH cut a deal?F Gfn
)'H On October $.1 !us: ca8<ai9ned in %ittsbur9:1 =:ere :e addressed a 9at:erin9 of
labor leaders? His t:e8e t:at da3 =as Iranian atte8<t to F8ani<ulateF t:e outco8e of t:e
US election t:rou9: t:e eEertion of Flast-8inute le>era9eF in>ol>in9 t:e :osta9es? FIt7s no
secret t:at t:e Iranians do not =ant to see Ronald Rea9an elected %resident1F !us: lied?
FT:e3 =ant to <la3 a :and in t:e election-- =it: our +$ :osta9es as t:e +$ cards in t:eir
ne9otiatin9 dec;?F It =as a Fcool1 c3nical1 unconscionable <lo3F b3 t:e #:o8eini re9i8e?
!us: asserted t:at it =as Ffair to as; :o= co8e ri9:t no= t:ere7s tal; of releasin9 t:e8 Gt:e
:osta9esH after nearl3 a 3ear?F His i8<lication =as t:at Carter =as t:e one =it: t:e dirt3
deal? !us: concluded t:at :e =anted t:e :osta9es Fout as soon as <ossible???*e =ant t:e8
:o8e and =e7ll =orr3 about =:o to bla8e later?F Gfn ))H
,urin9 t:e first =ee; of ,ece8ber1 EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= re<orted t:at Henr3
#issin9er F:eld a series of 8eetin9s durin9 t:e =ee; of No>e8ber 1$ in %aris =it:
re<resentati>es of A3atolla: !e:es:ti1 leader of t:e funda8entlist cler93 in Iran?F FTo< le>el
intelli9ence sources in Rea9an7s inner circle confir8ed #issin9er7s unre<orted tal;s =it: t:e
Iranian 8ulla:s1 but stressed t:at t:e #issin9er initiati>e =as totall3 unaut:oriAed b3 t:e
<resident-elect?F Accordin9 to EIR1 Fit a<<ears t:at t:e <attern of coo<eration bet=een t:e
#:o8eini <eo<le and circles no8inall3 in Rea9an7s ca8< be9an a<<roEi8atel3 siE to ei9:t
=ee;s a9o1 at t:e :ei9:t of %resident Carter7s efforts to secure an ar8s-for-:osta9es deal
=it: Te:eran? Carter7s failure to secure t:e deal1 =:ic: a nu8ber of obser>ers belie>e cost
:i8 t:e No>e8ber ) election1 a<<arentl3 resulted fro8 an inter>ention in Te:eran b3 <ro-
Rea9an !ritis: circles and t:e #issin9er faction?F Gfn )+H T:ese re>elations fro8 EIR are
t:e first 8ention in t:e <ublic record of t:e scandal =:ic: :as co8e o>er t:e 3ears to be
;no=n as t:e October sur<rise?
T:e :osta9es =ere not released before t:e No>e8ber election1 =:ic: Rea9an =on
con>incin9l3? T:at ni9:t1 accordin9 to Roland %err31 !us: said to Rea9an1 F(ou7re in li;e a
bur9lar?F #:o8eini ;e<t t:e :osta9es e8<risoned until &anuar3 $51 t:e da3 of t:e Rea9an-
!us: inau9uration1 and let t:e :osta9e <lane ta;e off Bust as Rea9an and !us: =ere ta;in9
t:eir oat:s of office?
*:et:er Geor9e !us: =as <ersonall3 <resent in %aris1 or at ot:er 8eetin9s =it: Iranian
re<resentati>es =:ere t:e :osta9e and ar8s @uestions =ere on t:e a9enda1 :as 3et to be
conclusi>el3 <ro>en? Here a t:orou9: and intrusi>e Con9ressional in>esti9ation of t:e
Carter and Rea9an 8ac:inations in t:is re9ard is lon9 o>erdue? Suc: a <robe 8i9:t also
s:ed li9:t on t:e ori9ins of t:e Iran-Ira@ =ar1 =:ic: set t:e sta9e for t:e 8ore recent Gulf
crisis? !ut1 @uite a<art fro8 @uestions re9ardin9 Geor9e !us:7s <resence at t:is or t:at
8eetin91 t:ere can be no doubt t:at bot: t:e Carter re9i8e and t:e Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n
=ere acti>el3 in>ol>ed in dealin9s =it: t:e #:o8eini re9i8e concernin9 t:e :osta9es and
concernin9 t:e ti8in9 of t:eir <ossible release? In t:e case of t:e Rea9an- !us: Iran
connection1 t:ere is reason to belie>e t:at federal cri8es under t:e Lo9an Act and ot:er
a<<licable la=s 8a3 :a>e ta;en <lace?
Geor9e !us: :ad no= 9ras<ed t:e interi8 <riAe t:at :ad eluded :i8 since 12-/" after 8ore
t:an a doAen 3ears of effort1 :e :ad no= beco8e t:e 6ice %resident of t:e United States?
NOTES"
1? !ob *ood=ard and *alter %incus1 FAt CIA1 a Rebuilder 7Goes *it: t:e lo=17F *as:in9ton %ost1
Au9ust 151 12//?
$? or !us:7s business dealin9s of 12..-.21 see !ob *ood=ard and *alter %incus1 F,oin9 *ell *it: Hel<
ro8 a8il31 riends1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 111 12//?
'? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril -1 12./?
)? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1$1 12./?
+? Albert %i;e to Robert Too8bs1 Ma3 $51 1/-1 in T:e *ar of t:e Rebellion" A Co8<ilation of t:e Official
Records of t:e Union and Confederate Ar8ies 0*as:in9ton" US Go>ern8ent %rintin9 Office1 1//141 Series
I1 6olu8e III1 <<? +/5-1? See also &a8es ,a>id Carter1 Histor3 of t:e Su<re8e Council1 ''5 0Mot:er
Council of t:e *orld41 Ancient and Acce<ted Scottis: Rite of ree8asonr3 Sout:ern &urisdiction1 USA1
1/-1-1/21 0*as:in9ton" T:e Su<re8e Council1 ''51 12-.41 <<? +-$)1 and &a8es ,a>id Carter 0editor41 T:e
irst Centur3 of Scottis: Rite Masonr3 in TeEas" 1/-.-12-. 0TeEas Scottis: Rite !odies1 12-.41 <<? '$-''1
)$?
-? rederic;a Meiners1 0Houston" Rice Uni>ersit31 12/$4?
.? Ronald !ro=nstein and Nina Easton1 Rea9an7s Rulin9 Class 0Ne= (or;" %ant:eon !oo;s1 12/'41 <? -+5?
/? Ne= (or; Ti8es Ma9aAine1 Ma3 -1 12251 <<? ')-'.?
2? &oe Conason1 FCo8<an3 Man1F 6illa9e 6oice1 October 1 12//?
15? !ob Calla:an1 FA9ents for !us:1F Co>ert Action Infor8ation !ulletin1 Nu8ber '' 0*inter1 122541 <? +
ff?
11? &oe Conason1 FCo8<an3 Man1F 6illa9e 6oice1 October 1 12//?
1$? Harris *orcester1 FTra>els =it: !us: and Connall31F TeEas Obser>er1 Se<te8ber $$1 12./?
1'? Harr3 Hurt III1 FGeor9e !us:1 %luc;3 Lad1F TeEas Mont:l31 &une 12/'1 <? $5-?
1)? L? *olfe1 F#in9 Geor9e 6II Ca8<ai9ns in Ne= Ha8<s:ire1 Ne= Solidarit31 &anuar3 /1 12/5?
1+? &eff Greenfield1 T:e Real Ca8<ai9n 0Ne= (or;1 12/$41 <<? '--'.?
1-? or t:e &erusale8 Conference1 see" Ed=ard S? Her8an and Gerr3 O7Sulli>an1 T:e Terroris8 Industr3
0Ne= (or;1 %ant:eon41 <assi8C &onat:an Mars:all et al?1 T:e Iran Contra Connection 0!oston1 12/.4C !ob
Calla:an1 FA9ents for !us:1F Co>ert Action Infor8ation !ulletin1 Nu8ber '' 0*inter1 122541 <? -C Ed=ard
S? Her8an and ran; !rod:ead1 T:e Rise and all of t:e !ul9arian Connection1 <<? -/--2?
1.? See Greenfield1 T:e Real Ca8<ai9n1 <<? )5-)1?
12? Luoted in Greenfield1 <? ))?
$5? Manc:ester Union Leader1 ebruar3 $)1 12/5?
$1? Sidne3 !lu8ent:al1 T:e Rise of t:e Counter-establis:8ent 0Ne= (or;1 12//41 <<? /$-/'?
$$? Mar; !isno=1 ,iar3 of a ,ar; Horse" T:e 12/5 Anderson %residential Ca8<ai9n 0Sout:ern Illinois
Uni>ersit3 %ress1 12/'41 <? 1'-?
$'? or t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<: ,ebate1 see" Greenfield1 T:e Real Ca8<ai9n1 <? )) ff?C Mar; !isno=1 ,iar3
of a ,ar; Horse1 <? 1') ff?C &ules *itco>er and &ac; Ger8ond1 !lue S8o;e and Mirrors 0Ne= (or;1 12/141
<? 11- ff?
$)? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril $21 12/5?
$+? TeEas Obser>er1 Ma3 $'1 12/5?
$-? ,a>id Lei9:1 T:e *ilson %lot1 <assi8?
$.? Letter fro8 Case3 to C:erne1 &ul3 151 12.'1 ord Librar31 Leo C:erne %a<ers1 !oE 1?
$/? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 !lue S8o;e and Mirrors1 <? 1-2?
$2? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 <? 1.5?
'5? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 <? 1.1?
'1? T:e best testi8on3 on t:is is Rea9an7s o=n res<onse to a @uestion fro8 *itco>er and Ger8ond? As;ed
if Fit =as true t:at :e =as tr3in9 to 9et %resident ord to run =it: :i81F Rea9an <ro8<tl3 res<onded1 FO:1
sure? T:at =ould be t:e best?F See Ger8ond and *itco>er1 <? 1./?
'$? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 <? 1/.?
''? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 <? 1//?
')? See Henr3 %rin9le1 T:eodore Roose>elt1 A !io9ra<:3 0Ne= (or;" Harcourt !race1 12'141 <? $$'?
'+? *as:in9ton Star1 &ul3 1+1 12/5?
'-? See EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 %roBect ,e8ocrac3" T:e F%arallel Go>ern8entF !e:ind t:e Iran-
contra affair 0*as:in9ton1 12/.41 <<? //-151?
'.? Gar3 Sic;1 FT:e Election Stor3 of t:e ,ecade1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 A<ril 1+1 1221?
'/? Abbie Hoff8an and &onat:an Sil>ers1 FAn Election Held Hosta9eF %la3bo31 October 12//?
'2? Abol Hassan !ani-Sadr1 M3 Turn to S<ea; 0Ne= (or;1 122141 <? ''?
)5? !arbara Hone99er1 October Sur<rise 1 <? +2?
)1? Gar3 Sic;1 Ne= (or; Ti8es1 A<ril 1+1 1221?
)$? or an eE:austi>e anal3sis of !us:7s alibi1 see !arbara Hone99er1 October Sur<rise 0Ne= (or;1
12/241 <? 2/ ff?
)'? !arbara Hone99er1 October Sur<rise1 <? +/?
))? *as:in9ton %ost1 October $/1 12/5?
)+? EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 ,ece8ber $1 12/5?
Geor9e !us:" T:e Unaut:oriAed !io9ra<:3 --- b3 *ebster G? Tar<le3 N Anton
C:ait;in
C:a<ter -M6II- T:e Atte8<ted Cou< ,7Etat of Marc:
'51 1221
F!iAarre :a<<enstance1 a =eird coincidenceF
--!us: s<o;es=o8an S:irle3 M? Green1 Marc: '11 12/1
cui <rodest scelus1 is fecit
--Seneca1 first centur3 A,
or !us:1 t:e >ice <residenc3 =as not an end in itself1 but 8erel3 anot:er sta9e in t:e
ascent to=ards t:e <innacle of t:e federal bureaucrac31 t:e *:ite House? *it: t:e :el< of
:is !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;1 !us: :ad no= reac:ed t:e <oint
=:ere but a sin9le :u8an life stood bet=een :i8 and t:e <residenc3?
Ronald Rea9an =as .5 3ears old =:en :e too; office1 t:e oldest 8an e>er to be inau9urated
as <resident? His 8ind =anderedC lon9 fits of slu8ber cre<t o>er :is co9niti>e faculties? On
so8e da3s :e 8a3 :a>e ;e<t ban;ers7 :ours =it: :is <a<ers and briefin9 boo;s and
8eetin9s in t:e O>al Office1 but :e needed a lon9 na< 8ost afternoons and beca8e
distrau9:t if :e could not :a>e one? His custo8 =as to dele9ate all ad8inistrati>e decisions
to t:e cabinet 8e8bers1 to t:e eEecuti>e de<art8ents and a9encies? %olic3 @uestions =ere
dele9ated to t:e *:ite House staff1 =:o <re<ared t:e o<tions and t:en 9uided Rea9an7s
decisions a8on9 t:e <re-defined o<tions? T:is =as t:e staff t:at co8<osed not Bust
Rea9an7s s<eec:es1 but t:e scri<t of :is entire life" for nor8all3 e>er3 =ord t:at Rea9an
s<o;e in 8eetin9s and conferences1 e>er3 line do=n to and includin9 FGood 8ornin91
Senator1F e>er3 =ord =as t3<ed on t:ree b3 fi>e file cards fro8 =:ic: t:e Rea9an =ould
read?
orei9n leaders li;e t:e cunnin9 rancois Mitterrand <rofessed s:oc; o>er Rea9an7s refusal
to de<art fro8 t:e >a9uest 9eneralities in res<onse to i8<ro8<tu @uestionsC Mitterrand :ad
atte8<ted to in>ite Rea9an to a <ri>ate tete-a-tete1 but :e :ad been o>erruled b3 Rea9an7s
staff? renc: orei9n Minister C:e3sson la8ented t:at t:e eEc:an9es :ad been Fs:allo=?F
*:en as;ed for decisions in t:e National Securit3 Council1 Rea9an =ould often res<ond
=it: :is fa>orite stor3 about blac; =elfare 8ot:ers c:isellin9 t:e 9o>ern8ent out of
8one3C aides =ould t:en inter<ret t:at as a<<ro>al of t:e o<tions t:e3 =ere <uttin9
for=ard?
!ut so8eti8es Rea9an =as ca<able of lucudit31 and e>en of ins<ired 9reatness1 in t:e =a3
a t:understor8 can 8o8entaril3 illu8inate a dar;lin9 countr3sideC t:ese 8o8ents often
in>ol>ed direct <ersonal i8<ressions or feelin9s? Rea9an7s instincti>e conte8<t for !us:
after t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<: debate =as one of :is better 8o8ents? Rea9an7s 9reatest
8o8ent of conce<tual clarit3 ca8e in :is tele>sion s<eec: of Marc: $'1 12/' on t:e
Strate9ic ,efense Initiati>e? T:e idea of defendin9 a9ainst nuclear 8issles1 of not acce<tin9
8utuall3 assured destruction1 and of usin9 suc: a <ro9ra8 as a science dri>er for ra<id
tec:nolo9ical rene=al =as so8et:in9 Rea9an <er8anentl3 9ras<ed and :eld onto e>en
under intense <ressure in Hofdie House in Re3;Ba>i; in October1 12/- durin9 t:e su88it
=it: Gorbac:o>? In addition1 durin9 t:e earl3 3ears of Rea9an7s first ter81 t:ere =ere
enou9: Rea9anite lo3alists1 t3<ified b3 *illia8 Clar;1 in t:e ad8inistration to cause 8uc:
trouble for t:e !us:8en? !ut as t:e 3ears =ent b31 t:e fe= 8en li;e Clar; t:at Rea9an :ad
brou9:t =it: :i8 fro8 California =ould be 9round u< b3 endless bureaucratic =arfare1 and
t:eir re<lace8ents1 li;e Mcarlane at t:e NSC1 =ould co8e 8ore and 8ore fro8 t:e ran;s
of t:e #issin9erians? Unfortunatel3 Rea9an ne>er de>elo<ed a <lan to 8a;e t:e S,I an
irre>ersible <olitical and bud9etar3 realit31 and t:is critical s:ortco8in9 9re= out of
Rea9an7s failed econo8ic <olicies1 =:ic: ne>er substantiall3 de<arted fro8 Carter7s?
!ut a<art fro8 rare 8o8ents li;e t:e S,I1 Rea9an tended to drift? ,on Re9an called it Ft:e
9uess=or; <residenc3CF for Al Hai91 frustrated in :is o=n lust for <o=er1 it =as 9o>ern8ent
b3 an all-<o=erful staff? *:o =ere t:e staffD At first it =as t:ou9:t t:at Rea9an =ould ta;e
8ost of :is ad>ice fro8 :is old friend Ed=in Meese1 :is close associate fro8 California
da3s1 lo3al and de>oted to Rea9an1 and s<ortin9 :is Ada8 S8it: tie? !ut it =as soon
e>ident t:at t:e *:ite House =as reall3 run b3 a troi;a" Meese1 Mic:ael ,ea>er1 and &a8es
!a;er III1 !us:7s 8an?
,ea>er7s s<ecialt3 =as de8a9o9ic i8a9e-8on9erin9? ,ea>er7s i8a9es =ere 8ade for
tele>isionC t:e3 =ere edif3in9 s38bols =it:out content1 and too; ad>anta9e of t:e fact t:at
Rea9an so <erfectl3 e8bodied t:e national ideolo93 of t:e A8ericans t:at 8ost of t:e8
could not :el< li;in9 :i8C :e =as t:e ideal fi9ure:ead? ,ea>er :ad anot:er i8<ortant Bob1
for Rea9an1 as e>er3bod3 ;no=s1 =as uEorious" Nanc3 Rea9an1 t:e narro=-8inded1 >ain1
<ett3 starlet =as t:e one t:e <resident called FMo883?F Nanc3 =as t:e 8a8ba of t:e
*:ite House1 t:e social-cli8bin9 arri>iste of ca<ital societ31 an e>il-ton9ued <resence on a
t:ousand tele<:ones a =ee; co8<lainin9 about t:e indi9nities s:e t:ou9:t s:e =as
subBected to1 al=a3s obsessed b3 <ublic o<inion and 8a;in9 Ronnie loo; 9ood in t:e 8ost
e<:e8eral s:ort ter8? ,ea>er =as li;e a eunuc: of t:e To<;a<i :are81 res<onsible for
8ana9in9 t:e :u8ors of t:e sultan7s leadin9 odalis@ue?
Nanc3 =as a <otential <roble8 for !us:C s:e did not li;e :i8C <er:a<s s:e sensed t:at :e
=as or9aniAin9 a <utsc: a9ainst Ronnie? FHe7s a nice 8an and >er3 ca<able? !ut :e7s no
Ronnie? He co8es across as a 7=i8<?7I don7t t:in; :e can 8a;e it? He7s a nice 8an1 but :is
i8a9e is a9ainst :i8? It isn7t 8ac:o enou9:?F Gfn 1H So s<o;e Nanc3 Rea9an to :er
astrolo9er1 &oan Lui9le31 in t:e *:ite House in A<ril1 12/+? T:at could :a>e been a >er3
serious <roble8 indeed1 and t:at =as =:ere &a8es !a;er ca8e in?
If ,ea>er <la3ed t:e eunuc: for Nanc31 !a;er =as to i8<ersonate :er s@uire and c:a8<ion?
In Nanc37s <ro>incial >ie=1 !a;er =as a sartoriall3 ele9ant1 old 8one3 aristocrat and
c:ar8eur? His assi9n8ent for t:e !us: 8ac:ine =as to in9ratiate :i8self =it: t:e
adolescent old lad3 =it: flatter3 and sc:8ooAe1 and Nanc3 a<<ears to :a>e been entranced
b3 !a;er7s %rinceton I>3 Club >eneer --t:ose tiesK T:ose suitsK
,ea>er 9ra>itated b3 instinct to=ards !a;erC ,ea>er tells us in :is 8e8oirs t:at :e =as a
su<<orter of !us: for >ice <resident at t:e ,etroit con>ention? T:is 8eant t:at !a;er-
,ea>er beca8e t:e do8inant force o>er Ron and o>er Nanc3C Geor9e !us:1 in ot:er =ords1
alread3 :ad an ed9e in t:e bureaucratic infi9:tin9?
T:us it =as t:at *:ite House <ress secretar3 &a8es !rad3 could sa3 in earl3 Marc:1 12/1"
F!us: is functionin9 8uc: li;e a co-<resident? Geor9e is in>ol>ed in all t:e national
securit3 stuff because of :is s<ecial bac;9round as CIA director? All t:e bud9et =or;in9
9rou<s :e =as t:ere1 t:e econo8ic =or;in9 9rou<s1 t:e Cabinet 8eetin9s? He is included in
al8ost all t:e 8eetin9s?F Gfn $H
E>en before t:e inau9uration1 &a8es !a;er :ad told a 9rou< of eE<erienced Re<ublican
<olitical o<erati>es in Houston t:at Rea9an =as onl3 interested in t:e <ublic and s38bolic
as<ects of t:e <residenc31 and t:at :e :ad as;ed t:e !us: <eo<le to co8e in and ta;e o>er
t:e actual runnin9 of da3 to da3 9o>ern8ent affairs? T:at =as1 of course1 t:e self-interested
>ie= of t:e !us:8en? T:ere =ere re<orts in t:e !us: ca8< t:at Rea9an =ould @uit after a
3ear or t=o and let !us: entrenc: :i8self as t:e incu8bent before t:e 12/) election? Later1
after 12/)1 t:ere =ere e>en 8ore fre@uent ru8ors t:at Rea9an =ould resi9n in fa>or of
!us:? It did not :a<<en1 s:o=in9 t:at Rea9an =as not t:e <us:o>er t:at t:e !us:8en li;ed
to <retend?
,urin9 t:e first 8ont:s of t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration1 !us: found :i8self loc;ed in a
<o=er stru99le =it: Gen? AleEander Hai91 =:o8 Rea9an :ad a<<ointed to be Secretar3 of
State? Hai9 =as a real t:reat to t:e !us:8en? Hai9 =as first of all a #issin9er clone =it:
credentials to ri>al !us:7s o=nC Hai9 :ad =or;ed on Henr37s staff durin9 t:e NiEon 3earsC
:e :ad been t:e *:ite House c:ief of staff =:o :ad eased NiEon out t:e door =it: no trial1
but =it: an i88inent <ardon? Hai97s 9ifts of intri9ue =ere considerable? And Hai9 =as Bust
as de>oted to t:e Jionist neoconser>ati>es as !us: =as1 =it: <o=erful ties in t:e direction
of t:e Anti-,efa8ation Lea9ue? It =as1 alt:o9et:er1 a c:allen9e not to be ta;en li9:tl3? Hai9
t:ou9:t t:at :e :ad been a ri>al to !us: for t:e >ice-<residenc3 at t:e ,etroit con>ention1
and <er:a<s :e :ad been?
IneEorabl31 t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;s =ent into action
a9ainst Hai9? T:e idea =as to <aint :i8 as a <o=er-:un9r3 8e9alo8aniac bent on
do8inatin9 t:e ad8inistration of t:e =ea; fi9ure:ead Rea9an? T:is =ould t:en be
su<<le8ented b3 a >icious ca8<ai9n of lea;in9 b3 !a;er and ,ea>er desi9ned to <la3
Rea9an a9ainst Hai9 and >ice->ersa1 until t:e ri>al to !us: could be eli8inated?
T:e =rec;in9 o<eration a9ainst Hai9 started durin9 :is confir8ation :earin9s1 durin9
=:ic: :e :ad to ans=er 8ore @uestions about *ater9ate t:an !us: :ad faced in 12.+1 =:en
t:e facts =ere 8uc: 8ore recent? Senator Tson9as =as =ired in" Tson9as1 8oti>atin9 :is
ne9ati>e >ote a9ainst Hai97s confir8ation1 told t:e no8inee" F(ou are 9oin9 to do8inate
t:is ad8inistration1 if I 8a3 sa3 so? (ou are b3 far t:e stron9est <ersonalit3 t:at7s 9oin9 to
be in t:ere?F Gfn 'H
T:ree =ee;s into t:e ne= ad8inistration1 Hai9 concluded t:at Fso8eone in t:e *:ite
House staff =as atte8<tin9 to co88unicate =it: 8e t:rou9: t:e <ress1F b3 a <rocess of
constant lea;a9e1 includin9 lea;a9e of t:e contents of secret di<lo8atic <a<ers? Hai9
<rotested to Meese1 NSC c:ief Ric:ard Allen1 !a;er1 and !us:? S:ortl3 t:ereafter1 Hai9
noted t:at F!a;er7s 8essen9ers sent ru8ors of 83 i88inent de<arture or dis8issal
8ur8urin9 t:rou9: t:e <ress?F Soon F7a senior <residential aide7 =as @uoted in a s3ndicated
colu8n as sa3in91 7*e =ill 9et t:is 8an GHai9H under control?7F Gfn )H It too; a lon9 ti8e for
!a;er and !us: to dri>e Hai9 out of t:e ad8inistration? Ulti8atel3 it =as Hai97s atte8<ted
8ediation of t:e Mal>inas crisis in A<ril1 12/$ t:at =ea;ened Hai9 to t:e <oint t:at :e
could be finis:ed off? His fall =as s<ecificall3 deter8ined b3 :is action in 9i>in9 Ariel
S:aron a secret carte blanc:e for t:e Israeli 9o>ern8ent to in>ade Lebanon1 includin9 t:e
cit3 of !eirut? Rea9an =as Bustifiabl3 enra9ed? S:ortl3 before :is ouster1 Hai9 9ot a re<ort
of a *:ite House 8eetin9 durin9 =:ic: !a;er =as re<orted to :a>e said1 FHai9 is 9oin9 to
9o1 and @uic;l31 and =e are 9oin9 to 8a;e it :a<<en?F Gfn +H
Hai97s <rinci<al bureaucratic <lo3 durin9 t:e first =ee;s of t:e Rea9an ad8inistration =as
:is sub8ission to Rea9an on t:e da3 of :is inau9uration of a draft eEecuti>e order to
or9aniAe t:e National Securit3 Counbcil and intera9enc3 tas;s forces1 includin9 t:e crisis
staffs1 accordin9 to Hai97s =is:es? Hai9 refers to t:is docu8ent as National Securit3
,ecision ,irecti>e 1 0NS,, 141 and la8ents t:at it =as ne>er si9ned in its ori9inal for81
and t:at no co8<arable directi>e for structurin9 t:e NSC intera9enc3 9rou<s =as si9ned for
o>er a 3ear? Ulti8atel3 a docu8ent called NS,, $ =ould be si9ned1 for8aliAin9 t:e
establis:8ent of a S<ecial Situation Grou< 0SSG4 crisis 8ana9e8ent staff c:aired b3 !us:?
Hai97s draft =ould :a>e 8ade t:e Secretar3 of State t:e C:air8an of t:e SSG crisis staff in
confor8it3 =it: Hai97s de8and to be reco9niAed as Rea9an7s F>icar of forei9n <olic3?F T:is
=as unacce<table to !us:1 =:o 8ade sure =it: t:e :el< of !a;er and <robabl3 also ,ea>er
t:at Hai97s draft of NS,, 1 =ould ne>er be si9ned?
Hai9 =rites about t:is bureaucratic stru99le as t:e battle for t:e IG7s 0Intera9enc3 Grou<s4
and SIG7s 0S<ecial or Senior Intera9enc3 Grou<s41 9enerall3 <o<ulated b3 undersecretaries1
assistant secretaries1 and de<ut3 assistant secretaries =it:in t:e NSC fra8e=or;? As Hai9
<oints out1 t:ese #issin9erian structures are t:e locus of 8uc: real <o=er1 es<eciall3 under
a =ea; <resident li;e Rea9an? Hai9 notes t:at Fin or9aniAational ter8s1 t:e ;e3 to t:e
s3ste8 is t:e substructure of SIG7s and IG7s in =:ic: t:e funda8entals of <olic3 0do8estic
and forei9n4 are decided? On instructions fro8 t:e %resident1 t:e IG7s 0as I =ill call t:e
=:ole lot1 for t:e sa;e of con>enience41 can su88on u< all t:e :u8an and infor8ational
resources of t:e federal 9o>ern8ent1 stud3 s<ecific issues1 and de>elo< <olic3 o<tions and
reco88endations? G???H IG c:air8ans:i<s are <arceled out to State and ot:er de<art8ents
and a9encies accordin9 to t:eir interests and t:eir influence? As #issin9er1 t:at cann3
>eteran of 8arc:es and counter8arc:es in t:e facult3 of Har>ard Uni>ersit31 reco9niAed1 :e
=:o controls t:e ;e3 IG7s controls t:e flo= of o<tions to t:e %resident and1 t:erefore1 to a
de9ree1 controls <olic3?F Gfn -H
T:e stru99le bet=een Hai9 and !us: cul8inated to=ards t:e end of Rea9an7s first :undred
da3s in office? Hai9 =as c:afin9 because t:e *:ite House staff1 8eanin9 !a;er1 =as
den3in9 :i8 acess to t:e <resident? Hai97s NS,, 1 :ad still not been si9ned? T:e1 on
Sunda31 Marc: $$1 Hai97s attention =as called to an elaborate lea; to re<orter Martin
Sc:ra8 t:at :ad a<<eared t:at da3 in t:e *as:in9ton %ost under t:e :eadline F*HITE
HOUSE RE6AM%S TO% %OLIC( ROLESC !us: to Head Crisis Mana9e8ent?F Hai97s
attention =as dra=n to t:e follo=in9 <ara9ra<:s"
%artl3 in an effort to brin9 :ar8on3 to t:e Rea9an :i9: co88and1 it :as been decided t:at 6ice
%resident Geor9e !us: =ill be <laced in c:ar9e of a ne= structure for national securit3 crisis
8ana9e8ent1 accordin9 to senior <residential assistants? T:is assi9n8ent =ill a8ount to an
un<recedented role for a >ice <resident in 8odern ti8es? In t:e Carter ad8inistration1 t:e crisis
8ana9e8ent structure =as c:aired b3 Jbi9nie= !rAeAins;i1 t:e national securit3 ad>iser? G???H
On a broader1 <olic3-8a;in9 le>el1 senior *:ite House officials =ere un:a<<3 =it: =:at t:e3 felt
to be ill-ti8ed and ill-considered actions b3 Secretar3 of State AleEander M? Hai9 &r? t:at <laced
t:e bri9:test s<otli9:t on El Sal>ador at a ti8e =:en t:e ad8inistration =as tr3in9 to focus
8aEi8u8 attention on Rea9an7s econo8ic <ro<osals? G???H
!us:7s stature1 b3 >irtue of Bob title and eE<erience1 =as cited as t:e reason t:at :e =as c:osen to
c:air 8eetin9s in t:e Situation Roo8 in ti8e of crisis? %rinci<al officials in>ol>ed in crisis
8ana9e8ent =ill be t:e secretaries of state and defense1 t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 director1
t:e national securit3 ad>iser1 Meese1 and !a;er1 officials said1 addin9 t:at t:e structure :as not
been full3 de>ised nor t:e <residential directi>e =ritten?
Rea9an officials e8<:asiAed t:at !us:1 a for8er director of t:e CIA and for8er United Nations
A8bassador1 =ould be able to <reser>e *:ite House control o>er crisis 8ana9e8ent =it:out
irritatin9 Hai91 =:o t:e3 stressed =as <robabl3 t:e 8ost eE<erienced and able of all ot:er officials
=:o could ser>e in t:at function?
FT:e reason for t:is Gc:oice of !us:H is t:at t:e secretar3 of state 8i9:t =is: :e =ere c:airin9
t:e crisis 8ana9e8ent structure1F said one Rea9an official1 Fbut it is <rett3 :ard to ar9ue =it: t:e
>ice <resident bein9 in c:ar9e?F Gfn .H
Lo=er do=n on t:e <a9e =as a s8aller article entitled FAnato83 of a *as:in9ton Ru8or1F
to =:ic: =e =ill return?
Hai9 sa3s t:at :e called Ed Meese at t:e *:ite House to c:ec; t:e trut: of t:is re<ort1 and
t:at Meese re<lied t:at t:ere =as no trut: to it? Hai9 =ent to see Rea9an at t:e *:ite
House? Rea9an =as concerned about t:e lea;1 and reassured Hai9" FI =ant 3ou to ;no= t:at
t:e stor3 in t:e %ost is a fabrication? It 8eans t:at Geor9e =ould sit in for 8e in t:e NSC in
83 absence1 and t:at7s all it 8eans? It doesn7t affect 3our aut:orit3 in an3 =a3?F Hai9 also
sa3s t:at :e recei>ed a furt:er call fro8 Rea9an assurin9 :i8 t:at :is aut:orit3 =as not to
be di8inis:ed in t:e sli9:test?
!ut later t:e sa8e afternoon1 *:ite House <ress secretar3 &a8es !rad3 read t:e follo=in9
state8ent to t:e <ress"
I a8 confir8in9 toda3 t:e %resident7s decision to :a>e t:e 6ice %resident c:air t:e
Ad8inistration7s Fcrisis 8ana9e8entF tea81 as a <art of t:e National Securit3 Council
s3ste8????%resident Rea9an7s c:oice of t:e 6ice %resident =as 9uided in lar9e 8easure b3 t:e fact
t:at 8ana9e8ent of crises :as traditionall3--and a<<ro<riatel3-- been done in t:e *:ite House? Gfn
/H
Hai9 sa3s :e t:en dre= u< :is letter of resi9nation1 but :esitated to si9n it? He called !us:
to co8<lain" FT:e A8erican <eo<le can7t be ser>ed b3 t:is? It7s an i8<ossible situation for
3ou and 8e to be in? Of course1 3ou c:air t:e NSC in t:e %resident7s absence? *e didn7t
need to sa3 it? T:is is all 8isc:ief? *:3 t:e :ell did t:e3 do t:is =it:out discussin9 it =it:
8e?F Hai9 =ent on" FI :a>e been dealt =it: du<licitiousl31 Geor9e? T:e %resident :as been
used? I need a <ublic reaffir8ation of 83 role or I can7t sta3 :ere?F Can it be t:at Hai9 =as
so nai>e t:at :e did not realiAe t:at !us: =as :is rut:less ri>al and t:e source of 8an3 of
:is <roble8sD Hai9 undoubtedl3 ;ne=1 but c:ose not to sa3 so in 8e8oirs =ritten after :e
:ad been defeated? or Hai9 also ;ne= t:at !us: =as >indicti>e? Hai9 does note t:at :e
=as con>inced t:at Meese =as not <art of t:e cabal out to 9et :i8? Hai9 :ad furt:er
con>ersations =it: Rea9an durin9 t:ese da3s1 =:ic: often see8ed to :a>e cleared u< t:e
confusion1 but =:ic: in retros<ect =ere ne>er conclusi>e? In t:e 8eanti8e1 Geor9e !us:
:ad seiAed control of t:e S<ecial Situation Grou<1 =:ic: =ould ta;e control of t:e
EEecuti>e !ranc: in ti8e of crisis or national e8er9enc3? It =as a su<erb startin9 <oint for
a cou< d7etat?
T:e ot:er article in t:e *as:in9ton %ost of Sunda31 Marc: $$ =as also a :arbin9er of
t:in9s soon to co8e? T:is <iece =as entitled FAnato83 of a *as:in9ton Ru8or1F and t:e
ru8or it traced =as t:at F6ice %resident Geor9e !us: :ad been nic;ed b3 a bullet in a
<reda=n s:ootin9 outside a to=n:ouse so8e=:ere on Ca<itol Hill?F Accordin9 to t:is
stor31 t:e source of t:e ru8or in @uestion =as a 3oun9 =o8an artist li>in9 on Ca<itol Hill
=:o :ad rus:ed into t:e street on t:e e>enin9 of ebruar3 $$ =:en s:e :eard t:e sound of a
traffic accident near :er :o8e? T:ere s:e =as 8et a b3 a <olice officer =:o8 s:e :ad 8et
<re>iousl31 on t:e occasion of t:e 8urder a fe= =ee;s earlier of a 3oun9 Su<re8e Court
Librarian in t:e sa8e s<ot? Accordin9 to t:e =o8an artist1 t:e <olice8an told :er" FT:e
>ice <resident =as s:ot toda3?F *:en t:e =o8an artist tried to c:ec; on t:is stor3 =it: t:e
ne=s 8edia1 t:e article alle9ed1 t:e ru8or too; on a life of its o=n and beca8e an inc:oate
ne=s stor31 =it: &ac; Anderson and ot:ers tr3in9 to >erif3 it?
6ice %resident !us: =as re<ortedl3 >er3 an9r3 =:en :e =as told about t:e ru8or" F%eter
Teele31 t:e >ice <resident7s <ress secretar31 told !us: of t:e in@uiries? T:e >ice <resident
=as incredulous and =as as an9r3 as Teele3 :ad e>er seen :i8? 7&esus1 t:is is t:e craAiest
t:in9 I :a>e e>er :eard17 :e said? !us: t:ou9: t:e =:ole t:in9 =as sill3? 7(ou s:ould call
!arbara17 :e told Teele31 7 and let :er ;no= =:at t:is is all about?F *:3 =ould !us: be so
an9r3 about a s<urious re<ortD
As re<orters du9 dee<er into t:e alle9ed s:ootin91 one as;ed a Secret Ser>ice contact if
t:ere :ad been an3 recent s:ootin9 incidents 8onitored b3 :is a9enc3? FT:e ans=er ca8e
bac;? On Marc: /1 as a 8otorcade dro>e =est on Canal Road1 officers :ad :eard a 7<o<<in9
sound7 fro8 a 7stee<1 roc;3 cliff7 on t:e 6ir9inia side of t:e %oto8ac Ri>er? !ut it :ad been
%resident Rea9an7s 8otorcade1 not !us:7s? And t:e noises ne>er <ro>ed to be 9unfire?F Gfn
2H Had t:ere been an atte8<t to assassinate Rea9an1 or to inti8idate :i8D In an3 case
Senator Ho=ard !a;er1 t:e GO% 8aBorit3 leader at t:at ti8e1 =as o>er:eard 8a;in9 Bo;es
about t:e alle9edl3 discredited Ru8or at a =ee;end <art31 and t:is =as dul3 noted in t:e
*as:inton %ost of Marc: $+?
In t:e 8idst of t:e !us:-!a;er cabal7s relentless dri>e to seiAe control o>er t:e Rea9an
ad8inistration1 &o:n *arnoc; Hinc;le3 &r? carried out :is atte8<t to assassinate %resident
Rea9an on t:e afternoon of Marc: '51 12/1? Geor9e !us: =as >isitin9 TeEas t:at da3? !us:
=as fl3in9 fro8 ort *ort: to Austin in :is Air orce T=o !oein9 .5.? In ort *ort:1 !us:
:ad un>eiled a <la@ue at t:e H3att Re9enc3 Hotel1 t:e old Hotel TeEas1 desi9natin9 it as a
national :istoric site? T:is =as t:e :otel1 coincidentall31 in =:ic: &o:n ? #enned3 :ad
s<ent t:e last ni9:t of :is life1 before 9oin9 on to ,allas t:e neEt da31 No>e8ber $$1 12-'?
Here =as a sinister s38bolis8K
In Austin !us: =as sc:eduled to deli>er an address to a Boint session of t:e TeEas state
le9islature? It =as Al Hai9 =:o called !us: in t:e clear and told :i8 t:at t:e %resident :ad
been s:ot1 =:ile for=ardin9 t:e details of Rea9an7s condition1 insofar as t:e3 =ere ;no=n1
b3 scra8bler as a classified 8essa9e? Hai9 =as in touc: =it: &a8es !a;er III1 =:o =as
close to Rea9an at Geor9e *as:in9ton Uni>ersit3 :os<ital? !us:7s 8an in t:e *:ite House
situation roo8 =as Ad8iral ,an Mur<:31 =:o =as standin9 ri9:t neEt to Hai9? !us:
a9reed =it: Hai97s esti8ate t:at :e ou9:t to return to *as:in9ton at once? !ut first :is
<lane needed to be refueled1 so it landed at Cars=ell Air orce !ase near Austin?
Refuelin9 too; about fort3 8inutesC durin9 t:is ti8e !us: tal;ed on board t:e <lane =it:
TeEas Go>ernor *illia8 Cle8ents1 :is =ife1 Rita1 and TeEas Secretar3 of State Geor9e
Stra;e? TeEas Con9ress8an &i8 *ri9:t =as also tra>ellin9 on !us:7s <lane t:at da31 as
=ere Con9ress8en !ill Arc:er of Houston and &i8 Collins of ,allas? !us:7s to< aide C:ase
Unter8e3er =as also =it: t:e <art3 on Air orce T=o? Gfn 15H !us: sa3s t:at :is fli9:t
fro8 Cars=ell to Andre=s Air orce !ase near *as:in9ton too; about t=o and one :alf
:ours1 and t:at :e arri>ed at Andre=s at abouit -")5 %M? !us: sa3s :e =as told b3 Ed
Meese t:at t:e o<eration to re8o>e t:e bullet t:at :ad struc; Rea9an =as a success1 and
t:at t:e <resident =as li;el3 to sur>i>e? !us:7s custo8ar3 <rocedure =as to land at Andre=s
and t:en ta;e a :elico<ter to t:e >ice <residential residence1 t:e Na>al Obser>ator3 on
Massac:usetts A>enue? His aides Ed %ollard and &o:n Mat:en3 su99ested t:at :e =ould
sa>e ti8e b3 9oin9 b3 :elico<ter directl3 to t:e *:ite House sout: la=n1 =:ere :e could
arri>e in ti8e to be s:o=n on t:e . %M Eastern ti8e e>enin9 ne=s broadcasts? !us: 8a;es
8uc: oif t:e fact t:at :e refused to do t:is1 alle9eedl3 on t:e s38bolic 9rounds t:at FOnl3
t:e %resident lands on t:e sout: la=n?F
!ac; at t:e *:ite House1 t:e <rinci<al cabinet officers :ad asse8bled in t:e situation roo8
and :ad been runnin9 a crisis 8ana9e8ent co88ittee durin9 t:e afternoon? Hai9 sa3s :e
=as at first ada8ant t:at a cons<irac31 if disco>ered1 s:ould be rut:lessl3 eE<osed" FIt =as
essential t:at =e 9et t:e facts and <ublis: t:e8 @uic;l3? Ru8or 8ust not be allo=ed to
breed on t:is tra9ed3? Re8e8berin9 t:e after8at: of t:e #enned3 assassination1 I said to
*ood3 Goldber91 7No 8atter =:at t:e trut: is about t:is s:ootin91 t:e A8erican <eo<le
8ust ;no= it?F Gfn 11H !ut t:e trut: :as ne>er been establis:ed?
,efense Secretar3 Cas<ar *einber9er7s 8e8oir of t:at afternoon re8inds us of t=o :i9:l3
rele>ant facts? T:e first is t:at a FNORA, GNort: A8erican Air ,efense Co88andH
eEercise =it: a si8ulated inco8in9 8issle attac; :ad been <lanned for t:e neEt da3?F
*einber9er a9reed =it: General ,a>id &ones1 t:e c:iar8an of t:e &oint C:iefs of Staff1 t:at
t:is eEercise s:ould be cancelled? Gfn 1$H
*einber9er also recalls t:at t:e 9rou< in t:e Situation Roo8 =as infor8ed b3 &a8es !a;er
t:at Ft:ere :ad been a EMA Gederal E8er9enc3 Mana9e8ent Ad8inistrationH eEercise
sc:eduled for t:e neEt da3 on <residential succession1 =it: t:e 9eneral title 7Nine Li>es?7 !3
an i88ediate consensus1 it =as a9reed t:at eEercise s:ould also be cancelled?F Gfn 1'H
As *einber9er furt:er recalls1 Fat al8ost eEactl3 ."551 t:e 6ice %resident ca8e to t:e
Situation Roo8 and >er3 cal8l3 assu8ed t:e c:air at t:e :ead of t:e table?F Gfn 1)H
Accordin9 to *einber9er1 t:e first ite8 discussed =as t:e need for so8eon8e to si9n t:e
,air3 %rice Su<<ort !ill t:e neEt da3 so as to reassure t:e <ublic? !us: as;ed *einber9er
for a re<ort on t:e status of US forces1 =:ic: *einber9er furnis:ed?
Anot:er e3e=itness of t:ese transactions =as ,on Re9an1 =:o8 t:e To=er !oard later
8ade t:e fall-9u3 for !us:7s Iran-contra esca<ades? Re9an records t:at Ft:e 6ice %resident
arri>ed =it: Ed Meese1 =:o :ad 8et :i8 =:en :e landed to fill :i8 in on t:e details?
Geor9e as;ed for a condition re<ort" 14 on t:e %residentC $4 on t:e ot:er =oundedC '4 on t:e
assailantC )4 on t:e international scene? G???H After t:e re<orts =ere 9i>en and it =as
deter8ined t:at t:ere =ere no international co8<lications and no do8estic cons<irac31 it
=as decided t:at t:e US 9o>ern8ent =ould carr3 on business as usual? T:e 6ice %resident
=ould 9o on T6 fro8 t:e *:ite House to reassure t:e nation and to de8onstrate t:at :e
=as in c:ar9e?F Gfn 1+H As *einber9er recounts t:e sa8e 8o8ents" FGAttorne3 General !ill
renc: S8it:H t:en re<orted t:at all !I re<orts concurred =it: t:e infor8ation I :ad
recei>edC t:at t:e s:ootin9 =as a co8<letel3 isolated incident and t:at t:e assassin1 &o:n
Hinc;le31 =it: a <re>ious record in Nas:>ille1 see8ed to be a 7!re88er7 t3<e1 a reference
to t:e atte8<ted assassin of Geor9e *allace?F Gfn 1-H
T:ose =:o =ere not =atc:in9 carefull3 :ere 8a3 :a>e 8issed t:e fact t:at Bust a fe=
8inutes after Geor9e !us: :ad =al;ed into t:e roo81 :e :ad <resided o>er t:e s=ee<in9
under t:e ru9 of t:e decisi>e @uestion re9ardin9 Hinc;le3 and :is actions" =as Hinc;le3 a
<art of a cons<irac31 do8estic or internationalD Not 8ore t:an fi>e :ours after t:e atte8<t
to ;ill Rea9an1 on t:e basis of t:e 8ost fra98entar3 earl3 re<orts1 before Hinc;le3 :ad been
<ro<erl3 @uestioned1 and before a full in>esti9ation :ad been carried out1 a 9rou< of cabinet
officers c:aired b3 Geor9e !us: :ad ruled out a <riori an3 cons<irac3? Hai91 =:ose
8e8oirs tal; 8ost about t:e <ossibilit3 of a cons<irac31 does not see8 to :a>e obBected to
t:is incredible decision?
ro8 t:at 8o8ent on1 Fno cons<irac3F beca8e t:e official doctrine of t:e US re9i8e1 for
t:e 8o8ent a !us: re9i8e1 and t:e 8ost 8assi>e= efforts =ere underta;en to stifle an3
su99estion to t:e contrar3? T:e iron curtain ca8e do=n on t:e trut: about Hinc;le3?
*:at =as t:e trut: of t:e 8atterD T:e Ro8an co88on sense of Lucius Annaeus Seneca
0=:o :ad seen so 8an3 of Nero7s intri9ues1 and =:o =ould e>entuall3 fall >icti8 to one of
t:e84 =ould :a>e dictated t:at t:e <erson =:o =ould :a>e <rofited 8ost fro8 Rea9an7s
deat: be scrutiniAed as t:e <ri8e sus<ect? T:at =as ob>iousl3 !us:1 since !us: =ould :a>e
assu8ed t:e <residenc3 if Rea9an :ad succu8bed to :is =ounds? T:e sa8e idea =as
su88ed u< b3 an ei9:t: 9rade student at t:e Alice ,eal &unior Hi9: Sc:ool in *as:in9ton
,C =:o told teac:ers on Marc: '1" FIt is a <lot b3 6ice %resident !us: to 9et into <o=er? If
!us: beco8es %resident1 t:e CIA =ould be in c:ar9e of t:e countr3?F T:e <u<ils at t:is
sc:ool :ad been as;ed for t:eir >ie=s of t:e Hinc;le3 assassination atte8<t of t:e <re>ious
da3? Gfn 1.H
Curiousl3 enou9:1 <ress accounts e8er9in9 o>er t:e neEt fe= da3s <ro>ided a co8<ellin9
<ri8a facie case t:at t:ere :ad been a cons<irac3 around t:e Hinc;le3 attentat1 and t:at t:e
cons<irac3 :ad included 8e8bers of !us:7s i88ediate fa8il3? Most of t:e o>ert facts =ere
not dis<uted1 but =ere actuall3 confir8ed b3 !us: and :is son Neil?
On Tuesda31 Marc: '1 t:e Houston %ost <ublis:ed a co<3ri9:ted stor3 under t:e :eadline"
F!USH7S SON *AS TO ,INE *ITH SUS%ECT7S !ROTHER1 b3 Art:ur *iese and
Mar9arte ,o=nin9?F T:e lead <ara9ra<: read as follo=s"
Scott Hinc;le31 t:e brot:er of &o:n Hinc;le3 &r?1 =:o is c:ar9ed =it: s:ootin9 %resident Rea9an
and t:ree ot:ers1 =as to :a>e been a dinner 9uest Tuesda3 ni9:t at t:e :o8e of Neil !us:1 son of
6ice %resident Geor9e !us:1 T:e Houston %ost :as learned?
Accordin9 to t:e article1 Neil !us: :ad ad8itted on Monda31 Marc: '5 t:at :e =as
<ersonall3 ac@uainted =it: Scott Hinc;le31 :a>in9 8et =it: :i8 on one occasion in t:e
recent <ast? Neil !us: also stated t:at :e ;ne= t:e Hinc;le3 fa8il31 and referred to lar9e
8onetar3 contributions 8ade b3 t:e Hinc;le3s to t:e !us: 12/5 <residential ca8<ai9n?
Neil !us: and Scott Hinc;le3 bot: li>ed in ,en>er at t:is ti8e? Scott Hinc;le3 =as t:e >ice
<resident of 6anderbilt Ener93 Cor<oration1 and Neil !us: =as e8<lo3ed as a land 8an for
Standard Oil of Indiana? &o:n *? Hinc;le3 &r?1 t:e =ould-be assassin1 li>ed on and off =it:
:is <arents in E>er9reen1 Colorado1 not far fro8 ,en>er?
Neil !us: =as reac:ed for co88ent on Monda31 Marc: '51 and =as as;ed if1 in addition to
Scott Hinc;le31 :e also ;ne= &o:n *? Hinc;le3 &r?1 t:e =ould-be ;iller? FI :a>e no idea1F
said Neil !us:? FI don7t reco9niAe an3 <ictures of :i8? I Bust =is: I could see a better
<icture of :i8?F
S:aron !us:1 Neil7s =ife1 =as also as;ed about :er ac@uaintance =it: t:e Hinc;le3 fa8il3?
FI don7t e>en ;no= t:e brot:er1F s:e re<lied1 su99estin9 t:at Scott Hinc;le3 =as co8in9 to
dinner as t:e date of a =o8an =:o8 S:aron did ;no=? Fro8 =:at I ;no= and :a>e :eard1
t:e3 Gt:e Hinc;le3sH are a >er3 nice fa8il3???and :a>e 9i>en a lot of 8one3 to t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n? I understand :e G&o:n *? Hinc;le3 &r?H =as Bust t:e rene9ade brot:er in t:e
fa8il3? T:e3 8ust feel a=ful?F
It also <ro>ed necessar3 for !us:7s office to den3 t:at t:e >ice-<resident =as fa8iliar =it:
t:e FHinc;le3-!us: connection?F !us:7s <ress secretar31 t:e !ritis:-born %eter Teele31 said
=:en as;ed to co88ent" FI don7t ;no= a da8n t:in9 about it? I =as tal;in9 to so8eone
earlier toni9:t1 and I couldn7t e>en re8e8ber :is GHinc;le37sH na8e? All I ;no= is =:at
3ou7re tellin9 8e?F Teele3 denied t:at !us: :ad re>ealed t:at :e ;ne= Hinc;le3 or t:e
Hinc;le3 fa8il3 =:en :e first :eard t:e assassin7s na8eC t:e >ice <resident F8ade no
8ention of it =:atsoe>er?F !us:1 re<eated Teele31 Fcertainl3 didn7t indicate an3t:in9 li;e
t:at?F
C:ase Unter8e3er of !us:7s staff1 =:o :ad been =it: :i8 t:rou9:out t:e da31 <ut in t:at in
:is recollection !us: :ad not been told t:e assailant7s na8e t:rou9: t:e ti8e t:at !us:
reac:ed t:e Na>al Obser>ator3 in *as:in9ton on :is =a3 to t:e *:ite House?
On A<ril 11 12/11 t:e Roc;3 Mountain Ne=s of ,en>er carried an account of a <ress
conference 9i>en t:e <re>ious da3 in ,en>er b3 Neil !us:? ,urin9 8ost of t:e da3 on
Marc: '11 Neil !us: :ad refused to ans=er <:one calls fro8 t:e 8edia1 referrin9 t:e8 to
t:e >ice <residential <ress office in *as:in9ton? !ut t:en :e a<<eared in front of t:e A8oco
!uildin9 at East 1.t: A>enue and !raod=a3 in ,en>er1 sa3in9 t:at :e =as =illin9 to 8eet
t:e 8edia once1 but t:en =anted to Flea>e it at t:at?F As it turned out1 :is =is:es =ere to be
scru<ulousl3 res<ected1 at least until t:e Sil>erado Sa>in9s and Loan scandal 9ot out of
:and so8e 3ears later?
T:e Roc;3 Mountain Ne=s article si9ned b3 C:arles Roos carried Neil !us:7s
confir8ation t:at if t:e assassination :ad not :a<<ened1 Scott Hinc;le3 =ould :a>e been
<resent at a dinner <art3 at Neil !us:7s :o8e t:at >er3 sa8e ni9:t? Accordin9 to Neil1 Scott
Hinc;le3 :ad co8e to t:e :o8e of Neil and S:aron !us: on &anuar3 $'1 12/1 to be <resent
alon9 =it: about '5 ot:er 9uests at a sur<rise birt:da3 <art3 for Neil1 =:o :ad turned $-
one da3 earlier? Scott Hinc;le3 :ad co8e Ft:rou9: a close friend =:o brou9:t :i81F
accordin9 to t:is >ersion1 and t:is sa8e close fe8ale friend =as sc:eduled to co8e to
dinner alon9 =it: Scott Hinc;le3 on t:at last ni9:t of Marc:1 12/1?
FM3 =ife set u< a sur<rise <art3 for 8e1 and it trul3 =as a sur<rise1 and it =as an :onor for
8e at t:at ti8e to 8eet Scott Hinc;le31F said Neil !us: to re<orters? FHe is a 9ood and
decent 8an? I :a>e no re9rets =:atsoe>er in sa3in9 Scott Hinc;le3 can be considered a
friend of 8ine? To :a>e :ad one 8eetin9 doesn7t 8a;e t:e best of friends1 but I :a>e no
re9rets in sa3in9 I do ;no= :i8?F
Neil !us: told t:e re<orters t:at :e :ad ne>er 8et &o:n *? Hinc;le31 &r?1 t:e 9un8an1 nor
:is fat:er1 &o:n *? Hinc;le31 <resident and c:air8an of t:e board of 6anderbilt Ener93
Cor<oration of ,en>er? !ut Neil !us: also added t:at :e =ould be interested in 8eetin9 t:e
elder Hinc;le3" FI =ould li;e Gto 8eet :i8H? I78 tr3in9 to learn t:e oil business1 and :e7s in
t:e oil business? I <robabl3 could learn so8et:in9 fro8 Mr? Hinc;le3?
Neil !us: t:en announced t:at :e =anted to Fset strai9:tF certain inaccuracies t:at :ad
a<<eared t:e <re>ious da3 in t:e Houston %ost about t:e relations bet3=een t:e !us: and
Hinbc;le3 fa8ilies? T:e first =as :is o=n =ife S:aron7s reference to t:e lar9e contributions
fro8 t:e Hinc;le3s to t:e !us: ca8<ai9n? Neil asserted t:at t:e 12/5 !us: ca8<ai9n
records s:o=ed no 8one3 =:ate>er co8in9 in fro8 an3 of t:e Hinc;le3s? All t:at could be
found1 :e ar9ued1 =as a contribution to t:at F9reat Re<ublican1F &o:n Connall3?
T:e ot:er issue t:e Houston %ost :ad raised re9arded t:e 12./ <eriod1 =:en Geor9e *?
!us: of Midland1 TeEas1 Neil7s oldest brot:er1 :ad run for Con9ress in TeEas7 12t:
Con9ressional district? At t:at ti8e Neil !us: :ad =or;ed for Geor9e *? !us: as :is
ca8<ai9n 8ana9er1 and in t:is connection Neil :ad li>ed in Lubboc;1 TeEas durin9 8ost of
t:e 3ear? T:is raised t:e @uestion of =:et:er Neil 8i9:t :a>e been in touc: =it: 9un8an
&o:n *? Hinc;le3 durin9 t:at 3ear of 12./1 since 9un8an Hinc;le3 :ad li>ed in Lubboc;
fro8 12.) t:rou9: 12/51 =:en :e =as an inter8ittent student at TeEas Tec: Uni>ersit3
t:ere? Neil !us: ruled out an3 contact bet=een t:e !us: fa8il3 and 9un8an &o:n *?
Hinc;le3 in Lubboc; durin9 t:at ti8e?
T:e <re>ious da31 elder son Geor9e *? !us: :ad been far less cate9orical about ne>er
:a>in9 8et 9un8an Hinc;le3? He :ad stated to t:e <ress" FIt7s certainl3 concei>able t:at I
8et :i8 or 8i9:t :a>e been introduced to :i8?F FI don7t reco9niAe :is face fro8 t:e brief1
;ind of distorted t:in9 t:e3 :ad on T61 and t:e na8e doesn7t rin9 an3 bells? I ;no= :e
=asn7t on our staff? I could c:ec; our >olunteer rolls?F !ut no= Neil =as ada8ant" t:ere
:ad been no contact?
Neil =as a c:i< off t:e old bloc;1 and could not resist so8e :3<ocritical <osturin9 at t:e
end of t:e <ress conference" FLet 8e sa3 t:at 83 :eart 9oes out--as does t:e :eart of e>er3
A8erican--to t:e <eo<le sufferin9 in t:is tra9ed3?F He 8entioned Rea9an1 !rad31 t:e
=ounded Secret Ser>ice a9ent and ,istrict of Colu8bia <olice8an? FAnd t:e Hinc;le3
fa8il31 for t:e tre8endous <ain t:be3 8ust be sufferin9 no=?F And finall3" FI onl3 as; no=
t:at =e can tr3 to <ut t:is be:ind us and 8o>e for=ard in dealin9 =it: t:e <roble8s?F
Neil !us:7s confir8ation of :is relations =it: Scott Hinc;le3 =as 8atc:ed b3 a <arallel
confir8ation fro8 t:e EEecuti>e Office of t:e 6ice %resident? T:is a<<eared in T:e
Houston %ost1 A<ril 11 12/1 under t:e :eadline F6ICE %RESI,ENT CONIRMS HIS
SON *AS TO HA6E HOSTE, HINC#LE( !ROTHERF b3 %ost *as:in9ton !ureau
C:ief Art:ur *iese? Here t:e second-strin9 <ress secretar31 S:irle3 Green1 =as doin9 t:e
tal;in9? FI7>e s<o;en to Neil1F s:e said1 Fand :e sa3s t:e3 ne>er sa= GScottH Hinc;le3 a9ain
Gafter t:e birt:da3 <art3H? T:e3 ;e<t sa3in9 7=e7>e 9ot to 9et to9et:er17 but t:e3 ne>er 8ade
an3 <lans until toni9:t?F Contradictin9 Neil !us:7s re8ar;s1 Ms? Green asserted t:at Neil
!us: ;ne= Scott Hinc;le3 Fonl3 sli9:tl3?F
S:irle3 Green described t:e Tuesda3 ni9:t dinner a<<oint8ent as Fa biAarre :a<<enstance1
a =eird occurence?F
Later in t:e da3 !us: s<o;es8an %eter Teele3 surfaced to den3 an3 ca8<ai9n donations
fro8 t:e Hinc;le3 clan to t:e !us: ca8<ai9n? *:en as;ed =:3 S:aron !us: and Neil
!us: :ad 8ade reference to lar9e <olitical contributions fro8 t:e Hinc;le3s to t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n1 Teele3 res<onded1 FI don7t :a>e t:e >a9uest idea?F F*e7>e 9one t:rou9: our
files1F said Teele31 Fand =e :a>e absolutel3 no infor8ation t:at :e G&o:n *? Hinc;le3 Sr?H
or an3bod3 in t:e fa8il3 =ere contributors1 su<<orters1 an3t:in9?F
A su88ar3 of t:is 8aterial =as 8ade 9enerall3 a>ailable t:rou9: t:e Associated %ress1
=:ic: <ublis:ed t:e follo=in9 s:ort note on Marc: '1"
T:e fa8il3 of t:e 8an c:ar9ed =it: tr3in9 to assassinate %resident Rea9an is ac@uainted =it: t:e
fa8il3 of 6ice %resident Geor9e !us: and :ad 8ade lar9e contributions to :is <olitical
ca8<ai9n????Scott Hinc;le31 brot:er of &o:n *? Hinc;le3 &r? =:o alle9edl3 s:ot at Rea9an1 =as to
:a>e dined toni9:t in ,en>er at t:e :o8e of Neil !us:1 one of t:e 6ice %resident7s sons????T:e
Houston %ost said it =as unable to reac: Scott Hinc;le31 >ice <resident of :is fat:er7s ,en>er-
based fir81 6anderbilt Ener93 Cor<?1 for co88ent? Neil !us: li>es in ,en>er1 =:ere :e =or;s for
Standard Oil Co? of Indiana? In 12./1 Neil !us: ser>ed as ca8<ai9n 8ana9er for :is brot:er1
Geor9e *? !us:1 t:e 6ice %resident7s eldest son1 =:o 8ade an unsuccessful bid for Con9ress?
Neil li>ed in Lubboc;1 TeEas1 t:rou9:out 8uc: of 12./1 =:ere &o:n Hinc;le3 li>ed fro8 12.)
t:rou9: 12/5?
It is not ;no=n :o= 8an3 ne=s<a<ers c:ose to <rint t:is A% des<atc:C it =ould a<<ear t:at
t:e *as:in9ton %ost for one did not do so? T:e electronic 8edia also do not a<<ear to :a>e
de>oted 8uc: attention to t:is stor3? Once t:e cabinet :ad decided t:at t:ere :ad been no
cons<irac31 all suc: facts =ere irrele>ant an3=a3? T:ere is no record of Neil !us:1 Geor9e
*? !us:1 or 6ice %resident Geor9e H?*? !us: e>er :a>in9 been @uestioned b3 t:e !I in
re9ard to t:e contacts described? T:e3 ne>er a<<eared before a 9rand Bur3 or a
Con9ressional in>esti9atin9 co88ittee? No s<ecial <rosecutor =as e>er a<<ointed? *:ic:
is anot:er =a3 of sa3in9 t:at b3 Marc:1 12/11 t:e United States 9o>ern8ent :ad
de9enerated into total la=lessness1 =it: s<ecial eEe8<tions for t:e no= rulin9 !us: fa8il3?
Go>ern8ent b3 la=s :ad dissol>ed?
T:e 8edia =ere not interested in t:e dinner date of Neil !us: and Scott Hinc;le31 but t:e3
=ere >er3 interested indeed in t:e soa< o<era of =:at :ad 9one on in t:e Situation Roo8 in
t:e *:ite House durin9 t:e afternoon of Marc: '5? Since t:e 8edia :ad been loo;in9 for
=a3s to 9o after Hai9 for =ee;s1 t:e3 si8<l3 continued t:is line into t:eir co>era9e of t:e
*:ite House scene t:at afternoon? Hai9 :ad a<<eared before t:e tele>ision ca8eras to sa3"
Constitutionall31 9entle8en1 3ou :a>e t:e %resident1 t:e 6ice %resident1 and t:e Secretar3 of State1
in t:at order1 and s:ould t:e %resident decide t:at :e =ants to transfer t:e :el8 :e =ill do so? He
:as not done t:at? As of no=1 I a8 in control :ere1 in t:e *:ite House1 <endin9 t:e return of t:e
6ice %resident and in close touc: =it: :i8? If so8et:in9 ca8e u<1 I =ould c:ec; =it: :i81 of
course?
T:is led to an i88ense :ue and cr31 8i9:til3 sto;ed b3 t:e !us: net=or;s1 on t:e t:e8e
t:at Hai9 =anted to usur< t:e <residential succession? More t:an t:is 9arbled state8ent b3
Hai91 !us: =as certain to :a>e been disturbed b3 Hai97s refusal a fe= seconds later to rule
out cons<irac3 a <riori "
L" An3 additional 8easures bein9 ta;en --=as t:is a cons<irac3 or =as t:is a????
Hai9" *e :a>e no indication of an3t:in9 li;e t:at no=1 and =e are not 9oin9 to sa3 a =ord on t:at
subBect until t:e situation clarifies itself? Gfn 1/ H
!ut =:en !us: returned1 t:e cabinet soon decided ot:er=ise?
T:e FI78 in control :ereF stor3 on Hai9 =as 8ade into t:e Leit8otif for :is sac;in91 =:ic:
=as still a 3ear in t:e future? Rea9an7s o=n 9:ost=ritten bio9ra<:3 <ublis:ed t:e 3ear after
:e left office 9i>es so8e idea =:at !a;er and ,ea>er fed t:e confused and =ounded
<resident about =:at :ad 9one durin9 :is absence"
On t:e da3 I =as s:ot1 Geor9e !us: =as out of to=n and Hai9 i88ediatel3 ca8e to t:e *:ite
House and clai8ed :e =as in c:ar9e of t:e countr3? E>en after t:e >ice-<resident =as bac; in
*as:in9ton1 I =as told :e 8aintained t:at :e1 not Geor9e1 s:ould be in c:ar9e? I didn7t ;no=
about t:is =:en it =as 9oin9 on? !ut I :eard later t:at t:e rest of t:e cabinet =as furious? T:e3
said :e acted as if :e t:ou9:t :e :ad t:e ri9:t to sit in t:e O>al office and belie>ed it =as :is
constitutional ri9:t to ta;e o>er-- a <osition =it:out an3 le9al basis? Gfn 12H
T:is fantastic account finds no su<<ort in t:e Re9an or *einber9er 8e8oirs1 but is a fair
sa8<le of t:e !us:8an line?
*:at did interest t:e 8edia >er3 8uc: =as t:e stor3 of &o:n *? Hinc;le3 &r?7s obsession
=it: t:e actress &odie oster1 =:o :ad <la3ed t:e role of a teena9e <rostitute in t:e 12.-
8o>ie TaEi ,ri>er? T:e <rostitute is befriended b3 a taEi dri>er1 Tra>is !ic;le1 =:o
t:reatens to ;ill a senator =:o is runnin9 for <resident in order to =in t:e lo>e of t:e 9irl?
(oun9 &o:n Hinc;le3 :ad i8itated t:e :abits and 8anneris8s of Tra>is !ic;le?
*:en &o:n Hinc;le3 &r? :ad left :is :otel roo8 in *as:in9ton ,C on :is =a3 to
s:oot Rea9an1 :e :ad left be:ind a letter to &odie oster" ,ear &odie1
T:ere is a definite <ossibilit3 t:at I =ill be ;illed in 83 atte8<t to 9et Rea9an? It is for t:is reason
t:at I a8 =ritin9 3ou t:is letter no=? As 3ou =ell ;no= b3 no=1 I lo>e 3ou >er3 8uc:? T:e <ast
se>en 8ont:s I :a>e left 3ou doAens of <oe8s1 letters1 and 8essa9es in t:e faint :o<e 3ou =ould
de>elo< an interest in 8e? G???H &odie1 I78 as;in9 3ou to <lease loo; into 3our :eart and at least 9i>e
8e t:e c:ance =it: t:is :istorical deed to 9ain 3our res<ect and lo>e?
I lo>e 3ou fore>er?
Gsi9nedH &o:n Hinc;le3 Gfn $5H
In 12/51 &odie oster =as enrolled at (ale Uni>ersit3 in Ne= Ha>en1 Connecticut1 as an
under9raduate? Hinc;le3 s<ent t:ree =ee;s in Se<te8ber1 12/5 in a Ne= Ha>en :otel1
accordin9 to t:e Ne= (or; ,ail3 Ne=s? In earl3 October :e s<ent se>eral da3s in Ne=
Ha>en1 t:is ti8e at t:e Colon3 Inn 8otel? T=o bartenders in a bar near t:e (ale ca8<us
recalled Hinc;le3 as :a>in9 bra99ed about :is relations:i< =it: &odie oster? Hinc;le3 :ad
been arrested b3 air<ort aut:orities in Nas:>ille1 Tennesse on October 21 12/5 for carr3in9
t:ree 9uns1 and =as @uic;l3 released? Rea9an :ad been in Nas:>ille on October .1 and
Carter arri>ed t:ere on October 2? T:e firear8s c:ar9e on t:e sa8e da3 t:at t:e %resident
=as co8in9 to to=n s:ould :a>e landed Hinc;le3 on t:e Secret Ser>ice =atc: list of
<otential <residential assassins1 but t:e !I a<<arentl3 ne9lected to trans8it t:e
infor8ation to t:e Secret Ser>ice?
In ebruar3 12/11 Hinc;le3 =as a9ain near t:e (ale ca8<us? ,urin9 t:is ti8e1 Hinc;le3
clai8ed t:at :e =as in contact =it: &odie oster b3 8ail and tele<:one? &odie oster :ad
indeed recei>ed a series of letters and notes fro8 Hinc;le31 =:ic: s:e :ad <assed on to :er
colle9e dean? T:e dean alle9edl3 9a>e t:e letters to t:e Ne= Ha>en <olice1 =:o su<<osedl3
9a>e t:e8 to t:e !I? Ne>ert:eless1 not:in9 =as done to restrain Hinc;le31 =:o :ad a
record of <s3c:iatric treat8ent? Hinc;le3 :ad been bu3in9 9uns in >arious locations across
t:e United States? *as Hinc;le3 a Manc:urian candidate1 brain=as:ed to carr3 out :is role
as an assassinD *as a net=or; o<eratin9 t:rou9: t:e >arious la= enforce8ent a9encies
res<onsible for t:e failure to restrain Hinc;le3 or to <ut :i8 under s<ecial sur>eillanceD
T:e !I soon officiall3 rubber-sta8<ed t:e order <ro8ul9ated b3 t:e cabinet t:at no
cons<irac3 be found" Ft:ere =as no cons<irac3 and Hinc;le3 acted alone1F said t:e bureau?
Hinc;le37s <arents7 8e8oir refers to so8e notes <enciled notes b3 Hinc;le3 =:ic: =ere
found durin9 a searc: of :is cell and =:ic: Fcould sound bad?F T:ese notes Fdescribed an
i8a9inar3 cons<irac3--eit:er =it: t:e <olitical left or t:e <olitical ri9:t G???H to assasinate t:e
%resident?F Hinc;le37s la=3ers fro8 Ed=ard !ennett *illia8s7s la= fir8 said t:at t:e notes
=ere too absurd to be ta;en seriousl31 and t:e3 :a>e been su<<ressed? Gfn $1H
In &ul3 12/+1 t:e !I =as co8<elled to release so8e details of its in>esti9ation of Hinc;le3
under t:e reedo8 of Infor8ation Act? No eE<lanation =as offered of :o= it =as
deter8ined t:at Hinc;le3 :ad acted alone1 and t:e na8es of all =itnesses =ere censored?
Accordin9 to a =ire ser>ice account1 Ft:e file 8ade no 8ention of <a<ers seiAed fro8
Hinc;le37s <rison cell at !utner1 Nort: Carolina1 =:ic: re<ortedl3 8ade reference to a
cons<irac3? T:ose =ritin9s =ere ruled inad8issible b3 t:e trial Bud9e and ne>er 8ade
<ublic?F Gfn $$H T:e !I :as refused to release $$ <a9es of docu8ents concernin9
Hinc;le37s Fassociates and or9aniAations1F $$ <a9es about :is <ersonal finances1 and '.
<a9es about :is <ersonalit3 and c:aracter? T:e *illia8s and Connoll3 defense tea8 ar9ued
t:at Hinc;le3 =as insane1 controlled b3 :is obsession =it: &odie oster? T:e Bur3 acce<ted
t:is >ersion1 and in &ul31 12/$1 Hinc;le3 =as found not 9uilt3 b3 reason of insanit3? He =as
re8anded to St? EliAabet:7s 8ental :os<ital =:ere :e re8ains to t:is da3 =it: no fiEed ter8
to ser>eC :is 8ental condition is <eriodicall3 re>ie=ed b3 :is doctors?
T:e ot:er as<ect of t:e case t:at =ould :a>e 8erited 8ore careful scrutin3 =as t:e relation
of &o:n *? Hinc;le3 Sr?1 t:e 9un8an7s fat:er1 to t:e US intelli9ence co88unit3? T:e line in
t:e <ress ri9:t after t:e assassination atte8<t =as t:at Ft:e fat:er of &o:n Hinc;le3 is a
de>out C:ristian =:o did =or; in Africa?F So8e <a<ers also included t:e fact t:at &o:n *?
Hinc;le3 Sr? :ad also =or;ed =it: *orld 6ision1 be9innin9 in 12.-? *orld 6ision
describes itself as t:e lar9est Finternational C:ristian relief and de>elo<8ent a9enc3F acti>e
in t:e t:ird =orld? It is officiall3 a Boint acti>it3 of t:e E<isco<al and %resb3terian c:urc:es?
F&ac;F Hinc;le31 as t:e 9un8an7s fat:er =as fre@uentl3 called1 durin9 t:e 12.57s beca8e a
close associate of Robert Ains=ort:1 t:e director of US Ministries for *orld 6ision1 Inc?
&ac; Hinc;le37s <rofile =as t:at of a born a9ain C:ristian? &ac; Hinc;le3 and Ains=ort:
tra>eled to9et:er to t:e Sa:el re9ion of Africa1 Ji8bab=e1 and Sout: Africa? E>en before
Boinin9 *orld 6ision1 &ac; Hinc;le3 :ad carried on Frelief =or;F in Guate8ala? F&ac; and I
beca8e >er3 close1F Ains=ort: said? F&ac; =as a successful business8an? On occasion :e
=ould as; us to <ra3 for :is son? It7s not t:at &ac; felt t:at &o:n =ould do so8et:in9 bad1
Bust t:at &o:n :ad no direction1 &o:n :ad not found :i8self?F
*orld 6ision is one of t:e notorious non-9o>ern8ental or9aniAations t:at function as a de
facto ar8 of US intelli9ence under current arran9e8ents? Robert Ains=ort:7s <edi9ree is
i8<ressi>e" :e =as a forei9n area anal3st for t:e US ,ea<rt8entC an ad>isor in 6ietna8
durin9 t:e =ar t:ereC and c:aired an international co88ittee in>ol>ed in t:e ne9otiation of
t:e C:e8ical and !acteriolo9ical *arfare Treat3 of 12.'?
T:e lar9est contributor to *orld 6ision is t:e US State ,e<art8ent A9enc3 for
International ,e>elo<8ent 0AI,41 =:ose <ro9ra8 is fran;l3 9enocide? %aE C:risti1 t:e
Cat:olic :u8an ri9:ts or9aniAation1 :as accused *orld 6ision of functionin9 as a FTroBan
:orse for US forei9n <olic3?F T:e entire 8ilieu is t:us redolent of t:e US intelli9ence
a9encies?
Rea9an =ent into a lon9 con>alescence1 first in t:e :os<ital and t:en at :is ranc: in
California? E>en =:en Rea9an =as <ronounced full3 reco>ered1 :e =as e>en 8ore
detac:ed t:an before1 e>en 8ore absent1 e>en 8ore de<endent on :is lon9 afternoon na<?
Nanc3 Rea9an1 craAed b3 fear and unable to co8<re:end t:e forces t:at :ad been at =or;
be:ind t:e assassination atte8<t1 >astl3 increased :er reliance on t:e astrolo9ical ad>ice of
:er resident clair>o3ant1 &oan Lui9le3? T:rou9: t:is c:annel1 t:e Occult !ureau of !ritis:
intelli9ence ac@uired an a=eso8e ca<abilit3 of 8ani<ulation o>er t:e Rea9an %residenc31
=:ic: could often be 8obiliAed in fa>or of !us:? T:is =as all t:e 8ore true since Nanc3
Rea9an7s obsession =as al=a3s :er i8a9e1 =:at t:e <ress =as sa3in9 about :er and :o=
s:e loo;ed in t:e 8edia? Nanc3 a<<ealed to :er astrolo9er to secure :er a better <ress
i8a9e? Since t:e controlled <ress could be calibrated fro8 da3 to da3 b3 t:e !us:
net=or;s1 Nanc3 Rea9an found :erself in t:e 9ri< of a 8an3-le>elled inside-outside
o<eration =:ose true nature s:e =as too s:allo= to sus<ect?
As Ms? Lui9le3 :as =ritten1 s:e =as as resident astrolo9er of Rea9an7s court of 8iracles
Fres<onsible for ti8in9 all <ress conferences1 8ost s<eec:es1 t:e State of t:e Union
addresses1 t:e ta;eoffs and landin9s of Air orce One? I <ic;ed t:e ti8e of Ronald Rea9an7s
debate =it: Carter and t:e t=o debates =it: *alter MondaleC all eEtended tri<s abroad as
=ell as t:e s:orter tri<s and one-da3 eEcursions1 t:e announce8ent t:at Rea9an =ould run
for a second ter81 briefin9s for all su88its eEce<t Mosco=1 alt:ou9: I selected t:e ti8e to
be9in t:e Mosco= tri<? G???H I re-created Nanc37s i8a9e1 defused !itbur91 erected a c:art for
t:e IN treat3? G???H I eE<osed t:e %resident as little as <ossible to t:e <ublic and t:e 8edia
fro8 &anuar3 to Au9ust 12/.1 to <rotect :i8 fro8 bot: t:e <:3sical and <olitical dan9ers I
foresa=? I =as :ea>il3 in>ol>ed in =:at :a<<ened in t:e relations bet=een t:e su<er<o=ers1
c:an9in9 Ronald Rea9an7s FE>il E8<ireF attitude1 so t:at :e =ent to Gene>a <re<ared to
8eet a different ;ind of Russian leader and one :e could con>ince of doin9 t:in9s our =a3?
I8<ro>ed relations1 9lasnost and <erestroi;a 8a31 in so8e s8all 8easure1 :a>e co8e out of
t:is?F Gfn $'H
!us: too; u< t:e duties of t:e <residenc31 all t:e =:ile elaboratel3 den3in91 in :is self-
de<recatin9 =a31 t:at :e :ad in fact ta;en control" FHe ca8<ai9ned as 7a %resident =e =on7t
need to train7 -- and for t=o =ee;s no=1 Geor9e !us: :as ste<<ed s8oot:l3 into :is li8ited
role as surro9ate <resident????T:e first stand-in 9reeted >isitin9 di9nitaries1 announced
Rea9an7s <ro<osed relaEation of auto e8ission standards1 8et =it: Con9ressional
leaders????His duties no= include an earl3 briefin9 =it: Rea9an aides Ed=in Meese1 &a8es
!a;er1 and Mic:ael ,ea>er1 a 8eetin9 =it: Con9ressional liaison MaE riedersdorf and a
full briefin9 fro8 national securit3 ad>iser Ric:ard Allen?F Gfn $)H ,urin9 t:e ti8e t:at
Rea9an =as con>alescin91 t:e <resident =as e>en less interested t:an usual in detailed
briefin9s about 9o>ern8ent o<erations? !us:7s >isits to t:e c:ief eEecuti>e =ere t:us
reduced to t:e 8erest courtes3 calls1 after =:ic: !us: =as free to do =:at :e =anted?
F!us: :as e>en li8ited :is >isits =it: Rea9an? 7I Bust sto< in for a 8inute or t=o17 !us:
sa3s? 7I t:in; it7s better not to o>erload t:e circuits?7F
!us:7s ;e3 8an =as &a8es !a;er III1 *:ite House c:ief of staff and t:e leadin9 court
fa>orite of Nanc3 Rea9an? ,urin9 t:is <eriod ,ea>er =as a =:oll3 controlled a<<enda9e of
!a;er and =ould re8ain one for as lon9 as :e =as useful to t:e desi9ns of t:e !us:8en?
A8on9 !a;er1 ,ea>er1 and t:e astrolo9er1 Nanc3 Rea9an could also be 8ani<ulated into
substantial subser>ience to !us:7s desi9ns?
And !a;er and ,ea>er =ere not t:e onl3 !us:8en in t:e *:ite House? T:ere =ere also
!us: ca8<ai9n >eterans ,a>id Ger9en and &a3 Moor:ead? In t:e cabinet1 one !us: lo3alist
=as Secretar3 of Co88erce Malcol8 !aldrid9e1 =:o =as flan;ed b3 :is Assistant
Secretar31 red !us: 0alle9edl3 not a 8e8ber of t:e !us: fa8il34? T:e !us:8en =ere
stron9 in t:e sub-cabinet" :ere =ere Assistant Secretar3 of State for East Asian and %acific
Affairs &o:n Holdrid9e1 =:o :ad ser>ed !us: on :is !eiBin9 8ission staff and durin9 t:e
12.+ %ol %ot ca<er in !eiBin9C and Assistant Secretar3 of State for Con9ressional Affairs
Ric:ard airban;sC =it: t:ese t=o in o993 !otto81 Hai97s da3s =ere nu8bered? At t:e
%enta9on =as Henr3 E? Catto1 t:e Assistant Secretar3 of ,efense for %ublic AffairsC Catto
=ould later b3 re=arded b3 !us: =it: an a<<oint8ent as US A8bassador to t:e Court of
St? &a8es in London1 t:e <ost t:at orei9n Ser>ice Officers s<end t:eir li>es stri>in9 to
attain? !us: =as also stron9 a8on9 t:e a9encies" :is <al *illia8 H? ,ra<er III1 scion of t:e
racist ,ra<er clan1 =as t:e c:air8an and <resident of t:e EE<ort-I8<ort !an;? Loret Miller
Ru<<e1 !us:7s ca8<ai9n c:air8an in Mic:i9an1 =as ,irector of t:e %eace Cor<s?
At t:e Treasur31 !us:7s cousin &o:n *al;er =ould be assistant secretar3 for enforce8ent?
*:en t:e !CCI scandal eE<loded in t:e 8edia durin9 12211 *illia8 >on Raab1 t:e for8er
director of t:e US Custo8s1 co8<lained loudl3 t:at1 durin9 Rea9an7s second ter81 :is
efforts to F9o afterF !CCI :ad been frustrated b3 reticence at t:e Treasur3 ,e<art8ent? !3
t:is ti8e &a8es !a;er III =as secretar3 of t:e Treasur31 and !us:7s ;issin9 cousin &o:n
*al;er =as an official =:o =ould :a>e :ad t:e <ri8ar3 res<onsibilit3 for t:e intensit3 of
suc: in>esti9ations?
At t:e %enta9on1 Cas<ar *einber9er7s ,e<ut3 Assistant Secretar3 for East Asia1 Ric:ard
Ar8ita9e1 =as no stran9er to t:e circles of S:ac;le3 and Clines? *einber9er :ad
eEtra>a9ant <raise in :is %enta9on 8e8oirs for FRic:F Ar8ita9e1 F=:o ser>ed t:e
,e<art8ent and 8e =it: eEtraordinar3 fidelit3 and s;ill and un<aralleled ;no=led9e and
9ood :u8or durin9 all t:e ti8e I =as in office?F Gfn $+H !us:7s staff nu8bered sli9:tl3 less
t:an siEt3 durin9 t:e earl3 s<rin9 of 12/1? He often o<erated out of a s8all office in t:e
*est *in9 of t:e *:ite House =:ere :e li;ed to s<end ti8e because it =as Fin t:e traffic
<attern1F but :is staff =as <rinci<all3 located in t:e Old EEecuti>e Office !uildin9? Here
!us: sat at a 8a88ot: 8a:o9an3 des; =:ic: :ad been used in 125' b3 :is lifeti8e e9o
ideal1 t:e arc:et3<al liberal Re<ublican eEtra>a9ant1 T:eodore Roose>elt? !us: also ;e<t an
office at t:e Senate? So8e of t:e leadin9 !us: o<erati>es =ere"
!us:7s c:ief of staff =as Ad8iral ,aniel &? Mur<:31 =:o :ad re<resented !us: in t:e
Situation Roo8 until t:e >ice <resident :ad returned fro8 TeEas? Mur<:3 :ad ser>ed
Mel>in Laird and Elliot Ric:ardson =:en t:e3 co88anded t:e %enta9on under NiEonC :e
:ad co88anded t:e SiEt: leet in t:e Mediterranean durin9 t:e 12.' Middle East *ar?
Mur<:3 :abituall3 acco8<anied !us: to attend Rea9an7s national securit3 briefin9 eac:
8ornin9 in t:e O>al Office1 a ritual t:at =as conducted b3 Ric:ard Allen as lon9 as :e
lasted1 and attended b3 !a;er and ,ea>er1 <lus Hai91 until :e too =as ousted?
T:e de<ut3 c:ief of staff =as Ric:ard N? !ond1 a 3oun9er <olitical o<erati>e =:o :ad
=or;ed in t:e offices of liberal Re<ublicans li;e *illia8 Green of Ne= (or; and Sen?
C:arles Mat:ias of Mar3land? He :ad 8ana9ed !us:7s =innin9 efforts in t:e Io=a
caucuses and in t:e Connecticut <ri8ar3?
!us:7s eEecuti>e assistant and s<ecial assi9n8ents 8an =as C:arles G? FC:aseF
Unter8e3er1 =:o :ad 9raduated fro8 Har>ard1 =or;ed as a ne=s<a<er re<orter and ser>ed
bet=een 12.. and 12/5 as a GO% 8e8ber of t:e TeEas House of Re<resentati>es for t:e
sil; stoc;in9 Re<ublican /'rd district in Houston1 =:ere &a8es !a;er1 &o:n Connoll31 and
Leon &a=ors;i o=n :o8es?
!us:7s 9eneral counsel =as C? !o3den Gra31 a Har>ard-educated la=3er =:o :ad =or;ed
as a <artner for t:e *as:in9ton <o=erbro;er la= fir8 of *il8er1 Cutler1 and %ic;erin91
=:ere :e =as s<ecialiAed in antitrust liti9ation and re<resentin9 business8en7s 9rou<s li;e
t:e !usiness Roundtable and t:e A8erican Minin9 Con9ress? Gra37s fa8il3 =ere <lutocrats
fro8 Nort: Carolina =:o :ad s<onsored t:e forced steriliAation <ro9ra8s described abo>e?
Gra37s fat:er1 Gordon Gra31 :ad ser>ed as c:ief of t:e National Securit3 Council durin9 t:e
Eisen:o=er ad8inistration1 and :ad aut:ored t:e o>erall docu8ent under =:ic: t:e >er3
eEtensi>e co>ert o<erations of t:e Eisen:o=er 3ears :ad been carried out? F!o3F Gra3 too;
an i8<ortant <art in !us:7s Tas; orce on Re9ulator3 Relief1 =:ic: =as billed as an effort
to Fcut federal red ta<e1F but =:ic: in realit3 furt:ered t:e :i9:l3 destructi>e <rocess of
dere9ulation in 8an3 critical areas of business and finance? !o3 Gra37s fa8il3 :ad <rofted
i88ensel3 fro8 t:e 8er9er of t:eir fa8il3 fir81 R?&? Re3nolds Tobacco1 =it: t:e National
!iscuit Co8<an3 to for8 R&R-Nabisco? T:e3 =ould <rofit astrono8icall3 fro8 t:e
le>era9ed bu3-out of R&R-Nabisco b3 t:e *all Street fir8 of #o:lber91 #ra>is1 Roberts1 a
s=indle t:at =as facilitated b3 t:e ne= re9ulator3 cli8ate t:at !o3 Gra3 :ad :i8self
:el<ed to create?
!us:7s assistant for do8estic affairs =as T:addeus Garrett1 &r?1 t:e :i9:est ran;in9 blac; on
!us:7s staff and an ordained 8inister of t:e African Met:odist E<isco<al C:urc:? Garrett
:ad ser>ed 6ice %resident Nelson Roc;efeller in t:e sa8e ca<acit3 in 12.+-.-1 and :ad
=or;ed as a Con9ressional aide to Re<s? *illia8 A3res 0R-O:io4 and S:irle3 C:is:ol8 0,-
N(4?
!us:7s assistant for national securit3 affairs =as Nanc3 !ear9 ,3;e1 =:o :ad been
<rinci<al de<ut3 assistant secretar3 of t:e Air orce for 8an<o=er resources and 8ilitar3
ad8inistration in t:e Carter Ad8inistration? ,3;e =as a >eteran of t:e State ,e<art8ent1
t:e NSC1 t:e Senate Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee staff1 and t:e Con9ressional !ud9et office?
!us:7s eEecuti>e assistant for Con9ressional relations =as Robert 6? T:o8<son1 =:o :ad
ser>ed as !us:7s assistant durin9 t:e <residential ca8<ai9n? T:o8<son =as fro8 t:e Tulsa
of t:e Liedt;e and #ra>is fa8ilies1 =:ere :e :ad founded t:ree co8<anies dealin9 =it:
co88odit3 s<eculation1 oil ri9s1 and refri9erator rentals?
!us:7s le9islati>e assistant =as Susan E? Al>arado1 for8er le9islati>e assistant to t:e t:en
Senate Minorit3 *:i< Ted Ste>ens 0R-Alas;a4?
!us:7s <ress secretar3 =as %eter Teele31 =:o :ad been born in Great !ritain and :ad later
li>ed in ,etroit? Teele3 :ad =or;ed for GO% Senators &a;e &a>its of Ne= (or; and Robert
Griffin of Mic:i9an1 and :e =as considered >er3 8uc: a liberal? Teele3 :ad also been
Co88unications ,irector for t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee?
!us:7s de<ut3 <ress secretar3 =as S:irle3 M? Green1 =:o8 =e :a>e seen in action durin9
t:e Marc:1 12/1 atte8<ted cou< d7etat? Green :ad =or;ed at t:e TeEas GO% :ead@uarters in
Austin1 and :ad coordinated t:e !us: for %resident effort in TeEas and Ar;ansas?
!us:7s a<<oint8ents secretar3 =as t:e ine>itable &ennifer itA9erald1 =:o :ad been :is
eEecuti>e assistant durin9 t:e CIA da3s in Lan9le3? itA9erald :ad =or;ed as a s<ecial aide
of for8er (ale %resident #in98an !re=ster =:en :e =as US A8bassador to London? S:e
=as a >eteran of t:e *:ite House staffs of t:e NiEon and ord 3ears? &ennifer itA9erald
:as re8ained =it: !us: o>er t:e 3ears1 and :er <resence :as 9i>en rise to 8uc: 9ossi<?
!us:7s director of ad8inistration =as Susan Coc;rell1 =:o :ad =or;ed in >ice <residential
national securit3 and forei9n affairs staffs since 12.)1 ser>in9 Gerald ord1 Nelson
Roc;efeller1 and *alter Mondale before !us:?
!us:7s ad>ance 8an =as Mic:ael arle31 a for8er AriAona insurance a9ent and bro;er =:o
:ad =or;ed for ord in 12.- and for !us: durin9 t:e 12.2-/5 ca8<ai9n?
!us:7s tri< director =as &ose<: *? Ha9in1 a for8er o<erati>e for t:e !us: ca8<ai9n in
lorida and Io=a? After t:e ,etroit con>ention1 Ha9in tra>elled full ti8e =it: !us:? Gfn $-H
After Rea9an :ad reco>ered1 !us: custo8aril3 arri>ed at :is office in t:e Old EEecuti>e
Office !uildin9 at about ."'5 eac: 8ornin9 for :is o=n national securit3 briefin9 and a
staff 8eetin9? T:en !us: and Mur<:3 =ould 9o o>er to t:e O>al Office1 less t:an a
:undred 3ards a=a31 to sit in on Rea9an7s national securit3 briefin9? ,urin9 t:e rest of t:e
da31 de<endin9 on t:e re@uire8ents of intri9ue and 8ani<ulation1 !us: =as free to float
bet=een OEO! and *est *in91 often 9ra>itatin9 bac; to=ards :is o=n staff at t:e end of
t:e da3?
!us: :ad a standin9 in>itation to sit on all cabinet 8eetin9s and ot:er eEecuti>e acti>ities1
and !a;er =as al=a3s t:ere to 8a;e sure :e ;ne= =:at =as 9oin9 on? !us: =as a <art of
e>er3 sesssion of t:e National Securit3 Council? !us: also <ossessed 9uaranteed access to
Rea9an1 in case :e e>er needed t:at" eac: T:ursda3 Rea9an abnd !us: =ould :a>e lunc:
alone to9et:er in t:e O>al Office?
Eac: Tuesda31 !us: attended t:e =ee;l3 8eetin9 of GO% co88ittee c:air8en <resided
o>er b3 Senate MaBorit3 Leader Ho=ard !a;er at t:e Senate? T:en !us: =ould sta3 on t:e
Hill for t:e =ee;l3 lunc:eon of t:e Re<ublican %olic3 Co88ittee :osted b3 Sen? &o:n
To=er of TeEas? !efore and after t:ese =ee;l3 e>ents1 t:ere =as ti8e for 8eetin9s =it:
indi>idual senators? !us: also culti>ated :is older House net=or;s1 includin9 t:rou9:
<addleball =or;outs in t:e House 938nasiu8?
%rescott7s old friend *illia8 Case3 =as be9innin9 to =or; :is de>iltr3 at Lan9le31 and ;e<t
in close touc: =it: !us:? Re<orts of <ersonalit3 conflicts bet=een !us: and Case3 are t:e
8ost trans<arent disinfor8ation?
T:e result =as a 8ac:ine ca<able of steerin9 8an3 of t:e decisions of t:e Rea9an
Ad8inistration? At t:is <oint1 !us: =as not loo;in9 for a 9reat deal of <ublicit3C :e didn7t
need it? F!us: :i8self reacted =it: sensiti>it3 to t:e a8ount of <ublicit3 :e recei>ed =:ile
<erfor8in9 as a <residential surro9ate =:ile Rea9an =as reco>erin9 fro8 :is 9uns:ot
=ound? *:en t:e %resident returned to :is =or; sc:edule1 !us: as;ed :is staff to cut bac;
on sc:edulin9 :i8 for inter>ie=s? FHe t:ou9:t :e s:ould lo=er :is <rofile for a =:ile17 an
aide eE<lained?F
%roble8s 8i9:t :a>e co8e fro8 t:e o>ersi9:t functions of t:e Con9ress1 but t:e Con9ress
=as no= in t:e <rocess of bein9 destro3ed as a Constitutional force? Senator Harris
*illia8s of Ne= &erse3 =as no= on trial on c:ar9es resultin9 fro8 t:e !I7s ille9al
FAbsca8F entra<8ent o<erations? *illia8s7 forced resi9nation fro8 t:e Senate1 after a
nu8ber of Con9ress8en :ad been con>icted on t:e sa8e 8aufactured c:ar9es1 =ould
co8<lete t:e subordination of Con9ress to <olice state controls?
%roble8s 8i9:t :a>e co8e fro8 t:e ,irector of t:e National Securit3 Council1 but :ere t:e
Bob :ad been do=n9raded" Ric:ard Allen re<orted not to Rea9an1 but to Meese? Allen
=ould in an3 case soon be ousted fro8 office becase :e :ad acce<ted so8e =atc:es fro8
&a<anese >isitors? Allen =ould be follo=ed in @uic; succession b3 *illia8 Clar;1 !ud
Mcarlane1 &o:n %oindeEter1 ran; Carlucci1 and Colin %o=ell- a ne= NSC director a bit
8ore t:an once a 3ear? or !us:1 t:e dan9erous one :ad been Clar;C t:e rest =ere @uite
<re<ared to 9o =it: t:e #issin9er line? In an3 case1 t:is 8err3-9o-round at t:e NSC 8eant
t:at no serious c:allen9e could e8er9e a9ainst !us: fro8 t:is @uarter?
It too; 8ore t:an a 3ear to finis: off Al Hai9? T:e final o<<ortunit3 ca8e durin9 t:e
Mal>inas 0or al;lands4 =ar in t:e s<rin9 of 12/$? *:en T:atc:er 8ade clear t:at s:e =as
intent on =a9in9 =ar a9ainst Ar9entina1 Hai9 fle= to London and assured :er t:at t:ere
=ould be no ne= SueA1 t:at t:e US =ould bac; !ritain in t:e end? !ut Hai9 insisted on
<osin9 in <ublic as an :onest bro;er1 8ediatin9 bet=een !ritain and Ar9entina1 and 8ade
<ro<osals t:at in>ol>ed concessions =:ic: enra9ed T:atc:er? Hai9 also called Lord
Carrin9ton a Fdu<licitious bastard?F !us: and !a;er used t:e failure of Hai97s s:uttle
di<lo8ac3 in t:e Mal>inas crisis to <re<are t:e final bureaucratic cou< de 9race? Hai9 =as
re<laced b3 Geor9e S:ultA1 a !ec:tel eEecuti>e and NiEon cabinet retread?
T:e loudest s@ua=;in9 in <ublic about !us:7s for8idable be:ind t:e scenes <o=er durin9
t:e Rea9an 3ears ca8e fro8 t:e old FNe= Ri9:tF alu8ni of t:e (oun9 A8ericans for
reedo8 durin9 t:e Gold=ater era? One 9at:ers t:at t:ese <ersona9es =ere 8iffed at t:e
idea t:at Geor9e7s net=or;s =ere 9rabbin9 <lu8 Bobs =:ic: t:e old (Aers re9arded as
t:eir e8inent do8ain? One of t:ese =as Terr3 ,olan of t:e National Conser>ati>e %olitical
Action Co88ittee1 =:o s<o;e in 12/$ of t:e F!us:iAation of t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration?F
0,olan later died of AI,S?4 T:e ri9:t-=in9 direct 8ail fundraiser Ric:9ard 6i9uerie
asserted t:at Ft:is is a !us: ad8inistration1 not a Rea9an ad8inistration?F
T:e ri9:t-=in9 concern =as su88ed u< b3 *itco>er and Ger8ond" FGeor9e !us: is
<la3in9 <ossu81 actin9 t:e a8enable :el<8ate to Rea9an =:ile insidiousl3 <lantin9 :is
a9ents in ;e3 <ositions in t:e ad8inistration-- es<eciall3 in t:e *:ite House-- and1 8ore
recentl31 in t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee?F Gfn $.H
T:ese circles <ointed to t:e ascendanc3 of &a8es !a;er in t:e *:ite House1 t:e influence
of ,a>id Ger9en as *:ite House director of co88unications1 t:e <osition of Ric:ard
,ar8an 0fro8 t:e Eliot Ric:ardson stable4 as !a;er7s de<ut31 and t:e do8inance of Ric:
!ond1 !us:7s c:ief of staff1 as de<ut3 c:air8an of t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee?
So8e =ere also =orried about t:e <o=er of ,a>id Stoc;8an1 t:e austerit3 ideolo9ue of t:e
earl3 Rea9an Office of Mana9e8ent and !ud9et and close !us: all3? F!us: :as been 8ore
effecti>e in 9ettin9 :is <eo<le <laced in t:e ad8inistration t:an Rea9an :as1F co8<lained
%aul *e3ric: of t:e Co88ittee for t:e Sur>i>al of a ree Con9ress? FT:ere =as a
tre8endous <o=er >acuu8 and !a;er7s 8o>ed into it1 but !a;er :as used it to 9et !us:
<eo<le into ;e3 <laces???!us: :as an ideal situation? He 9oes around t:e countr3 collectin9
due bills b3 eE<ressin9 su<<ort of Rea9an1 8ean=:ile <uttin9 :is <eo<le in <lace?F T:ese
circles =ere >er3 concerned b3 t:e fre@uent ru8ors t:at Rea9an 8i9:t renounce a race for a
second ter8 in =:at 6i9uerie called an FL!& scenario1F =it: Rea9an dro<<in9 out durin9
t:e <ri8ar3 season? T:ese :o<es ne>er <anned out1 but t:e F!a;er-!us: connectionF
enra9ed t:e ri9:t =in9ers for 3ears?
In <ublic1 !us: =or;ed on :is Tas; orce for Re9ulator3 Relief1 a 9ood =a3 to curr3 fa>or
=it: t:e le9ions of 9reed in *all Street and !e>erl3 Hills =:o =ere loo;in9 for t:e Rea9an
ad8inistration to fulfill t:eir :o<es? After t:e renc: elections1 it =as !us: =:o =as
des<atc:ed to rance to 8eet t:e ne= renc: %resident rancois FTontonF Mitterrand of t:e
Grand Orient free8asonr3? !us: and Mitterrand :ad 8utual friends in t:e Sc:lu8ber9er
interests of &ean and Moni@ue de Menil of HoustonC !us: be9an buildin9 a s<ecial
relations:i< =it: Tonton Mitterrand t:at included >er3 cordial ranco- A8erican su88its
at #ennebun;<ort and St? Martin durin9 12/2? or Tonton1 close ties =it: !us: =ere
essential for undoin9 t:e :erita9e of General de Gaulle1 =:o :ad insisted on renc:
national inde<endence and so>erei9nt3? *it: t:e !us:-Mitterrand aEis1 t:ose forces =ere
stren9:ened =:o =anted rance to beco8e a9ain =:at s:e :ad been in t:e s:a8eful
ad>enture of SueA in 12+-" an auEiliar3 to t:e An9lo-A8ericans?
!us: also :ad a s<ecial interest in t:e Atlanta 8urders of blac; c:ildren1 =:ic: =ere
reac:in9 t:eir <ea; durin9 t:e first 8ont:s of 12/1? On ebruar3 /1 12/11 !us: announced
t:at t:e federal 9o>ern8ent =ould <ro>ide s<ecial assistance to t:e Atlanta %olice
,e<art8ent in in>esti9atin9 t:e 8urders? On ebruar3 $$1 a federal tas; force focussed on
Atlanta =as created1 and on Marc: 1+ Geor9e and !arbara Bourne3ed to Atlanta to 8eet
=it: t:e fa8ilies of so8e of t:e >icti8s? T:ese 8urders =ere clearl3 connected to satantic
cults o<eratin9 in t:e Atlanta area?
!us: beca8e :ea>il3 en9a9ed on t:is front? His office Fa99ressi>el3 and <ublicl3F <ursued
:is assi9n8ent of coordinatin9 federal asssistance to Atlanta? Ad8iral Mur<:3 and staffer
T:addeus Garrett :el<ed to arran9e a series of 9rants fro8 >arious a9encies and set u< a
tas; force on t:e 9round in Atlanta under t:e leaders:i< of C:arles Rin;e>ic:1 a re9ional
official of t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent? Garrett 9a>e :i8self credit for eE<editin9 I'?/ 8illion to
su<<ort t:e in>esti9ation of t:e Atlanta 8urders and to <ro>ide Fsu<<ort and <rotecti>e
su<er>isionF for t:e terror-stric;en residents of t:e area? Naturall3" an alu8nus of S;ull and
!ones ;ne= all about satanis8?
ort3-four da3s after t:e atte8<ted assassination of Rea9an1 t:ere follo=ed t:e atte8<t to
assassinate %o<e &o:n %aul II durin9 a 9eneral audience in St? %eter7s S@uare in Ro8e?
,urin9 t:ose )) da3s1 !us: :ad been runnin9 t:e US 9o>ern8ent? It =as as if a ne= and
8ali9nant e>il :ad eru<ted onto t:e =orld sta9e1 and =as assertin9 its <resence =it: an
un<recedented >iolence and terror? !us: =as certainl3 in>ol>ed in t:e atte8<t to co>er u<
t:e true aut:ors of t:e attentat of St? %eter7s S@uare? An accessor3 before t:e fact in t:e
atte8<t to sla3 t:e <ontiff a<<ears to :a>e been !us:7s old co:ort ran; Ter<il1 =:o :ad
been one of t:e instructors =:o :ad trained Me:8et Ali A9ca1 =:o :ad fired on t:e <o<e?
After a len9t:3 in>esti9ation1 t:e Italian in>esti9ati>e 8a9istrate Ilario Martella in
,ece8ber 12/$ issued se>en arrest =arrants in t:e case1 fi>e a9ainst Tur;s and t=o a9ainst
!ul9arians? Ulti8ate res<onsibilit3 for t:e atte8<t on t:e %o<e7s life belon9ed to (uri
Andro<o> of t:e So>iet #G!? On Marc: 11 12251 6i;tor I>ano>ic: S:e38o>1 a #G!
officer =:o :ad defected to t:e =est1 re>ealed at a <ress conference in *as:in9ton ,C t:at
as earl3 as 12.21 s:ortl3 after #arol *oit3la beca8e %o<e1 t:e #G! :ad been instructed
t:rou9: an order si9ned b3 (uri Andro<o> to 9at:er all <ossible infor8ation on :o= to 9et
F<:3sicall3 close to t:e %o<e? Gfn $/H
Accordin9 to one stud3 of t:ese e>ents1 durin9 t:e second =ee; of Au9ust1 12/51 =:en t:e
a9itation of t:e %olis: trade union Solidarnosc =as at its :ei9:t1 t:e %o<e :ad des<atc:ed a
s<ecial e8issar3 to Mosco= =it: a <ersonal letter for So>iet %resident Leonid !reA:ne>?
T:e %o<e7s 8essa9e =arned t:e So>iet dictator t:at if t:e Red Ar83 =ere to in>ade %oland1
as t:en see8ed i88inent1 t:e %o<e =ould fl3 to *arsa= and lead t:e resistance? It is >er3
li;el3 t:at s:ortl3 after t:is t:e So>iets 9a>e t:e order to eli8inate %o<e &o:n %aul II? Gfn
$2H
*it: t:e 6atican su<<ortin9 &ud9e Martella in :is ca8<ai9n to eE<ose t:e true bac;9round
of Ali A9ca7s assault1 it a<<eared t:at t:e !ul9arian connection1 and =it: it t:e Andro<o>-
#G! connection1 8i9:t soon be eE<osed? !ut in t:e 8eanti8e1 !reA:ne> :ad died1 and :ad
been succeeded b3 t:e sic; and elderl3 #onstantin C:ernen;o? !us: =as alread3 in t:e
F3ou die1 =e fl3F business1 re<resentin9 Rea9an at all i8<ortant state funerals1 and carr3in9
on t:e su88it di<lo8ac3 t:at belon9s to suc: occasions? !us: attended !reA:ne>7s funeral1
and conferred at len9t: =it: (uri Andro<o>? C:ernen;o =as a transitional fi9ure1 and t:e
An9lo-A8erican elites =ere loo;in9 to #G! boss Andro<o> as a desirable successor =it:
=:o8 a ne= series of condo8iniu8 deals at t:e eE<ense of <eo<les and nations all o>er t:e
<lanet 8i9:t be consu88ated? or t:e sa;e of t:e condo8iniu81 it =as i8<erati>e t:at t:e
:it a9ainst t:e %o<e not be <inned on Mosco=? T:ere =as also t:e scandal t:at =ould result
if it turned out t:at US assets :ad also been in>ol>ed =it:in t:e fra8e=or; of deri>ati>e
assassination net=or;s?
,urin9 t:e first da3s of 12/'1 !us: lod9ed an ur9ent re@uest =it: Monsi9nor %io La9:i1 t:e
a<ostolic <ro-nuncio in *as:in9ton1 in =:ic: !us: as;ed for an i88ediate <ri>ate
audience =it: t:e %o<e? !3 ebruar3 /1 !us: =as in Ro8e? Accordin9 to reliable re<orts1
durin9 t:e <ri>ate audience !us: Fsu99ested t:at &o:n %aul s:ould not <ursue @uite so
ener9eticall3 :is o=n interest in t:e <lot?F Gfn '5H
!us:7s <ersonal inter>ention :ad t:e effect of su<<le8entin9 and acceleratin9 a US
intelli9ence o<eration t:at =as alread3 in 8otion to sabota9e and discredit &ud9e Martella
and :is in>esti9ation? On Ma3 1'1 12/'1 t:e second anni>ersar3 of t:e atte8<t on t:e
%o<e7s life1 6assil3 ,i8itro>1 t:e first secretar3 of t:e !ul9arian E8bass3 in Ro8e1
eE<ressed :is 9ratitutde" FT:an;s to t:e CIA1 I feel as if I =ere born a9ainKF
!us: consistentl3 eE<ressed s;e<ticis8 on !ul9arian su<<ort for A9ca? On ,ece8ber $51
12/$1 res<ondin9 to t:e Martella indict8ents1 !us: told t:e C:ristian Science Monitor"
FMa3be I s<ea; defensi>el3 as a for8er :ead of t:e CIA1 but lea>e out t:e o<erational side
of t:e #G!-- t:e nau9:t3 t:in9s t:e3 alle9edl3 do" Here7s a 8an1 Andro<o>1 =:o :as :ad
access to a tre8endous a8ount of intelli9ence o>er t:e 3ears? In 83 Bud98ent1 :e =ould be
less a<t to 8isread t:e intentions of t:e USA? T:at offers <otential? And t:e ot:er side of
t:at is t:at :e7s tou9:1 and :e a<<ears to :a>e solidified :is leaders:i< <osition?F
Accordin9 to one stud31 t:e Ger8an forei9n intelli9ence ser>ice1 t:e
!undesnac:ric:tendienst1 belie>ed at t:is ti8e t:at Fa co88on lin; bet=een t:e CIA and
t:e !ul9ariansF eEisted? Gfn '1H
Martella =as con>inced t:at A9ca :ad been sent into action b3 Ser9ei Antono>1 a !ul9arian
=or;in9 in Ro8e? Accordin9 to aut:or Gordon T:o8as1 Martella =as a=are t:at t:e *:ite
House1 and !us: s<ecificall31 =ere deter8ined to sabota9e t:e eE<osure of t:is connection?
Martella brou9:t A9ca and Antono> to9et:er1 and A9ca identified Antono> in a line-u<?
A9ca also described t:e interior of Antono>7s a<art8ent in Ro8e? FLater1 Martella told :is
staff t:at t:e CIA or an3one else can s<read as 8uc: disinfor8ation as t:e3 li;eC :e is
satisfied t:at A9ca is tellin9 t:e trut: about ;no=in9 Antono>?F Gfn '$H Later US
intelli9ence net=or;s =ould redouble t:ese sabota9e efforts =it: so8e success? A9ca =as
8ade to a<<ear a lunatic1 and t=o ;e3 !u9larian =itnesses c:an9ed t:eir testi8on3? A
ca8<ai9n of lea;s =as also 8ounted? In a biAarre but si9nificant e<isode1 e>en Ne= (or;
Senator Al ,a8ato 9ot into t:e act? ,a8ato alle9ed t:at :e :ad :eard about t:e %o<e7s
letter =arnin9 !reA:ne> about in>adin9 %oland =:ile :e =as >isitin9 t:e 6atican durin9
earl3 12/1" as t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es re<orted on ebruar3 21 12/'1 F,a8ato sa3s :e
infor8ed t:e CIA about t:e letter and identified :is source in t:e 6atican =:en :e returned
to t:e US fro8 a 12/1 tri< to Ro8e?F Later1 ,a8ato =as told t:at t:e Ro8e CIA station
:ad ne>er :eard an3t:in9 fro8 Lan9le3 about :is re<ort of t:e %o<e7s letter? FI 9a>e t:e8
i8<ortant infor8ation and t:e3 clearl3 ne>er follo=ed it u<1F co8<lained ,a8ato to
re<orters?
In ebruar31 12/'1 ,a8ato >isited Ro8e once a9ain on a fact-findin9 8ission in
connection =it: t:e A9ca <lot? He as;ed t:e US E8bass3 in Ro8e to set u< a<<oint8ents
for :i8 =it: Italian <olitical leaders and la= enforce8ent officials1 but :is >isit =as
sabota9ed b3 US A8bassador MaE=ell Raab? T:e da3 before ,a8ato =as sc:eduled to
lea>e *as:in9ton1 :e found t:at :e :ad no 8eetin9s set u< in Ro8e? T:en an Italian-
s<ea;in9 8e8ber of t:e staff of t:e Senate Intelli9ence Co88ittee1 =:o =as fa8iliar =it:
t:e A9ca in>esti9ation and =:o =as sc:eduled to acco8<an3 ,a8ato to Ro8e1 infor8ed
t:e senator t:at :e =ould not 8a;e t:e tri<? ,a8ato told t:e <ress t:at t:is last-8inute
cancellation =as due to <ressure fro8 t:e CIA?
Muc: to ,a8ato7s irritation1 it turned out t:at Geor9e !us: <ersonall3 :ad been res<onsible
for a rat:er t:orou9: sabota9e of :is tri<? ,a8ato s:o=ed t:e Ro8e <ress Fa tele9ra8 fro8
t:e A8erican A8bassador in Ro8e ur9in9 :i8 to <ost<one t:e >isit because t:e e8bass3
=as <reoccu<ied =it: an o>erla<<in9 a<<earance b3 6ice %resident !us:1F as t:e Ne= (or;
Ti8nes re<orted? T:is =as !us:7s 8ission to =arn t:e %o<e not to <ursue t:e !ul9arian
connection? ,a8ato said :e =as s:oc;ed t:at no one on t:e CIA staff in Ro8e :ad been
assi9ned to trac; t:e A9ca in>esti9ation?
T:e CIA station c:ief in Ro8e durin9 t:e earl3 12/57s =as *illia8 Mulli9an1 a close
associate of for8er CIA de<ut3 assistant director for o<erations T:eodore S:ac;le3?
S:ac;le31 as =e :a>e seen1 =as a <art of t:e !us: for %resident ca8<ai9n of 12/5?
Me:8et Ali A9ca recei>ed trainin9 in t:e use of eE<losi>es1 firear8s1 and ot:er subBects
fro8 t:e Ffor8erF CIA a9ent ran; Ter<il? Ter<il =as ;no=n to A9ca as FMaBor ran;1F and
t:e trainin9 a<<ears to :a>e ta;en <lace in S3ria and in Lib3a?
A9ca7s identification of Ter<il :ad been >er3 <recise and detailed on MaBor ran; and on
t:e trainin9 <ro9ra8? Ter<il :i8self 9ranted a tele>ision inter>ie=1 =:ic: =as incor<orated
into a telecast on :is acti>ities and entitled FT:e Most ,an9erous Man in t:e *orld1F
durin9 =:ic: Ter<il described in so8e detail :o= :e :ad trained A9ca? S:ortl3 after t:is1
Ter<il left :is a<art8ent in !eirut1 acco<anied b3 t:ree unidentified 8en1 and disa<<eared?
Ter<il and Ed *ilson :ad 9one to Lib3a and be9un a <ro9ra8 of terrorist trainin9 at about
t:e ti8e t:at Geor9e !us: beca8e t:e CIA director? *ilson =as indicted for su<<l3in9
eE<losi>es to Lib3a1 for cons<irin9 to assassinate one of Laddafi7s o<<onents in E93<t1 and
for recruitin9 for8er US <ilots and Green !erets to =or; for Laddafi? *ilson =as later
lured bac; to t:e US and Bailed? Ter<il <resu8abl3 continues to o<erate1 if :e is still ali>e?
*as Ter<il actuall3 a tri<le a9entD
*:at furt:er relation 8i9:t Geor9e !us: :a>e :ad to t:e atte8<t to ta;e t:e life of t:e
%o<eD As =e :a>e seen1 t:e !us: fa8il3 :ad carried on an obsessi>e >endetta a9ainst t:e
6atican o>er decades? In t:e fa8il3 tradition1 it =as Cat:olic o<<onents of birt: control and
9enocide1 includin9 Ro8an Cat:olic <relates1 =:o =ere :eld res<onsible for t:e defeat of
%rescot !us: in t:e 12+5 election1 =:en :is in>ol>e8ent =it: t:e 9enocide lobb3 :ad
recei>ed effecti>e and ti8el3 eE<osure? *e :a>e seen :o= !us: <ersonall3 nursed t:is
9rud9e1 :3stericall3 recountin9 t:e stor3 to :is collea9ues in t:e House of Re<resentati>es?
*e :a>e seen !us:7s enra9ed res<onse to %o<e %aul 6I7s enc3clical Hu8anae 6itae1 =:ic:
attac;ed t:e racist :eart of t:e !us: fa8il3 creed? *e =ill later see !us: attac;in9 t:e
<olitical acti>ities of &esuits in central A8erica? *e =ill see !us: orderin9 >iolent
de8onstrators in %ana8a Cit3 to stor8 t:e %a<al nunAiatura? In all of t:is t:e free8ason
!us: s:ares t:e obsession of t:e An9lo-A8erican elite1 =:o are co88itted to destro3in9
t:e <a<ac3 as one of t:e fe= institutions in t:e =orld t:at :as dared to resist t:eir
Malt:usian <ro<osition t:at t:e central <roble8 of :u8anit3 is o>er<o<ulation?
ree8ason Geor9e !us: alle9edl3 <ossesses i8<ortant connections to so8e of t:e 8ore
sinister currents of continental Euro<ean 8asonr3? Unconfir8ed <ublis:ed re<orts :a>e
lin;ed Geor9e !us: to t:e %ro<a9anda ,ue or %-$ 8asonic lod9e of Ro8e1 Ital31 as =ell as
to t:e Co8ite Montecarlo? !arbara Hone99er1 in :er boo; October Sur<rise1 cites :er
83sterious infor8ant F(F1 =:o clai8s t:at t:e notorious Italian <olitical fiEer rancesco
%aAienAa told :i8 t:at Geor9e !us: =as e>en 8ade an :onorar3 8e8ber of t:e %-$ lod9e
b3 t:at lod9e7s >enerable 9rand 8aster1 t:e notorious Licio Gelli? Gelli is also re<orted b3
infor8ed sources to :a>e =or;ed ener9eticall3 to <ro8ote !us:7s 12/5 <residential
candidac3?
So8e see !us:7s alle9ed connections to Licio Gelli7s %-$ lod9e as rele>ant to t:e
assassination of S=edis: %ri8e Minister Olof %al8e on ebruar3 $/1 12/-? Accordin9 to
!arbara Hone99er7s 83sterious infor8ant F(F1 on ebruar3 $+1 12/-1 Bust a fe= da3s
before %al8e =as ;illed1 Licio Gelli1 =:o =as t:en in !raAil1 sent a 8essa9e to %:ili<
Guarino1 a for8er official of t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee tellin9 :i8 t:at Ft:e
S=edis: tree =ill be felled1F alon9 =it: a re@uest to Ftell our 9ood friend !us:?F Gfn ''H
%al8e1 at t:e ti8e of :is deat:1 =as a=are of t:e <artici<ation of S=edis: ar8s co8<anies
in =ea<ons deli>eries to t:e #:o8eini re9i8e =it:in t:e fra8e=or; of =:at later beca8e
;no=n as Iran-contra?
On &ul3 $1 12251 t:e first <ro9ra8 0T9-14 of RAI Tele>ision1 t:e Italian 9o>ern8ent-
s<onsored net=or;1 broadcast an inter>ie= b3 Bournalist Ennio Re8ondino =it: Ibra:i8
RaAin and Ric:ard !rennec;e1 a for8er US intelli9ence a9ent =:o :as beco8e =ell ;no=n
in connection =it: :is alle9ations concernin9 t:e 12/5 October Sur<rise? Here RaAin
re<eated t:e account of t:e 8essa9e fro8 Gelli to Guarino and !us: Bust su88ariAed?
!rennec;e added t:at US intelli9ence a9encies <ro>ided t:e %-$ lod9e =it: fundin9 in t:e
a8ount of I15 8illion <er 8ont: for 9un-runnin91 dru9-runnin91 and destabiliAation? In t:e
=a;e of t:is telecast1 %resident rancesco Cossi9a1 t:e <s3c:olo9icall3 unstable Italian
c:ief of state1 de8anded t:at %ri8e Minister Giulio Andreotti in>esti9ate t:ese c:ar9es?
Cossi9a =as indi9nant t:at bot: t:e US 9o>ern8ent and Geor9e !us: :ad been accused of
t:ese :einous cri8es? Andreotti7s in>esti9ation =as a su<erficial one and certainl3 did not
dis<ro>e an3 of t:e c:ar9es1 lea>in9 t:e 8atter :an9in9? Gfn ')H
NOTES"
1? &oan Lui9le31 F*:at ,oes &oan Sa3F 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <? 11$?
$? Cla3 ? Ric:ards1 FGeor9e !us:" 7co-<resident7 in t:e Rea9an ad8inistrationF United %ress International1
Marc: 151 12/1?
'? AleEander Hai91 Ca>eat 0Ne= (or;1 12/)41 <? +)?
)? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <? 11+?
+? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <? '5$?
-? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <? -5?
.? *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: $$1 12/1?
/? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <<? 1))-1)+?
2? *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: $$1 12/1?
15? T:e ,ail3 TeEan1 Marc: '11 12/1?
11? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <? 1+1?
1$? Cas<ar *einber9er1 i9:tin9 for %eace 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <? 21?
1'? *einber9er1 i9:tin9 for %eace1 <? 2'?
1)? *einber9er1 i9:tin9 for %eace1 <? 2)?
1+? ,onald T? Re9an1 or t:e Record 0Ne= (or;1 12//41 <? 1-/?
1-? *einber9er1 i9:tin9 for %eace1 <? 2+?
1.? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 11 12/1?
1/? Hai91 Ca>eat1 <? 1-5?
12? Ronald Rea9an1 An A8erican Life 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <? $.1?
$5? &ac; and &oAnn Hinc;le31 !rea;in9 %oints 0Grand Ra<ids1 Mic:i9an1 12/+41 <? 1-2?
$1? !rea;in9 %oints1 <? $1+?
$$? &ud3 Hasson1 United %ress International1 &ul3 '11 12/+?
$)? Ne=s=ee;1 A<ril $51 12/11 <? $2?
$+? *einber9er1 i9:tin9 for %eace1 <<? $'5-$'1?
$-? or !us:7s staff see FGeor9e !us:--#ee<in9 His %rofile Lo= So He Can #ee< His Influence
Hi9:1F National &ournal1 &une $51 12/11 <? 152- ff?C and Art:ur *iese1 FT:e !us: Tea81F Houston
%ost1 A<ril 11
12/1?
$.? &ac; *? Ger8ond and &ules *itco>er1 F*:3 ,o Conser>ati>es Hate !us:DF1 T:e *as:in9tonian1 A<ril
12/$?
$/? *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: $1 1225?
$2? See Gordon T:o8as1 %ontiff 0Ne= (or;1 12/'4?
'5? Gordon T:o8as1 A>ertin9 Ar8a9eddon 0Ne= (or;1 12/)41 <? .)?
'1? A>ertin9 Ara89eddon1 <? $-/?
'$? A>ertin9 Ar8a9eddon1 <? .+?
''? !arbara Hone99er1 October Sur<rise 0Ne= (or;" Tudor %ublis:in91 12/241 <? $)5? Man3 are t:e
na8es t:at :a>e been attributed to infor8ant F(1F includin9 Ibra:i8 RaAin1 Racine1 Os=ald Le *inter1
Oscar Le*inter1 and Geor9e Ca>e1 =:o =as su<<osedl3 once a CIA e8<lo3ee s<ecialiAin9 in Iranian
affairs?
')? See Corriere della Sera and La Sta8<a1 &ul3 $)1 1225?
Geor9e !us:" T:e Unaut:oriAed !io9ra<:3 --- b3 *ebster G? Tar<le3 N Anton
C:ait;in
C:a<ter -M6III- Iran- Contra
F*:at <leases t:e <rince :as t:e force of la=?77 --Ro8an la= FAs lon9 as t:e <olice carries
out t:e =ill of t:e leaders:i<1 it is actin9 le9all3?77 -- Gesta<o officer *erner !est
*e cannot <ro>ide :ere a co8<lete o>er>ie= of t:e Iran-Contra affair? *e s:all atte8<t1
rat:er1 to 9i>e an account of Geor9e !us:7s decisi>e1 central role in t:ose e>ents1 =:ic:
occurred durin9 :is >ice-<residenc3 and s<illed o>er into :is <residenc3? T:e <rinci<al
ele8ents of scandal in Iran-Contra 8a3 be reduced to t:e follo=in9 <oints"
14 t:e secret ar8in9 of t:e #:o8eini re9i8e in Iran b3 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent1 durin9 an
official U?S?-decreed ar8s e8bar9o a9ainst Iran1 =:ile t:e U?S? <ublicl3 denounced t:e
reci<ients of its secret deli>eries as terrorists and ;idna<<ers--a <olic3 initiated under t:e
&i883 Carter <residenc3 and accelerated b3 t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistrationC
$4 t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistration7s secret ar8in9 of its F Contras 77 for =ar a9ainst t:e
Sandinista re9i8e in Nicara9ua1 =:ile suc: aid =as eE<licitl3 <ro:ibited under U?S? la=C
'4 t:e use of co88unist and terrorist ene8ies--often ar8ed directl3 b3 t:e An9lo-
A8ericans--to Bustif3 a <olice state and co>ert1 oli9arc:ical rule at :o8eC
)4 <a3in9 for and <rotectin9 t:e 9un-runnin9 <roBects =it: dru9- s8u99lin91 e8beAAle8ent1
t:eft b3 di>ersion fro8 aut:oriAed U?S? <ro9ra8s1 and t:e F silencin9 77 of bot: o<<onents
and ;no=led9eable <artici<ants in t:e sc:e8esC and
+4 t:e continual1 routine <erBur3 and dece<tion of t:e <ublic b3 9o>ern8ent officials
<retendin9 to :a>e no ;no=led9e of t:ese acti>itiesC and t:e routine ac@uiescence in t:at
dece<tion b3 Con9ress8en too fri9:tened to o<<ose it?
*:en t:e scandal bro;e1 in late 12/- and earl3 12/.1 Geor9e !us: 8aintained t:at :e ;ne=
not:in9 about t:ese ille9al acti>itiesC t:at ot:er 9o>ern8ent officials in>ol>ed in t:e8 :ad
;e<t :i8 in t:e dar;C t:at :e :ad attended no i8<ortant 8eetin9s =:ere t:ese subBects =ere
under discussion? Since t:at ti8e1 8an3 once- classified docu8ents :a>e co8e to li9:t1
=:ic: su99est t:at !us: or9aniAed and su<er>ised 8an31 or 8ost1 of t:e cri8inal as<ects of
t:e Iran-Contra ad>entures? T:e 8ost si9nificant e>ents rele>ant to Geor9e !us:7s role are
<resented :ere in t:e for8at of a c:ronolo93? At t:e end of t:e c:ronolo931 <arts of t:e
testi8on3 of Geor9e !us:7s lo3al assistant ,onald Gre99 =ill be <ro>ided1 to allo= for a
co8<arison of t:e docu8ented e>ents =it: t:e !us: ca8<7s account of t:in9s? O>er t:e
ti8e <eriod co>ered1 t:e reader =ill obser>e t:e e8er9ence of ne= structures in t:e U?S?
9o>ern8ent"
T:e F S<ecial Situation Grou<1 77 to9et:er =it: its subordinate F Standin9 Crisis %re-
%lannin9 Grou< 77 0Ma3 1)1 12/$4?
T:e F Crisis Mana9e8ent Center 77 0ebruar3 12/'4?
T:e F Terrorist Incident *or;in9 Grou< 77 0A<ril '1 12/)4?
T:e F Tas; orce on Co8battin9 Terroris8 77 0or si8<l3 Terroris8 Tas; orce4 0&ul3
12/+4?
T:e F O<erations Sub-Grou< 77 0&anuar3 $51 12/-4? T:ese =ere a8on9 t:e official1 secret
structures of t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent created fro8 12/$ t:rou9: 12/-? Ot:er structures1 =:ose
eEistence :as not 3et co8e to li9:t1 8a3 also :a>e been created--or 8a3 :a>e <ersisted
fro8 an earlier ti8e? Not:in9 of t:is is to be found in t:e United States Constitution? All of
t:ese structures re>ol>ed around t:e secret co88and role of t:e t:en- 6ice %resident1
Geor9e !us:? T:e <ro<a9anda 9i>en out to Bustif3 t:ese c:an9es in 9o>ern8ent :as
stressed t:e need for secrec3 to carr3 out necessar3 co>ert acts a9ainst ene8ies of t:e
nation 0or of its leaders4? Certainl31 a 8ilitar3 co88and =ill act secretl3 in =ar1 and =ill
<rotect secrets of its >ulnerable ca<abilities? !ut t:e !us: a<<aratus1 =it:in and be:ind t:e
9o>ern8ent1 =as for8ed to carr3 out co>ert <olicies" to 8a;e =ar =:en t:e constitutional
9o>ern8ent :ad decided not to 8a;e =arC to su<<ort ene8ies of t:e nation 0terrorists and
dru9-runners4 =:o are t:e friends or a9ents of t:e secret 9o>ern8ent? In t:e <eriod of t:e
c:ronolo931 t:ere are a nu8ber of 8eetin9s of <ublic officials-- secret 8eetin9s? *:o reall3
8ade t:e <olicies1 =:ic: =ere t:en =ell or <oorl3 eEecuted b3 t:e co>ert action structureD
!3 loo;in9 at t:e scant infor8ation t:at :as co8e to li9:t on t:ese 8eetin9s1 =e 8a3 reac:
so8e conclusions about =:o ad>ocated certain <olic3 c:oicesC but =e :a>e not t:en
learned 8uc: about t:e actual ori9in of t:e <olicies t:at =ere bein9 carried out? T:is is t:e
rule of an oli9arc:3 =:ose 8e8bers are un;no=n to t:e <ublic1 an oli9arc:3 =:ic: is
bound b3 no ;no=n la=s?
&anuar3 $51 12/1"
Ronald Rea9an =as inau9urated as U?S? %resident?
Marc: $+1 12/1"
6ice %resident Geor9e !us: =as na8ed t:e leader of t:e United States F crisis 8ana9e8ent
77 staff1 F as a <art of t:e National Securit3 Council s3ste8? 77
Marc: '51 12/1"
T:e ne= %resident =as s:ot in an atte8<ted assassination? He sur>i>ed :is =ounds1 so 6ice
%resident !us: did not succeed to t:e <residenc3?
Ma3 1)1 12/$"
!us:7s <osition as c:ief of all co>ert action and de facto :ead of U?S? intelli9ence--in a
sense1 t:e actin9 %resident--=as for8aliAed in a secret 8e8orandu8? T:e 8e8o eE<lained
t:at F National Securit3 ,ecision ,irecti>e '1 Crisis Mana9e8ent1 establis:es t:e S<ecial
Situation Grou< 0SSG41 c:aired b3 t:e 6ice %resident? T:e SSG is c:ar9ed ??? =it:
for8ulatin9 <lans in antici<ation of crises? 77 It is 8ost astonis:in9 t:at1 in all of t:e re<orts1
articles and boo;s about t:e Iran-Contra co>ert actions1 t:e eEistence of !us:7s SSG :as
recei>ed no si9nificant attention? (et its i8<ortance in t:e 8ana9e8ent of t:ose co>ert
actions is ob>ious and un8ista;able1 as soon as an in>esti9ati>e li9:t is t:ro=n u<on it? T:e
8e8o in @uestion also announced t:e birt: of anot:er or9aniAation1 t:e Standin9 Crisis %re-
%lannin9 Grou< 0C%%G41 =:ic: =as to =or; as an intelli9ence- 9at:erin9 a9enc3 for !us:
and :is SSG? T:is ne= subordinate 9rou<1 consistin9 of re<resentati>es of 6ice %resident
!us:1 National Securit3 Council 0NSC4 staff 8e8bers1 t:e CIA1 t:e 8ilitar3 and t:e State
,e<art8ent1 =as to F 8eet <eriodicall3 in t:e *:ite House Situation Roo8???? 77 T:e3 =ere
to identif3 areas of <otential crisis and F G<Hresent ??? <lans and <olic3 o<tions to t:e SSG 77
under C:air8an !us:? And t:e3 =ere to <ro>ide to !us: and :is assistants1 F as crises
de>elo<1 alternati>e <lans1 77 F actionOo<tions 77 and F coordinated i8<le8entation <lans 77 to
resol>e t:e F crises? 77 inall31 t:e subordinate 9rou< =as to 9i>e to C:air8an !us: and :is
assistants F reco88ended securit31 co>er1 and 8edia <lans t:at =ill en:ance t:e li;eli:ood
of successful eEecution? 77 It =as announced t:at t:e C%%G =ould 8eet for t:e first ti8e on
Ma3 $51 12/$1 and t:at a9encies =ere to F <ro>ide t:e na8e of t:eir C%%G re<resentati>e
to Oli>er Nort:1 NSC staff???? 77 T:e 8e8o =as si9ned F for t:e %resident 77 b3 Rea9an7s
national securit3 ad>iser1 *illia8 %? Clar;? It =as declassified durin9 t:e con9ressional
Iran-Contra :earin9s?
Gre991 Rodri9ueA and Nort: &oin t:e !us: Tea8
Au9ust 12/$"
6ice %resident !us: :ired ,onald %? Gre99 as :is <rinci<al ad>iser on national securit3
affairs? Gre99 no= officiall3 retired fro8 t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3?
,onald Gre99 brou9:t alon9 into t:e 6ice %resident7s office :is old relations:i< =it: 8id-
le>el CIA assassinations 8ana9er eliE I? Rodri9ueA? Gre99 :ad been Rodri9ueA7s boss in
6ietna8? ,onald Gre99 =or;ed under !us: in *as:in9ton fro8 12.---=:en !us: =as
CIA ,irector--t:rou9: t:e later 12.5s1 =:en t:e !us: cli@ue =as at =ar =it: %resident
Carter and :is CIA ,irector1 Stansfield Turner? Gre99 =as detailed to =or; at t:e National
Securit3 Council bet=een 12.2 and 12/$? ro8 12.- ri9:t u< t:rou9: t:at NSC
assi9n8ent1 CIA officer Gre99 sa= CIA a9ent Rodri9ueA re9ularl3? !ot: 8en =ere
intensel3 lo3al to !us:? T:eir continuin9 collaboration =as crucial to 6ice %resident !us:7s
or9aniAation of co>ert action? Rodri9ueA =as no= to o<erate out of t:e 6ice %resident7s
office?
,ece8ber $11 12/$"
T:e first F !oland A8end8ent 77 beca8e la=" F None of t:e funds <ro>ided in t:is Act Gt:e
,efense A<<ro<riations !illH 8a3 be used b3 t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 or t:e
,e<art8ent of ,efense to furnis: 8ilitar3 e@ui<8ent1 8ilitar3 trainin9 or ad>ice1 or ot:er
su<<ort for 8ilitar3 acti>ities1 to an3 9rou< or indi>idual ??? for t:e <ur<ose of o>ert:ro=in9
t:e 9o>ern8ent of Nicara9ua? 77 F !oland I1 77 as it =as called1 re8ained in effect until Oct?
'1 12/)1 =:en it =as su<erseded b3 a stron9er <ro:ibition ;no=n as F !oland II? 77 ebruar3
12/'"
a=n Hall Boined Oli>er Nort: as :is assistant? Ms? Hall re<orted t:at s:e =or;ed =it:
Nort: on t:e de>elo<8ent of a secret F Crisis Mana9e8ent Center? 77 Lt? Colonel Nort:1 an
e8<lo3ee of t:e National Securit3 Council1 is seen :ere 8ana9in9 a ne= structure =it:in
t:e !us:-directed SSGOC%%G arran9e8ents of 12/1- /$?
Marc: '1 12/'"
In t:e s<rin9 of 12/'1 t:e National Securit3 Council establis:ed an office of F %ublic
,i<lo8ac3 77 to <ro<a9andiAe in fa>or of and run co>er for t:e Iran-Contra o<erations1 and
to coordinate <ublis:ed attac;s on o<<onents of t:e <ro9ra8? or8er CIA ,irector of
%ro<a9anda *alter Ra38ond =as <ut in c:ar9e of t:e effort? T:e unit =as to =or; =it:
do8estic and international ne=s 8edia1 as =ell as <ri>ate foundations? T:e !us: fa8il3-
affiliated S8it: Ric:ardson oundation =as <art of a National Securit3 Council F <ri>ate
donors7 steerin9 co88ittee 77 c:ar9ed =it: coordinatin9 t:is <ro<a9anda effort? A Marc: '1
12/' 8e8orandu8 fro8 *alter Ra38ond to t:en-NSC ,irector *illia8 Clar;1 <ro>ided
details of t:e <ro9ra8" F
As 3ou =ill re8e8ber 3ou and I briefl3 8entioned to t:e %resident =:en =e briefed :i8 on
t:e NGationalH SGecurit3H ,GecisionH ,Girecti>eH on <ublic di<lo8ac3 t:at =e =ould li;e to 9et
to9et:er =it: so8e <otential donors at a later date????
FTo acco8<lis: t:ese obBecti>es C:arlie GUnited States Infor8ation A9enc3 ,irector C:arles J?
*ic;H :as :ad t=o len9t:3 8eetin9s =it: a 9rou< of <eo<le re<resentin9 t:e <ri>ate sector? T:is
9rou< :ad included <rinci<all3 <ro9ra8 directors rat:er t:an funders? T:e 9rou< =as lar9el3
<ulled to9et:er b3 ran; !arnett1 ,an McMic:ael 0,ic; GRic:ard MellonH Scaife7s 8an41 Mi;e
&o3ce 0Olin oundation41 Les Len;o=s;3 0S8it: Ric:ardson oundation4 <lus Leonard Suss8an
and Leo C:erne of reedo8 House? A nu8ber of ot:ers includin9 Ro3 Godson :a>e also
<artici<ated? 77 GE>er3t:in9 abo>e in <arent:eses is in t:e ori9inalH?
Else=:ere1 Ra38ond described C:erne and Godson as t:e coordinators of t:is 9rou<? ran;
!arnett =as t:e director of t:e !us: fa8il37s National Strate93 Infor8ation Center1 for
=:ic: Godson =as t:e *as:in9ton1 ,?C? director? !arnett :ad been t:e <roBect director of
t:e S8it: Ric:ardson oundation <rior to bein9 assi9ned to t:at <ost? T:e S8it:
Ric:ardson oundation :as sun; 8illions of dollars into t:e Iran-Contra <roBects? So8e
S8it: Ric:ardson 9rantees1 recei>in9 8one3 since t:e establis:8ent of t:e National
Securit3 Council7s F<ri>ate steerin9 co88ittee77 0accordin9 to t:e foundation7s annual
re<orts4 include t:e follo=in9"
reedo8 House? T:is =as for8ed b3 Leo C:erne1 business <artner of CIA ,irector
*illia8 Case3? C:erne o>ersa= *alter Ra38ond7s F<ri>ate donor7s co88ittee?77 National
Strate93 Infor8ation Center1 founded in 12-$ b3 Case31 C:erne and t:e !us: fa8il3 0see
C:a<ter )4? T:us1 =:en an ite8 a<<eared in a dail3 ne=s<a<er1 su<<ortin9 t:e Contras1 or
attac;in9 t:eir o<<onents--callin9 t:e8 FeEtre8ists177 etc?--it is li;el3 to :a>e been <lanted
b3 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent1 b3 t:e Geor9e !us:-NSC F<ri>ate donors777 a<<aratus?
Marc: 1.1 12/'" %rofessional assassinations 8ana9er eliE I? Rodri9ueA 8et =it: !us:
aide ,onald %? Gre991 officiall3 and secretl31 at t:e *:ite House? Gre99 t:en reco88ended
to National Securit3 Council ad>iser Robert F !ud 77 Mcarlane a <lan for El Sal>ador-
based 8ilitar3 attac;s on a tar9et area of Central A8erican nations includin9 Nicara9ua?
Gre997s Marc: 1.1 12/' 8e8o to Mcarlane said" F T:e attac:ed <lan1 =ritten in Marc: of
last 3ear1 9re= out of t=o eE<eriences" F--Anti-6ietcon9 o<erations run under 83 direction
in III Cor<s 6ietna8 fro8 12.5-12.$? T:ese o<erations Gsee belo=H1 based on ??? a s8all
elite force ??? <roduced >er3 fa>orable results? F--Rud3 Enders1 =:o is no= in c:ar9e of
=:at is left of t:e <ara-8ilitar3 ca<abilit3 of t:e CIA1 =ent to El Sal>ador in 12/1 to do a
sur>e3 and de>elo< <lans for effecti>e anti-9uerrilla o<erations? He ca8e bac; and
endorsed t:e attac:ed <lan? 0I s:ould add t:at Enders and eliE Rodri9ueA1 =:o =rote t:e
attac:ed <lan1 bot: =or;ed for 8e in 6ietna8 and carried out t:e actual o<erations outlined
abo>e?4 FT:is <lan encountered o<<osition and s;e<ticis8 fro8 t:e U?S? 8ilitar3???? FI
belie>e t:e <lan can =or; based on 83 eE<erience in 6ietna8????77 T:ree 3ears later1 !us:
a9ent Rodri9ueA =ould be <ublicl3 eE<osed as t:e su<er>isor of t:e co>ert Central
A8erican net=or; ille9all3 su<<l3in9 ar8s to t:e ContrasC t:at eE<osure of Rodri9ueA
=ould be9in t:e eE<losi>e <ublic <:ase of t:e FIran-Contra scandal?77 Rodri9ueA7s uncle :ad
been Cuba7s <ublic =or;s 8inister under ul9encio !atista1 and :is fa8il3 fled Castro7s
12+2 re>olution? eliE Rodri9ueA Boined t:e CIA1 and =as <osted to t:e CIA7s notorious
Mia8i Station in t:e earl3 12-5s? T:e Ted S:ac;le3-E? Ho=ard Hunt or9aniAation t:ere1
assisted b3 Me3er Lans;37s and Santos Trafficante7s 8afiosi1 trained Rodri9ueA and ot:er
Cubans in t:e arts of 8urder and sabota9e? Rodri9ueA and :is fello= CIA trainees too; <art
in nu8erous terror raids a9ainst Castro7s Cuba? eliE Rodri9ueA recounted :is earl3
ad>entures in 9un-runnin9 under false <reteEts in a 9:ost-=ritten boo;1 S:ado= *arrior"
&ust around t:e ti8e %resident #enned3 =as assassinated1 I left for Central A8erica? I s<ent
al8ost t=o 3ears in Nicara9ua1 runnin9 t:e co88unications net=or; for Gour enter<riseH???? GOHur
ar8s cac:e =as in Costa Rica? T:e fundin9 for t:e <roBect ca8e fro8 t:e CIA1 but t:e 8one37s
ori9in =as :idden t:rou9: t:e use of a co>er cor<oration1 a co8<an3 called Mariti8a !AM1
=:ic: =as GManuelH Arti87s initials s<elled bac;=ards? %eriodicall31 de<osits of :undreds of
t:ousands of dollars =ould be 8ade in Mariti8a !AM7s accounts1 and disbursed b3 Cuban
cor<oration officers? T:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent :ad t:e deniabilit3 it =antedC =e 9ot t:e 8one3 =e
needed???? In fact1 =:at =e did in Nicara9ua t=ent3-fi>e 3ears a9o :as so8e <rett3 close <arallels
to t:e Contra o<eration toda3?
Rodri9ueA follo=ed :is CIA boss Ted S:ac;le3 to Sout:east Asia in 12.5? S:ac;le3 and
,onald Gre99 <ut Rodri9ueA into t:e :u9e assassination and do<e business =:ic: S:ac;le3
and :is collea9ues ran durin9 t:e Indoc:ina =arC t:is bunc: beca8e t:e :eart of t:e
FEnter<rise77 t:at =ent into action 1+ to $5 3ears later in Iran- Contra? S:ac;le3 funded
o<iu8-9ro=in9 Meo tribes8en in 8urder1 and used t:e do<e <roceeds in turn to fund :is
:it s@uads? He for8ed t:e Militar3 Assistance Grou<-S<ecial O<erations Grou< 0MAG-
SOG4 <olitical 8urder unitC Gen? &o:n #? Sin9laub =as a co88ander of MAG- SOGC
Oli>er Nort: and Ric:ard Secord =ere officers of t:e unit? !3 12.11 t:e S:ac;le3 9rou<
:ad ;illed about 1551555 ci>ilians in Sout:east Asia as <art of t:e CIA7s O<eration %:oeniE?
After 6ietna81 eliE Rodri9ueA =ent bac; to Latin A8erican CIA o<erations1 =:ile ot:er
<arts of t:e S:ac;le3 or9aniAation =ent on to dru9- sellin9 and 9un-runnin9 in t:e Middle
East? !3 12/'1 bot: t:e Mideast S:ac;le3 9rou< and t:e self-st3led FS:ado= *arrior177
eliE Rodri9ueA1 =ere attac:ed to t:e s:ado= co88ander-in-c:ief1 Geor9e !us:?
Ma3 $+1 12/'"
Secretar3 of State Geor9e S:ultA =rote a 8e8orandu8 for %resident Rea9an1 tr3in9 to sto<
Geor9e !us: fro8 runnin9 Central A8erican o<erations for t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent? S:ultA
included a draft National Securit3 ,ecision ,irecti>e for t:e %resident to si9n1 and an
or9aniAational c:art 0F %ro<osed Structure 774 s:o=in9 S:ultA7s <ro<osal for t:e line of
aut:orit3--fro8 t:e %resident and :is NSC1 t:rou9: Secretar3 of State S:ultA and :is
assistant secretar31 do=n to an intera9enc3 9rou<? T:e last line of t:e S:ultA 8e8o sa3s
bluntl3 =:at role is reser>ed for t:e !us:-su<er>ised C%%G" FT:e Crisis %re-%lannin9
Grou< is relie>ed of its assi9n8ents in t:is area?77 !ac; ca8e a 8e8orandu8 for T:e
Honorable Geor9e %? S:ultA1 on a *:ite House letter:ead but bearin9 no si9nature1 sa3in9
no to S:ultA" FT:e institutional arran9e8ents establis:ed in NS,,-$ are1 I belie>e1
a<<ro<riate to fulfill Gour national securit3 re@uire8ents in Central A8ericaH????77 *it: t:e
<ut-do=n is a c:art :eadlined FNS,,-$ Structure for Central A8erica?77 At t:e to< is t:e
%residentC Bust belo= is a co8<leE of !us:7s SSG and C%%G as 8ana9ers of t:e NSCC t:en
belo= t:at is t:e Secretar3 of State1 and belo= :i8 >arious a9encies and intera9enc3
9rou<s?
&ul3 1$1 12/'"
#ennet: ,e Graffenreid1 ne= 8ana9er of t:e Intelli9ence ,irectorate of t:e National
Securit3 Council1 sent a secret 8e8o to Geor9e !us:7s aide1 Ad8iral ,aniel Mur<:3"
F ??? !ud Mcarlane :as as;ed t:at I 8eet =it: 3ou toda31 if <ossible1 to re>ie= <rocedures for
obtainin9 t:e 6ice %resident7s co88ents and concurrence on all NGationalH SGecurit3H CGouncilH
%Glannin9 GGrou<H co>ert action and MONs? 77
T:e !us: Re9enc3 in Action
October $51 12/'"
T:e U?S? in>asion of t:e Caribbean island-nation of Grenada =as decided u<on in a secret
8eetin9 of t:e 8eta9o>ern8ent--t:e National Securit3 State--under t:e leaders:i< of
Geor9e !us:? National Securit3 Council o<erati>e Constantine Men9es1 a stal=art
<artici<ant in t:ese e>ents1 described t:e action for <osterit3"
M3 Bob t:at afternoon =as to =rite t:e bac;9round 8e8orandu8 t:at =ould be used b3 t:e >ice
<resident1 =:o in :is role as Fcrisis 8ana9er77 =ould c:air t:is first NSC 8eetin9 on t:e GGrenadaH
issue???? GHortunatel3 I :ad :el< fro8 Oli>er Nort:1 =:o in :is nearl3 t:ree 3ears =it: NSC :ad
beco8e eE<ert in t:e 8e8o for8ats and for8al <rocedures? After t:e 8ornin9 C%%G 8eetin91
Nort: :ad be9un to 9et interested in Grenada???? S:ortl3 before -"55 %?M?1 t:e <artici<ants be9an to
arri>e" 6ice %resident !us:1 GSecretar3 of ,efense Cas<arH *einber9er1 GAttorne3 General Ed=inH
Meese1 &GointH CG:iefs ofH SGtaffH C:air8an General 6esse31 actin9 CIA ,irector McMa:on1
GState ,e<t? officer La=renceH Ea9lebur9er1 ??? Nort: and 83self? *e all =ent to t:e Situation
Roo8 in t:e *:ite House? %resident Rea9an =as tra>ellin91 as =ere GCIA ,irectorH !ill
Case3 and &eane #ir;<atric;???? 6ice %resident !us: sat in t:e <resident7s c:air?
Men9es continued" F??? A factual u<date =as t:e first order of business? T:en t:e discussion
8o>ed to t:e a>ailabilit3 of 8ilitar3 forces and :o= lon9 it =ould ta;e to read3 t:e8? T:e
obBecti>e1 ri9:t fro8 t:e be9innin91 =as to <lan a rescue Gof A8erican students detained on
GrenadaH t:at =ould 9uarantee @uic; success1 but =it: a 8ini8u8 of casualties????77 FT:e first
su99ested <residential decision =as to <re<are for <ossible 8ilitar3 action b3 s:iftin9 na>3 s:i<s1
=:ic: =ere ta;in9 a 8arine unit to rotate forces in Lebanon1 <lus ot:er na>al units1 to=ard
Grenada? FSecrec3 =as i8<erati>e???? As <art of t:is <lan1 t:ere =ould be no c:an9e in t:e
sc:edule of t:e to< 8an? %resident Rea9an ??? =ould tra>el to Au9usta1 Geor9ia1 for a 9olf
=ee;end? Secretar3 of State S:ultA =ould 9o too????77 *or; no= <roceeded on detailed action
<lans1 under t:e 9uidance of t:e 6ice %resident7s S<ecial Situation Grou<? FLate rida3 afternoon
GOct? $1H ??? t:e C%%G ??? G8etH in roo8 $5/???? No= t:e tone of our discussions :ad s:ifted fro8
=:et:er =e =ould act to :o= t:is could be acco8<lis:ed???? 77GT:eH 8ost secure 8eans G=ere toH
be used to order U?S? s:i<s to c:an9e course ??? to=ard Grenada? Ne>ert:eless1 A!C ne=s :ad
learned about t:is and =as broadcastin9 it?77
T:us1 t:e course of action decided u<on =it:out t:e %resident =as Flea;ed77 to t:e ne=s
8edia1 and beca8e a fait-acco8<li? Men9es7s 8e8o continues"
It <leased 8e to see t:at no= our 9o>ern8ent =as =or;in9 as a tea8???? T:at e>enin9 Ollie Nort:
and I =or;ed to9et:er ??? =ritin9 t:e bac;9round and decision 8e8oranda? Earl3 in t:e e>enin9
GNSC officer Ad8iral &o:nH %oindeEter re>ie=ed our first draft and 8ade a fe= 8inor re>isions?
T:en t:e Grenada 8e8oranda =ere sent to t:e %resident1 S:ultA and Mcarlane at t:e 9olf course
in Geor9ia???? S:ortl3 before 2"55 A?M? GOct? $$H1 8e8bers of t:e forei9n <olic3 cabinet GsicKH
be9an arri>in9 at t:e *:ite House--all out of si9:t of re<orters? T:e <artici<ants included
*einber9er1 6esse31 and red I;le fro8 ,efenseC Ea9lebur9er and Motle3 fro8 StateC McMa:on
and an o<erations officer fro8 CIAC and %oindeEter1 Nort: and 83self fro8 NSC? 6ice %resident
!us: c:aired t:e *as:in9ton 9rou<? All <artici<ants =ere escorted to roo8 $5/1 =:ic: 8an3 :ad
ne>er seen before? T:e >ice <resident sat at one end of t:e lon9 table and %oindeEter at t:e ot:er1
=it: s<ea;er <:ones <ositioned so t:at e>er3one could :ear %resident Rea9an1 S:ultA1 and
Mcarlane? T:e 8eetin9 be9an =it: an o>er>ie= and an u<date???? T:ere =ere ani8ated
discussions???? T:e conclusion =as t:at b3 earl3 Tuesda31 October $+1 t:e United States and allied
forces =ould be in a <osition to initiate 8ilitar3 action???? T:e onl3 le9al aut:orit3 on Grenada =as
t:e 9o>ernor 9eneral1 Sir %aul N? Scoon1 ??? a Grenadan citiAen a<<ointed b3 t:e !ritis: cro=n????
In9eniousl31 :e :ad s8u99led out a re@uest for eEternal :el< in restorin9 la= and order???? T:e
detailed :our-b3-:our <lan =as circulated to e>er3one at t:e 8eetin9? T:ere =as also a s:ort
discussion of t:e *ar %o=ers Resolution1 =:ic: re@uires t:e <resident to 9et a<<ro>al of Con9ress
if :e intends to de<lo3 U?S? troo<s in co8bat for 8ore t:an siEt3 da3s? T:ere =as little @uestion
t:at U?S? co8bat forces =ould be out before t:at ti8e???? T:e <resident :ad <artici<ated and as;ed
@uestions o>er t:e s<ea;er <:oneC :e 8ade :is decision? T:e U?S? =ould ans=er t:e call fro8 our
Caribbean nei9:bors? *e =ould assure t:e safet3 of our citiAens? @s 1
Clearl31 t:ere =as no <ercei>ed need to follo= t:e U?S? Constitution and lea>e t:e @uestion
of =:et:er to 8a;e =ar u< to t:e Con9ress? After all1 %resident Rea9an :ad concurred1
fro8 t:e 9olf course1 =it: Actin9 %resident !us:7s decision in t:e 8atter? And t:e !ritis:
no8inee in t:e tar9et countr3 :ad re@uested Mr? !us:7s :el<K
No>e8ber '1 12/'"
!us: aide ,onald Gre99 8et =it: eliE Rodri9ueA to discuss F t:e 9eneral situation in
Central A8erica? 77 ,ece8ber 12/'"
Oli>er Nort: acco8<anied 6ice %resident !us: to El Sal>ador as :is assistant? !us: 8et
=it: Sal>adoran ar83 co88anders? Nort: :el<ed !us: <re<are a s<eec:1 in =:ic: :e
<ublicl3 called u<on t:e8 to end t:eir su<<ort for t:e use of F deat: s@uads? 77 Nort: later
testified t:at !us:7s s<eec: F =as one of t:e bra>est t:in9s I7>e seen for an3bod3 GsicH?
77
Attac; fro8 &u<iter
&anuar3 1 t:rou9: Marc: 12/)"
T:e *all Street &ournal of Marc: -1 12/+ 9a>e a de- ro8anticiAed >ersion of certain a@uatic
ad>entures in Central A8erica"
Ar8ed s<eedboats and a :elico<ter launc:ed fro8 a Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 F 8ot:er s:i<77
attac;ed Nicara9ua7s %acific <ort1 %uerto Sandino on a 8oonless Ne= (ear7s ni9:t in 12/)? A
=ee; later t:e s<eedboats returned to 8ine t:e oil ter8inal? O>er t:e neEt t:ree 8ont:s1 t:e3 laid
8ore t:an '5 8ines in %uerto Sandino and also in t:e :arbors at Corinto and El !luff? In air and
sea raids on coastal <ositions1 A8ericans fle=--and fired fro8--an ar8ed :elico<ter t:at
acco8<anied t:e U?S?-financed Latino force1 =:ile a CIA <lane <ro>ided so<:isticated
reconaissance 9uidance for t:e ni9:tti8e attac;s? T:e o<eration1 outlined in a classified CIA
docu8ent1 8ar;ed t:e <ea; of U?S? in>ol>e8ent in t:e four-3ear 9uerrilla =ar in Nicara9ua? More
t:an an3 sin9le e>ent1 it solidified con9ressional o<<osition to t:e co>ert =ar1 and in t:e 3ear since
t:en1 no ne= 8one3 :as been a<<ro>ed be3ond t:e last CIA c:ec;s dra=n earl3 Gin t:eH su88er
Gof 12/)H???? CIA <ara8ilitar3 officers =ere u<set b3 t:e ineffecti>eness of t:e Contras???? As t:e
insur9enc3 force 9re= ??? durin9 12/' ??? t:e CIA be9an to use t:e 9uerrilla ar83 as a co>er for its
o=n s8all F Latino 77 force???? GT:eH 8ost celebrated attac;1 b3 ar8ed s<eedboats1 ca8e Oct? 111
12/'1 a9ainst oil facilities at Corinto? T:ree da3s later1 an under=ater <i<eline at %uerto Sandino
=as sabota9ed b3 Latino GsicH fro98en? T:e 8essa9e =asn7t lost on EEEon Cor<?7s Esso unit
Gfor8erl3 Standard Oil of Ne= &erse3H1 and t:e international 9iant infor8ed t:e Sandinista
9o>ern8ent t:at it =ould no lon9er <ro>ide tan;ers for trans<ortin9 oil to Nicara9ua? T:e CIA7s
success in scarin9 off a 8aBor s:i<<er fit =ell into its 8inin9 strate93???? T:e 8ot:er s:i< used in
t:e 8inin9 o<eration is described b3 sources as a <ri>ate c:artered >essel =it: a confi9uration
si8ilar to an oil-field ser>ice and to=in9 s:i< =it: a lon91 flat stern section =:ere :elico<ters
could land????
T:e reader 8a3 :a>e alread3 sur8ised t:at 6ice %resident !us: 0=it: :is bac;9round in F
oilfield ser>ice 77 and :is control of a F to<-le>el co88ittee of t:e National Securit3 Council
774 sat in :is *as:in9ton office and <lanned t:ese brilliant sc:e8es? !ut suc: a 9uess is
<robabl3 incorrect--it is off b3 about /55 8iles? On &u<iter Island1 lorida1 =:ere t:e !us:
fa8il3 :as :ad a seasonal residence for t:e <ast se>eral decades 0see C:a<ter )4 is t:e
:ead@uarters of Continental S:elf Associates1 Inc? 0CSA4?
T:is co8<an3 describes itself as F an en>iron8ental consultin9 fir8 s<ecialiAin9 in a<<lied
8arine science and tec:nolo93 ??? founded in 12.5???? T:e 8ain office ??? is located in
&u<iter1 lorida1 a<<roEi8atel3 .+ 8iles nort: of Mia8i? 77 CSA :as F Offs:ore and Ons:ore
di>isions? 77 It lists a8on9 its clients EEEon Co8<an31 U?S?A?C Militar3 Sealift Co88andC
%ennAoil Co8<an3C U?S? ,e<art8ent of ,efenseOAr83 Cor<s of En9ineersC and ot:er oil
co8<anies and 9o>ern8ent a9encies? CSA7s 8ain ad>ertised concern is =it: under=ater
en9ineerin91 often in>ol>in9 oil or nuclear facilities? It :as 8an3 F classified 77 <roBects? It
e8<lo3s t:e =orld7s 8ost so<:isticated subsurface >e:icles and 8onitorin9 e@ui<8ent? T:e
founder and c:ief eEecuti>e of CSA is Robert F Stretc: 77 Ste>ens? A for8er lieutenant
co88ander in na>al s<ecial o<erations1 Ste>ens :as been a close associate of CIA officer
T:eodore S:ac;le31 and of !us: a9ent eliE Rodri9ueA since t:e earl3 12-5s1 =:en
Ste>ens ser>ed as a boat ca<tain in t:e in>asion of Cuba at t:e !a3 of %i9s1 and t:rou9: t:e
6ietna8 *ar? ,urin9 t:e <eriod 12/$-/+1 CSA =as contracted b3 t:e U?S? intelli9ence
co88unit31 includin9 t:e CIA1 to carr3 out coastal and on-t:e-9round reconnaissance and
lo9istical su<<ort =or; in t:e eastern Mediterranean in su<<ort of t:e U?S? Marine
de<lo38ent into LebanonC and coastal 8a<<in9 and reconnaissance of t:e Caribbean island
of Grenada <rior to t:e October 12/' U?S? 8ilitar3 action? !e9innin9 in a<<roEi8atel3 t:e
autu8n of 12/'1 CSA =as e8<lo3ed to desi9n and eEecute a <ro9ra8 for t:e 8inin9 of
se>eral Nicara9uan :arbors? After t:e U?S? Senate restricted suc: acti>ities to non-U?S?
<ersonnel onl31 CSA trained F Latin A8erican nationals 77 at a facilit3 located on El !ra>o
Island off t:e eastern coast of Nicara9ua? Acta Non 6erba 0,eeds Not *ords4 is a F
subsidiar3 77 of CSA1 incor<orated in 12/- and located at t:e identical &u<iter address? Rud3
Enders1 t:e :ead of t:e CIA7s <ara8ilitar3 section--and de<lo3ed b3 Geor9e !us: aide
,onald Gre99--is a 8inorit3 o=ner of Acta Non 6erba 0AN64? AN67s o=n tou9:-tal;in9
<ro8otional literature sa3s t:at it concentrates on F counter-terrorist acti>ities in t:e
8ariti8e en>iron8ent? 77 A >er3 :i9:-le>el retired CIA officer1 =:ose <ri>ate inter>ie= =as
used in <re<aration for t:is boo;1 described t:is F is: ar8 77 in t:e follo=in9 8ore
realistic ter8s" F Assassination o<erations and trainin9 co8<an3 controlled b3 Ted
S:ac;le31 under t:e co>er of a <ri>ate cor<oration =it: a re9ular board of directors1
stoc;:olders1 etc?1 located in lorida? T:e3 co>ertl3 brin9 in Haitian and Sout:east Asian
boat <eo<le as recruits1 as =ell as #oreans1 Cubans1 and A8ericans? T:e3 :ire out
assassinations and intelli9ence ser>ices to 9o>ern8ents1 cor<orations1 and indi>iduals1 and
also use t:e8 for co>erin9 or i8<le8entin9 Pis: ar87 <roBectsOacti>ities? 77 T:e u<s:ot of
t:e attac; fro8 &u<iter--t:e 8inin9 of Nicara9ua7s :arbors--=as t:at t:e Con9ress 9ot an9r3
enou9: to <ass t:e F !oland II 77 a8end8ent1 re-ti9:tenin9 t:e la=s a9ainst t:is <ublic-
<ri>ate =arfare 0see entr3 for Oct? '1 12/)4?
A<ril '1 12/)"
Anot:er subco88ittee of t:e !us: terroris8 a<<aratus =as for8ed1 as %resident Rea9an
si9ned National Securit3 ,ecision ,irecti>e 1'/? T:e ne= F Terrorist Incident *or;in9
Grou< 77 re<orted to !us:7s S<ecial Situation Grou<? T:e TI*G 9eared u< 9o>ern8ent
a9encies to su<<ort 8ilitant counterterroris8 assaults1 on t:e Israeli 8odel?
F Ho= Can An3one ObBectD 77
&une $+1 12/)"
T:e National Securit3 %lannin9 Grou<1 includin9 Rea9an1 !us: and ot:er to< officials1 8et
secretl3 in t:e *:ite House situation roo8 at $"55 %?M? T:e3 discussed =:et:er to ris;
see;in9 F t:ird- countr3 aid 77 to t:e Contras1 to 9et around t:e con9ressional ban enacted
,ec? $11 12/$? Geor9e !us: s<o;e in fa>or1 accordin9 to 8inutes of t:e 8eetin9? !us:
said1 F Ho= can an3one obBect to t:e U?S? encoura9in9 t:ird <arties to <ro>ide :el< to t:e
anti- Sandinistas under t:e Gintelli9enceH findin9? T:e onl3 <roble8 t:at 8i9:t co8e u< is if
t:e United States =ere to <ro8ise to 9i>e t:ese t:ird <arties so8et:in9 in return so t:at
so8e <eo<le 8i9:t inter<ret t:is as so8e ;ind of an eEc:an9e 77 Ge8<:asis addedH? *arnin9
t:at t:is =ould be ille9al1 Secretar3 of State S:ultA said" F I =ould li;e to 9et 8one3 for t:e
contras also1 but anot:er la=3er Gt:en-Treasur3 Secretar3H &i8 !a;er said if =e 9o out and
tr3 to 9et 8one3 fro8 t:ird countries1 it is an i8<eac:able offense? 77 CIA ,irector Case3
re8inded S:ultA t:at F &i8 !a;er c:an9ed :is 8ind Gand no= su<<orted t:e
circu8>entionH???? 77 NSC ad>iser Robert Mcarlane cautioned1 F I <ro<ose t:at t:ere be no
aut:orit3 for an3one to see; t:ird <art3 su<<ort for t:e anti-Sandinistas until =e :a>e t:e
infor8ation =e need1 and I certainl3 :o<e none of t:is discussion =ill be 8ade <ublic in
an3 =a3? 77 %resident Ronald Rea9an t:en closed t:e 8eetin9 =it: a =arnin9 a9ainst an3one
lea;in9 t:e fact t:e3 =ere considerin9 :o= to circu8>ent t:e la=" F If suc: a stor3 9ets out1
=e7ll all be :an9in9 b3 our t:u8bs in front of t:e *:ite House until =e find out =:o did it?
77 In Marc: of t:e follo=in9 3ear1 !us: <ersonall3 arran9ed t:e transfer of funds to t:e
Contras b3 t:e Honduran 9o>ern8ent1 assurin9 t:e8 t:e3 =ould recei>e co8<ensatin9
U?S? aid? T:e 8inutes of t:is 8eetin91 ori9inall3 8ar;ed F secret1 77 =ere released fi>e 3ears
later1 at Oli>er Nort:7s trial in t:e s<rin9 of 12/2?
October '1 12/)"
Con9ress enacted a ne= >ersion of t:e earlier atte8<t to outla= t:e U?S? secret =ar in
Central A8erica? T:is F !oland II 77 a8end8ent =as desi9ned to <re>ent an3 concei>able
for8 of deceit b3 t:e co>ert action a<<aratus" F ,urin9 fiscal 3ear 12/+1 no funds a>ailable
to t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc31 t:e ,e<art8ent of ,efense1 or an3 ot:er a9enc3 or
entit3 of t:e United States in>ol>ed in intelli9ence acti>ities 8a3 be obli9ated or eE<ended
for t:e <ur<ose or =:ic: =ould :a>e t:e effect of su<<ortin91 directl3 or indirectl31 8ilitar3
or <ara8ilitar3 o<erations in Nicara9ua b3 an3 nation1 9rou<1 or9aniAation1 8o>e8ent1 or
indi>idual? 77 T:is la= =as effecti>e fro8 October '1 12/)1 to ,ece8ber +1 12/+1 =:en it
=as su<erceded b3 >arious aid-li8itation la=s =:ic:1 ta;en to9et:er1 =ere referred to as F
!oland III? 77
No>e8ber 11 12/)"
eliE Rodri9ueA7s <artner1 Gerard Latc:inian1 =as arrested b3 t:e ederal !ureau of
In>esti9ation? Latc:inian =as t:en tried and con>icted of s8u99lin9 I15?' 8illion in
cocaine into t:e United States? T:e do<e =as to finance t:e 8urder and o>ert:ro= of t:e
%resident of Honduras1 Roberto SuaAo Cordo>a? Latc:inian =as sentenced to a '5-3ear
<rison ter8?
On No>? 151 12/'1 a 3ear before t:e arrest1 eliE Rodri9ueA :ad filed t:e annual re9istration
=it: lorida7s secretar3 of state on be:alf of Latc:inian7s and Rodri9ueA7s Boint enter<rise1 F
Giro A>iation Cor<? 77 ,ece8ber $11 12/)"
eliE Rodri9ueA 8et in t:e office of t:e 6ice %resident =it: !us: ad>iser ,onald Gre99?
I88ediatel3 after t:is 8eetin91 Rodri9ueA 8et =it: Oli>er Nort:1 su<<osedl3 for t:e first
ti8e in :is life? !ut !us:7s ad>iser strenuousl3 denied to in>esti9ators t:at :e F introduced 77
:is CIA e8<lo3ee to Nort:?
&anuar3 1/1 12/+ 0rida34"
eliE Rodri9ueA 8et =it: Ra8on Milian Rodri9ueA 0not ;no=n to be a relati>e of eliE41
accountant and 8one3 launderer1 =:o :ad 8o>ed I1?+ billion for t:e Medelli@aan cocaine
cartel? Milian testified before a Senate in>esti9ation of t:e Contras7 dru9- s8u99lin91 t:at
8ore t:an a 3ear earlier :e :ad 9ranted eliE7s re@uest and 9i>en I15 8illion fro8 t:e
cocaine cartel to eliE for t:e Contras?
Milian Rodri9ueA =as inter>ie=ed in :is <rison cell in !utner1 Nort: Carolina1 b3
in>esti9ati>e Bournalist Mart:a Hone3? He said eliE Rodri9ueA :ad offered t:at F in
eEc:an9e for 8one3 for t:e Contra cause :e =ould use :is influence in :i9: <laces to 9et
t:e GCocaineH cartel U?S? P9ood =ill7???? ran;l31 one of t:e sellin9 <oints =as t:at :e could
tal; directl3 to !us:? T:e issue of 9ood =ill =asn7t so8et:in9 t:at =as 9oin9 to 9o t:rou9:
$. bureaucratic :ands? It =as so8et:in9 t:at =as directl3 bet=een :i8 and !us:?
77 Ra8on Milian Rodri9ueA =as a Re<ublican contributor1 =:o :ad <artied b3 in>itation at
t:e 12/1 Rea9an-!us: inau9uration cere8onies? He :ad been arrested aboard a %ana8a-
bound <ri>ate Bet b3 federal a9ents in Ma3 12/'1 =:ile carr3in9 o>er I+ 8illion in cas:?
Accordin9 to eliE Rodri9ueA1 Milian =as see;in9 a =a3 out of t:e narcotics c:ar9es =:en
:e 8et =it: eliE on &anuar3 1/1 12/+? T:is 8eetin9 re8ained secret until t=o 3ears later1
=:en eliE Rodri9ueA :ad beco8e notorious in t:e Iran-Contra scandal? T:e Mia8i Herald
bro;e t:e stor3 on &une '51 12/.? eliE Rodri9ueA at first denied e>er 8eetin9 =it: Ra8on
Milian Rodri9ueA? !ut t:en a ne= stor3 =as =or;ed out =it: >arious a9encies? eliE F
re8e8bered 77 t:e &an? 1/1 12/+ 8eetin91 clai8ed :e :ad F said not:in9 77 durin9 it1 and F
re8e8bered 77 t:at :e :ad filed docu8ents =it: t:e !I and CIA tellin9 t:e8 about t:e
8eetin9 Bust after=ards?
&anuar3 $$1 12/+ 0Tuesda34"
Geor9e !us: 8et =it: eliE Rodri9ueA in t:e EEecuti>e Office !uildin9? T:e a9enda 8a3
:a>e included t:e results of t:e 8eetin9 fi>e da3s before =it: Medelli@aan cocaine cartel
re<resentati>e Milian Rodri9ueA?
eliE7s 9:ost =riter doesn7t tell us =:at =as said1 onl3 t:at eliE =as F able to s:o= G!us:H
so8e of t:e <:otos fro8 83 albu8? T:e :onor of bein9 =it: t:e 6ice %resident ??? =as
o>er=:el8in9? Mr? !us: =as eas3 to tal; to1 and :e =as interested in 83 stories?
77
Late &anuar31 12/+" Geor9e !us:7s office officiall3 or9aniAed contacts t:rou9: t:e State
,e<art8ent for eliE Rodri9ueA to o<erate in Central A8erica fro8 a base in El Sal>ador1
in a false F <ri>ate 77 ca<acit3? T:e U?S? a8bassador to El Sal>ador1 T:o8as %ic;erin91 t:en
cabled to Gen? %aul ? Gor8an1 co88ander of t:e U?S? Ar83 Sout:ern Co88and" F
Rodri9ueA :as :i9:-le>el contacts at t:e *:ite House1 ,OS GState ,e<tH and ,O,
G,efense ,e<art8entH1 so8e of =:o8 are stron9l3 su<<ortin9 :is use in El Sal>ador?
FIt =ould be in our best interests t:at Mr? Rodri9ueA confer =it: 3ou <ersonall3 <rior to
co8in9 to El Sal>ador? I :a>e so8e ob>ious concerns about t:is arran9e8ent???? 77 eliE
Rodri9ueA fle= to %ana8a to s<ea; to General Gor8an? T:e3 discussed :is co>ert aid to
t:e Contras Fsince t:e earl3 ei9:ties?77 Rodri9ueA1 b3 Geor9e !us:7s stor3 t:e <ri>ate1
>olunteer :el<er of t:e Contras1 fle= fro8 %ana8a to El Sal>ador on General Gor8an7s
<ersonal C-1$ air<lane? General Gor8an also sent a confidential cable to A8bassador
%ic;erin9 and Col? &a8es Steele1 U?S? 8ilitar3 liaison 8an =it: t:e Contra resu<<l3
o<eration in El Sal>ador" FI :a>e Bust 8et :ere =it: eliE Rodri9ueA1 Gdeleted1 <robabl3
FCIA77H <ensioner fro8 Mia8i? !orn in Cuba1 a >eteran of 9uerrilla o<erations Gse>eral lines
deletedH???? FHe is o<eratin9 as a <ri>ate citiAen1 but :is ac@uaintances:i< =it: t:e 6GiceH
%GresidentH is real enou9:1 9oin9 bac; to t:e latter7s da3s as ,Girector ofH CGentralH
IGntelli9enceH? FRodri9ueA7 <ri8ar3 co88it8ent to t:e re9ion is in GdeletedH =:ere :e
=ants to assist t:e ,N GContras 8ilitar3 forcesH? I told :i8 t:at t:e ,N deser>ed :is
<riorit3???? He =ill =ant to fl3 =it: t:e EGlH SGal>adorH AGirH GorceH to establis: :is
credibilit31 but t:at ??? see8s to 8e bot: unnecessar3 and un=ise????77
ebruar3 .1 12/+"
T:e Crisis %re-%lannin9 Grou< 0C%%G41 subordinate to C:air8an !us: of t:e S<ecial
Situation Grou< 0SSG41 8et to discuss 8eans to circu8>ent t:e !oland a8end8ent7s ban
on aid to t:e Contras? T:e3 a9reed on a F %residential letter 77 to be sent to %resident SuaAo
of Honduras1 Fto <ro>ide se>eral entice8ents to Honduras in eEc:an9e for its continued
su<<ort of t:e Nicara9uan Resistance? T:ese entice8ents included eE<edited deli>er3 of
8ilitar3 su<<lies ordered b3 Honduras1 a <:ased release of =it::eld econo8ic assistance
0ES4 funds1 and ot:er su<<ort?77 T:e <recedin9 =as t:e ad8ission of t:e United States
9o>ern8ent in t:e 12/2 Oli>er Nort: trial--nu8ber +1 in a series of Fsti<ulations77 t:at =as
9i>en to t:e court to a>oid :a>in9 to release classified docu8ents?
ebruar3 1$1 12/+"
T:e 9o>ern8ent ad8issions in t:e Nort: trial continued"
F ??? Nort: <ro<osed t:at Mcarlane send a 8e8o Gto to< officials onH t:e reco88endation
of t:e C%%G Gt:e !us:-su<er>ised bod31 often c:aired b3 !us: ad>iser ,on Gre99H???? T:e
8e8o stated t:at t:is <art of t:e 8essa9e Gto t:e Honduran <residentH s:ould not be
contained in a =ritten docu8ent but s:ould be deli>ered >erball3 b3 a discreet e8issar3? 77
GT:is =as to be Geor9e !us: :i8self- - see Marc: 1-1 12/+?H Honduras =ould be 9i>en
increased aid1 to be di>erted to t:e Contras1 so as to decei>e Con9ress and t:e A8erican
<o<ulation? ebruar3 1+1 12/+ 0rida34"
After Rodri9ueA :ad arri>ed in El Sal>ador and :ad be9un settin9 u< t:e central resu<<l3
de<ot for t:e Contras--at Ilo<an9o Airbase-- A8bassador T:o8as %ic;erin9 sent an F E3es
Onl3 77 cable to t:e State ,e<art8ent on :is con>ersation =it: Rodri9ueA? %ic;erin97s cable
bore t:e <ostscri<t1 F %lease brief ,on Gre99 in t:e 6?%?7s office for 8e? 77
ebruar3 121 12/+ 0Tuesda34"
eliE Rodri9ueA 8et =it: !us:7s staff in t:e >ice-<residential offices in t:e EEecuti>e
Office !uildin91 briefin9 t:e8 on t:e <ro9ress of :is 8ission?
O>er t:e neEt t=o 3ears1 Rodri9ueA 8et fre@uentl3 =it: !us: staff 8e8bers in *as:in9ton
and in Central A8erica1 often Bointl3 =it: CIA and ot:er officials1 and conferred =it:
!us:7s staff b3 tele<:one countless ti8es?
Marc: 1+-1-1 12/+ 0rida3 and Saturda34" Geor9e !us: and eliE Rodri9ueA =ere in
Central A8erica on t:eir co88on <roBect? On rida31 Rodri9ueA su<er>ised deli>er3 in
Honduras of 8ilitar3 su<<lies for t:e ,N Contras =:ose 8ain base =as t:ere in
Honduras?
On Saturda31 Geor9e !us: 8et =it: Honduran %resident Roberto SuaAo Cordo>a? !us:
told SuaAo t:at t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistration =as eE<editin9 deli>er3 of 8ore t:an I115
8illion in econo8ic and 8ilitar3 aid to SuaAo7s 9o>ern8ent? T:is =as t:e F @uid <ro @uo 77"
a bribe for SuaAo7s su<<ort for t:e U?S? 8ercenar3 force1 and a transfer t:rou9: Honduras
of t:e Contra 8ilitar3 su<<lies1 =:ic: :ad been directl3 <ro:ibited b3 t:e Con9ress?
Go>ern8ent as Counterterror
&une 1)1 12/+"
F S:iite Musli8 terrorists 77 :iBac;ed an At:ens-to-Ro8e airliner? One A8erican =as ;illed1
'2 A8ericans =ere :eld :osta9e and released &une '5?
&ul3 12/+"
6ice %resident Geor9e !us: =as desi9nated b3 %resident Rea9an to lead t:e Tas; orce on
Co8battin9 Terroris8 0or Terroris8 Tas; orce4? !us:7s tas; force =as a 8eans to s:ar<l3
concentrate t:e <o=ers of 9o>ern8ent into t:e :ands of t:e !us: cli@ue1 for suc: <olicies
as t:e Iran-Contra ar8a8ents sc:e8es? T:e Terroris8 Tas; orce :ad t:e follo=in9 cast of
c:aracters" GEORGE !USH1 U?S? 6ice %resident" CHAIRMAN
Ad8iral &a8es L? Hollo=a3 III" EEecuti>e assistant to C:air8an !us:
Crai9 Co3" !us:7s de<ut3 assistant under Hollo=a3
6ice Ad8iral &o:n %oindeEter"Senior NSC re<resentati>e to C:air8an !us:
Marine Cor<s Lt? Col? Oli>er Nort:" ,a3-to- da3 NSC re<resentati>e to Geor9e !us:
A8ira8 Nir" Counterterror ad>iser to Israeli %re8ier S:i8on %eres
Lt? Col? Robert Earl" Staff 8e8ber
Terr3 Arnold" %rinci<al consultant
C:arles E? Allen1 CIA officer" Senior Re>ie= Grou<
Robert Oa;le31 ,irector1 State ,e<t? Counter Terroris8 Office" Senior Re>ie= Grou<
Noel #oc:1 ,e<ut3 to Asst? Secretar3 of ,efense Ric:ard Ar8ita9e" Senior Re>ie= Grou<
Lt? Gen? &o:n Moellerin91 &oint C:iefs of Staff" Senior Re>ie= Grou<
Oli>er F !uc; 77 Re>ell1 !I eEecuti>e" Senior Re>ie= Grou<
T:is =as t:e first ;no=n official contact of t:e Israeli Nir =it: t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent in t:e
Iran-Contra affair? In t:e future1 Nir =ould ser>e as t:e 8ain Israeli a9ent in t:e co>ert
ar8s-for- :osta9es ne9otiations =it: Iran1 alon9side suc: ot:er =ell-;no=n U?S?
<artici<ants as Oli>er Nort: and Robert Mcarlane? T:e Terroris8 Tas; orce or9aniAation1
as =e s:all see1 =as a <er8anent affair?
Au9ust /1 12/+"
Geor9e !us: 8et =it: t:e National Securit3 %lannin9 Grou< in t:e residence section of t:e
*:ite House? S<urrin9 on t:eir deliberations on t:e terroris8 <roble81 a car bo8b :ad
blo=n u< t:at da3 at a U?S? air base in Ger8an31 =it: $$ A8erican casualties?
T:e officials discussed s:i<8ent of U?S?-8ade ar8s to Iran t:rou9: Israel--to re<lenis:
Israeli stoc;s of TO* 8issiles and to <er8it Israel to sell ar8s to Iran?
Accordin9 to testi8on3 b3 Robert Mcarlane1 t:e transfer =as su<<orted b3 Geor9e !us:1
Case3 and ,onald Re9an1 and o<<osed b3 S:ultA and *einber9er? Au9ust 1/1 12/+"
Luis %osada Carriles esca<ed fro8 <rison in 6eneAuela1 =:ere :e =as bein9 :eld for t:e
terrorist 8urder of .' <ersons? Usin9 for9ed docu8ents falsel3 identif3in9 :i8 as a
6eneAuelan na8ed F Ra8on Medina1 77 %osada fle= to Central A8erica? *it:in a fe=
=ee;s1 eliE Rodri9ueA assi9ned :i8 to su<er>ise t:e !us: office7s Contra resu<<l3
o<erations bein9 run fro8 t:e El Sal>ador air base? %osada <ersonall3 ran t:e safe-:ouses
used for t:e CIA fli9:t cre=s? Rodri9ueA eE<lained t:e arran9e8ent in :is boo;" F !ecause
of 83 relations:i< =it: GEl Sal>ador Air orceH Gen? !ustillo1 I =as able to <a>e t:e =a3
for Gt:e o<erations attributed to Oli>erH Nort: to use t:e facilities at Ilo<an9o GEl Sal>ador
air force baseH???? I found so8eone to 8ana9e t:e Sal>adorian-based resu<<l3 o<eration on
a da3-to-da3 basis? T:e3 ;ne= t:at <erson as Ra8on Medina? I ;ne= :i8 b3 :is real na8e"
Luis %osada Carriles???? I first GsicKH 8et %osada in 12-' at ort !ennin91 Geor9ia1 =:ere =e
=ent t:rou9: basic trainin9 to9et:er ??? as U?S? Ar83 second lieutenants???? 77 Rodri9ueA
ne9lects to eE<lain t:at a9ent %osada Carilles =as ori9inall3 recruited and trained b3 t:e
sa8e CIA 8urder o<eration1 F &MO*A6E 77 in Mia8i1 as =as Rodri9ueA :i8self? eliE
continues" F In t:e siEties1 :e re<ortedl3 =ent to =or; for ,ISI%1 t:e 6eneAuelan
intelli9ence ser>ice1 and rose to considerable <o=er =it:in its ran;s? It =as ru8ored t:at :e
:eld one of t:e to< :alf- doAen Bobs in t:e or9aniAation???? After t:e 8idair bo8bin9 of a
Cubana airliner on October -1 12.-1 in =:ic: se>ent3- t:ree <eo<le =ere ;illed1 %osada =as
c:ar9ed =it: <lannin9 t:e attac; and =as t:ro=n in <rison???? %osada =as confined in <rison
for 8ore t:an nine 3ears???? 77
Se<te8ber 151 12/+"
Geor9e !us:7s national securit3 ad>iser1 ,onald Gre991 8et at )"'5 %?M? =it: Oli>er Nort:
and Col? &a8es Steele1 t:e U?S? 8ilitar3 official in El Sal>ador =:o o>ersa= fli9:ts of
car9o 9oin9 to t:e Contras fro8 >arious <oints in Central A8erica? T:e3 discussed
infor8ation 9i>en to one or 8ore of t:e8 b3 ar8s dealer Mario ,elA8ico1 su<<lier to t:e
Contras? Accordin9 to t:e entr3 in Oli>er Nort:7s noteboo;1 t:e3 discussed <articularities of
t:e su<<l3 fli9:ts1 and t:e o<erations of ,N co88ander Enri@ue !er8udeA?
Else=:ere in t:e diar3 <a9es for t:at da31 Colonel Nort: noted t:at ,elA8ico :ad <rocured
a certain 11555 8unitions ite8s for t:e Contras?
No>e8ber 12/+ 0ca? A8erican T:an;s9i>in9 ,a34"
Geor9e !us: sent Oli>er Nort: a note1 =it: t:an;s for F 3our dedication and tireless =or;
=it: t:e :osta9e t:in9 and =it: Central A8erica? 77
,ece8ber 12/+"
Con9ress <assed ne= la=s li8itin9 U?S? aid to t:e Contras? T:e CIA1 t:e ,efense
,e<art8ent1 and F an3 ot:er a9enc3 or entit3 of t:e United States in>ol>ed in intelli9ence
acti>ities 77 =ere <ro:ibited fro8 <ro>idin9 ar8a8ents to t:e Contras? T:e CIA =as
<er8itted to <ro>ide co88unications e@ui<8ent and trainin9? F Hu8anitarian 77 aid =as
allo=ed? T:ese la=s1 ;no=n to9et:er as F !oland III1 77 =ere in effect fro8 ,ece8ber )1
12/+ to October 1.1 12/-?
,ece8ber 1/1 12/+"
CIA official C:arles E? Allen1 a 8e8ber of Geor9e !us:7s Terroris8 Tas; orce1 =rote an
u<date on t:e ar8s-for-:osta9es dealin9s =it: Iran? Allen7s 8e8o =as a debriefin9 of an
unna8ed 8e8ber of t:e 9rou< of U?S? 9o>ern8ent officials <artici<atin9 in t:e ar8s
ne9otiations =it: t:e Iranians? T:e unna8ed U?S? official 0fro8 t:e conteEt1 <robabl3 NSC
terroris8 consultant Mic:ael Ledeen4 is referred to in Allen7s 8e8o as F SubBect 77? Allen
=rote" F GS<ea;er of t:e Iranian %arlia8ent Has:e8iH RafsanBani ??? belie>es 6ice %resident
Geor9e !us: is orc:estratin9 t:e U?S? initiati>e =it: Iran? In fact1 accordin9 to SubBect1
RafsanBani belie>es t:at !us: is t:e 8ost <o=erful 8an in t:e U?S? because in addition to
bein9 6ice %resident1 :e =as once ,irector of CIA? 77
,ece8ber 12/+-&anuar3 12/-"
Geor9e !us: co8<leted :is official stud3 of terroris8 in ,ece8ber 12/+? &o:n %oindeEter
no= directed Oli>er Nort: to 9o bac; to =or; =it: A8ira8 Nir? A8ira8 Nir ca8e to
*as:in9ton and 8et =it: Oli>er Nort:? He told U?S? officials t:at t:e Iranians :ad
<ro8ised to free all :osta9es in eEc:an9e for 8ore ar8s? Re<ortedl3 after t:is Nir >isit1 in
an at8os<:ere of constant terroris8 and ru8ors of terroris81 %resident Rea9an =as
<ersuaded of t:e necessit3 of re>>in9 u< t:e ar8s s:i<8ents to Iran?
,ece8ber $.1 12/+"
Terrorists bo8bed Ro8e and 6ienna air<orts1 ;illin9 $5 <eo<le1 includin9 fi>e A8ericans?
T:e Crisis %re-%lannin9 Grou< 0C%%G41 su<er>ised b3 !us:7s office and re<ortin9 to !us:1
bla8ed Lib3ans for t:e attac; and be9an <lannin9 for a 8ilitar3 stri;e on Lib3a? (et an
un<ublis:ed CIA anal3sis and t:e Israelis bot: ac;no=led9ed t:at t:e Abu Nidal 9rou< 0in
effect1 t:e Israeli Mossad a9enc34 carried out t:e attac;s?
!us:7s C%%G later or9aniAed t:e U?S? bo8bin9 of Lib3a1 =:ic: occurred in 8id-A<ril
12/-?
,ece8ber '11 12/+ 0Tuesda34"
Iranian ar8s dealer C3rus Has:e8i told %aris-based CIA a9ent !ernard 6eillot t:at 6ice
%resident !us: =as bac;in9 ar8s sales to Iran1 and t:at official U?S? a<<ro>al for <ri>ate
sales to Iran1 a8ountin9 to I$ billion1 =as F 9oin9 to be si9ned b3 Mr? !us: and GU?S?
Marine Cor<s co88andantH Gen? G%aul M?H #elle3 on rida3? 77
Loudl3 and <ublicl3 eE<osed in t:e 8idst of Iran ar8s deals1 6eillot =as indicted b3 t:e
U?S? T:en t:e c:ar9es =ere @uietl3 dro<<ed1 and 6eillot =ent under9round? A fe= 8ont:s
later Has:e8i died suddenl3 of F leu;e8ia? 77 &anuar3 $1 12/- 0T:ursda34"
Israeli counterterroris8 c:ief A8ira8 Nir 8et =it: Nort: and %oindeEter in *as:in9ton?
T:e !us: re<ort on terroris8 :ad no= been issued =it:in t:e 9o>ern8ent but =as not 3et
<ublis:ed? !us:7s re<ort =as ur9in9 t:at a counterterroris8 coordinator be na8ed for t:e
entire U?S? 9o>ern8ent--and Oli>er Nort: =as t:e one 8an intended for t:at slot?
At t:is 8eetin91 Nir <ro<osed s<ecificall3 t:at <risoners :eld b3 Israeli-controlled
Lebanese1 and '1555 A8erican TO* 8issiles1 be eEc:an9ed for U?S? :osta9es :eld b3 Iran?
Ot:er discussions bet=een Nir and !us:7s no8inee in>ol>ed t:e su<<osedl3 ne= idea t:at
t:e Iranians be o>erc:ar9ed for t:e =ea<ons s:i<<ed to t:e81 and t:e sur<lus funds be
di>erted to t:e Contras?
&anuar3 -1 12/- 0Monda34"
%resident Rea9an 8et =it: Geor9e !us:1 ,onald Re9an1 Mcarlane and %oindeEter? T:e
%resident =as :anded a draft F %residential indin9 77 t:at called for s:i<<in9 ar8s to Iran
t:rou9: Israel? T:e %resident si9ned t:is docu8ent1 drafted follo=in9 t:e discussions =it:
A8ira8 Nir? T:e draft consciousl3 >iolated t:e National Securit3 Act =:ic: :ad
establis:ed t:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc31 re@uirin9 notification of Con9ress? !ut !us:
Boined in ur9in9 %resident Rea9an to si9n t:is F findin9 77" F I :ereb3 find t:at t:e follo=in9
o<eration in a forei9n countr3 ??? is i8<ortant to t:e national securit3 of t:e United States1
and due to its eEtre8e sensiti>it3 and securit3 ris;s1 I deter8ine it is essential to li8it <rior
notice1 and direct t:e ,irector of Central Intelli9ence to refrain fro8 re<ortin9 t:is findin9
to t:e Con9ress as <ro>ided in Section +51 of t:e National Securit3 Act of 12).1 as
a8ended1 until I ot:er=ise direct 77 Ge8<:asis addedH? F ??? T:e USGGo>ern8entH =ill act to
facilitate efforts b3 t:ird <arties and t:ird countries to establis: contacts =it: 8oderate
ele8ents =it:in and outside t:e Go>ern8ent of Iran b3 <ro>idin9 t:ese ele8ents =it: ar8s1
e@ui<8ent and related 8ateriel in order to en:ance t:e credibilit3 of t:ese ele8ents???? 77 Of
course1 !us:1 Case3 and t:eir Israeli allies :ad ne>er sou9:t to bolster F 8oderate ele8ents
77 in Iran1 but o>ert:re= t:e8 at e>er3 o<<ortunit3--be9innin9 =it: %resident Abol:assan
!ani- Sadr?
&anuar3 .1 12/-"
%resident Rea9an and 6ice %resident !us: 8et at t:e *:ite House =it: se>eral ot:er
ad8inistration officials? T:ere =as an ar9u8ent o>er ne= <ro<osals b3 A8ira8 Nir and
Iranian ar8s dealer Manuc:er G:orbanifar to s=a< ar8s for :osta9es?
Secretar3 of State Geor9e S:ultA later told t:e To=er Co88ission t:at Geor9e !us:
su<<orted t:e ar8s-for-:osta9es deal at t:is 8eetin91 as did %resident Rea9an1 Case31
Meese1 Re9an and %oindeEter? S:ultA re<orted t:at :e :i8self and Secretar3 of ,efense
Cas<ar *einber9er bot: o<<osed furt:er ar8s s:i<8ents?
&anuar3 21 12/-" Lt? Col? Oli>er Nort: co8<lained1 in :is noteboo;1 t:at F eliE
GRodri9ueAH 77 :as been F tal;in9 too 8uc: about t:e 6GiceH %GresidentH connection? 77
&anuar3 1+1 12/-"
CIA and Mossad e8<lo3ee Ric:ard !renne;e =rote a letter to 6ice %resident !us: 9i>in9
full details1 alertin9 !us: about :is o=n =or; on be:alf of t:e CIA in ille9al--but U?S?
9o>ern8ent-sanctioned-- sales of ar8s to Iran?
Mid-&anuar31 12/-"
Geor9e !us: and Oli>er Nort: =or;ed to9et:er on t:e ille9al <lan?
Later1 at Nort:7s trial1 t:e !us: ad8inistration--<ortra3in9 Colonel Nort: as t:e 8aster
strate9ist in t:e caseK--sti<ulated t:at Nort: F <re<ared tal;in9 <oints for a 8eetin9 bet=een
Ad8iral %oindeEter1 6ice-%resident !us:1 and Gt:e ne=H Honduran %resident G&ose Si8onH
AAcona? Nort: reco88ended t:at Ad8iral %oindeEter and 6ice-%resident !us: tell
%resident AAcona of t:e need for Honduras to =or; =it: t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent on increasin9
re9ional in>ol>e8ent =it: and su<<ort for t:e Resistance? %oindeEter and !us: =ere also to
raise t:e subBect of better U?S? 9o>ern8ent su<<ort for t:e states borderin9 Nicara9ua? 77
T:at is1 Honduras1 =:ic: of course F borders on Nicara9ua1 77 =as to 9et 8ore U?S? aid and
=as to <ass so8e of it t:rou9: to t:e Contras? In <re<aration for t:e &anuar3 12/- !us:-
AAcona 8eetin91 t:e U?S? State ,e<art8ent sent to !us: ad>iser ,onald Gre99 a
8e8orandu81 =:ic: F alerted Gre99 t:at AAcona =ould insist on recei>in9 clear econo8ic
and social benefits fro8 its GHonduras7sH coo<eration =it: t:e United States? 77 T=o 8ont:s
after t:e &anuar3 !us:-AAcona 8eetin91 %resident Rea9an as;ed Con9ress for I$5 8illion
in e8er9enc3 aid to Honduras1 needed to re<el a cross-border raid b3 Nicara9uan forces
a9ainst Contra ca8<s? Con9ress >oted t:e F e8er9enc3 77 eE<enditure?
&anuar3 1.1 12/-"
Geor9e !us: 8et =it: %resident Rea9an1 &o:n %oindeEter1 ,onald Re9an1 and NSC staff
8e8ber ,onald ortier to re>ie= t:e final >ersion of t:e &anuar3 . ar8s-to-Iran draft? *it:
t:e encoura9e8ent of !us:1 and t:e absence of o<<onents to t:e sc:e8e1 %resident Rea9an
si9ned t:e aut:oriAation to ar8 t:e #:o8eini re9i8e =it: 8issiles1 and ;ee< t:e facts of
t:is sc:e8e fro8 con9ressional o>ersi9:t co88ittees? T:is =as t:e realit3 of t:e !us: F
counterstrate93 77 to terroris81 for =:ose i8<le8entation :is Terroris8 Tas; orce =as Bust
t:en creatin9 t:e co>ert 8ec:anis8? T:e official stor3 about t:is 8eetin9-- 9i>en in t:e
To=er Co88ission Re<ort--is as follo=s" F GTH:e <ro<osal to s:ift to direct U?S? ar8s sales
to Iran ??? =as considered b3 t:e <resident at a 8eetin9 on &anuar3 1. =:ic: onl3 t:e 6ice
%resident1 Mr? Re9an1 Mr? ortier1 and 6A,M %oindeEter attended? T:ereafter1 t:e onl3
senior-le>el re>ie= t:e Iran initiati>e recei>ed =as durin9 one or anot:er of t:e %resident7s
dail3 national securit3 briefin9s? T:ese =ere routinel3 attended onl3 b3 t:e %resident1 t:e
6ice %resident1 Mr? Re9an1 and 6A,M %oindeEter? T:ere =as no subse@uent collecti>e
consideration of t:e Iran initiati>e b3 t:e NSC <rinci<als before it beca8e <ublic 11 8ont:s
later????
!ecause of t:e obsession =it: secrec31 intera9enc3 consideration of t:e initiati>e =as
li8ited to t:e cabinet le>el? *it: t:e eEce<tion of t:e NSC staff and1 after &anuar3 1.1
12/-1 a :andful of CIA officials1 t:e rest of t:e eEecuti>e de<art8ents and a9encies =ere
lar9el3 eEcluded?
FT:e National Securit3 Act also re@uires notification of Con9ress of co>ert intelli9ence
acti>ities? If not done in ad>ance1 notification 8ust be Pin ti8el3 fas:ion?7 T:e %residential
indin9 of &anuar3 1. directed t:at con9ressional notification be =it::eld1 and t:is decision
a<<ears to :a>e ne>er been reconsidered? 77
&anuar3 1/1 12/-"
,efense Secretar3 Cas<ar *einber9er =as directed to <re<are t:e transfer of )1555 TO*
anti-tan; 8issiles to t:e CIA1 =:ic: =as to s:i< t:e8 to #:o8eini7s Iran? !3<assin9
nor8al c:annels for co>ert s:i<8ents1 :e elected to :a>e :is senior 8ilitar3 assistant1 Lt?
Gen? Colin L? %o=ell1 :andle t:e arran9e8ents for t:e ar8s transfer?
&anuar3 12-$11 12/-"
Geor9e !us:7s de<ut3 national securit3 aide1 Col? Sa8uel *atson1 =or;ed =it: eliE
Rodri9ueA in El Sal>ador1 and 8et =it: Col? &a8es Steele1 t:e U?S? 8ilitar3 liaison officer
=it: t:e co>ert Contra resu<<l3 or9aniAation in El Sal>ador?
!us: Sets U< Nort: as Counterterroris8 !oss--and F all Gu377 &anuar3 $51 12/-"
ollo=in9 t:e reco88endations of an as 3et unofficial re<ort of t:e Geor9e !us: Terroris8
Tas; orce1 %resident Rea9an si9ned National Securit3 ,ecision ,irecti>e 0NS,,4 $5.?
T:e unofficial !us: re<ort1 t:e official !us: re<ort released in ebruar31 and t:e !us:-
or9aniAed NS,, $5.1 to9et:er <ut for=ard Oli>er Nort: as F Mr? Iran-Contra? 77 Nort:
beca8e t:e no8inal1 u<- front coordinator of t:e ad8inistration7s counterterroris8
<ro9ra81 :idin9 as best :e could !us:7s :and in t:ese 8atters? He =as 9i>en a secret office
and staff 0t:e Office to Co8bat Terroris841 se<arate fro8 re9ular NSC staff 8e8bers?
Geor9e !us: no= reassi9ned :is Terroris8 Tas; orce e8<lo3ees1 Crai9 Co3 and Robert
Earl1 to do t:e dail3 =or; of t:e Nort: secret office? T:e !us: 8en s<ent t:e neEt 3ear
=or;in9 on Iran ar8s sales" Earl de>oted one-@uarter to one- :alf of :is ti8e on Iran and
Contra su<<ort o<erationsC Co3 F;ne= e>er3t:in977 about %roBect ,e8ocrac3? Nort:
tra>eled 8uc: of t:e ti8e? Earl and Co3 =ere at t:is ti8e officiall3 attac:ed to t:e Crisis
Mana9e8ent Center1 =:ic: Nort: =or;ed on in 12/'? !I Assistant ,irector Re>ell1 often
Geor9e !us:7s F:it 8an77 a9ainst !us:7s do8estic o<<onents1 <artiall3 disclosed t:is s:ell
9a8e in a letter to Sen? ,a>id !oren 0,-O;?41 eE<lainin9 t:e !I7s contacts =it: Nort:" At
t:e ti8e GA<ril 12/-H1 Nort: =as t:e NSC official c:ar9ed b3 t:e %resident =it: t:e coordination of our
national counterterrorist <ro9ra8? He =as res<onsible for =or;in9 closel3 =it: desi9nated lead a9encies and
=as res<onsible for <artici<atin9 in all intera9enc3 9rou<s1 8aintainin9 t:e national <ro9ra88in9 docu8ents1
assistin9 in t:e coordination of researc: and de>elo<8ent in relation to counterterroris81 facilitatin9 t:e
de>elo<8ent of res<onse o<tions and o>erseein9 t:e i8<le8entation of t:e 6ice %resident7s Terroris8 Tas;
orce reco88endations? T:is descri<tion of Col? Nort:7s <osition is set fort: in t:e <ublic re<ort of t:e 6ice
%resident7s Tas; orce on Co8battin9 Terroris81 ebruar3 12/-? T:ere is an e>en 8ore detailed and
co8<re:ensi>e descri<tion of Col? Nort:7s <osition in t:e classified National Securit3 ,ecision ,irecti>e
W$5. issued b3 t:e %resident on &anuar3 $51 12/-?
T:e !us: Terroris8 Tas; orce1 :a>in9 co8<leted its official =or;1 :ad si8<l3 8ade itself
into a rena8ed1 <er8anent1 co>ert a9enc3? Its ne= na8e =as O<erations Sub-Grou< 0OSG4?
In t:is transfor8ation1 CIA Contra-:andler ,uane Clarrid9e :ad been added to t:e Tas;
orce to for8 t:e FOSG177 =:ic: included Nort:1 %oindeEter1 C:arles Allen1 Robert Oa;le31
Noel #oc:1 General Moellerin9 and F!uc;77 Re>ell? Accordin9 to t:e Oli>er Nort: diaries1
e>en before t:is final <:ase of t:e !us:-Nort: a<<aratus t:ere =ere at least 1) 8eetin9s
bet=een Nort: and t:e !us: Tas; orce7s senior 8e8bers Hollo=a31 Oa;le3 and Allen1 its
<rinci<al consultant Terr3 Arnold1 and its staff 8en Robert Earl and Crai9 Co3? T:e Nort:
diaries fro8 &ul3 12/+ t:rou9: &anuar3 12/-1 s:o= one 8eetin9 =it: %resident Rea9an1
and four 8eetin9s =it: 6ice %resident !us:" eit:er t:e t=o alone1 Nort: =it: !us: and
A8ira8 Nir1 or Nort: =it: !us: and ,onald Gre99? T:e !us: counterterroris8 a<<aratus
:ad its o=n co88unications c:annels1 and a 9lobal antiterrorist co8<uter net=or; called
las:board outside of all constitutional 9o>ern8ent arran9e8ents? T:ose o<<osed to t:e
ar8in9 of terrorists1 includin9 cabinet 8e8bers1 :ad no access to t:ese co88unications?
T:is a<<aratus :ad res<onsibilit3 for Iran ar8s salesC t:e <ri>ate fundin9 of t:e Contras1
fro8 contributions1 t:eft1 do<e-runnin9C t:e F<ublic di<lo8ac377 of %roBect ,e8ocrac3 to
bac; t:ese effortsC and counterintelli9ence a9ainst ot:er 9o>ern8ent a9encies and a9ainst
do8estic o<<onents of t:e <olic3?
&anuar3 $/1 12/-"
Geor9e !us: 8et =it: Oli>er Nort: and ,N Contra %olitical ,irector Adolfo Calero in
t:e Old EEecuti>e Office !uildin9? Nort: and Calero =ould =or; to9et:er to <rotect
Geor9e !us: =:en t:e Contra su<<l3 effort ble= a<art in October 12/-?
&anuar3 '11 12/-"
Iranian ar8s dealer C3rus Has:e8i =as told b3 a renc: ar8s a9ent t:at F GaHn assistant of
t:e >ice <resident7s 9oin9 to be in Ger8an3 ??? and t:e indication is >er3 clear t:at t:e
transaction can 9o for=ard 77 referrin9 to Geor9e !us:7s su<<osed a<<ro>al of t:e <ri>ate
ar8s sale to Iran?
ebruar3 -1 12/-"
Res<ondin9 to t:e &anuar3 1+ letter fro8 Ric:ard !renne;e1 !us: aide Lt? Col? E? ,ou9las
MenarcAi; =rote to !renne;e" F T:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent =ill not <er8it or <artici<ate in t:e
<ro>ision of =ar 8ateriel to Iran and =ill <rosecute an3 suc: efforts b3 U?S? citiAens to t:e
fullest eEtent of t:e la=? 177
ebruar3 .1 12/-" Sa8uel M? E>ans1 a re<resentati>e of Saudi and Israeli ar8s dealers1 told
C3rus Has:e8i t:at F GtH:e 9reen li9:t no= finall3 :as been 9i>en Gfor t:e <ri>ate sale of
ar8s to IranH1 t:at !us: is in fa>or1 S:ultA a9ainst1 but ne>ert:eless t:e3 are =illin9 to
<roceed? 77 ebruar3 $+1 12/-"
Ric:ard !renne;e =rote a9ain to !us:7s office1 to Lt? Col? MenarcAi;1 docu8entin9 a secret
<roBect for U?S? ar8s sales to Iran 9oin9 on since 12/)?
!renne;e later said <ublicl3 t:at earl3 in 12/-1 :e called MenarcAi; to =arn t:at :e :ad
learned t:at t:e U?S? <lanned to bu3 =ea<ons for t:e Contras =it: 8one3 fro8 Iran ar8s
sales? MenarcAi; re<ortedl3 said1 F *e =ill loo; into it? 77 MenarcAi; clai8ed not to :a>e F
an3 s<ecific recollection of tele<:one con>ersations =it: 77 !renne;e?
Late ebruar31 12/-"
6ice %resident Geor9e !us: issued t:e <ublic re<ort of :is Terroris8 Tas; orce? In :is
introduction to t:e re<ort1 !us: asserted" F Our Tas; orce =as briefed b3 8ore t:an $+
9o>ern8ent a9encies ??? tra>eled to e8bassies and 8ilitar3 co88ands t:rou9:out t:e
=orld???? Our conclusion" ??? *e fir8l3 o<<ose terroris8 in all for8s and =:ere>er it ta;es
<lace???? *e =ill 8a;e no concessions to terrorists? 77
Marc: 12/-"
Accordin9 to a s=orn state8ent of <ilot Mic:ael Tolli>er1 eliE Rodri9ueA :ad 8et :i8 in
&ul3 12/+? No= Rodri9ueA instructed Tolli>er to 9o to Mia8i International Air<ort? Tolli>er
<ic;ed u< a ,C-- aircraft and a cre=1 and fle= t:e <lane to a Contra base in Honduras?
T:ere Tolli>er =atc:ed t:e unloadin9 of 1) tons of 8ilitar3 su<<lies1 and t:e loadin9 of 1$
and $O' tons of 8ariBuana? ollo=in9 :is instructions fro8 Rodri9ueA1 Tolli>er fle= t:e
do<e to Ho8estead Air orce !ase in lorida? T:e neEt da3 Rodri9ueA <aid Tolli>er
I.+1555?
Tolli>er sa3s t:at anot:er of t:e fli9:ts :e <erfor8ed for Rodri9ueA carried cocaine on t:e
return tri< to t:e U?S?A? He 8ade a series of ar8s deli>eries fro8 Mia8i into t:e air base at
A9ucate1 Honduras? He =as <aid in cas: b3 Rodri9ueA and :is old Mia8i CIA collea9ue1
Rafael F C:i C:i 77 Luintero? In anot:er circuit of fli9:ts1 Tolli>er and :is cre= fle=
bet=een Mia8i and El Sal>ador7s Ilo<an9o air base? Tolli>er said t:at Rodri9ueA and
Luintero F instructed 8e =:ere to 9o and =:o to see? 77 *:ile 8a;in9 t:ese fli9:ts1 :e F
could 9o b3 an3 route a>ailable =it:out an3 interference fro8 an3 a9enc3? *e didn7t need a
sta8< of a<<ro>al fro8 Custo8s or an3bod3???? 77 *it: reference to t:e co>ert ar8s
s:i<8ents out of Mia8i1 Geor9e !us:7s son &eb said" F Sure1 t:ere7s a <rett3 9ood c:ance
t:at ar8s =ere s:i<<ed1 but does t:at brea; an3 la=D I78 not sure it7s ille9al? T:e Neutralit3
Act is a co8<letel3 untested notion1 establis:ed in t:e 1/55s?
77
S8u99lin9 Missiles and Re<ortin9 to t:e !oss
Traffic;in9 in let:al =ea<ons =it:out 9o>ern8ent aut:oriAation is al=a3s a tric;3 business
for co>ert o<erators? !ut =:en t:e o<erati>es are s8u99lin9 =ea<ons in a <articular traffic
=:ic: t:e U?S? Con9ress :as eE<ressl3 <ro:ibited1 a 9ood deal of cri8inal eE<ertise and
certain crucial contacts are re@uired for success? And =:en t:e s8u99lers re<ort to t:e 6ice
%resident1 =:o =is:es :is role to re8ain concealed1 t:e =:ole t:in9 can beco8e >er3
stic;3--or e>en ludicrous to t:e <oint of lo= co8ed3?
Marc: $-1 12/-"
Oli>er Nort: sent a 8essa9e to Robert Mcarlane about :is efforts to <rocure 8issiles for
t:e Contras1 and to circu8>ent 8an3 U?S? la=s1 as =ell as t:e custo8s ser>ices and <olice
forces of se>eral nations? T:e 8ost i8<ortant co8<onent of suc: transactions1 aside fro8
t:e <urc:ase 8one31 =as a falsified docu8ent s:o=in9 t:e su<<osed reci<ient of t:e ar8s1
t:e end-user certificate 0EUC4? In t:e 8essa9e :e =rote1 Nort: said t:at F =e :a>e 77 an
EUCC t:at is1 a false docu8ent :as been ac@uired for t:is ar8s sale" F G*He are tr3in9 to
find a =a3 to 9et 15 !LO*%I%E launc:ers and $5 8issiles fro8 Ga Sout: A8erican
countr3H ??? t:ru t:e S:ort !ros? Re<???? S:ort !ros?1 t:e 8f9r? of t:e !LO*%I%E1 is =illin9
to arran9e t:e deal1 conduct t:e trainin9 and e>en send U?#?
Ptec:? re<s7 ??? if =e can close t:e arran9e8ent? ,ic; Secord :as alread3 <aid 15R do=n on
t:e deli>er3 and =e :a>e a Gcountr3 deletedH EUC =:ic: is acce<table to Gt:at Sout:
A8erican countr3H? 77 No=1 since t:is <articular ille9al sale so8e:o= ca8e to li9:t in t:e
Iran-Contra scandal1 anot:er <artici<ant in t:is one deal decided not to bot:er :idin9 :is
o=n <art in it? T:us1 =e are able to see :o= Colonel Nort: 9ot :is false certificate?
A<ril $51 12/-"
eliE Rodri9ueA 8et in San Sal>ador =it: Oli>er Nort: and Enri@ue !er8udeA1 t:e
Contras7 8ilitar3 co88ander? Rodri9ueA infor8s us of t:e follo=in9 in :is o=n1 9:ost-
=ritten boo;"
F S:ortl3 before t:at A<ril $5 8eetin91 Rafael Luintero :ad as;ed 8e to i8<ose u<on 83
9ood relations =it: t:e Sal>adoran 8ilitar3 to obtain Pend-user7 certificates 8ade out to
La;e Resources1 =:ic: :e told 8e =as a C:ilean co8<an3???? 77 T:e <lan =as to ac@uire
false end-user certificates fro8 :is contacts in t:e Sal>adoran ar8ed forces for !lo=<i<e
9round-to-air 8issiles su<<osedl3 bein9 s:i<<ed into El Sal>ador? T:e 8issiles =ould t:en
be ille9all3 di>erted to t:e Contras in Honduras and Nicara9ua? Rodri9ueA continues1 =it:
self-<uffer3" F T:e Sal>adorans co8<lied =it: 83 re@uest1 and in turn I su<<lied t:e
certificates1 :andin9 t:e8 o>er <ersonall3 to Ric:ard Secord at t:at A<ril $5 8eetin9? 77
*:ile arran9in9 t:e for9er3 for t:e 8unitions sale1 Rodri9ueA =as in touc: =it: t:e Geor9e
!us: staff bac; in :is :o8e office? On A<ril 1-1 four da3s before t:e Rodri9ueA-Nort:
8issile 8eetin91 !us: national securit3 ad>iser ,onald Gre99 as;ed :is staff to <ut a
8eetin9 =it: Rodri9ueA on Geor9e !us:7s calendar? Gre99 said t:e <ur<ose of t:e *:ite
House 8eetin9 =ould be F to brief t:e 6ice %resident on t:e =ar in El Sal>ador and
resu<<l3 of t:e Contras? 77 T:e 8eetin9 =as arran9ed for 11"'5 A?M? on Ma3 1? ,ue its
eE<licitl3 stated <ur<ose-- clandestine =ea<ons traffic;in9 in an undeclared =ar a9ainst t:e
ri9id con9ressional <ro:ibition--t:e <lanned 8eetin9 =as to beco8e one of t:e 8ost
notorious of t:e Iran- Contra scandal?
A<ril '51 12/- 0*ednesda34"
eliE Rodri9ueA 8et in *as:in9ton =it: !us: aide Col? Sa8 *atson? T:e follo=in9
re8inder 8essa9e =as sent to Geor9e !us:" !riefin9 Me8orandu8 for t:e 6ice %resident
E>ent" Meetin9 =it: eliE Rodri9ueA
,ate" T:ursda31 Ma3 11 12/-
Ti8e" 11"'5-11")+ a?8?--*est *in9
ro8" ,on Gre99
I? %UR%OSE
eliE Rodri9ueA1 a counterinsur9enc3 eE<ert =:o is >isitin9 fro8 El Sal>ador1 =ill <ro>ide a briefin9 on
t:e status of t:e =ar in El Sal>ador and resu<<l3 of t:e Contras?
III? GsicH %ARTICI%ANTS
T:e 6ice %resident eliE Rodri9ueA
Crai9 uller
,on Gre99
Sa8 *atson
I6? ME,IA CO6ERAGE
Staff <:oto9ra<:er? Gi?e? internal-use <:oto9ra<:s1 no 8edia co>era9eH
Ma3 11 12/-"
6ice %resident !us: and :is staff 8et in t:e *:ite House =it: eliE Rodri9ueA1 Oli>er
Nort:1 financier Nic:olas !rad31 and t:e ne= U?S? a8bassador to El Sal>ador1 Ed=in Corr?
At t:is 8eetin9 it =as decided t:at F <ri>ate citiAen 77 eliE Rodri9ueA =ould continue :is
=or; in Central A8erica?
Ma3 1-1 12/-" Geor9e !us: 8et =it: %resident Rea9an1 and =it: cabinet 8e8bers and
ot:er officials in t:e full National Securit3 %lannin9 Grou<? T:e3 discussed t:e ur9ent need
to raise 8ore 8one3 for t:e Contras to continue t:e anti-Sandinista =ar?
T:e <artici<ants decided to see; su<<ort for t:e Contras fro8 nations 0F t:ird countries 774
=:ic: =ere not directl3 in>ol>ed in t:e Central A8erican conflict? As a result of t:is
initiati>e1 Geor9e !us:7s for8er business <artners1 t:e Sultan of !runei1 donated I15
8illion to t:e Contras? !ut after bein9 de<osited in secret S=iss ban; accounts1 t:e 8one3
=as F lost? 77
Ma3 $51 12/-"
Geor9e !us: 8et =it: eliE Rodri9ueA and El Sal>ador Air orce co88ander Gen? &uan
Rafael !ustillo at a lar9e rece<tion in Mia8i on Cuban inde<endence da3?
Ma3 $21 12/-"
Geor9e !us:1 %resident Rea9an1 ,onald Re9an and &o:n %oindeEter 8et to :ear fro8
Mcarlane and Nort: on t:eir latest ar8s-for- :osta9es ne9otiations =it: Iranian officials
and A8ira8 Nir in Te:eran1 Iran? T:e t=o re<orted t:eir arran9e8ent =it: t:e #:o8eini
re9i8e to establis: a secure co>ert co88unications net=or; bet=een t:e t=o F ene83 77
9o>ern8ents?
&ul3 151 12/-"
Eu9ene Hasenfus1 =:ose successful <arac:ute landin9 =ould eE<lode t:e Iran-Contra
scandal into =orld :eadlines t:ree 8ont:s later1 fle= fro8 Mia8i to El Sal>ador? He :ad
Bust been :ired to =or; for F Sout:ern Air Trans<ort1 77 a CIA front co8<an3 for =:ic:
Hasenfus =or;ed <re>iousl3 in t:e Indoc:ina *ar? *it:in a fe= da3s :e =as introduced to
F MaE Go8eA 77--t:e <seudon38 of eliE Rodri9ueA--as F one of t:e Cuban coordinators of
t:e co8<an3? 77 Rodri9ueA 0F Go8eA 774 too; :i8 to t:e Ilo<an9o air base securit3 office
=:ere :e and ot:ers :ired =it: :i8 =ere 9i>en identit3 cards? He no= be9an =or; as a
car9o :andler on fli9:ts carr3in9 8ilitar3 su<<lies to Contra soldiers inside Nicara9ua?
&ul3 $21 12/-"
Geor9e !us: 8et in &erusale8 =it: Terroris8 Tas; orce 8e8ber A8ira8 Nir1 t:e
8ana9er of Israel7s <artici<ation in t:e ar8s-for :osta9es sc:e8es? !us: did not =ant t:is
8eetin9 ;no=n about? T:e 6ice %resident told :is c:ief of staff1 Crai9 uller1 to send :is
notes of t:e 8eetin9 onl3 to Oli>er Nort:--not to %resident Rea9an1 or to an3one else?
Crai9 uller7s 8e8orandu8 said1 in <art"
1? SUMMAR(? Mr? Nir indicated t:at :e :ad briefed %ri8e Minister %eres and :ad been as;ed to
brief t:e 6GiceH %GresidentH b3 :is *:ite House contacts? He described t:e details of t:e efforts
fro8 last 3ear t:rou9: t:e current <eriod to 9ain t:e release of t:e U?S? :osta9es? He re>ie=ed
=:at :ad been learned =:ic: =as essentiall3 t:at t:e radical 9rou< =as t:e 9rou< t:at could
deli>er? He re>ie=ed t:e issues to be considered--na8el3 t:at t:ere needed to be ad GsicH decision
as to =:et:er t:e ite8s re@uested =ould be deli>ered in se<arate s:i<8ents or =:et:er =e =ould
continue to <ress for t:e release of t:e :osta9es <rior to deli>erin9 t:e ite8s in an a8ount a9reed
to <re>iousl3?
$? T:e 6%7s $+ 8inute 8eetin9 =as arran9ed after Mr? Nir called Crai9 uller and re@uested t:e
8eetin9 and after it =as discussed =it: t:e 6% b3 uller and Nort:????
1)? Nir described so8e of t:e lessons learned" P*e are dealin9 =it: t:e 8ost radical ele8ents????
T:e3 can deli>er ??? t:at7s for sure???? G*He7>e learned t:e3 can deli>er and t:e 8oderates can7t????
&ul3 '51 12/-"
T:e da3 after :is &erusale8 su88it =it: A8ira8 Nir1 6ice %resident !us: conferred =it:
Oli>er Nort:? T:is 8eetin9 =it: Nort: =as ne>er ac;no=led9ed b3 !us: until t:e Nort:
diaries =ere released in Ma3 1225?
Earl3 Se<te8ber1 12/-"
Retired Ar83 MaB? Gen? &o:n #? Sin9laub sent a 8e8o to Oli>er Nort: on t:e Contra
resu<<l3 effort under eliE Rodri9ueA? Sin9laub =arned Nort: t:at Rodri9ueA =as boastin9
about :a>in9 F dail3 contact 77 =it: Geor9e !us:7s office? Accordin9 to Sin9laub1 t:is could
F da8a9e %resident Rea9an and t:e Re<ublican %art3? 77
T:e Scandal !rea;s--On Geor9e !us:
October +1 12/-"
A C-1$'; car9o aircraft left El Sal>ador7s Ilo<an9o air base at 2"'5 A?M?1 carr3in9 F 151555
<ounds of s8all ar8s and a88unition1 consistin9 8ainl3 of A# rifles and A# a88unition1
:and 9renades1 Bun9le boots? 77 It =as sc:eduled to 8a;e air dro<s to Contra soldiers in
Nicara9ua? T:e fli9:t :ad been or9aniAed b3 ele8ents of t:e CIA1 t:e ,efense ,e<art8ent1
and t:e National Securit3 Council1 coordinated b3 t:e Office of 6ice %resident Geor9e
!us:? At t:at ti8e1 suc: ar8s resu<<l3 =as <ro:ibited under U?S? la=--<ro:ibited b3
le9islation =:ic: :ad been =ritten to <re>ent <recisel3 t:at t3<e of fli9:t? T:e aircraft
:eaded sout: alon9 t:e %acific coast of Nicara9ua1 turned east o>er Costa Rica1 t:en :eaded
u< nort: into Nicara9uan air s<ace? As it descended to=ard t:e <oint at =:ic: it =as to dro<
t:e car9o1 t:e <lane =as :it in t:e ri9:t en9ine and =in9 b3 a 9round-to-air 8issile? T:e
=in9 burst into fla8es and bro;e u<? Car9o :andler Eu9ene Hasenfus Bu8<ed out t:e left
car9o door and o<ened :is <arac:ute? T:e ot:er t:ree cre= 8e8bers died in t:e cras:?
Mean=:ile1 eliE Rodri9ueA 8ade a sin9le tele<:one call--to t:e office of 6ice %resident
Geor9e !us:? He told !us: aide Sa8uel *atson t:at t:e C-1$'; aircraft =as 8issin9 and
=as <ossibl3 do=n?
October -1 12/-" Eu9ene Hasenfus1 ar8ed onl3 =it: a <istol1 too; refu9e in a s8all :ut on
a Bun9le :illto< inside Nicara9ua? He =as soon surrounded b3 Sandinista soldiers and 9a>e
:i8self u<?
eliE Rodri9ueA called Geor9e !us:7s aide Sa8 *atson a9ain? *atson no= notified t:e
*:ite House Situation Roo8 and t:e National Securit3 Council staff about t:e 8issin9
aircraft?
Oli>er Nort: =as i88ediatel3 dis<atc:ed to El Sal>ador to <re>ent <ublicit3 o>er t:e
e>ent1 and to arran9e deat: benefits for t:e cre=?
After t:e s:oot-do=n1 se>eral elaborate atte8<ts =ere 8ade b3 9o>ern8ent a9encies to
<ro>ide false eE<lanations for t:e ori9in of t:e aircraft?
A later <ress account1 a<<earin9 on Ma3 1+1 12/21 after !us: =as safel3 installed as
%resident1 eE<osed one suc: atte8<ted co>eru<"
Official" Contras Lied to %rotect 6% !us:
!3 Alfonso C:ard31 #ni9:t-Ridder Ne=s<a<ers
*ASHINGTON-- Nicara9uan rebels falsel3 assu8ed res<onsibilit3 for an ar8s-laden <lane
do=ned o>er Nicara9ua in 12/- in an effort to s:ield t:en-6ice %resident Geor9e !us: fro8 t:e
contro>ers3 t:at soon blosso8ed into t:e Iran-Contra scandal1 a senior Contra official said in earl3
Ma3 12/2? Accordin9 to t:e Contra official1 =:o re@uested anon38it3 but :as direct ;no=led9e
of t:e e>ents1 a Contra s<o;es8an1 !osco Mata8oros Gofficial ,N re<resentati>e in *as:in9ton1
,?C?H1 =as ordered b3 G,N %olitical ,irectorH Adolfo Calero to clai8 o=ners:i< of t:e do=ned
aircraft1 e>en t:ou9: t:e <lane belon9ed to Oli>er Nort:7s secret Contra su<<l3 net=or;???? Calero
called 0Mata8oros4 and said1 F Ta;e res<onsibilit3 for t:e Hasenfus <lane because =e need to
ta;e t:e :eat off t:e >ice <resident1 77 t:e Contra source said???? T:e senior Contra official said t:at
s:ortl3 after Calero tal;ed to Mata8oros1 Mata8oros called a re<orter for t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es
and
F lea;ed 77 t:e bo9us clai8 of res<onsibilit3? T:e Ti8es ran a stor3 about t:e clai8 on its front
<a9e?
October .1 12/-"
Re<? Henr3 !? GonAaleA 0,-TE?4 called for a con9ressional in>esti9ation of t:e Nicara9uan
air cras:1 and t:e cras: of a Sout:ern Air Trans<ort <lane in TeEas1 to see if t:e3 =ere <art
of a co>ert CIA o<eration to o>ert:ro= t:e Nicara9uan 9o>ern8ent?
October 21 12/-"
At a ne=s conference in Nicara9ua1 ca<tured U?S? cre= 8e8ber Eu9ene Hasenfus eE<osed
eliE Rodri9ueA1 alias F MaE Go8eA1 77 as t:e :ead of an international su<<l3 s3ste8 for t:e
Contras? T:e eE<losi>e1 <ublic <:ase of t:e Iran-Contra scandal :ad be9un?
October 111 12/-" T:e *as:in9ton %ost ran t=o :eadlines side-b3-side" F Ca<tured
A8erican l3er to be Tried in Nicara9ua 77 and F !us: is Lin;ed to Head of Contra Aid
Net=or;? 77 T:e %ost re<orted"
Go8eA :as said t:at :e 8et =it: !us: t=ice and :as been o<eratin9 in Nicara9ua =it: t:e 6ice
%resident7s ;no=led9e and a<<ro>al1 t:e sources said????
As;ed about t:ese 8atters1 a s<o;es8an for !us:1 Marlin itA=ater1 said" F Neit:er t:e >ice
<resident nor an3one on :is staff is directin9 or coordinatin9 an o<eration in Central A8erica? 77 ???
T:e San rancisco EEa8iner1 =:ic: earlier t:is =ee; lin;ed G!us: ad>iser ,onaldH Gre99 to
Go8eA1 re<orted t:at Go8eA 8aintains dail3 contact =it: !us:7s office????
GMHe8bers of Con9ress said 3esterda3 t:e3 =anted to in>esti9ate t:e ad8inistration7s conduct
furt:er? And ??? se>eral said t:at t:eir focus :ad s:ifted fro8 t:e CIA to t:e *:ite House????
GTH:e Sunda3 cras: =ill be a8on9 e>ents co>ered b3 a GSenateH orei9n Relations Co88ittee
<robe into alle9ations t:at t:e contras 8a3 :a>e been in>ol>ed in dru9-runnin9 and abuse of U?S?
aid funds1 GSenator Ric:ard G?H Lu9ar said????
T:e Custo8s Ser>ice said 3esterda3 it is in>esti9atin9 =:et:er t:e do=ned <lane 8a3 :a>e carried
9uns out of Mia8i1 =:ic: =ould >iolate federal restrictions on ar8s eE<orts and ot:er la=s1
includin9 t:e Neutralit3 Act1 =:ic: bars U?S? citiAens fro8 =or;in9 to o>ert:ro= 9o>ern8ents not
at =ar =it: t:e United States????
Hasenfus told re<orters in Nicara9ua t:e <lane :ad flo=n out of Mia8i?
Geor9e !us:7s career =as no= on t:e line? Ne=s 8edia t:rou9:out t:e =orld bro;e t:e
stor3 of t:e Hasenfus ca<ture1 and of t:e cre=8an7s fin9erin9 of !us: and :is underlin9s
Rodri9ueA and %osada Carriles? !us: =as no= besie9ed b3 in@uiries fro8 around t:e
=orld1 as to :o= and =:3 :e =as directin9 t:e 9un-runnin9 into Latin A8erica? S<ea;in9
in C:arleston1 Sout: Carolina1 Geor9e !us: described MaE Go8eAORodri9ueA as F a
<atriot? 77 T:e 6ice %resident denied t:at :e :i8self =as directin9 t:e ille9al o<erations to
su<<l3 t:e Contras" F To sa3 I78 runnin9 t:e o<eration ??? it7s absolutel3 untrue? 77 !us: said
of Rodri9ueA" F I ;no= =:at :e =as doin9 in El Sal>ador1 and I stron9l3 su<<ort it1 as does
t:e <resident of El Sal>ador1 Mr? Na<oleon ,uarte1 and as does t:e c:ief of t:e ar8ed
forces in El Sal>ador1 because t:is 8an1 an eE<ert in counterinsur9enc31 =as do=n t:ere
:el<in9 t:e8 <ut do=n a co88unist- led re>olution Gi?e? in El Sal>ador1 not Nicara9uaH? 77
T=o da3s later1 Gen? Adolfo !lando@aan1 ar8ed forces c:ief of staff in El Sal>ador1
denied !us:7s contention t:at eliE Rodri9ueA =or;ed for :is countr37s 8ilitar3 forces" F
T:is intri9ues 8e? It =ould :a>e to be aut:oriAed Gb3 ourH Boint c:iefs of staff GandH t:e
9o>ern8ent? 77 He said suc: aut:oriAation :ad not been 9i>en?
October 1$1 12/-"
Eu9ene Hasenfus1 t:e U?S? air8an do=ned in Nicara9ua1 9a>e and si9ned an affida>it in
=:ic: it =as stated" F About MaE Go8eA GeliE Rodri9ueAH1 Hasenfus sa3s t:at :e =as t:e
:ead Cuban coordinator for t:e co8<an3 and t:at :e =or;s for t:e CIA and t:at :e is a >er3
close friend of t:e 6ice-%resident of t:e United States1 Geor9e !us:???? MaE Go8eA1 after
recei>in9 :is orders =as t:e one =:o :ad to ??? Gsa3H =:ere t:e air dro<s =ould be ta;in9
<lace?
About Ra8on Medina Gesca<ed air<lane bo8ber Luis %osada CarrilesH1 Hasenfus sa3s t:at
:e =as also a CIA a9ent and t:at :e did t:e Ps8all =or;7 because MaE Go8eA =as t:e
Psenior 8an?7 He sa3s t:at Ra8on too; care of t:e rent of t:e :ouses1 t:e 8aids1 t:e food1
trans<ortation and dri>ers1 and also1 coordination of t:e fuel for t:e aircraft1 etc? 77
Ge8<:asis in t:e ori9inalH? His co>er bein9 blo=n1 and ;no=in9 :e =as still =anted in
6eneAuela for blo=in9 u< an airliner and ;illin9 .' <ersons1 %osada Carriles no= F
>anis:ed 77 and =ent under9round?
October 121 12/-"
Eu9ene Hasenfus1 inter>ie=ed in Nicara9ua b3 Mi;e *allace on t:e C!S tele>ision
<ro9ra8 F -5 Minutes1 77 said t:at 6ice %resident !us: =as =ell a=are of t:e co>ert ar8s
su<<l3 o<eration? He felt t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistration =as F bac;in9 t:is 155 <ercent? 77
*allace as;ed Hasenfus =:3 :e t:ou9:t t:at Go8eAORodri9ueA and t:e ot:er 8ana9ers of
t:e co>ert ar8s resu<<l3 F :ad t:e blessin9 of 6ice %resident !us:? 77 Hasenfus re<lied1 F
T:e3 :ad :is ;no=led9e t:at :e =as =or;in9 Gon itH and =:at =as :a<<enin91 and =:oe>er
controlled t:is =:ole or9aniAation--=:ic: I do not ;no=--Mr? Go8eA1 Mr? !us:1 I belie>e a
lot of t:ese ot:er <eo<le? T:e3 ;no= :o= t:is is bein9 run? I do not? 77
Iran-Contra C:aracters all In and Out
No>e8ber '1 12/-"
T:e Lebanese ne=s<a<er Al-S:iraa re>ealed t:at t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent =as secretl3 dealin9
ar8s to t:e #:o8eini re9i8e? T:is =as t:ree =ee;s after t:e Eu9ene Hasenfus eE<ose@aa
of Geor9e !us: 8ade =orld :eadlines? (et t:e !us: ad8inistration and its retainers :a>e
since decided t:at t:e Iran-Contra affair F be9an 77 =it: t:e Al-S:iraa stor3K
No>e8ber $$1 12/-"
%resident Rea9an sent a 8essa9e1 t:rou9: 6ice %resident Geor9e !us:1 to Secretar3 of
State Geor9e S:ultA1 alon9 t:e lines of F Su<<ort 8e or 9et off 83 tea8? 77
,ece8ber 1/1 12/-"
CIA ,irector *illia8 Case31 a close all3 of Geor9e !us: =:o ;ne= e>er3t:in9 fro8 t:e
inside1 =as o<erated on for a F brain tu8or 77 and lost t:e <o=er of s<eec:? T:at sa8e da31
associates of 6ice %resident Geor9e !us: said t:at !us: belie>ed *:ite House C:ief of
Staff ,onald Re9an s:ould resi9n1 but clai8 !us: :ad not 3et broac:ed t:e issue =it: t:e
%resident? ,onald Re9an said t:at :e :ad no intention of @uittin9?
ebruar3 $1 12/."
CIA ,irector *illia8 Case3 resi9ned? He soon died1 literall3 =it:out e>er tal;in9?
ebruar3 21 12/."
or8er National Securit3 ,irector Robert Mcarlane1 a <rinci<al fi9ure in t:e Rea9an-
!us: ad8inistration7s co>ert o<erations1 atte8<ted suicide b3 ta;in9 an o>erdose of dru9s?
Mcarlane sur>i>ed?
ebruar3 $-1 12/. 0T:ursda34"
T:e %resident7s S<ecial Re>ie= !oard1 co88onl3 ;no=n as t:e To=er Co88ission1 issued
its re<ort? T:e co88ission :ea>il3 bla8ed *:ite House C:ief of Staff ,onald Re9an for
t:e F c:aos t:at descended u<on t:e *:ite House 77 in t:e Iran-Contra affair? T:e
Co88ission :ardl3 8entioned 6ice %resident Geor9e !us: eEce<t to <raise :i8 for :is F
>i9orous reaffir8ation of U?S? o<<osition to terroris8 in all for8s 77K T:e afternoon t:e
To=er Co88ission re<ort ca8e out1 Geor9e !us: su88oned ,onald Re9an to :is office?
!us: said t:e %resident =anted to ;no= =:at :is <lans =ere about resi9nin9? ,onald
Re9an blasted t:e %resident" F *:at7s t:e 8atter--isn7t :e 8an enou9: to as; 8e t:at
@uestionD 77 !us: eE<ressed s38<at:3? ,onald Re9an said :e =ould lea>e in four da3s?
ebruar3 $.1 12/. 0rida34"
Cable Ne=s Net=or; tele>ised a lea;ed re<ort t:at ,onald Re9an :ad alread3 been
re<laced as *:ite House c:ief of staff? After sub8ittin9 a one-sentence letter of
resi9nation1 ,onald Re9an said1 F T:ere7s been a deliberate lea;1 and it7s been done to
:u8iliate 8e? 77 Geor9e !us:1 =:en %resident1 re=arded t:e co88ission7s c:air8an1 TeEas
Senator &o:n To=er1 b3 a<<ointin9 :i8 U?S? Secretar3 of ,efense? To=er =as as;ed b3 a
re<orter at t:e National %ress Club1 =:et:er :is no8ination =as a F <a3off 77 for t:e F clean
bill of :ealt: 77 :e 9a>e !us:? To=er res<onded t:at F t:e co88ission =as 8ade u< of t:ree
<eo<le1 !rent Sco=croft and GSenatorH Ed Mus;ie in addition to 83self1 t:at =ould be sort
of i8<u9nin9 t:e inte9rit3 of !rent Sco=croft and Ed Mus;ie???? *e found not:in9 to
i8<licate t:e 6ice %resident???? I =onder =:at ;ind of <a3off t:e37re 9oin9 to 9etD 77
%resident !us: a<<ointed !rent Sco=croft :is c:ief national securit3 ad>iser? !ut t:e
Senate refused to confir8 To=er? To=er t:en =rote a boo; and be9an to tal; about t:e
inBustice done to :i8? He died A<ril +1 1221 in a <lane cras:?
Marc: /1 12/."
In li9:t of t:e Iran-Contra scandal1 %resident Rea9an called on Geor9e !us: to recon>ene
:is Terroris8 Tas; orce to e>aluate t:e current <ro9ra8K
&une $1 12/."
!us: su88ariAed :is findin9s in a <ress release" F GOHur current <olic3 as articulated in t:e
Tas; orce re<ort is sound1 effecti>e1 and full3 in accord =it: our de8ocratic <rinci<les1
and national ideals of freedo8? 77 No>e8ber 1'1 12/."
T:e desi9nated con9ressional co88ittees filed t:eir Boint re<ort on t:e Iran-Contra affair?
*3o8in9 Re<resentati>e Ric:ard C:ene31 t:e senior Re<ublican 8e8ber of t:e House
Select Co88ittee to In>esti9ate Co>ert Ar8s Transactions =it: Iran1 :el<ed steer t:e Boint
co88ittees to an i8<otent result? Geor9e !us: =as totall3 eEonerated1 and =as :ardl3
8entioned?
Geor9e !us:1 =:en %resident1 re=arded ,ic; C:ene3 b3 a<<ointin9 :i8 U?S? Secretar3 of
,efense1 after t:e Senate refused to confir8 &o:n To=er?
T:e Mortification of t:e U?S? Con9ress
&anuar3 $51 12/2"
Geor9e !us: =as inau9urated %resident of t:e United States?
Ma3 1$1 12/2"
%resident !us:7s no8ination of ,onald Gre99 to be U?S? a8bassador to #orea =as
considered in :earin9s b3 t:e Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee?
Gre99 =as no= fa8ous in *as:in9ton as !us:7s da3-to-da3 controller of t:e cri8inal 9un-
runnin9 into Central A8erica? !efore t:e Gre99 :earin9s be9an1 bot: Re<ublican and
,e8ocratic Senators on t:e co88ittee tried to 9et %resident !us: to =it:dra= t:e Gre99
no8ination? T:is =as to sa>e t:e8 t:e e8barrass8ent of confir8in9 Gre991 ;no=in9 t:e3
=ere too inti8idated to sto< :i8?
*:at follo=s are eEcer<ts fro8 t:e t3<ed transcri<t of t:e Gre99 :earin9s? T:e transcri<t
:as ne>er been re<roduced1 it :as not been <rinted1 and it =ill not be <ublis:ed b3 t:e
Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee1 =:ic: is e>identl3 e8barrassed b3 its contents?
Gre99" GAsH :is national securit3 ad>iser GforH siE and a :alf 3ears ??? I =or;ed closel3 =it: t:e
6ice %resident ;ee<in9 :i8 infor8ed as best I could on 8atters of forei9n <olic31 defense1 and
intelli9ence???? Tra>ellin9 =it: t:e 6ice %resident as I did ??? GinH a 9reat >ariet3 of 8issions to
8ore t:an -+ countries???? GAfter 6ietna8H I did not see GeliE Rodri9ueAH until t:e earl3 ei9:ties
=:ere :e =ould dro< into *as:in9ton s<oradicall3 ??? =e re8ained friends???? So1 so8e of t:ose
contacts =ould :a>e been G12.2-12/$H =:en I =as at t:e *:ite House at t:e NSC?
Sen? Sarbanes" And eliE =ould co8e to see 3ou t:ereD
Gre99" No1 at 83 :o8e???? GT:enH :e brou9:t 8e in 7/' t:e <lan =:ic: I :a>e alread3 discussed
=it: Senator Cranston???? GAt t:at <ointH I =as =or;in9 for t:e 6ice %resident ??? G=:ic: I be9an inH
Au9ust 12/$?
Sen? Sarbanes" In ,ece8ber of 12/) :e ca8e to see 3ou =it: t:e idea of 9oin9 to El Sal>ador?
(ou ??? cleared it =it: t:e 6ice %residentD
Gre99" ??? I Bust said1 F M3 friend eliE1 =:o =as a re8ar;able for8er a9enc3 e8<lo3ee ??? =ants
to 9o do=n and :el< =it: El Sal>ador? And I a8 9oin9 to introduce :i8 to GState ,e<art8ent
<ersonnelH and see if :e can sell :i8self to t:ose 8en1 77 and t:e 6ice %resident said fine?
Gre99" eliE =ent do=n t:ere about t:e first of Marc: G12/+H? !efore :e =ent ??? I introduced :i8
to t:e 6ice %resident ??? and t:e 6ice %resident =as struc; b3 :is c:aracter and =is:ed :i8 =ell in
El Sal>ador?
Sen? Sarbanes" So before :e =ent do=n1 3ou undertoo; to introduce :i8 to t:e 6ice %resident????
*:3 did 3ou do t:atD
Gre99" *ell1 t:e 6ice %resident :ad al=a3s s<o;en >er3 :i9:l3 and ent:usiasticall3 of :is career
GKH1 or :is one-3ear as ,CI G,irector of Central Intelli9enceH? I :ad 9one out =it: :i8 to t:e
a9enc3 Bust after I Boined :i8 in 7/$ and I sa= t:e tre8endous res<onse :e 9ot t:ere and :e 9ot
@uite c:o;ed u< about it and as =e dro>e bac; in t:e car :e said1 3ou ;no=1 t:at is t:e best Bob I
:a>e e>er :ad before I beca8e 6ice %resident? So :ere it =as1 as I said <robabl3 t:e 8ost
eEtraordinar3 CIA co8rade I :ad ;no=n1 =:o =as 9oin9 do=n to :el< in a countr3 t:at I ;ne=
t:at t:e 6ice %resident =as interested in???? T:e 6ice %resident =as interested in t:e <ro9ress of t:e
Contras? T:ere =ere t=o occasions on =:ic: :e as;ed 8e1 :o= are t:e3 doin9 and I1 on one
occasion =ent to a CIA officer =:o =as ;no=led9eable and 9ot a run-do=n on :o= t:e3 =ere
doin9 fro8 t:at and sent it to t:e 6ice %resident and :e sent it bac; =it: no co88ent? On anot:er
occasion1 :e as;ed 8e a9ain1 :o= are t:e3 doin91 and I =ent--I dre= a 8e8o u<1 I t:in; on t:e
basis of a con>ersation =it: Nort:? A9ain1 :e returned t:at =it: no co88ent? So :e =as interested
in t:e Contras as an instru8ent of <uttin9 <ressure on t:e Sandinistas? !ut =:at I said =e :ad
ne>er discussed =as t:e intricacies1 or =:o =as su<<l3in9 =:at to =:o8????
Sen? Si8on" Let 8e read anot:er section fro8 Senator Cranston7s state8ent? I belie>e t:e record
su99ests t:e follo=in9 :a<<ened" After !oland II =as si9ned in October 12/) Goutla=in9 all U?S?
aid to t:e ContrasH1 3ou and certain ot:ers in t:e *:ite House =ere encoura9ed to secure 8ilitar3
aid for t:e Contras t:rou9: unort:odoE c:annels? (our career trainin9 in establis:in9 secrec3 and
deniabilit3 for co>ert o<erations1 3our decades-old friends:i< for eliE Rodri9ueA1 a<<arentl3 led
3ou to belie>e 3ou could ser>e t:e national interest b3 s<onsorin9 a freelance co>ert o<eration out
of t:e 6ice %resident7s office? *:at is 3our res<onse to t:at state8entD
Gre99" *ell1 I t:in; it is a rat:er full-blo=n cons<irac3 t:eor3? T:at =as not =:at I =as doin9???? I
=as in>ol>ed in :el<in9 t:e 6ice %resident7s tas; force on antiterrorist 8easures =rite t:eir re<ort?
!ut nor8all3 I :ad no o<erational res<onsibilities????
Sen? Si8on" *:en did 3ou first find out t:e la= =as bein9 >iolatedD
Gre99" !3 t:e la=1 do 3ou 8ean t:e !oland a8end8entD
Sen? Si8on" T:at is correct?
Gre99" I 9uess 83 ;no=led9e of t:at sort of ca8e at 8e <iece8eal after Hasenfus :ad been s:ot
do=n GOct? +1 12/-H and t:ere =ere >arious re>elations t:at ca8e out????
Sen? Si8on" So =:at 3ou are tellin9 us1 3ou found out about t:e la= bein9 >iolated t:e sa8e ti8e
t:e rest of us found out t:e la= =as bein9 >iolatedD
Gre99" (es1 sir????
Sen? Cranston" ro8 ebruar3 12/+ to Au9ust 12/-1 3ou :a>e ac;no=led9ed t:at 3ou s<o;e to
Rodri9ueA 8an31 8an3 ti8es on t:e tele<:one? Let 8e @uote fro8 3our s=orn de<osition to t:e
Iran- Contra Co88ittee" F eliE called 8e @uite often and fre@uentl3 it =as =:at I =ould call sort
of co8bat cat:arsis? He used to do t:e sa8e t:in9 in 6ietna8? He =ould co8e bac; fro8 an
o<eration in =:ic: so8e <eo<le :ad been lost and :e =ould tell 8e about it? 77 No=1 is it still 3our
testi8on3 t:at Rodri9ueA ne>er 8entioned :is dee< in>ol>e8ent in Contra su<<l3 acti>ities durin9
an3 of t:ese <:one con>ersationsD
Gre99" T:at is 83 testi8on3?
Sen? Cranston" Is it still 3our testi8on3 t:at <rior to Au9? /t:1 12/-1 Rodri9ueA ne>er 8entioned
t:e status of :is Contra resu<<l3 efforts durin9 :is nu8erous face-to-face 8eetin9s =it: 3ou in
*as:in9tonD
Gre99" Ne>er?
Sen? Cranston" Is it still 3our testi8on3 t:at Rodri9ueA did not 8ention t:e status of :is Contra
resu<<l3 efforts in t:e >er3 8eetin9s t:at =ere con>ened accordin9 to t=o 8e8os bearin9 3our
na8e1 for Rodri9ueA to F brief t:e 6ice %resident on t:e status of t:e =ar in El Sal>ador and
efforts to resu<<l3 t:e Contras 77D
Gre99" T:ere =as no intention to discuss resu<<l3 of t:e Contras and e>er3one at t:at 8eetin91
includin9 for8er Senator Nic; !rad3 :a>e testified t:at it =as not discussed?
Sen? Cranston" As 3ou ;no=1 it is difficult to reconcile t:ose state8ents about =:at :a<<ened in
t:e 8eetin9 =it: t:e state8ent and 8e8os fro8 3ou t:at t:e a9enda =as ??? t=o t:in9s1 one of
t:e8 bein9 efforts to resu<<l3 t:e Contras????
Gre99" T:ose 8e8os first surfaced to 83 attention in ,ece8ber of 12/-1 =:en =e undertoo; our
first docu8ent searc: of t:e 6ice %resident7s office? T:e3 :it 8e rat:er :ard because b3 t:at ti8e I
:ad <ut t:e <ieces to9et:er of =:at :ad been 9oin9 on and I realiAed t:e i8<lications of t:at
a9enda ite8? I did not s:red t:e docu8ents? I did not :ide it???? GTH:is is t:e =orst t:in9 I :a>e
found and :ere it is1 and I cannot reall3 eE<lain it???? I :a>e a s<eculati>e eE<lanation =:ic: I
=ould li;e to <ut for=ard if 3ou =ould be interested?
Sen? Cranston" ine?
Gre99" A9ain1 turnin9 to eliE GRodri9ueAH7s boo; ??? eliE 8a;es t:e follo=in9 @uote???? G!3 t:e
=a3 t:e boo;H is 9oin9 to be <ublis:ed in October of t:is 3ear? T:e teEt :as been cleared b3 CIA
and it is no= =it: t:e <ublis:ers? I =as 9i>en an ad>ance co<3???? T:is is t:e @uote1 sir" F ??? I :ad
no @ual8s about callin9 GSa8 *atsonH or ,on GGre99H =:en I t:ou9:t t:e3 could :el< run
interference =it: t:e %enta9on to s<eed u< deli>eries of s<are c:o<<er <arts? 77 T:at 8eans
:elico<ters? F I 8ust :a>e 8ade 8an3 suc: calls durin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12/-? *it:out o<eratin9
Hu9:es +55 :elico<ters it =as i8<ossible to carr3 out 83 strate93 a9ainst t:e GEl Sal>adoranH
insur9ents???? 77 GT:ere areH t:en docu8ented ste<s t:at Colonel *atson :ad ta;en =it: t:e
%enta9on to tr3 to 9et s<are <arts eE<edited for El Sal>ador???? So 83 construction is t:is1 sir? I
recall t:at in t:e 8eetin9 =it: t:e 6ice %resident t:e @uestion of s<are <arts for t:e :elico<ters in
El Sal>ador =as discussed and so t:at I t:in; =:at t:e a9enda ite8 on t:e t=o 8e8os is1 is a
9arbled reference to so8et:in9 li;e resu<<l3 of t:e co<ters1 instead of resu<<l3 of t:e Contras
Ge8<:asis addedH? GAt t:is <oint t:ere =as lau9:ter and =:istlin9 in t:e :earin9 roo8?
After=ards1 Gre99 told re<orters1 F I don7t ;no= :o= it =ent o>er1 but it =as t:e best I could do?
77H
Sen? Sarbanes" Ho= did t:e sc:edulin9 <ro<osal of A<ril 1-1 12/- and t:e briefin9 8e8orandu8
of A<ril '5t: ta;e <laceD
Gre99" T:e3 =ere <re<ared b3 83 assistant1 Mrs? !3rne1 actin9 on ad>ice fro8 Colonel *atson?
S:e si9ned 83 initials1 but t:ose are not 83 initials? I did not see t:e docu8ents until ,ece8ber
12/-1 =:en I called t:e8 to t:e attention of t:e House Intelli9ence Co88ittee???? And if1 3ou
;no=1 if 3ou do not--if 83 s<eculation does not :old u<1 I :a>e to refer 3ou to a 8e8orandu8 t:at
I turned o>er to t:e Iran-Contra Co88ittee on t:e 1)t: of Ma3 12/.1 =:ic:--
Sen? Sarbanes" I a8 loo;in9 at t:at 8e8orandu8 no=?
Gre99" O;a3? T:at :as been 83 eE<lanation u< until no=?
Sen? Sarbanes" !ut 3ou are no= <ro>idin9 a different eE<lanationD
Gre99" It is t:e onl3 one--I :a>e been t:in;in9 about t:ese docu8ents for o>er t=o 3ears1 and it is
t:e onl3 t:in9 t:at I can co8e u< =it: t:at =ould co8e close to eE<lainin9 t:at a9enda ite8--
9i>en t:e fact t:at t:ere =as no intention of discussin9 resu<<l3 to t:e Contras? T:at resu<<l3 of
t:e Contras =as not discussed1 accordin9 to t:e testi8on3 of e>er3one =:o =as in t:e 8eetin9????77
Sen? #err3" ,ou9las MinarcAi; is =:oD
Gre99" He =as one of 83 assistants in 83 office res<onsible for Mid-East and African affairs????
Sen? #err3" And :e =as =or;in9 for 3ou in 12/+ and 12/-1 t:at <eriodD
Gre99" (es?
Sen? #err3" No=1 =:en I be9an first in>esti9atin9 alle9ations of t:e 9un-runnin9 t:at =as ta;in9
<lace out of Mia8i1 one of t:e >er3 first references t:at 83 staff1 fran;l31 fre@uentl3 :eard1 and I
t:in; 3ou and I :a>e tal;ed about t:is1 t:at Mia8i =as buAAin9 =it: t:e notion t:at t:e 6ice
%resident7s office =as so8e:o= in>ol>ed in 8onitorin9 t:at1 at least Ge8<:asis addedH? No=1
&esus Garcia =as a Mia8i corrections official =:o 9ot into trouble and =ound u< 9oin9 to Bail on
=ea<ons offenses? T:rou9: t:at connection1 =e ca8e across tele<:one records? And t:ose
tele<:one records de8onstrate calls fro8 Garcia7s :ouse to Contra ca8<s in Honduras1 to &o:n
Hull in Costa Rica1 and ,ou9las MinarcAi; in1 not necessaril3 in 3our office1 but directl3 to t:e
*:ite House? Ho=e>er1 t:ere is incontro>ertible e>idence t:at :e :ad in :is <ossession t:e na8e
of Mr? MinarcAi;1 a <iece of <a<er in our <ossession1 in Garcia7s :o8e in connection =it:
8onitorin9 t:ose <ara8ilitar3 o<erations1 in Au9ust of 12/+? No=1 :o= do 3ou account for t:e
fact t:at MinarcAi;7s--t:at t:e <eo<le in>ol>ed =it: t:e Contra su<<l3 o<erations out of Mia8i ???
:ad MinarcAi;7s na8e and tele<:one nu8ber1 and t:at t:ere is a record of calls to t:e *:ite House
at t:at ti8eD
Gre99" I cannot account for it? Could it :a>e an3t:in9 to do =it: our old friend Mr? !renic;e
GsicHD !ecause !renic;e did :a>e MinarcAi;7s <:one nu8ber????
Sen? #err3" ??? No? Totall3 se<arate?
Gre99" T:is is all ne=? I do not :a>e an eE<lanation1 sir????
Sen? #err3" ,o 3ou recall t:e do=nin9 of a Cuban airliner in G12.-H in =:ic: .$ <eo<le lost t:eir
li>es as a resultC do 3ou re8e8ber t:atD
Gre99" (es?
Sen? #err3" A terrorist bo8b? And a Cuban-A8erican na8ed Luis %osada GCarrilesH =as arrested
in 6eneAuela in connection =it: t:at? He t:en esca<ed in 12/+ =it: assistance fro8 eliE
Rodri9ueA-- I do not ;no= if t:is is 9oin9 to be in t:e GRodri9ueAH boo; or not???
-Gre99" It is?
Sen? #err3" O;a31 and :e brou9:t :i8 to Central A8erica to :el< t:e Contras under <seudon38 of
Ra8on Medina1 correctD Gre99" No=1 I ;no= t:atC 3es?
Sen? #err3" ??? GIsH it a<<ro<riate for a eliE Rodri9ueA to :el< a 8an indicted in a terrorist
bo8bin9 to esca<e fro8 <rison1 and t:en a<<ro<riate for :i8 to ta;e :i8 to beco8e in>ol>ed in
su<<l3 o<erations1 =:ic: =e are su<<ortin9D
Gre99" I cannot Bustif3 t:at1 sir? And I a8 not certain =:at role eliE <la3ed in 9ettin9 :i8 out???? I
t:ou9:t t:at Orlando !oc:e GsicH1 or so8eone of t:at nature1 :ad been res<onsible for t:at?
Sen? #err3" *:en did 3ou first learn t:at Gi?e? about %osada7s :irin9 for Contra resu<<l3H1 ,onD
Gre99" *:en I learned =:o t:e >arious aliases =ere1 =:ic: =as so8e ti8e in
No>e8berO,ece8ber G12/-H1 after t:e =:ole t:in9 ca8e out?
COMMITTEE SESSION &UNE 1+1 12/2
Sen? Cranston" !efore <roceedin9 in t:is 8atter1 I =ould li;e to state clearl3 for t:e record =:at
t:e central <ur<ose of t:is in>esti9ation is about and in 83 >ie= =:at it is not about? It is not about
=:o is for or a9ainst t:e Contras???? Si8ilarl31 t:is in>esti9ation is not about buildin9 u< or tearin9
do=n our ne= %resident G!us:H? *e :a>e tried t:rou9:out t:is <roceedin9 to a>oid <artisan
attac;s? Indeed1 Re<ublicans and ,e8ocrats ali;e :a>e sou9:t Mr? Gre997s =it:dra=al as one =a3
to a>oid castin9 as<ersions on t:e G!us:H *:ite House???? Ge8<:asis addedH?
Mr? Gre99 re8ains steadfast in :is lo3alt3 to :is boss1 t:en-6ice %resident !us:1 and to :is lon9-
ti8e friend1 eliE Rodri9ueA? Mr? Gre99 :as ser>ed :is countr3 in t:e forei9n <olic3 field for 8ore
t:an t:ree decades? !3 all accounts :e is a lo3al A8erican???? As Mr? Gre99 :i8self conceded last
8ont:1 t:ere are substantial reasons for senators to sus<ect :is >ersion of e>ents and to raise
@uestions about :is Bud9e8ent? It does not ta;e a sus<icious or <artisan 8ind to loo; at t:e
docu8entar3 e>idence1 t:e bac; c:annel cables1 t:e F e3es onl3 77 8e8os1 and t:en to conclude
t:at Mr? Gre99 :as not been strai9:t =it: us? Indeed1 I a8 infor8ed t:at 8ore t:an one
Re<ublican senator =:o :as loo;ed at t:e accu8ulated =ei9:t of t:e e>idence a9ainst Mr? Gre991
:as re8ained uncon>inced and :as sou9:t Mr? Gre997s =it:dra=al?
Mr? Gre991 t:is co88ittee :as a funda8ental dile88a? If =e are to <ro8ote a 8an =e belie>e to
:a>e 8isled us under oat:1 =e =ould 8a;e a 8oc;er3 of t:is institution? *e =ould in>ite
conte8<t for our en@uiries? *e =ould encoura9e frustration of our constitutional obli9ations? ???
GItH :as been establis:ed t:at =:en 3ou are confronted =it: =ritten e>idence under8inin9 3our
stor31 3ou <oint t:e fin9er of bla8e else=:ere? At our last :earin9 3ou said Gor8an7s cables =ere
=ron91 Nort:7s noteboo;s =ere =ron91 Steele7s 8e8or3 =as =ron91 Nort:7s s=orn testi8on3
Gt:at Gre99 introduced Rodri9ueA to :i8H =as =ron91 3ou concocted a t:eor3 t:at 3our aide1
*atson1 and 3our secretar3 erred b3 =ritin9 F Contras 77 instead of F :elico<ters 77 on t:ose
infa8ous briefin9 8e8os for t:e 6ice %resident? In su81 3ou :a>e told a tale of an elaborate <lan
in =:ic: 3our <rofessional collea9ues and lon9-ti8e friends cons<ired to ;ee< 3ou i9norant of
crucial facts t:rou9: da3s of 8eetin9s1 8ont:l3 <:one calls and nearl3 t=o 3ears7 =ort: of cables
and 8e8os?
Incredibl31 =:en senators confront 3ou =it: t:e docu8entar3 e>idence =:ic: under8ines
3our stor31 3ou accuse us of concoctin9 cons<irac3 t:eories and 3ou do so =it: a strai9:t
face? ??? I t:in; it is clear b3 no= t:at 8an3 i8<ortant @uestions 8a3 ne>er be ans=ered
satisfactoril31
es<eciall3 because =e :a>e been stone=alled b3 t:e ad8inistration? T:e National Securit3 A9enc3
:as reBected our le9iti8ate en@uiries out of :and? T:e Central Intelli9ence A9enc3 <ro>ided a
res<onse =it: access restrictions so se>ere ??? as to be lau9:able? T:e ,e<art8ent of ,efense :as
9i>en an unsatisfactor3 res<onse t=o da3s late? T:e State ,e<art8ent7s res<onse =as utterl3
unres<onsi>e? T:e3 ans=ered our letter after t:eir self-i8<osed deadline and failed to <roduce
s<ecific docu8ents =e re@uested and =:ic: =e ;no= eEist? T:is Co88ittee :as been stone=alled
b3 Oli>er Nort:1 too? He :as not co8<lied =it: t:e Co88ittee sub<oena for :is unredacted
noteboo;s? T:e redacted noteboo;s contain re<eated &anuar3 12/+ references to eliE Rodri9ueA
=:ic: su99ests Nort:7s in>ol>e8ent in Rodri9ueA7 briefin9s of t:e 6ice %resident? No 8e8ber of
t:e Senate can esca<e t:e conclusion t:at t:ese ad8inistration actions are conte8<tuous of t:is
Co88ittee? I find t:is :i9:l3 re9rettable1 =it: <otential lon9-ter8 ra8ifications1 but I reco9niAe t:e
=ill of t:e 8aBorit3 to co8e to a co88ittee >ote soon1 u< or do=n1 and to 8o>e on to ot:er
<ressin9 business Ge8<:asis addedH????
Sen? McConnell" ??? ,urin9 t:e <eriod of t:e !oland A8end8ent1 =ere 3ou e>er as;ed to infor8
t:e 6ice %resident7s office or lend :is na8e to <ri>ate1 non<rofit efforts to su<<ort t:e ContrasD
Gre99" (es? I recall one instance1 in <articular1 =:ere t:ere =as a re@uest--I 9uess it =as <robabl3
fro8 one as<ect of t:e S<itA C:annell or9aniAation1 =:ic: :ad a >ariet3 of t:in9s 9oin9 on in and
around Nicara9ua? *e 9ot1 on ,ece8ber $nd1 12/+1 a letter to t:e 6ice %resident1 as;in9 :i8 to
9et in>ol>ed in so8et:in9 called t:e riends of t:e A8ericas1 =:ic: =as aid to t:e Mes;ito
Indians ??? in Nicara9ua t:at :ad been badl3 8istreated b3 t:e Sandinistas???? And so I :a>e a
docu8ent :ere =:ic: s:o=s :o= =e dealt =it: it? I sent it to !o3den Gra31 t:e counsel of t:e
6ice %resident and said1 F !o3den1 t:is loo;s o;a3 as a c:arit3 issue1 but t:ere is t:e @uestion of
<recedent? %lease 9i>e 8e a le9al o<inion? T:an;s? 77 ??? !o3den Gra3 =rote bac; to 8e and said1 F
No1 s:ould not do? Raises @uestions about indirect circu8>ention of con9ressional fundin9 li8its
or restriction1 >is-a- >is Nicara9ua? 77 T:at is t:e onl3 ti8e I recall t:at =e :ad a s<ecific re@uest
li;e t:at1 and t:is is :o= =e dealt =it: it? GIn fact1 Geor9e !us: :ad a 8uc: 8ore interestin9
relations:i< to t:e affairs of Carl R? F S<itA 77 C:annell t:an Mr? Gre99 discusses :ere? C:annell
=or;ed =it: !us:7s co>ert action a<<aratus1 8o>in9 :is =ealt:3 contacts to=ard =:at :e ter8ed
F t:e total e8brace of t:e 6ice %resident? 77H
Sen? %ell GC:air8an of t:e Co88itteeH" ??? irst1 3ou sa3 t:at 3ou offered to resi9n t=ice1 I t:in;?
#no=in9 t:at 3ou are a >er3 lo3al ser>ant of =:at 3ou >ie= as t:e national interest1 and ;no=in9
t:e e8barrass8ent t:at t:is no8ination :as caused t:e ad8inistration1 I =as =onderin9 =:3 3ou
did not as; 3our na8e to be =it:dra=n ??? to <ull 3our na8e bac;???? G=H:ic: :as been
reco88ended b3 8an3 of us as bein9 a =a3 to resol>e t:is <roble8?
Gre99" *ell1 I :a>en7t because I t:in; I78 full3 @ualified to be A8bassador to Sout: #orea? And
so does t:e 6ice %resident GsicH? So I a8 :ere because :e :as as;ed 8e to ser>e????
Sen? Cranston" ??? Senators =ill recall t:at on Oct? +t: of 7/- a <lane bearin9 8ilitar3 su<<lies to
t:e Contras =as s:ot do=n o>er Nicara9ua? T:e sole sur>i>or1 Eu9ene Hasenfus1 s<o;e <ublicl3 of
t:e role of eliE Rodri9ueA1 alias MaE Go8eA1 in aidin9 8ilitar3 resu<<l3 and noted Go8eA7s ties
to t:e 6ice %resident7s office? Could 3ou <lease describe 3our understandin9 of =:3 it =as t:at t:e
first call to official *as:in9ton re9ardin9 t:e s:ootdo=n =as fro8 eliE Rodri9ueA to 3our aidGeH
in *as:in9tonD
Gre99" ??? GItH =as because on t:e $+t: of &une of t:at 3ear :e :ad co8e to *as:in9ton to confront
Nort: about =:at :e re9arded as corru<tion in t:e su<<l3 <rocess of t:e Contras???? GHHe bro;e
=it: Nort: on t:e $+t: of &une and :as not been on s<ea;in9 ter8s =it: t:e 8an since t:en???? GHHe
tried to 9et 8e--:e could not--:e reac:ed Colonel *atson????
Sen? Cranston" As 3ou recall1 t:e 6ice %resident =as besie9ed at t:at ti8e =it: in@uiries
re9ardin9 Rodri9ueA7s ties to t:e 6ice %resident7s office? *:at did 3ou tell G!us: <ress
s<o;es8anH Marlin itA=ater re9ardin9 t:at relations:i<D
Gre99" ??? T:e t:rust of t:e <ress in@uiries =as al=a3s t:at fro8 t:e outset I :ad :ad in 8ind t:at
Rodri9ueA s:ould <la3 so8e role in t:e Contra su<<ort o<eration1 and 83 co88ents to Marlin ???
=ere t:at t:at :ad not been in 83 8ind????
Sen? Cranston" Let 8e @uote a9ain fro8 t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Geor9e !us: @uoted October 1'1
7/-? !us: said1 F To t:e best of 83 ;no=led9e1 t:is 8an1 eliE Rodri9ueA1 is not =or;in9 for t:e
United States 9o>ern8ent? 77 No= Mr? Gre991 3ou ;ne= t:at Rodri9ueA =as aidin9 t:e Contras and
recei>in9 8aterial assistance in t:e for8 of cars1 :ousin91 co88unications e@ui<8ent and
trans<ortation fro8 t:e U?S? 9o>ern8ent? ,id 3ou infor8 !us: of t:ose facts so t:at :e could
8a;e calculated 8isleadin9 state8ents in i9norance of :is staff7s acti>itiesD
Gre99" ??? At t:at <oint I :ad no idea t:at eliE--3ou said--3ou 8entioned co88unications
e@ui<8ent? I :ad no idea :e :ad been 9i>en b3 Nort: one of t:ose encr3<tion de>ices? I t:in; I
=as a=are t:at Colonel Steele :ad 9i>en :i8 access to a car1 and I ;ne= :e =as li>in9 in a !OL at
t:e air base? He =as not bein9 <aid an3 salar3? His 8ain source of inco8e =as1 as it is no=1 :is
retire8ent <ension fro8 CIA?
Sen? Cranston" ??? (ou told t:e Iran-Contra co88ittee t:at 3ou and !us: ne>er discussed t:e
Contras1 :ad no eE<ertise on t:e issue1 no res<onsibilit3 for it1 and t:e details of *ater9ate-siAed
scandal in>ol>in9 NSC staff and t:e GEd=inH *ilson 9an9 =as not 6ice %residential? (our
testi8on3 on t:at <oint I t:in; is de8onstrabl3 false? T:ere are at least siE 8e8os fro8 ,on
Gre99 to Geor9e !us: re9ardin9 detailed Contra issues????
Sen Cranston" A8 I correct in t:is1 t:at 3ou :a>e confir8ed ??? t:at senior U?S? 8ilitar31
di<lo8atic ??? and intelli9ence <ersonnel1 reall3 loo;ed =it: 9reat doubt u<on Rodri9ueA7s 8ission
and t:at t:e3 tolerated it onl3 because Rodri9ueA used :is contacts =it: t:e 6ice %resident and :is
staff as <art of t:e =a3 to bolster :is 8ission?
Gre99" ??? I =as not a=are of t:e di<lo8aticC I =as a=are of t:e 8ilitar3 and intelli9ence1 3es1 sir?
T:e co88ittee >oted in fa>or of confir8ation? Cranston >oted no? !ut t:ree ,e8ocrats--
C:arles Robb1 Terr3 Sanford and C:air8an Claiborne %ell--Boined t:e Re<ublicans?
Sanford confir8ed Cranston7s >ie=<oint1 sa3in9 t:at :e =as allo=in9 t:e no8ination to 9o
t:rou9: because :e =as afraid F t:e <at: =ould lead to !us:1 77 t:e ne= %resident? Sanford
said1 s:a8efacedl31 F If Gre99 =as l3in91 :e =as l3in9 to <rotect t:e %resident1 =:ic: is
different fro8 l3in9 to <rotect :i8self? 77GE8<:asis addedH
In Geor9e !us:7s 9o>ern8ent1 t:e one-<art3 state1 t:e ;ni>es soon ca8e out1 and t:e
<riAes a<<eared? T:e Senate Et:ics Co88ittee1 includin9 t:e s:a8efaced Terr3 Sanford1
be9an in No>e8ber 12/21 its attac; on t:e F #eatin9 i>e? 77 T:ese =ere U?S? Senators1
a8on9 t:e8 Senator Alan Cranston1 c:ar9ed =it: sa>in9s and loan corru<tion? T:e attac;
soon narro=ed do=n to one tar9et onl3--t:e Iran-Contrar3 Senator Cranston? On Au9? $1
12211 Senator Terr3 Sanford1 :a>in9 for9otten :is s:a8e1 too; o>er as t:e ne= c:air8an
of t:e Senate Et:ics Co88ittee?
NOTES"
1? *illia8 L? S:irer1 T:e Rise and all of t:e T:ird Reic:" A Histor3 of NaAi Ger8an3 0Ne= (or;" Si8on
and Sc:uster1 12-541 <? $.1?
$? Me8o1 Ma3 1)1 12/$1 t=o <<? bearin9 t:e nos? $2)-) and $2)-+? See also F NS,,-$ Structure for
Central A8erica1 77 bearin9 t:e no? $2))-1 a c:art s:o=in9 t:e SSG and its C%%G as a 9uidance a9enc3 for
t:e National Securit3 Council? %:otostats of t:ese docu8ents are re<roduced in t:e EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F
Iran9ate1 t:e Secret Go>ern8ent and t:e LaRouc:e Case1 77 0*iesbaden1 Ger8an3" EEecuti>e Intelli9ence
Re>ie= Nac:ric:tena9entur1 &une 12/241 <? 12?
'? Testi8on3 of ,onald %? Gre991 <<? .$-.' in Steno9ra<:ic Transcri<t of Hearin9s !efore t:e U?S? Senate
Co88ittee on orei9n Relations1 No8ination Hearin9 for ,onald %:inne3 Gre99 to be A8bassador to t:e
Re<ublic of #orea? *as:in9ton1 ,?C?1 Ma3 1$1 12/2 0:ereinafter identified as F Gre99 Hearin9s 774? T:is
transcri<t is a>ailable for readin9 at t:e office of t:e U?S? Senate orei9n Relations Co88ittee1 in t:e
Ca<itol1 *as:in9ton1 ,?C? See also eliE Rodri9ueA and &o:n *eis8an1 S:ado= *arrior 0Ne= (or;"
Si8on and Sc:uster1 12/241 <<? $1'-1)? T:e boo; =as 9:ost =ritten--and s<oo;-a<<ro>ed--b3 t:e CIA and
,onald Gre99 before <ublication?
)? Re<ort of t:e Con9ressional Co88ittees In>esti9atin9 t:e Iran Contra Affair 0:ereinafter identified as
t:e F Iran-Contra Re<ort 7741 <ublis:ed Bointl3 b3 t:e U?S? House of Re<resentati>es Select Co88ittee to
In>esti9ate Co>ert Ar8s Transactions =it: Iran1 and t:e U?S? Senate Select Co88ittee on Secret Militar3
Assistance to Iran and t:e Nicara9uan O<<osition1 No>? 1.1 12/.1 *as:in9ton1 ,?C?1 <<? '2+-2.? Note t:at
different sections of t:e Con9ressional Iran-Contra Re<ort =ere <ublis:ed on different dates?
+? Co>ertAction1 No? ''1 *inter 12251 <? 1$C dra=n fro8 %ublic Testi8on3 of a=n Hall1 Iran-Contra
Re<ort1 &une /1 12/.1 <? 1+?
-? Me8oranda and 8eetin9s of Marc: 12/'1 in t:e F National Securit3 Arc:i>e 77 Iran-Contra Collection on
8icrofic:e at t:e Librar3 of Con9ress1 Manuscri<t Readin9 Roo8 0:ereinafter identified as F Iran-Contra
Collection 774?
.? ,on Gre99 Me8orandu8 for !ud Mcarlane1 Marc: 1.1 12/'1 sta8<ed SECRET1 since declassified?
,ocu8ent no? .. in t:e Iran- Contra CollectionC on t:e 8e8o is a :and=ritten note fro8 F !ud 77
GMcarlaneH to F Ollie 77 GNort:H? See also Gre99 Hearin9s1 <<? +)- ++?
/? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <? 112?
2? S:ultA Me8orandu81 Ma3 $+1 12/' and *:ite House re<l31 bot: sta8<ed SECRETOSENSITI6E?
,ocu8ents be9innin9 no? 5515. in t:e Iran- Contra Collection?
15? ,e Graffenreid Me8orandu8 for Ad8iral Mur<:31 &ul3 1$1 12/'1 since declassified1 bearin9 t:e no?
)'-.'? ,ocu8ent no? 551'. in t:e Iran-Contra Collection?
11? Constantine C? Men9es1 Inside t:e National Securit3 Council 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and Sc:uster1 12//41
<<? .5-./?
1$? C:ronolo93 su<<lied b3 t:e Office of t:e 6ice %resident1 cited in T:e %ro9ressi>e1 Ma3 1/1 12/.1
London1 En9land1 <? $5?
1'? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <? $$1?C Co>ertAction1 No? ''1 *inter 12251 <? 1'1 citin9 Testi8on3
of Oli>er Nort:C Iran-Contra Re<ort 0&une /1 12/.41 <<? -)'1 .'$-''?
1)? T:is section is based on 14 literature su<<lied b3 CSA1 Inc? and its subsidiar3 AN61 and $4 an
eE:austi>e eEa8ination of CSAOAN6 in &u<iter and ot:er locations1 includin9 inter>ie=s =it: <ersonnel
e8<lo3ed b3 t:e co8<an31 and =it: 8ilitar3 and CIA <ersonnel =:o :a>e =or;ed =it: t:e co8<an3?
1+? Scott Ar8stron91 EEecuti>e Editor for T:e National Securit3 Arc:i>e1 T:e C:ronolo93" T:e
,ocu8ented ,a3-b3-,a3 Account of t:e Secret Militar3 Assistance to Iran and t:e Contras 0Ne= (or;"
*arner !oo;s1 12/.41 <? ++? &onat:an Mars:all1 %eter ,ale Scott and &ane Hunter1 T:e Iran-Contra
Connection" Secret Tea8s and Co>ert O<erations in t:e Rea9an Era 0!oston" Sout: End %ress1 12/.41 <<?
$12- $5?
1-? National Securit3 %lannin9 Grou< Meetin9 Minutes1 &une $+1 12/)1 <<? 1 and 1)1 <:otostats re<roduced
in EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F A8erican Le>iat:an" Ad8inistrati>e ascis8 under t:e !us: Re9i8e 77
0*iesbaden1 Ger8an3" EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= Nac:ric:tena9entur1 A<ril 122541 <? 1+2?
1.? T:is is an eEcer<t fro8 Section /5-- of %ublic La= 2/-).'1 t:e Continuin9 A<<ro<riations Act for
iscal (ear 12/+C Iran-Contra Re<ort1 No>? 1'1 12/.1 <? '2/l?
1/? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 No>? 11 12/) entr31 <? .51 citin9 Mia8i Herald 11O$O/) and 11O'O/)1 *all Street
&ournal 11O$O/)1 *as:in9ton %ost /O1+O/+1 Ne= (or; Ti8es 1$O$'O/.? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 No>? 151 12/'
entr31 <? )$1 citin9 cor<orate records of t:e lorida secretar3 of state .O1)O/-1 Mia8i Herald 11O$O/)1 Ne=
(or; Ti8es 11O'O/)?
12? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $$5-$1C EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F A8erican Le>iat:an1 77 <<? 1+.-+/?
$5? Re<ort of t:e Subco88ittee on Terroris81 Narcotics and International O<erations of t:e Co88ittee on
orei9n Relations1 United States Senate1 ,ece8ber 12//1 <<? -1--$?
$1? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $$1-$$?
$$? Ibid?1 <<? $$)- $+?
$'? General Gor8an F e3es onl3 77 cable to %ic;erin9 and Steele1 eb? 1)1 12/+? %artiall3 declassified and
released on &ul3 '51 12/. b3 t:e National Securit3 Council1 bearin9 no? , $'1.2? ,ocu8ent no? 55/'' in
t:e Iran-Contra Collection? See also Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $$+-$-?
$)? U?S? 9o>ern8ent sti<ulations in t:e trial of Oli>er Nort:1 re<roduced in EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F
Iran9ate???1 77 <<? $51 $$?
$+? Gre99 Hearin9s1 <? 22?
$-? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <? $$.? Gre99 Hearin9s1 Ne= (or; Ti8es1 ,ec? 1'1 12/-?
$.? Co>ertAction1 No? ''1 *inter 12251 <<? 1'-1)? On A8ira8 Nir1 see Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <<? $$+-$-1
citin9 *all Street &ournal 1$O$$O/-1 Ne= (or; Ti8es 1O1$O/.? On %oindeEter and Nort:1 see Men9es1o<?
cit?1 <? $-)?
$/? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <<? 1)5-)11 citin9 Senate Select Co88ittee on Intelli9ence1 F Re<ort on
%reli8inar3 In@uir31 77 &an? $21 12/.?
$2? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $'2-)1?
'5? Oli>er Nort:7s diar31 since edited and <artiall3 declassified1 entries for F 15 Se< /+? 77 ,ocu8ent no?
51+$. in t:e Iran-Contra Collection?
'1? *as:in9ton %ost1 &une 151 1225?
'$? C:arles E? Allen F Me8orandu8 for t:e Record1 77 ,ece8ber 1/1 12/+? %artiall3 declassifiedOreleased
0i?e? so8e <arts are still deleted4 b3 t:e National Securit3 Council on &anuar3 $-1 12//? ,ocu8ent no?
5$51) in t:e Iran-Contra Collection?
''? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <<? $$--$.1 citin9 *all Street &ournal 1$O$$O/-1 Ne= (or; Ti8es 1$O$+O/- and
1O1$O/.?
')? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $'11 citin9 *as:in9ton %ost $O$5O/.1 Ne= (or; Ti8es $O$$O/.?
'+? Ibid?1 <? $'$1 citin9 Mia8i Herald 11O'5O/-? '-? Inter>ie= =it: Her8an Moll in EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F
Iran9ate???1 77 <<? /1-/'?
'.? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $'+1 citin9 *as:in9ton %ost 1$O1-O/-1 1$O$.O/-1 1O15O/. and 1O1$O/.C Ibid?1 <?
$'/1 citin9 To=er Co88ission Re<ortC Men9es1 o<? cit?1 <? $.1?
'/? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <<? $)5-)11 citin9 *as:in9ton %ost 1O15O/. and 1O1+O/.C Sen? &o:n To=er1
C:air8an1 T:e To=er Co88ission Re<ort" T:e ull TeEt of t:e %resident7s S<ecial Re>ie= !oard 0Ne=
(or;" !anta8 !oo;s1 12/.41 <? $1.?
'2? Ibid?1 <<? '.1 $$+?
)5? Nort: noteboo; entr3 &an? 21 12/-1 EE:ibits attac:ed to Gre99 ,e<osition in Ton3 A>ir9an and Mart:a
Hone3 >? &o:n Hull1 Rene Corbo1 eli<e 6idal et al?1 $2 A<ril 12//?
)1? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $+/1 citin9 t:e !renne;e letter1 =:ic: =as 8ade a>ailable to t:e National
Securit3 Arc:i>e?
)$? U?S? 9o>ern8ent sti<ulations at t:e Nort: trial1 in EIR S<ecial Re<ort" F Iran9ate???1 77 <? $$?
)'? To=er Co88ission Re<ort1 <<? -.--/1 ./?
))? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $--1 citin9 *as:in9ton %ost 1O15O/. and 1O1+O/.?
)+? C:ronolo93 su<<lied b3 Office of 6ice %resident !us:C Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $--1 citin9 *as:in9ton
%ost 1$O1-O/-?
)-? ,e<osition of Robert Earl1 Iran-Contra Re<ort1 Ma3 $1 12/.1 6ol? 21 <<? $$-$'C ,e<osition of Crai9
Co31 Iran-Contra Re<ort1 Marc: 1.1 12/.1 6ol? .1 <<? $)-$+" cited in Co>ertAction1 No? ''1 *inter 12251
<? 1'?
).? Oli>er Re>ell to Sen? ,a>id !oren1 c:air8an of Senate Select Co88ittee on Intelli9ence1 A<ril 1.1
12/.C *as:in9ton %ost eb? 1.1 $5 and $$1 12/.C *all Street &ournal eb? $51 12/." cited in Co>ertAction1
No? ''1 *inter 12251 <? 1'?
)/? Ne=s=ee;1 Oct? $11 12/+1 <? $-C Earl EE:ibit1 nos? '- /1 attac:ed to Earl ,e<osition1 o<? cit? cited in
Co>ertAction No? ''1 *inter 12251 <? 1+?
)2? Earl ,e<osition1 o<? cit?1 Ma3 '51 12/.1 <<? ''-'.C Ma3 1+1 12/.1 <<? 11.-$1 0C:annell and Miller4C
Ma3 1+1 12/.1 <<? 1'11 112 0<ri>ate contributors4?
+5? ,onald Gre99 !riefin9 Me8orandu8 for t:e 6ice %resident1 &an? $.1 12/-C released b3 t:e National
Securit3 Council Marc: $$1 12//? ,ocu8ent no? 5$$+) in Iran-Contra Collection?
+1? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $.+1 citin9 Mia8i Herald 11O'5O/-?
+$? Ibid?1 <? $/51 citin9 t:e MenarcAi; letter to !renne;e =:ic: =as 8ade a>ailable to t:e National Securit3
Arc:i>e?
+'? Ibid?1 citin9 Mia8i Herald 11O'5O/-?
+)? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>? '51 12/-1 ,ec? )1 12/-? See Gre99 testi8on3" !renne;e :ad M7s nu8ber?
++? Luoted in Men9es1 o<? cit?1 <? $.+?
+-? ,e<osition of Mic:ael Tolli>er in A>ir9an and Hone31 o<? cit?
+.? Allan Nairn1 F T:e !us: Connection1 77 in T:e %ro9ressi>e 0London" Ma3 1/1 12/.41 <<? $1-$$?
+/? Nairn1 o<? cit?1 <<? 121 $1-$'?
+2? To=er Co88ission Re<ort1 <? )-+
-5? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $))-)+?
-1? Ibid?
-$? F Sc:edule %ro<osal1 77 Office of t:e 6ice %resident1 A<ril 1-1 12/-1 eE:ibit attac:ed to Gre99
,e<osition in A>ir9an and Hone31 o<? cit?
-'? Office of t:e 6ice %resident Me8orandu81 A<ril '51 12/-1 released Au9? $/1 12/. b3 t:e National
Securit3 Council? ,ocu8ent no? 5$.'/ in t:e Iran-Contra Collection?
-)? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <<? $)+-)-? See also Gre99 confir8ation :earin9s1 eEcer<ted infra1
and nu8erous ot:er sources?
-+? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <<? '-/--21 citin9 Senate Select Intelli9ence Co88ittee Re<ort1 &an? $21 12/.? --?
Ibid?1 <? '.'1 citin9 *as:in9ton %ost 1$O1-O/-?
-.? Ibid?1 <? '//-/21 citin9 Mcarlane testi8on3 to t:e To=er Co88ission?
-/? Affida>it of Eu9ene Harr3 Hasenfus1 October 1$1 12/-1 <<? $- '? ,ocu8ent no? 5'+.+ in t:e Iran-
Contra Collection? -2? To=er Co88ission Re<ort1 <<? '/+-//?
.5? *as:in9ton %ost1 eb? $-1 12/.?
.1? Hasenfus Affida>it1 <<? --.? .$? Ibid?
.'? Hasenfus Affida>it1 <? .?
.)? Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? +5/1 citin9 t:e c:ronolo93 <ro>ided b3 Geor9e !us:7s office1 *as:in9ton %ost
1$O1-O/-C Ne= (or; Ti8es 1$O1-O/-1 1$O1.O/- and 1$O$+O/-C *all Street &ournal 1$O12O/- and 1$O$)O/-?
.+? Laredo GTeEasH Mornin9 Ti8es1 Ma3 1+1 12/21 <? 1?
.-? *as:in9ton %ost1 Oct? 111 12/-?
..? *as:in9ton %ost1 Oct? 1$1 12/-1 Oct? 1)1 12/-?
./? *as:in9ton %ost1 Oct? 1)1 12/-?
.2? Hasenfus Affida>it1 <? '?
/5? Rodri9ueA and *eis8an1 o<? cit?1 <? $)1?
/1? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>? $51 12/-?
/$? *as:in9ton %ost1 eb? 1$1 12/.?
/'? *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ec? 1/1 12/-1 *all Street &ournal1 ,ec? 121 12/-?
/)? ,onald T? Re9an1 or t:e Record" ro8 *all Street to *as:in9ton 0Ne= (or;" Harcourt !race
&o>ano>itc:1 12//41 <<? '-/-.'?
/+? Ibid?
/-? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Marc: $1 12/2?
/.? Co>ertAction1 No? ''1 *inter 12251 <? 1+?
//? Steno9ra<:ic Transcri<t of Hearin9s !efore t:e U?S? Senate Co88ittee on orei9n Relations1
No8ination Hearin9 for ,onald %:inne3 Gre99 to be A8bassador to t:e Re<ublic of #orea? *as:in9ton1
,?C?1 Ma3 1$ and &une 1+1 12/2? So8e 8iss<ellin9s in t:e transcri<t :a>e been corrected :ere?
/2? Mar3 McCror31 F T:e Trut: Accordin9 to Gre991 77 *as:in9ton %ost1 &une $$1 12/2?
25? NE%L contributions 12/+ <rintout1 cited in Ar8stron91 o<? cit?1 <? $$-?
C:a<ter -MM- T:e %:on3 *ar on ,ru9s
Tout le 8onde 8e <rend <our un :o88e de bienC Mais la >erite <ure est @ue Be ne >auE
rien?
Moliere1 Le Tartuffe An indis<ensable co8<onent of t:e 83t:ical 8edia <rofile =:ic:
Geor9e !us: :as built u< o>er t:e 3ears to buttress :is electoral as<irations :as been :is
role as an anti-dru9 fi9:ter? His first for8all3 sc:eduled <ri8e ti8e <residential tele>ision
address to t:e nation in Se<te8ber1 12/2 =as de>oted to announcin9 :is <lans for 8easures
to co8bat t:e ille9al narcotics t:at continued to inundate t:e sreets of t:e United States?
,urin9 :is 12// election ca8<ai9n1 !us: <ointed =it: astoundin9 co8<lacenc3 to :is
record as %resident Rea9an7s desi9nated <oint 8an in t:e ad8inistration7s =ar on dru9s?
In :is acce<tance s<eec: to t:e Re<ublican National Con>ention in 12//1 !us: stated" FI
=ant a dru9-free A8erica? Toni9:t1 I c:allen9e t:e 3oun9 <eo<le of our countr3 to s:ut
do=n t:e dru9 dealers around t:e =orld????M3 Ad8inistration =ill be tellin9 t:e dealers1
F*:ate>er =e :a>e to do1 =e7ll do1 but 3our da3 is o>er? (ou7re :istor3?7F
Indeed1 !us: :as an i8<ressi>e resu8e of bureaucratic titles to bac; u< :is clai8 to be
A8erica7s to< anti-dru9 fi9:ter? On &anuar3 $/1 12/$1 Rea9an created t:e Sout: lorida
Tas; orce under !us:7s :i9:-<rofile leaders:i< to coordinate t:e efforts of t:e >arious
federal a9encies to ste8 t:e tide of narcotics into !us:7s old fa8il3 baili=ic;? On Marc:
$'1 12/'1 !us: =as <laced in c:ar9e of t:e National Narcotics !order Interdiction S3ste81
=:ic: =as su<<osed to staunc: t:e dru9 flo= o>er all US borders? In Au9ust1 12/- US
officials <resented to t:eir MeEican counter<arts a sc:e8e called O<eration Alliance1 a ne=
border enforce8ent initiati>e t:at =as alle9edl3 to do for t:e US- MeEican border area
=:at t:e Sout: lorida Tas; orce :ad alle9edl3 alread3 done for t:e sout:eastern states?
Geor9e !us: =as a<<ointed c:ief of O<eration Alliance1 =:ic: in>ol>ed $5 federal
a9encies1 +55 additional federal officers1 and a bud9et of I$-- 8illion?
To cro=n all t:ese efforts1 !us: sou9:t to obtain a ca8eo role for a brief a<<earance on t:e
tele>ision series Mia8i 6ice? He =as <er:a<s ins<ired b3 :is 8entor1 #issin9er1 =:o :ad
=al;ed t:rou9: a ca8eo of :is o=n on ,3nast3? !ut !us: =as unable to acco8<lis: :is
drea8?
T:e dru9 <la9ue is an area in =:ic: t:e national interest re@uires results? Ille9al narcotics
are one of t:e 8ost i8<ortant causes of t:e dissolution of A8erican societ3 at t:e <resent
ti8e? To interdict t:e dru9 flo=s and to <rosecute t:e dru9 8one3 launderers at t:e to< of
t:e ban;in9 co88unit3 =ould :a>e re<resented a real <ublic ser>ice? !ut !us: :ad no
intention of seriousl3 <ursuin9 suc: 9oals? or :i81 t:e =ar on dru9s =as a cruel :oaE1 a
c3nical eEercise in de8a9o9ic self-<ro8otion1 desi9ned in lar9e <art to ca8oufla9e
acti>ities b3 :i8self and :is net=or;s t:at <ro8oted dru9 traffic;in9? A furt:er s:oc;in9
e<isode t:at :as co8e to li9:t in t:is re9ard in>ol>es !us:7s 1)-3ear friends:i< =it: a
8e8ber of Me3er Lans;37s Mia8i circles =:o sold !us: :is <riAed tro<:31 t:e Ci9arette
boat idelit3?
!us:7s =ar on dru9s =as a r:etorical and <ublic relations success for a ti8e? On ebruar3
1-1 12/$1 in a s<eec: on :is o=n turf in Mia8i1 lorida1 !us: <ro8ised to use so<:isticated
8ilitar3 aircraft to trac; t:e air<lanes used b3 s8u99lers? Se>eral da3s later1 !us: ordered
t:e US Na>3 to send in its E$C sur>eillance aircraft for t:is <ur<ose? If t:ese =ere not
a>ailable in sufficient nu8bers1 said !us:1 :e =as deter8ined to brin9 in t:e lar9er and
8ore so<:isticated A*ACS earl3 =arnin9 aircraft to do t:e Bob? !ut !us:7s s;ills as an
intera9enc3 eE<editer left so8et:in9 to be desired" b3 Ma31 t=o of t:e four E$C aircraft
t:at ori9inall3 :ad been in lorida =ere transferred out of t:e state? !3 &une1 airborne
sur>eillance ti8e =as runnin9 a 8ere )5 :ours <er 8ont:1 not t:e '-5 :ours <ro8ised b3
!us:1 <ro8<tin9 Re<? Glenn En9lis: to call :earin9s on t:is to<ic? !3 October1 12/$ t:e
General Accountin9 Office issued an o<inion in =:ic: it found Fit is doubtful =:et:er t:e
Gsout: loridaH tas; force can :a>e an3 substantial lon9-ter8 i8<act on dru9 a>ailabilit3?F
!ut t:e :eadlines =ere 9rabbed b3 !us:1 =:o stated in 12/) t:at t:e efforts of :is tas;
force :ad eli8inated t:e 8ariBuana trade in sout: lorida? T:at =as an absurd clai81 but it
sounded >er3 9ood? *:en rancis Mullen? &r?1 t:e ad8inistrator of t:e ,ru9 Enforce8ent
A9enc3 0,EA4 criticiAed !us: for 8a;in9 t:is =ildl3 inaccurate state8ent1 :e =as soon
ousted fro8 :is <ost at t:e ,EA?
In 12//1 ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an Glenn En9lis: concluded t:at !us:7s F=ar on dru9sF
:ad been fou9:t =it: Flittle 8ore t:an li< ser>ice and <ress releases?F En9lis: =rote" FT:ere
:as been >er3 little substance be:ind t:e r:etoric1 and so8e of t:e 8aBor interdiction
<roble8s :a>e 3et to be resol>ed? T:e %resident assi9ned???!us: to coordinate and direct
federal antidru9-abuse <ro9ra8s a8on9 t:e >arious la= enforce8ent a9encies? Ho=e>er1
ei9:t 3ears later it is a<<arent t:at t:e tas; :as not been acco8<lis:ed?F Gfn 1H No obser>er
still stationed in realit3 could dis<ute t:is >er3 <essi8istic assess8ent?
!ut t:e =:ole trut: is 8uc: u9lier? *e :a>e docu8ented in detail :o= t:e Iran-contra dru9-
runnin9 and 9un-runnin9 o<erations run out of !us:7s o=n office <la3ed t:eir role in
increasin9 t:e :eroin1 crac;1 cocain1 and 8ariBuana brou9:t into t:is countr3? *e :a>e
re>ie=ed !us:7s relations =it: :is close su<<orters in t:e *all Street L!O 9an91 8uc: of
=:ose li@uidit3 is deri>ed fro8 narcotics <a38ents =:ic: t:e ban;in9 s3ste8 is ea9er to
rec3cle and launder? *e recall !us:7s 1225 8eetin9 =it: S3rian %resident HafeA Assad1
=:o is <ersonall3 one of t:e 8ost <rolific dru9 <us:ers on t:e <lanet1 and =:o8 !us:
e8braced as an all3 durin9 t:e Gulf crisis?
!us:7s Fsoft on dru9sF <rofile =ent furt:er? In t:e %a;istan-Af9:anistan t:eatre1 for
eEa8<le1 it =as a<<arent t:at certain <ro-#:o8eini for8ations a8on9 t:e Af9:an 9uerillas
=ere1 li;e t:e contras1 8ore interested in traffic;in9 in dru9s and 9uns t:an in fi9:tin9 t:e
So>iet-bac;ed re9i8e in #abul and t:e Red Ar83 forces t:at 8aintained it in <o=er? T:ere
=ere re<orts t:at suc: acti>ities on t:e <art of suc: 9uerilla 9rou<s =ere seconded b3 <arts
of t:e %a;istani secret intelli9ence ser>ices1 t:e Inter-Ser>ice Intelli9ence1 and t:e National
Lo9istics Cell? Accordin9 to t:ese re<orts1 !us:7s >isit to %a;istan7s %resident Gen? Jia ul-
Ha@ in Ma31 12/) =as conducted in full a=areness of t:ese <:eno8nena? Ne>ert:eless1
!us: c:ose to <raise t:e alle9ed successes of t:e Jia 9o>ern8ent7s anti-narcotics <ro9ra8
=:ic:1 !us: intoned1 =as a 8atter of 9reat F<ersonal interestF to :i8? A8on9 t:ose <resent
at t:e ban@uet =:ere !us: 8ade t:ese re8ar;s =ere1 re<ortedl31 se>eral of t:e officials
8ost res<onsible for t:e narcotics traffic;in9 in %a;istan? Gfn $H !ut t:ere is an e>en 8ore
fla9rant as<ect of !us:7s conduct =:ic: can be said to de8olis: once and for all t:e 83t:
of t:e F=ar on dru9sF and re<lace it =it: a realit3 so sinister t:at it 9oes be3ond t:e
i8a9ination of 8ost citiAens?
T:ose =:o follo= !us:7s frenetic s<orts acti>ities on tele>ision are doubtless fa8iliar =it:
!us:7s s<eedboat1 in =:ic: :e is accusto8ed to ca>ort in t:e =aters off :is estate at
*al;er7s %oint in #ennebun;<ort1 Maine? Gfn 'H T:e craft in @uestion is t:e idelit31 a
<o=erboat ca<able of o<eratin9 on t:e :i9: seas? idelit3 is a class of boat 8ar;eted under
t:e brand na8e of FCi9arette1F a :i9:-<riced s<eedboat dubbed Ft:e errari of t:e :i9:
seas?F T:is detail s:ould a=a;en our interest1 since !us:7s <rofile as an An9lo- SaEon
aristocrat =ould nor8all3 include a 9enteel <redeliction for sailin91 rat:er t:an a <reference
for a >ul9ar :otrod li;e idelit31 =:ic: e>o;es t:e et:os of ru8-runners and s8u99lers?
T:e Ci9arette boat idelit3 =as <urc:ased b3 Geor9e !us: fro8 a certain ,on Arono=?
!us: re<ortedl3 8et Arono= at a boat s:o= in 12.)1 and decided to bu3 one of t:e
Ci9arette boats Arono= 8anufactured? Arono= =as one of t:e 8ost celebrated and
successful <o=erboat racers of t:e 12-57s1 and :ad t:en turned :is :and to desi9nin9 and
buildin9 t:ese boats? !ut accordin9 to at least one <ublis:ed account1 t:ere is co8<ellin9
e>idence to conclude t:at Arono= =as a dru9 s8u99ler and sus<ected dru9-8one3
launderer lin;ed to t:e Geno>ese %ur<le Gan9 of Ne= (or; Cit3 =it:in t:e 8ore 9eneral
fra8e=or; of t:e Me3er Lans;3 or9aniAed cri8e s3ndicate? Arono=7s role in 8ariBuana
s8u99lin9 =as re<ortedl3 confir8ed b3 !ill Norris1 :ead of t:e MaBor Narcotics Unit at t:e
Mia8i US Attorne37s office and t:us t:e to< federal dru9 <rosecution official in sout:
lorida? Gfn )H
Arono= nu8bered a8on9 :is friends and ac@uaintances not Bust !us:1 but 8an3
international <ublic fi9ures and celebrities1 8an3 of =:o8 :ad <urc:ased t:e boats :e built?
Arono=7s =ife =as said to be a for8er 9irlfriend of #in9 Hussein of &ordan? Arono= =as in
touc: =it: #in9 &uan Carlos of S<ain1 Lord Lucan 0!ill3 S:and-#3dd1 a relati>e of
%rincess ,iana7s 8ot:er41 Sir MaE Ait;en 0t:e son of !ritis: <ress baron Lord
!ea>erbroo;41 %rince Rainier and %rincess Grace of Monaco1 Eastern Airlines c:air8an
and for8er astronaut ran; !or8ann1 #i8berl3-Clar; :eir &i8 #i8berle31 Al>in Malni;
0one of t:e re<uted :eirs to Me3er Lans;34 and C:arles #eatin91 later t:e <rota9onist of t:e
Lincoln Sa>in9s and Loan scandal? So8e of t:ese eEalted ac@uaintances are su99esti>e of
stron9 intelli9ence connections as =ell?
In Ma3 of 12/-1 Aron8o= recei>ed a letter fro8 Nicolas Ilio<oulos1 t:e ro3al boat ca<tain
to #in9 Hussein of &ordan eE<ressin9 on be:alf of t:e #in9 t:e latter7s satisfaction =it: a
<o=erboat <urc:ased fro8 Arono=1 and con>e3in9 t:e co8<li8ents of #in9 &uan Carlos of
S<ain and %resident Hosni Mubara; of E93<t1 =:o :ad recentl3 been t:e &ordanian
so>erei9n7s 9uests on board? Arono= sent a co<3 of t:is letter to !us:1 fro8 =:o8 :e
recei>ed a re<l3 dated &une -1 12/- in =:ic: !us: t:an;ed :i8 F=it: =ar8 re9ardsF for
for=ardin9 t:e ro3al note and added" FI can re<eat t:at 83 old Ci9arette1 t:e Fidelit3F is
runnin9 =ell too? I7>e :ad :er out a cou<le of =ee;ends and t:e en9ines :a>e been
:u88in9? I :o<e our <at:s cross soon1 83 friend?F Gfn +H Arono= =as re<ortedl3 a close
friend of Geor9e !us:? In :is boo;-len9t: account of t:e life and deat: of Arono= =:ic: is
t:e basis for t:e follo=in9 anal3sis1 T:o8as !urdic; @uotes an unna8ed &ustice
,e<art8ent official relatin9 t:e co88ents of one of :is friends on t:e !us:-Arono=
relation" FM3 friend said1 7I 9uarantee 3ou I ;no= =:at t:e connection =as bet=een :i8
and !us:? It7s t:e boats? T:e 9u3 lo>es fuc;in9 boats?F A Secret Ser>ice a9ent also referred
to !us: as a Fboat 9rou<ie?F Gfn -H !ut does t:is eE:aust t:e to<icD
O>er t:e 3ears1 !us: :ad a<<arentl3 consulted =it: Arono= concernin9 t:e ser>icin9 and
u<;ee< of :is Ci9arette boat? ,urin9 12/'1 !us: be9an to see; out Arono=7s co8<an3 for
fis:in9 tri<s? T:e ori9inal en9ines on !us:7s Ci9arette boat needed re<lace8ent1 and t:is
=as t:e ostensible occasion for rene=in9 contact =it: Arono=? Arono= told !us: of a ne=
8odel of boat t:at :e :ad desi9ned1 su<<osedl3 a :i9:-<erfor8ance cata8aran? !us:
<lanned to co8e to lorida durin9 t:e Ne= (ear7s :olida3 for a s:ort >acation durin9 =:ic:
:e =ould 9o bonefis:in9 =it: :is cron3 Nic; !rad3? ,urin9 t:is ti8e :e =ould also arran9e
to deli>er an antidru9 <e<-tal;?
On &anuar3 )1 12/)1 Geor9e !us: rendeA>oused =it: ,on Arono= at Isla8orada in t:e
lorida #e3s? Earlier in t:e da31 !us: :ad deli>ered one of :is F=ar on dru9sF s<eec:es at
t:e O8ni International Hotel in Mia8i? !us: and !rad3 t:en <roceeded b3 8otorcade to
Isla8orada1 =:ere Arono= =as =aitin9 =it: :is cata8aran? Acco8<anied b3 a flotilla of
Secret Ser>ice and Custo8s a9ents in Ci9arette boats t:at :ad been seiAed fro8 dru9
s8u99lers1 !us:1 !rad31 Arono=1 and one of t:e latter7s retainers1 t:e cata8aran <roceeded
t:rou9: 8oderate s=ells to Mia8i1 =it: *:ite House <:oto9ra<:ers eternaliAin9 t:e <:oto
o<<ortunit3 at e>er3 8o8ent? !us:1 =:o :ad donned desi9ner racin9 9o99les for t:e
occasion1 =as allo=ed to ta;e t:e =:eel of t:e cata8aran and see8ed >er3 t:rilled and >er3
:a<<3? Nic; !rad31 s<ortin9 :is o=n =ra<-around s:ades1 found t:e seas too rou9: for :is
taste?
After t:e tri< =as o>er1 !us: <ersonall3 t3<ed t:e follo=in9 letter to ,on Arono= on :is
>ice <residential staioner31 =:ic: :e sent acco8<anied b3 so8e <:oto9ra<:s of !us:1
Arono=1 !rad3 and t:e ot:ers on board t:e cata8aran"
&anuar3 1)1 12/)
,ear ,on1
Here are so8e <rett3 9ood s:ots =:ic: I :o<e =ill brin9 bac; so8e <rett3 9ood 8e8ories? I
included one si9ned s:ot in 3our <ac;et for GArono=7s <ilotH Rand3 GRi99sH? Also a8 enclosin9 a
set of <icture GsicH for *illie not :a>in9 :is address or ;no=in9 :o= :e s<ells M3ersD *ill 3ou
<lease 9i>e t:e8 to :i8 and t:an; :i8 for :is <art in our =onderful outin9? He is @uite a 9u3 and I
learned a lot fro8 :i8 on t:e =a3 u< to Mia8i fro8 t:e #e3s?
A9ain ,on t:is da3 =as one of t:e 9reatest of 83 life? I lo>e boats1 al=a3s :a>e? !ut e>er since
;no=in9 3ou t:at <ri>ate side of 83 life :as beco8e e>er 8ore eEcitin9 and fulfillin9?
Incidentall31 I didn7t 9et to tell 3ou but 83 reliable $/ footer Ci9arette t:at is1 still doin9 Bust
fine???no trouble at all and t:e ne= last 3ear en9ines?
All t:e best to 3ou and all 3our eEcitin9 >entures? Ma3 all 3our boats bee GsicH nu8ber one and 8a3 t:e
:osres GsicH be not far be:ind?
At t:e end of t:is 8essa9e1 before :is si9nature1 !us: =rote in b3 :and1 FM3 t3<in9
stin;s?F Gfn .H
As a result of t:is outin91 !us: is said to :a>e used :is influence to see to it t:at Arono=
recei>ed a lucrati>e contract to build t:e !lue T:under cata8arans at I1+51555 a<iece for
t:e US Custo8s Ser>ice? T:is contract =as announced =it: 9reat fanfare in Mia8i on
ebruar3 )1 12/+1 and =as celebrated a =ee; later in a <ublic cere8on3 in =:ic: lorida
Senator %aula Ha=;ins and US Custo8s Co88issioner *illia8 >on Raab 8u99ed for
<:oto9ra<:ers to9et:er =it: Arono=? T:e 9o>ern8ent <urc:ase =as :3<ed as t:e first ti8e
t:at t:e Custo8s =ould recei>e boats es<eciall3 desi9ned and built to interce<t dru9
runners on t:e :i9: seas1 a bi9 ste< for=ard in t:e =ar on dru9s?
T:is =as t:e sa8e Geor9e !us: =:o in Marc:1 12// :ad stated" FI =ill ne>er bar9ain =it:
dru9 dealers on US or forei9n soil?F
As one local resident recalled of t:at ti8e1 Fe>er3one in Mia8i ;ne= t:at if 3ou needed a
fa>or fro8 !us:1 3ou s<o;e to Arono=?F Gfn /H It =as <ro>erbial a8on9 lorida <ols and
<o=erbro;ers t:at Arono= :ad t:e >ice <resident7s ear?
T:e Custo8s soon found t:at t:e !lue T:under cata8arans =ere :i9:l3 unsea=ort:3 and
:i9:l3 unsuitable for t:e tas; of c:asin9 do=n ot:er s<eedboats1 includin9 abo>e all
Arono=7s earlier 8odel Ci9arette boats1 =:ic: =ere no= <roduced b3 a co8<an3 not
controlled b3 Arono=? !lue T:under =as relati>el3 slo= class1 ca<able of a to< s<eed of
onl3 +- 8iles <er :our1 des<ite t:e <resence of t=in ))5-:orse<o=er 8arine en9ines? T:e
desi9n of t:e cata8aran :ulls lac;ed an3 :3drod3na8ic ad>anta9es1 and t:e boats =ere too
:ea>3 to attain sufficient lift? T:e stern dri>es =ere too =ea; for t:e <o=erful en9ines1
leadin9 to t:e <roble8 of F9renadin9F " =:en t:e dri>e s:afts se>ered1 =:ic: =as often1 t:e
en9ines be9an to re> far be3ond t:eir red line1 leadin9 to t:e eE<losion or disinte9ration of
t:e en9ines and t:e s:ar<nel-li;e scatterin9 of red-:ot steel fra98ents t:rou9: t:e boat?
T:is 8eant t:at t:e boats :ad to be ;e<t =ell belo= t:eir 8aEi8u8 s<eed? Most !lue
T:unders s<ent 8ore ti8e under9oin9 re<airs t:an c:asin9 dru9 runners in t:e coastal
=aters of lorida? !lue T:under =as in boatin9 <arlance F=et1F a co8<lete le8on1 useful
onl3 for <:oto o<<ortunities and <ublicit3 s:ots?
,ocu8ents found b3 !urdic; in t:e ,ade Count3 land records office s:o= t:at USA
Racin91 t:e co8<an3 o<erated b3 Arono= =:ic: built t:e !lue T:under cata8arans for t:e
Custo8s ser>ice =as not o=ned b3 Arono=1 but rat:er b3 a one &ac; &? #ra8er in :is
ca<acit3 of <resident of Su<er C:ief Sout: Cor<oration? &ac; #ra8er :ad 8arried a niece
of Me3er Lans;3? &ac; #ra8er7s son !en #ra8er =as t:us t:e 9reat ne<:e= and one of t:e
<utati>e :eirs of t:e to< boss of t:e US cri8e s3ndicate1 Me3er Lans;3? !en #ra8er =as
also a notorious or9aniAed cri8e fi9ure in :is o=n ri9:t? On Marc: $/1 1225 &ac; #ra8er
and !en #ra8er =ere bot: found 9uilt3 of $' and $/ counts 0res<ecti>el34 of federal
8one3 launderin9 c:ar9es? In t:e <re>ious 3ear1 !en #ra8er :ad also been sentenced to
life i8<rison8ent =it:out <arole for :a>in9 i8<orted :alf a 8illion <ounds of 8ariBuana?
!us: :ad t:us 9i>en a <ri8e contract in =a9in9 t:e =ar on dru9s to one of t:e leadin9
dru9-s8u99lin9 and 8one3-launderin9 cri8e fa8ilies in t:e US?
,on Arono= =as 8urdered b3 Mafia-st3le <rofessional ;illers on ebruar3 '1 12/.? ,urin9
t:e last da3s of :is life1 Arono= is re<orted to :a>e 8ade nu8erous <ersonal tele<:one
calls to !us:? Arono= :ad been a=are t:at :is life =as in dan9er1 and :e :ad left a list of
instructions to tell :is =ife =:at to do if an3t:in9 s:ould :a<<en to :i8? T:e first <oint on
t:e list =as FW1? CALL GEORGE !USH?F Gfn 2H Lillian Arono= did call !us:1 =:o
re<ortedl3 res<onded b3 <lacin9 a <ersonal call to t:e Metro,ade %olice ,e<art8ent
:o8icide di>ision to eE<ress :is concern and to re@uest an eE<editious :andlin9 of t:e case?
!us: did not attend Arono=7s funeral1 but a 8ont: later :e sent a letter to Arono=7s son
Ga>in in =:ic: :e called t:e late ,on Arono= Fa :ero?F
*:en Lillian Arono= sus<ected t:at :er tele<:one =as bein9 ta<<ed1 s:e called !us:1 =:o
ur9ed :er to be cal8 and <ro8ised to order an in>esti9ation of t:e 8atter? S:ortl3 after t:at1
t:e sus<icious noises in Mrs? Arono=7s tele<:one ceased? *:en Lilian Arono= recei>ed
re<orts t:at :er :usband 8i9:t :a>e been 8urdered b3 ro9ue CIA o<erati>es or ot:er
=a3=ard federal a9ents and t:at s:e :erself and :er c:ildren =ere still in dan9er1 s:e s:ared
:er fears in a tele<:one call to !us:? !us: re<ortedl3 later called Mrs?
Arono= and1 as s:e recalled1 FHe said to 8e1 7Lillian1 3ou7re fine?7 He said t:at 7eE-CIA
<eo<le are reall3 off?7 T:at7s t:e trut:?F Gfn 15H Later1 Mrs? Arono= :eard t:at Gen? Norie9a
of %ana8a =as interested in bu3in9 so8e of :er boats1 and s:e be9an to <re<are a tri< to
%ana8a in t:e :o<e of 9eneratin9 so8e orders? !efore :er de<arture1 s:e sa3s s:e called
!us: =:o ad>ised :er a9ainst 8a;in9 t:e tri< because of Norei9a7s in>ol>e8ent in Fbad
t:in9s?F Mrs? Arono= cancelled :er reser>ations for %ana8a Cit3? !ut in t:e su88er of
12/.1 !us: snubbed Mrs? Arono= b3 <ointedl3 a>oidin9 :er at a Mia8i dinner <art3? !ut
durin9 t:is sa8e <eriod1 !us: fre@uentl3 =ent fis:in9 =it: for8er Arono= e8<lo3ee
*illie Me3ers1 =:o8 :e :ad 8entioned in t:e letter cited abo>e? Accordin9 to T:o8as
!urdic;7s sources1 *illie Me3ers =as also a friend of Secretar3 of State Geor9e S:ultA1 and
often eE<ressed concern about da8a9in9 <ublicit3 for !us: and S:ultA t:at 8i9:t deri>e
fro8 t:e Arono= case?
Accordin9 to T:o8as !urdic;1 Me3ers sa3s t:at !us: tal;ed to :i8 about :o= t:e >ice
<resident7s staff =as 8onitorin9 t:e Arono= in>esti9ation? !us: la8ented t:at :e did not
:a>e 9rounds to 9et federal a9encies in>ol>ed? FI Bust =is:1F said !us: to Me3ers1 Ft:at
t:ere =as so8e federal as<ect to t:e 8urder? If t:e ;illers crossed state lines? T:en I could
9et t:e !I in>ol>ed?F Gfn 11H T:e for8 of t:e ar9u8ent is re8iniscent of t:e >ie=s
eE<ressed b3 !us: and Ton3 La<:a8 durin9 t:e Letelier case?
In Ma3 or &une of 12/.1 se>eral 8ont:s after Arono= :ad been ;illed1 Mi;e !rittain1 =:o
o=ned a co8<an3 called Alu8inu8 Marine %roducts1 located on FT:underboat Alle3F in
t:e nort:ern <art of Mia8i 0t:e sa8e street =:ere Arono= :ad =or;ed41 =as a<<roac:ed b3
t=o !I s<ecial a9ents1 &ose<: Us:er and &o:n ,ono>an1 bot: of t:e Mia8i !I field
office? T:e3 =ere acco8<anied b3 a t:ird !I 8an1 =:o8 t:e3 <resented as a 8e8ber of
Geor9e !us:7s staff at t:e National ,ru9 Tas; orce in *as:in9ton ,C? T:e t:ird a9ent1
re<ortedl3 na8ed *illia8 Te8<le1 :ad1 accordin9 to t:e ot:er t=o1 co8e to Mia8i on a
s<ecial 8ission ordered b3 t:e 6ice %resident of t:e United States?
As !rittain told :is stor3 to !urdic;1 S<ecial A9ent Te8<le Fdidn7t as; about t:e 8urder or
an3t:in9 li;e t:at? All :e =anted to ;no= about =as t:e 8er9er?F Gfn 1$H T:e 8er9er in
@uestion =as t:e assu8<tion of control o>er Arono=7s co8<an31 USA Racin91 b3 t:e
#ra8ers7 Su<er C:ief Sout:1 =:ic: 8eant t:at a ;e3 contract in t:e !us: F=ar on dru9sF
:ad been a=arded to a co8<an3 controlled b3 <ersons =:o =ould later be con>icted for
8ariBuana s8u99lin9 and 8one3 launderin9? Man3 of t:e !I @uestions focussed on t:is
connection bet=een Arono= and #ra8er? Later1 after !us:7s >ictor3 in t:e 12//
<residential election1 t:e !I a9ain @uestioned !rittain1 and a9ain t:e central issue =as t:e
Arono=-#ra8er connection1 <lus additional @uestions of =:et:er !rittain :ad di>ul9ed an3
of :is ;no=led9e of t:ese 8atters to ot:er <ersons? A <ossible conclusion =as t:at a
da8a9e control o<eration in fa>or of !us: =as in <ro9ress?
To883 Tea9le1 an eE-con>ict inter>ie=ed b3 !urdic;1 said :e feared t:at Geor9e !us:
=ould :a>e :i8 ;illed because infor8ation in :is <ossession =ould i8<licate &eb !us: in
cocaine s8u99lin9? Tea9le7s stor3 =as t:at Arono= and &eb !us: :ad been <artners in
cocaine traffic;in9 and =ere I$?+ 8illion in debt to t:eir Colu8bian su<<liers? ,r? Robert
Ma9oon1 a friend of Arono=1 is @uoted in t:e sa8e location as :a>in9 :eard a si8ilar
re<ort? !ut Tea9le ra<idl3 c:an9ed :is stor3? Gfn 'H Ulti8atel31 an i8<risoned con>ict =as
indicted for t:e 8urder of Arono=?
!ut t:e circu8stances of t:e 8urder re8ain :i9:l3 sus<ect? Startin9 in 12/+1 and =it:
s<ecial intensit3 durin9 12/.-//1 8ore t:an t=o doAen <ersons in>ol>ed in >arious as<ects
of t:e Iran-contra 9un-runnin9 and dru9-runnin9 o<eration 8et t:eir deat:s? At t:e sa8e
ti8e1 ot:er <ersons ;no=led9eable about Iran-contra1 but one or 8ore ste<s re8o>ed fro8
e3e=itness ;no=led9e of t:ese o<erations1 :a>e been subBected to ca8<ai9ns of
discreditin9 and slander1 often associated =it: indict8ents on a >ariet3 of c:ar9es1 c:ar9es
=:ic: often ste88ed fro8 t:e Iran-contra o<erations t:e8sel>es? Abo>e and be3ond t:e
details of eac: <articular case1 t:e o>erall <attern of t:ese deat:s stron9l3 su99ests t:at t:e3
are co:erent =it: a da8a9e control o<eration b3 t:e net=or;s in>ol>ed1 a da8a9e control
o<eration t:at :as concentrated on li@uidatin9 t:ose indi>iduals =:ose testi8on3 8i9:t
<ro>e to be 8ost da8nin9 to t:e leadin9 <ersonalities of t:ese net=or;s? T:e deat: of ,on
Arono= occurred =it:in t:e ti8e fra8e of t:is 9eneral <rocess of a8<utation and
cauteriAation of t:e Iran-contra and related net=or;s? Man3 as<ects of Arono=7s life
su99est t:at :is assassination 8a3 :a>e been a <roduct of t:e sa8e Fda8a9e controlF lo9ic?
NOTES"
1? or !us:7s F=ar on dru9sF1 see &ac; Anderson and ,ale 6an Atta1 FHo= !us: Co88anded t:e *ar on
,ru9s1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &une $51 12//C La=rence Lifsc:ultA1 F!us:1 ,ru9s and %a;istan" Inside t:e
#in9do8 of Heroin1F T:e Nation1 No>e8ber 1)1 12//C F,ru9 CAars *e Ha>e #no=n1F T:e Nation1
ebruar3 $.1 12/2C and Robert A? %astor and &or9e Castaneda1 Li8its to riends:i<" T:e United States and
MeEico 0Ne= (or;1 12//41 <? $.1?
$? F!us:1 ,ru9s1 and %a;istan1F T:e Nation1 No>e8ber 1)1 12//?
'? See t:e co>er of Ne=s=ee;1 October 121 12/. Fi9:tin9 t:e 7*i8< actor17F =:ic: <ortra3s !us: at t:e
controls of idelit3? A si8ilar <:oto a<<ears facin9 <? $$' in Geor9e !us: and 6ic Gold1 Loo;in9 or=ard
0Ne= (or;1 12/.4?
)? See T:o8as !urdic; and C:arlene Mitc:ell1 !lue T:under 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <? $$2? T:e follo=in9
account of t:e relations bet=een !us: and Arono= relies u<on t:is re8ar;able stud3?
+? !lue T:under1 <? 1/$?
-? !lue T:under1 <? $'+?
.? !lue T:under1 <? 1/?
/? !lue T:under1 <? ')?
2? !lue T:under1 <? .1?
15? !lue T:under1 <? 2+?
11? !lue T:under1 <? 15'?
1$? !lue T:under1 <<? '$--'$.?
1'? !lue T:under1 <<? '+11 '+.?
C:a<ter -MMI- O8a:a
On t:e 8ornin9 of &une $21 12/21 <ande8oniu8 eru<ted in t:e corridors of <o=er in t:e
nation7s ca<ital? FHo8oseEual %rostitution %robe Ensnares Official of !us:1 Rea9an177
screa8ed t:e front-<a9e :eadline of t:e *as:in9ton Ti8es =it: t:e ;ic;er FCall !o3s Too;
Midni9:t Tour of *:ite House?77
T:e Ti8es re<orted1 FA :o8oseEual <rostitution rin9 is under in>esti9ation b3 federal and
,istrict aut:orities and includes a8on9 its clients ;e3 officials of t:e Rea9an and !us:
ad8inistrations1 8ilitar3 officers1 con9ressional aides and U?S? and forei9n business8en
=it: close ties to *as:in9ton7s <olitical elite?77
T:e eE<oseU centered on t:e role of one Crai9 S<ence1 a Re<ublican <o=erbro;er ;no=n
for :is la>is: F<o=er coc;tail77 <arties? S<ence =as =ell connected? He celebrated
Inde<endence ,a3 12// b3 conductin9 a 8idni9:t tour of t:e *:ite House in t:e co8<an3
of t=o teena9e 8ale <rostitutes a8on9 ot:ers in :is <art3?
Ru8ors circulated t:at a list eEisted of so8e $55 *as:in9ton <ro8inents =:o :ad used t:e
call bo3 ser>ice? T:e Nu8ber T=o in c:ar9e of <ersonnel affairs at t:e *:ite House1 =:o
=as res<onsible for fillin9 all t:e to< ci>il ser>ice <osts in t:e federal bureaucrac31 and
Secretar3 of Labor EliAabet: ,ole7s c:ief of staff1 =ere t=o indi>iduals <ublicl3 identified
as <atrons of t:e call bo3 rin9?
T=o of t:e rin97s call bo3s =ere alle9edl3 #G! o<erati>es1 accordin9 to a retired 9eneral
fro8 t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc3 inter>ie=ed b3 t:e <ress? !ut t:e e>idence see8ed to
<oint to a CIA seEual blac;8ail o<eration1 instead? S<ence7s entire 8ansion =as co>ered
=it: :idden 8icro<:ones1 t=o-=a3 8irrors and >ideo ca8eras1 e>er read3 to ca<ture t:e
indiscretions of *as:in9ton7s :i9:1 8i9:t3 and <er>erse? T:e <olitical criteria for <ro<er
seEual co8<ort8ent :ad lon9 been establis:ed in *as:in9ton" An3 ;in;iness 9oes1 so lon9
as 3ou don7t 9et cau9:t? T:e <o<ular <ro>erb =as t:at t:e onl3 =a3 a <olitician could :urt
:is career =as if :e =ere Fcau9:t =it: a dead =o8an or a li>e bo377 in :is bed?
Mont:s after t:e scandal :ad died do=n1 and a fe= =ee;s before :e alle9edl3 co88itted
suicide1 S<ence =as as;ed =:o :ad 9i>en :i8 t:e F;e377 to t:e *:ite House? T:e
*as:in9ton Ti8es re<orted t:at FMr? S<ence :inted t:e tours =ere arran9ed b3 Pto< le>el7
<ersons1 includin9 ,onald Gre991 national securit3 ad>isor to 6ice %resident !us:77 and
later U?S? a8bassador to Sout: #orea?
*e :a>e alread3 :ad occasion to eEa8ine ,on Gre997s role in Iran-Contra1 and :a>e
obser>ed :is curious <erfor8ance =:en testif3in9 under oat: before con9ressional
co88ittees? Gre99 indi9nantl3 denied an3 connection to S<ence1 3et it is <ublic record t:at
S<ence :ad s<onsored a dinner in Gre997s :onor in t:e s<rin9 of 12/2 at *as:in9ton7s <os:
our Seasons Hotel in Geor9eto=n?
Geor9e !us: =as less t:an <leased =it: t:e 8edia co>era9e of t:e <rostitution c:ar9es and
;e<t abreast of t:e scandal as it 8us:roo8ed? T:e *as:in9ton Ti8es re<orted in an article
titled F*:ite House Mute on Call !o3 Scandal177 t:at F*:ite House sources confir8ed t:at
%resident !us: :as follo=ed t:e stor3 of t:e late ni9:t >isit and Mr? S<ence7s lin;s to a
:o8oseEual <rostitution rin9 under in>esti9ation b3 federal aut:orities since t:e3 =ere
disclosed &une $2 in t:e *as:in9ton Ti8es? !ut to< officials =ill not discuss t:e stor37s
substance1 re<ortedl3 e>en a8on9 t:e8sel>es?
F%ress officers :a>e rebuffed re<eated re@uests to obtain Mr? !us:7s reaction and decline to
discuss in>esti9ations or fall out fro8 t:e disclosures?77 !3 8idsu88er1 t:e scandal :ad
been buried? T:e %resident :ad 8ana9ed to a>oid 9i>in9 a sin9le <ress conference =:ere :e
=ould surel3 :a>e been as;ed to co88ent?
As t:e call bo3 rin9 affair do8inated t:e coc;tail 9ossi< circuit in *as:in9ton1 anot:er
scandal1 :alf=a3 across t:e countr3 in t:e state of Nebras;a1 <ea;ed? A9ain t:is scandal
;noc;ed on t:e %resident7s door?
A blac; Re<ublican =:o :ad been a leader in or9aniAin9 8inorit3 su<<ort for t:e
%resident7s 12// ca8<ai9n and =:o <roudl3 dis<la3ed a <:oto of :i8self and t:e %resident1
ar8 in ar81 in :is O8a:a :o8e1 =as at t:e center of a seE and 8one3 scandal t:at
continues to roc; t:e Corn:us;er state?
T:e scandal ori9inated =it: t:e colla<se of t:e 8inorit3-oriented ran;lin Co88unit3
Credit Union in O8a:a1 directed b3 La=rence E? #in91 &r?1 a nationall3 influential blac;
Re<ublican =:o san9 t:e national ant:e8 at bot: t:e 12/) and 12// Re<ublican
con>entions? #in9 beca8e t:e subBect of t:e Nebras;a Senate7s in>esti9ation conducted b3
t:e s<eciall3 created Fran;lin Co88ittee77 to <robe c:ar9es of e8beAAle8ent? In
No>e8ber 12//1 #in97s offices =ere raided b3 t:e !I and I)5 8illion =as disco>ered
8issin9? *it:in =ee;s1 t:e Nebras;a Senate1 =:ic: initiall3 o<ened t:e in@uir3 to find out
=:ere t:e 8one3 :ad 9one1 instead found itself @uestionin9 3oun9 adults and teena9ers
=:o said t:at t:e3 :ad been c:ild <rostitutes? Social =or;ers and state c:ild- care
ad8inistrators accused #in9 of runnin9 a c:ild <rostitution rin9? T:e c:ar9es 9re= =it: t:e
for8er <olice c:ief of O8a:a1 t:e <ublis:er of t:e state7s lar9est dail3 ne=s<a<er1 and
se>eral ot:er <olitical associates of #in91 findin9 t:e8sel>es accused of <atroniAin9 t:e
c:ild <rostitution rin9?
#in9 is no= ser>in9 a 1+-3ear federal <rison sentence for defraudin9 t:e O8a:a-based
credit union? !ut t:e 8a9aAines A>>eni8enti of Ital3 and %ronto of S<ain1 a8on9 ot:ers1
:a>e c:ar9ed t:at #in97s cri8es =ere 8ore serious" t:at :e ran a national c:ild <rostitution
rin9 t:at ser>iced t:e <olitical and business elite of bot: Re<ublican and ,e8ocratic
<arties? C:ild >icti8s of #in97s o<erations c:ar9ed :i8 =it: <artici<ation in at least one
satanic ritual 8urder of a c:ild se>eral 3ears a9o? T:e *as:in9ton %ost1 Ne= (or; Ti8es1
6illa9e 6oice and National La= &ournal co>ered t:e full ran9e of accusations after t:e stor3
bro;e in No>e8ber of 12//? #in97s 8one3 8ac:inations =ere also lin;ed to t:e Iran-
Contra affair1 and so8e sa3 t:at #in9 <ro>ided t:e CIA =it: infor8ation 9arnered fro8 :is
alle9ed acti>ities as a F<i8<77 for t:e :i9: and 8i9:t3?
%ronto1 t:e !arcelona-based1 lar9est circulation =ee;l3 in S<ain =it: )?+ 8illion readers1
re<orted t:at t:e La=rence E? #in9 c:ild <rostitution scandal Fa<<ears to directl3 i8<licate
<oliticos of t:e state of Nebras;a and *as:in9ton1 ,?C? =:o are >er3 close to t:e *:ite
House and Geor9e !us: :i8self?77
T:e =ee;l3 stated t:at Ro3 Ste<:ens1 a <ri>ate in>esti9ator =:o :as =or;ed on t:e case
and :eads t:e Missin9 (out: oundation1 Fsa3s t:ere is reason to belie>e t:at t:e CIA is
directl3 i8<licated177 and t:at t:e F!I refuses to :el< in t:e in>esti9ation and :as sabota9ed
an3 efforts77 to 9et to t:e botto8 of t:e stor3? Ste<:ens sa3s t:at F%aul !onnacci directl3
accused %resident !us: of bein9 i8<licated77 in t:e affair =:en :e testified before t:e
ran;lin Co88ittee? !onnacci1 =:o :ad been one of t:e c:ild <rostitutes1 is identified b3
leadin9 c:ild-abuse eE<erts as a =ell-infor8ed1 credible =itness?
La=rence #in9 =as no stran9er to %resident !us:? And La=rence #in9 =as no stran9er to
Crai9 S<ence? Se>eral of t:e O8a:a c:ild <rostitutes testified t:at t:e3 :ad tra>eled to
*as:in9ton1 ,?C? =it: #in9 in <ri>ate <lanes to attend <olitical e>ents =:ic: =ere
follo=ed b3 seE <arties? #in9 and S<ence :ad 8uc: in co88on? Not onl3 =ere t:e3 bot:
Re<ublican %art3 acti>ists but t:e3 :ad 9one into business to9et:er <rocurin9 <rostitutes for
*as:in9ton7s elite?
!us:7s na8e :ad re<eatedl3 surfaced in t:e Nebras;a scandal? !ut :is na8e =as first <ut
into <rint in &ul3 12/21 a little less t:an a 8ont: after t:e *as:in9ton call bo3 affair :ad
first 8ade :eadlines? O8a:a7s leadin9 dail3 ne=s<a<er re<orted1 FOne c:ild1 =:o :as been
under <s3c:iatric care1 is said to belie>e s:e sa= Geor9e !us: at one of #in97s <arties?77
A full t:ree 3ears after t:e scandal :ad first 8ade :eadlines1 !us:7s na8e a9ain a<<eared in
<rint? Gentle8an7s Luarterl3 0GL4 carried a len9t:3 article1 >ie=ed b3 8an3 <olitical
obser>ers in Nebras;a as an atte8<t to refute t:e c:ar9es =:ic: =ould not die1 des<ite t:e
ter8ination of all official in@uiries? T:e GL <iece dis<uted t:e alle9ations as a cons<irac3
t:eor3 t:at =ent out of control and resonated because of so8e 83stical sociolo9ical
<:eno8ena alle9edl3 uni@ue to Nebras;an rural fol; =:o =ill belie>e an3t:in9 and burn
F=it: t:e 8istrust of cit3 life t:at once infla8ed t:e <rairie =it: <o<ulist <assion?77
Nu8erous <olls o>er t:e last fe= 3ears :a>e recorded o>er 25R sa3in9 t:e3 belie>e t:ere
:as been a Fco>er u<77 of t:e trut:?
GL re<orted t:at 3es1 t:ere =as t:eft1 corru<tion and :o8oseEualit3 in t:is stor31 Fbut no
c:ildren =ere e>er in>ol>ed in t:is case?77 In fact1 Ft:e onl3 c:ild e>en 8entioned =as a 2-
3ear-old bo31 =:o8 t:e least reliable of Caradori7s =itnesses clai8ed to :a>e seen in t:e
co8<an3 of Geor9e !us: at one of Larr3 #in97s *as:in9ton <arties?77
Gar3 Caradori =as a retired state <olice in>esti9ator =:o :ad been :ired b3 t:e Nebras;a
Senate to in>esti9ate t:e case1 and =:o :ad died 83steriousl3 durin9 t:e course of :is
in>esti9ations?
Sound craA3D Not to Ste>e !o=8an1 an O8a:a business8an =:o is co8<ilin9 a boo;
about t:e ran;lin 8one3 and seE scandal? F*e do :a>e so8e credible =itnesses =:o sa3
t:at P(es1 Geor9e !us: does :a>e a <roble8?7??? C:ild abuse :as beco8e one of t:e
e<ide8ics of t:e 1225s177 !o=8an told GL? Alle9edl31 one of !o=8an7s sources is a retired
<s3c:iatrist =:o =or;ed for t:e CIA? He added t:at cocaine traffic;in9 and <olitical
corru<tion =ere t:e ot:er <rinci<al t:e8es of :is boo;?
It didn7t sound craA3 to %eter Sa=3er eit:er? An Australian conser>ati>e acti>ist =:o
<ublis:es a contro>ersial ne=sletter1 Inside Ne=s1 =it: a circulation of $5515551 dedicated
:is No>e8ber 1221 issue entirel3 to t:e Nebras;a scandal1 focusin9 on %resident !us:7s
lin;s to t:e affair? In a section ca<tioned1 FT:e Ori9inal Alle9ations" !us: irst Na8ed in
12/+177 Sa=3er =rites1
FStories about c:ild seE and <orno9ra<:3 first beca8e <ublic ;no=led9e in 12/21 follo=in9
t:e colla<se of t:e ran;lin Credit Union? T:at is not =:en t:e alle9ations started1 :o=e>er?
Indeed1 9i>en t:e <olitical fla>or of t:e subse@uent in>esti9ations1 it =ould be eas3 to
dis8iss clai8s t:at Geor9e !us: :ad been in>ol>ed? He =as b3 t:en a >er3 <ublic
fi9ure????F
If t:e first alle9ations about a 8assi>e c:ild eE<loitation rin91 centered around Larr3 #in9
and leadin9 all t:e =a3 to t:e *:ite House1 :ad been 8ade in 12/21 and :ad all co8e fro8
t:e sa8e source1 so8e s:enani9ans and 8isc:ie>ous collusion could be sus<ected?
Ho=e>er1 t:e alle9ations arisin9 out of t:e ran;lin Credit Union colla<se =ere not t:e
first?
*a3 bac; in 12/+1 a 3oun9 9irl1 Eulice 0Lisa4 *as:in9ton1 =as t:e center of an
in>esti9ation b3 Andrea L? Carener1 of t:e Nebras;a ,e<art8ent of Social Ser>ices? T:e
in>esti9ation =as insti9ated because Lisa and :er sister Trace3 continuall3 ran a=a3 fro8
t:eir foster <arents1 &arrett and !arbara *ebb? Initiall3 reluctant to disclose infor8ation for
fear of bein9 furt:er <unis:ed1 t:e t=o 9irls e>entuall3 recounted a re8ar;able stor31 later
bac;ed u< b3 ot:er c:ildren =:o :ad been fostered out to t:e *ebb7s GsicH?
T:ese debriefin9s =ere conducted b3 Mrs? &ulie *alters1 anot:er =elfare officer1 =:o
=or;ed for !o3s To=n at t:e ti8e1 and =:o :ad been called in because of t:e constant
reference b3 t:e *ebb c:ildren and ot:ers1 to t:at institution?
Lisa1 su<<orted b3 :er sister1 detailed a 8assi>e c:ild seE1 :o8oseEual1 and <orno9ra<:3
industr31 run in Nebras;a b3 Larr3 #in9? S:e described :o= s:e =as re9ularl3 ta;en to
*as:in9ton b3 <lane1 =it: ot:er 3out:s1 to attend <arties :osted b3 #in9 and in>ol>in9
8an3 <ro8inent <eo<le1 includin9 business8en and <oliticians? Lisa s<ecificall3 na8ed
Geor9e !us: as bein9 in attendance on at least t=o se<arate occasions? FRe8e8ber1 t:is
=as in 12/+177 e8<:asiAed t:e Australian ne=sletter?
T:e ne=sletter re<roduces se>eral docu8ents on Lisa7s case1 includin9 a Nebras;a State
%olice re<ort1 a State of Nebras;a oster Care Re>ie= !oard letter to t:e Attorne3 General1
an in>esti9ati>e re<ort <re<ared for t:e ran;lin Co88ittee of t:e Nebras;a Senate1 and a
<ortion of t:e :and=ritten debriefin9 b3 Mrs? &ulie *alters? %eter Sa=3er sa3s t:at :e
obtained t:e docu8ents fro8 s38<at:etic Australian la= enforce8ent officers =:o :ad
:el<ed Australian C:annel Ten <roduce an eE<oseU of a national c:ild <rostitution rin9
,o=n Under? T:e Australian co<s see8 to :a>e been in co88unication =it: A8erican la=
enforce8ent officers =:o a<<arentl3 a9reed t:at t:ere :ad been a co>eru< on t:e Nebras;a
scandal? Subse@uent in>esti9ations b3 t:e aut:ors establis:ed t:at all four docu8ents =ere
aut:entic?
Mrs? &ulie *alters1 no= a :ouse=ife in t:e Mid=est1 confir8ed t:at in 12/- s:e :ad
inter>ie=ed t:e alle9ed c:ild <rostitute1 Lisa1 =:o told :er about Mr? !us:? Lisa and :er
sister Trace3 =ere te8<oraril3 li>in9 at t:e ti8e in t:e :o8e of #at:leen Sorenson1 anot:er
foster <arent? Mrs? *alters eE<lained t:at at first s:e =as >er3 sur<rised? !ut Lisa1 =:o
ca8e fro8 a >er3 under<ri>ile9ed bac;9round =it: no ;no=led9e of <olitical affairs1 9a>e
8inute details of :er attendance at <olitical 8eetin9s around t:e countr3?
ro8 &ulie *alters7 +5-<a9e :and=ritten re<ort" 'O$+O/-? Met =it: #at:leen GSorensonH and
Lisa for about $ :ours in !lair GNeb?H @uestionin9 Lisa for 8ore details about seEual
abuse???? Lisa ad8itted to bein9 used as a <rostitute b3 Larr3 #in9 =:en s:e =as on tri<s
=it: :is fa8il3? S:e started 9oin9 on tri<s =:en s:e =as in 15t: 9rade? !esides :erself and
Larr3 t:ere =as also Mrs? #in91 t:eir son1 %rince1 and $-' ot:er cou<les? T:e3 tra>eled in
Larr37s <ri>ate <lane1 Lisa said t:at at t:ese tri< <arties1 =:ic: Larr3 :osted1 s:e sat na;ed
Floo;in9 <rett3 and innocent77 and 9uests could en9a9e in an3 seEual acti>it3 t:e3 =anted
0but <enetration =as not allo=ed4 =it: :er???? Lisa said s:e first 8et 6?%? Geor9e !us: at t:e
Re<ublican Con>ention 0t:at Larr3 #in9 san9 t:e national ant:e8 at4 and sa= :i8 a9ain at
a *as:in9ton1 ,?C? <art3 t:at Larr3 :osted? At t:at <art31 Lisa sa= no =o8en 0F8a;e-u<
=as <erfect--3ou :ad to c:ec; t:eir le9s to 8a;e sure t:e3 =eren7t a =o8an774?
T:e <ol39ra<: test =:ic: Lisa too; onl3 centered around seEual abuse co88itted b3 &arrett
*ebb? At t:at ti8e1 s:e :ad said onl3 9eneral t:in9s about Larr37s tri<s 0i?e? =:ere t:e3
=ent1 etc?4? S:e onl3 be9an tal;in9 about :er in>ol>e8ent in <rostitution durin9 t:ose tri<s
on 'O$+O/-????
Lisa also acco8<anied Mr? and Mrs? #in9 and %rince on tri<s to C:ica9o1 N?(? and
*as:in9ton1 ,?C? be9innin9 =:en s:e =as 1+ 3ears old? S:e 8issed t=ent3-t=o da3s of
sc:ool al8ost totall3 due to t:ese tri<s? Lisa =as ta;en alon9 on t:e <retense of bein9
%rince7s bab3sitter? Last 3ear s:e 8et 6?%? Geor9e !us: and sa= :i8 a9ain at one of t:e
<arties Larr3 9a>e =:ile on a *as:in9ton1 ,?C? tri<? At so8e of t:e <arties t:ere are Bust
8en 0as =as t:e case at t:e <art3 Geor9e !us: attended4--older 8en and 3oun9er 8en in
t:eir earl3 t=enties? Lisa said s:e :as seen sodo83 co88itted at t:ose <arties????
At t:ese <arties1 Lisa said e>er3 9uest :ad a bod39uard and s:e sa= so8e of t:e 8en
=earin9 9uns? All 9uests :ad to <roduce a card =:ic: =as run t:rou9: a 8ac:ine to >erif3
=:o t:e 9uest =as1 in fact1 =:o t:e3 said t:e3 =ere? And t:en eac: 9uest =as fris;ed do=n
before enterin9 t:e <art3?
T:e details of t:e accusations a9ainst Mr? !us: are ;no=n to be in t:e :ands of t:e !I? A
ran;lin Co88ittee re<ort stated"
A<<arentl3 s:e GLisaH =as contacted on ,ece8ber 12 G12//H and >oluntaril3 ca8e to t:e
!I offices on ,ece8ber '51 12//? S:e =as inter>ie=ed b3 !rad31 Tuc;er and %:illi<s?
S:e indicates t:at in Se<te8ber or October 12/)1 =:en GLisaH *as:in9ton =as fourteen or
fifteen 3ears of a9e1 s:e =ent on a tri< to C:ica9o =it: Larr3 #in9 and fifteen to t=ent3
bo3s fro8 O8a:a? S:e fle= to C:ica9o on a <ri>ate <lane?
T:e <lane =as lar9e and :ad ro=s of t=o seats a<iece on eit:er side of t:e interior 8iddle
aisle?
S:e indicates t:at #in9 9ot t:e bo3s fro8 !o3s To=n and t:e bo3s =or;ed for :i8? S:e
stated t:at Rod E>ans and t=o ot:er bo3s =it: t:e last na8e of E>ans =ere on t:e <lane?
Could not recall t:e na8es of t:e ot:er bo3s?
T:e bo3s =:o fle= to C:ica9o =it: *as:in9ton and #in9 =ere bet=een t:e a9es of fifteen
and ei9:teen? Most of t:e bo3s =ere blac; but so8e =ere =:ite? S:e =as s:o=n a color
<:oto9ra<: of a bo3 and identified t:at bo3 as bein9 one of t:e bo3s on t:e <lane? S:e
could not recall :is na8e?
S:e indicates t:at s:e =as coerced to 9oin9 on t:e tri< b3 !arbara *ebb?
S:e indicates t:at s:e attended a <art3 in C:ica9o =it: #in9 and t:e 8ale 3out:s? S:e
indicated Geor9e !us: =as <resent?
S:e indicates t:at s:e set GsicH at a table at t:e <art3 =:ile =earin9 not:in9 but a ne9li9ee?
S:e stated t:at Geor9e !us: sa= :er on t:e table? S:e stated s:e sa= Geor9e !us: <a3
#in9 8one31 and t:at !us: left t:e <art3 =it: a nineteen 3ear old blac; bo3 na8ed !rent?
Lisa said t:e <art3 Geor9e !us: attended =as in C:ica9o in Se<te8ber or October 12/)?
Accordin9 to t:e C:ica9o Tribune of October '11 12/)1 !us: =as in Illinois ca8<ai9nin9
for con9ressional candidates at t:e end of October?
Lisa added 8ore details on t:e C:ica9o tri<1 and told =:3 s:e =as sure it =as Geor9e !us:
s:e :ad seen? Accordin9 to a Ma3 /1 12/2 re<ort b3 in>esti9ator &err3 Lo=e1 FEulice GLisaH
indicated t:at s:e reco9niAed Geor9e !us: as co8in9 to t:e <art3 and t:at !us: :ad t=o
lar9e =:ite 8ales =it: :i8? Eulice indicated !us: ca8e to t:e <art3 a<<roEi8atel3 )+
8inutes after it started and t:at :e =as 9reeted b3 Larr3 #in9? Eulice indicated t:at s:e
;ne= Geor9e !us: due to t:e fact t:at :e :ad been in <olitical ca8<ai9ns and also s:e :ad
obser>ed a <icture of !us: =it: Larr3 #in9 at Larr3 #in97s :ouse in O8a:a?77
T:ere is no @uestion t:at Lisa and Trace3 *ebb =ere abused in t:e =a3 t:e3 clai8ed? !ut1
in ;ee<in9 =it: t:e alle9ed <attern of co>eru<1 a *as:in9ton Count31 Nebras;a Bud9e in
,ece8ber 1225 dis8issed all c:ar9es a9ainst t:eir abusers1 &arrett and !arbara *ebb? T:e
Bud9e i9nored <resented testi8on3 of t:e 12/- re<ort b3 !o3s To=n official &ulie *alters?
T:e re<ort stated" FLisa =as 9i>en four <ol39ra<: tests ad8inistered b3 a state troo<er at
t:e State %atrol office on Center Street in O8a:a? T:e state troo<er1 after Lisa7s testin9 =as
co8<leted1 told Ganot:er foster <arentH :e tried to Pbrea; Lisa do=n17 but :e =as con>inced
s:e =as tellin9 t:e trut:?77
urt:er8ore1 nu8bers of foster care officials and 3out: =or;ers debriefed t:e sisters? All of
t:e8 full3 belie>ed not onl3 t:eir 9eneral stor3 of abuse1 but s<ecificall3 t:eir account of
!us:7s in>ol>e8ent? T:e Marc: 12/- re<ort on !us: =as incor<orated into t:e oster Care
Re>ie= !oard7s official re<ort <resented to t:e Senate ran;lin Co88ittee and to la=
enforce8ent? As #at:leen Sorenson =rote in a re<ort dated Ma3 11 12/21 FT:is =as lon9
before :e G!us:H =as <resident? It see8s li;e t:ere =ere 8ore eEcitin9 <eo<le to Plie7 about
if t:at7s =:at t:e3 =ere doin9?77 T:e ru8ors about Mr? !us: =ere 9i>en ne= life =:en ,r?
Ronald Ros;ens1 t:e :ead of t:e A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent 0AI,41 found
:i8self t:e obBect of contro>ers3? EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= re<orted in t:e fall of
1221 t:at ,r? Ros;ens is t:e subBect of a scandal in =:ic: :e is bein9 c:ar9ed =it:
>iolatin9 federal la=s and et:ics codes1 accordin9 to t:e Oct? - *as:in9ton %ost? A re<ort
<re<ared b3 AI, Ins<ector General Herbert !ec;in9ton1 dated A<ril + and lea;ed to t:e
%ost1 c:ar9es Ros;ens =it: acce<tin9 t:ousands of dollars in <a38ents fro8 Fdifferent
or9aniAations in co8<ensation of :is and :is =ife7s tra>el eE<enses77 =:ile Ros;ens =as on
official 9o>ern8ent tra>el? He also too; 8one3 for a <ri>ate tri< fro8 a co8<an3 Ffro8
=:ic: Ros;ens :ad a9reed to di>est :i8self as a condition of :is <residential a<<oint8ent?77
T:e ins<ector 9eneral concluded t:at t:e 8one3 acce<ted b3 Ros;ens =as a clear conflict
of interest and >iolated federal la= a9ainst earnin9 non-9o>ern8ent inco8e? !ut on Se<t?
)1 after re>ie=in9 t:e c:ar9es1 t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice ??? infor8ed !ec;in9ton t:at it :ad
decided not to <rosecute--9i>in9 no eE<lanation for its decision? T:e *:ite House is
re>ie=in9 t:e case?
Con9ressional in>esti9ators are alread3 loo;in9 into t:e alle9ations? S:ould t:e3 scratc:
belo= t:e surface1 t:e3 =ill find t:at t:is is not t:e first ti8e Ros;ens :as been touc:ed b3
scandal? Alt:ou9: %resident !us: <ro8ised t:at :e =ould not tolerate e>en t:e a<<earance
of i8<ro<riet3 in :is ad8inistration1 Con9ress s:ould not be sur<rised if t:e *:ite House
t:reatens to start Fbrea;in9 le9s77 in Ros;ens7s defense?
It is not Bust t:at Ros;ens is a <ersonal friend of t:e %resident--alt:ou9: :e is???? GAHn
uni8<eded in>esti9ation into Ros;ens could eE<ose t:e lin; bet=een !us:7s little
<ubliciAed birt: control 8ania--8uc: of =:ic: is carried out t:rou9: t:e State
,e<art8ent7s AI, in t:e T:ird *orld--and t:e seEual de<ra>it3 ra8<ant in U?S? <olitical
and intelli9ence elites? An3 suc: scandal could s:atter t:e illusions of !us:7s conser>ati>e
base1 8an3 of =:o8 still acce<t t:e %resident7s clai8s to bein9 F<ro-life177 Fanti-dru9177 and
an A8erican <atriot? It s:ould also 8a;e an3one =:o t:in;s of t:e <ro<a9anda about !us:
bein9 t:e Feducation %resident177 dee<l3 @ueas3?
Ros;ens left :is :o8e state of Nebras;a for t:e nation7s ca<ital in earl3 1225 en8ired in
contro>ers3? He :ad been fired suddenl3 as <resident of t:e Uni>ersit3 of Nebras;a1 in a
secret 8eetin9 of t:e state !oard of Re9ents in &ul3 12/2? No <ublic eE<lanation =as 9i>en
for :is re8o>al? (et1 =it:in =ee;s1 t:e *:ite House offered Ros;ens t:e :i9:- <rofile Bob
in *as:in9ton? T:e ad8inistration ;ne= about t:e contro>ers3 in Nebras;a1 but Ros;ens
<assed an !I bac;9round c:ec;1 and =as confir8ed to :ead AI,?
T:e !I a<<ears to :a>e o>erloo;ed a eb? 121 1225 in>esti9ati>e re<ort b3 t:e late Gar3
Caradori Gsee footnote + belo=H1 an in>esti9ator for t:e Fran;lin Co88ittee77 of t:e
Nebras;a Senate? He =rote1 FI =as infor8ed t:at Ros;ins GsicH =as ter8inated b3 t:e state
because of seEual acti>ities re<orted to t:e Re9ents and >erified b3 t:e8? Mr? Ros;ins GsicH
=as re<orted to :a>e :ad 3oun9 8en at :is residence for seEual encounters? As <art of t:e
se<aration fro8 t:e state1 :e :ad to 8o>e out of t:e state-o=ned :ouse because of t:e
liabilit3 to t:e state if so8e of :is seEual be:a>ior =as Pille9al?777 T:ere :as been no
inde<endent confir8ation of t:e accusation? As of late ,ece8ber 12211 a con9ressional
co88ittee =as loo;in9 into t:e c:ar9es?
NOTES"
Notes for C:a<ter -MM-
1? *as:in9ton Ti8es1 Au9? 21 12/2?
$? *as:in9ton Ti8es1 &ul3 .1 12/2?
'? %ronto 0!arcelona1 S<ain41 Au9? '1 1221 and Au9? 151 1221?
)? O8a:a *orld-Herald1 &ul3 $'1 12/2?
+? On &ul3 111 12251 durin9 t:e course of :is in>esti9ations1 Gar3 Caradori1 )11 died in t:e cras: of :is
s8all <lane1 to9et:er =it: :is /-3ear-old son1 after a 8id-air eE<losion =:ose cause :as not 3et been
disco>ered? A s;illed and cautious <ilot1 Caradori told friends re<eatedl3 in t:e =ee;s before :is deat:
t:at :e feared :is <lane =ould be sabota9ed?
-? Gentle8an7s Luarterl31 ,ece8ber 1221?
.? Re<ort1 =ritten on Marc: $+1 12/- b3 &ulie *alters and aut:enticated b3 :er in an inter>ie= in 1225?
/? Re<ort1 earl3 12/21 co8<iled b3 &err3 Lo=e1 t:e first in>esti9ator for t:e ran;lin Co88ittee of t:e
Nebras;a State Senate?
2? A boo; recentl3 <ublis:ed on t:e Nebras;a affair b3 a for8er Re<ublican state senator and
decorated 6ietna8 >eteran1 &o:n *? ,e Ca8<1 T:e ran;lin Co>er-U<" C:ild Abuse1 Satanis8 and
Murder in Nebras;a 0Lincoln1 Nebras;a" A*T1 Inc?1 122$4 tells t:e =:ole stor3?
15? EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1 Oct? 1/1 1221?
Geor9e !us:" T:e Unaut:oriAed !io9ra<:3 --- b3 *ebster G? Tar<le3 N Anton
C:ait;in
C:a<ter -MMII- !us: Ta;es T:e %residenc3
Oderint du8 8etuant
0Let t:e8 :ate 8e1 <ro>ided t:at t:e3 fear 8e?4
Accius1 FAtreusF 0c? 1$+ !C41 attributed b3 Suetonius to Cali9ula?
Geor9e !us:7s @uest for t:e su88it of A8erican <olitical <o=er =as so sustained and so
unrelentin9 t:at it is i8<ossible to assi9n t:e be9innin9 of :is ca8<ai9n for <resident to an3
s<ecific date? It is 8ore accurate to re<ort t:at :is entire tenure as >ice <resident =as
consu8ed b3 t:e reno>ation and eE<ansion of :is <ersonal and fa8il3 net=or; for t:e
<ur<ose of seiAin9 t:e <residenc3 at so8e <oint in t:e future? ,urin9 t:is <:ase1 !us: =as
far 8ore concerned =it: or9aniAational and 8ac:ine-buildin9 8atters t:an =it: ideolo93 or
<ublic relations? or 8ost of t:e 12/57s1 it =as con>enient for !us: to culti>ate t:e <ublic
<rofile of a fait:ful and e>en obse@uious de<ut3 to Rea9an1 =:ile usin9 t:e office of t:e
>ice <resident to build a national-electoral and international- o>ertOco>ert <o=er cartel?
T:is arran9e8ent =or;ed >er3 =ell for !us:1 since it 9a>e t:e !us: ca8arilla considerable
<o=er in t:e inner councils of t:e second Rea9an ad8inistration? !ut as t:e 12/.-12//
<eriod a<<roac:ed? it also beca8e clear t:at !us:7s <ublic toad3in9 to t:e Rea9an 83sti@ue
:ad been so eEa99erated as to 9i>e rise to :is notorious F=i8<F <roble8? !us: could easil3
:a>e refuted t:ese c:ar9es b3 citin9 t:e lon9 series of brutal and blood3 co>ert and se8i-
co>ert inter>entions :e :ad directed in :is role as boss of t:e S<ecial Situation Grou<1 but
:e Bud9ed t:is i8<olitic?
!us: started =it: t:e ;no=led9e t:at :e =as a =ea; candidate? Rea9an :ad e8bodied t:e
<o<ular ideolo93 in suc: a fla=less =a3 as to re8ind e>er3one of t:eir fa>orite uncleC
=:ate>er t:e cri8es of :is ad8inistration1 =:ate>er t:e decline of t:eir li>in9 standards1
t:e 8asses could not :ate :i8C t:is =as =:3 Rea9an =as suc: an ideal facade for re9i8e
t:at ;e<t 9ettin9 nastier? Rea9an also :ad an ideolo9ical follo=in9 of <eo<le =:o =ould
su<<ort :i8 al8ost =it:out re9ard to =:at :e did" Rea9an =as t:e beneficiar3 of t:e full3
Bustified ideolo9ical bac;las: a9ainst t:e ,e8ocrats and Carter1 a9ainst t:e Roc;efeller-
ord liberal Re<ublicans?
!ut !us: :ad none of t:is? He :ad no re9ional constituenc3 in an3 of t:e :alf-doAen <laces
:e tried to call :o8eC :is fa>orite son a<<eal =as diluted all o>er t:e 8a<? He :ad no base
a8on9 labor1 blac;s1 or in t:e cities1 li;e t:e #enned3 a<<arat? !lueblood financiers
9ra>itated instincti>el3 to !us:1 and :is lifeline to t:e <ost-Me3er Lans;3 8ob =as robust
indeed1 and t:ese =ere i8<ortant factors1 alt:ou9: not enou9: b3 t:e8sel>es to =in an
election? !us:7s net=or;s could al=a3s tilt t:e 8edia in :is fa>or1 but t:e Rea9an
eE<erience :ad <ro>ided a <ainful lesson of :o= inade@uate t:is could be a9ainst a cle>er
<o<ulist ri>al? Ot:er=ise1 !us:7s base =as in t:e 9o>ern8ent1 =:ere ei9:t 3ears of <atient
=or; :ad <ac;ed t:e eEecuti>e branc:1 t:e Con9ress and its staffs1 and t:e Budiciar3 =it:
!us:8en? T:is =ould 9i>e !us:7s effort undoubted <o=er1 but also an aro8a of a 8odern
!ona<artis8 of a s<ecial ;ind1 of a re9i8e in =:ic: t:e 9o>ern8ent asserts t:e i8a9ined
interests of 9o>ern8ent itself a9ainst t:e <o<ulation1 a >indicti>e and t3rannical
9o>ern8ent set abo>e t:e <eo<le and in direct conflict =it: t:e8? T:at =ould =or; =ell as
lon9 as t:e <o<ulation =ere ato8iAed and <assi>e1 but 8i9:t bac;fire if t:e3 could find a
<oint of coalescence a9ainst t:eir tor8entors?
Nor =as it onl3 t:at !us: lac;ed a lo3al base of su<<ort? He also :ad >er3 :i9: ne9ati>es1
8eanin9 t:at t:ere =ere a lot of <eo<le =:o disli;ed :i8 intensel3? Suc: ani8osit3 =as
es<eciall3 stron9 a8on9 t:e ideolo9ical Rea9anite conser>ati>es1 =:o8 !us: :ad been
<ur9in9 fro8 t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration fro8 earl3 on? T:ere =ould <ro>e to be >er3 little
t:at !us: could do to lo=er :is ne9ati>e res<onse rate1 so t:e onl3 ans=er =ould be to raise
t:e ne9ati>es of all ri>al candidates on bot: sides of t:e <artiAan di>ide? T:is brutal
i8<erati>e for t:e !us: 8ac:ine :as contributed si9nificantl3 to t:e last :alf decade7s
increase in dero9ation and >illification in A8erican life? !us:7s discreditin9 ca8<ai9ns
=ould be subsu8ed =it:in t:e Fan3t:in9 9oesF a<<roac: ad>ocated b3 t:e late Lee
At=ater1 t:e or9aniAer of Rea9an7s 12/) ca8<ai9n =:o :ad si9ned on =it: !us: =ell in
ad>ance of 12//?
Ele8ents of Rea9an7s success <osed a >er3 real t:reat to !us:? T:ere =ere for eEa8<le t:e
Rea9an ,e8ocrats1 8an3 of t:e8 et:nic1 Cat:olic1 and blue collar =or;ers in t:e 8id=est
and Great La;es states =:o :ad turned t:eir bac;s on t:e ,e8ocrats in dis9ust o>er t:e
succession of McGo>ern1 Carter1 and Mondale and =ere no= su<<ortin9 Rea9an? T:ese
>oters =ere not li;el3 to s:o= u< in t:e Re<ublican <ri8aries1 but an3 t:at did so =ould
:ardl3 >ote for !us:? In t:e 9eneral election1 t:ere =as a real dan9er t:at t:e3 =ould be
re<elled b3 !us: and return to t:eir traditional ,e8ocratic :o8e1 as s@ualid as t:at :ad
beco8e? !us: =ould need :ea>3 ca8oufla9e to <ass 8uster =it: t:ese >oters? T:e
!us:8en recalled t:at before t:e3 :ad been Rea9an ,e8ocrats1 8an3 of t:ese intensel3
frustrated >oters :ad flirted =it: *allace in 12-/ and 12.$? T:e fla91 t:e deat: <enalt31 and
an a<<eal to racis8 8i9:t <ro>ide an ideolo9ical s8o;escreen for t:e <atrician !us:?
!us: could not 8odel :is effort on Rea9an7s ca8<ai9ns fro8 12-/ on? or :i81 t:e closest
8odel =as t:at of Gerald ord in 12.-1 a =ea; liberal Re<ublican =it: <o=erful net=or;
and 8asonic su<<ort1 but no issues1 no c:aris8a1 and no <o<ular a<<eal? ord7s defeat
:i9:li9:ted 8an3 of t:e <itfalls t:at !us: faced as :e <re<ared for 12//? ord and Carter
:ad been loc;ed in a >irtual dead :eat as t:e >oters =ent to t:e <olls? An :onest count
=ould :a>e 9i>en ord t:e election1 but ballot-boE stuffin9 b3 t:e ,e8ocratic 8ac:ines in
O:io and Ne= (or; Cit3 :ad 9i>en Carter t:e <al8? !us: t:erefore :ad to <a3 attention to
an3 8ar9inal factors t:at 8i9:t tilt a close race in :is fa>or? *as it a conincidence t:at1
durin9 12/+ and 12/-1 t:e ,e8ocratic 8ac:ines in O:io and Ne= (or; =ere deci8ated b3
scandals and indict8ents1 8uc: to t:e dis8a3 of O:io 8ob ban;er Mar>in *arner1 and
Stanle3 ried8an and t:e late ,onald Mannes1 t:e corru<t borou9: <residents of t:e !ronE
and of LueensD or !us:1 t:ese rec;onin9s =ere si8<l3 t:e 8ost ele8entar3 <recautions1
and a :arbin9er of =:at =ould befall ri>al candidates as t:e <ri8aries dre= nearer?
!us: also :ad to loo; bac; at :is <erfor8ance in t:e 12/) ca8<ai9n1 :ardl3 an e<ic effort?
!us: :ad 9otten in so8e trouble because :e :ad refused cate9oricall3 to rule out a taE
increase in ter8s as ada8antine as Rea9an7s? !us: tried to =i99le out of <ress onferences
=:ere t:is ca8e u<" FNo 8ore nit-<ic;in9? Ji<<it3 doo-da:? No= it7s off to t:e races1F =as
:is <artin9 s:ot as :e sou9:t to eEit one <ress conference =:ere :e =as bein9 9rilled?
Ot:er=ise !us: =as t:e ultra-ort:odoE Rea9an c:eerleader1 Bud9ed Ffa=nin9F b3 *itco>er
and Ger8ond" F:e :ad t:e re<utation of bein9 a bootlic;er1 and :is conduct in office did
not:in9 to di8inis: it?F Gfn 1H Colu8nist &ose<: #raft =rote of !us:" Ft:e <atrician :as
tried to be a <o<ulist? He co8es across1 in conse@uence1 as <uerile?F Gfn $H
!us:7s bi9 8o8ent =as :is >ice <residential debate =it: Geraldine erraro? ,urin9 t:e
debate1 !us: re8ar;ed t:at t:e 8arines =:o :ad been ;illed in t:e bo8bin9 of t:eir !eirut1
Lebanon barrac;s in October1 12/' :ad Fdied in s:a8e?F On t:e 8ornin9 after t:e debate1
!us: =ent to Elisabet:1 Ne= &erse3 for a rall3 =it: lon9s:ore8en? He said to a 8an in t:e
cro=d t:at F=e tried to ;ic; a little assF in t:e debate =it: erraro? T:en :e sa= t:at a
8icro<:one sus<ended fro8 a boo8 =as =it:in ears:ot? F*:oo<sK O:1 God1 :e :eard 8eK
Turn t:at t:in9 off1F said t:e tou9: 9u3 of t:e ro3al F=e?F !arbara !us: 9ot inot t:e act
=it: :er @ui< t:at erraro =as a Ffour 8illion dollar --- I can7t sa3 it but it r:38es =it:
ric:?F !ritis:er Teele3 added t:at erraro =as Ftoo bitc:3?F Gfn 'H In t:e 8ost stu<efied
election of 8odern ti8es1 t:ese slo9ans =ere t:e stuff of =:ic: 9reat issues =ere 8ade?
T:e *as:in9ton %ost =ent after !us: as Ft:e Cliff !arnes of A8erican <olitics1F a
reference to a c:aracter in t:e soa< o<era ,allas =:o8 t:e %ost found Fblusterin91
o<<ortunistic1 cra>en1 and :o<lessl3 ineffecti>e all at once?F Ot:ers1 fores:ado=in9 t:e
t:3roid re>elations of 12211 tal;ed about !us:7s F:3<er;inesis?F E>en t:e unsa>or3 Geor9e
*ill co88ented t:at Ft:e o<ti8istic state8ent 7Geor9e !us: is not as sill3 as :e fre@uentl3
see8s7 no= see8s co8<arable to Mar; T=ain7s state8ent t:at *a9ner7s 8usic is better t:an
it sounds?F Gfn )H
T:ere =as t:us >er3 little :o<e t:at !us: could :el< :i8self b3 ca8<ai9nin9 effecti>el3?
!ut did Geor9e :a>e an3 ne= ac:ie>e8ents in :is resu8e t:at :e could <oint toD
T:ere =ere fe= t:at :e =ould or could tal; about? In t:e conteEt of :is F3ou die1 =e fl3F
role as Rea9an7s official surro9ate at state funerals1 :e :ad 8et t:e ne= So>iet leader (uri
Andro<o> at !reA:ne>7s funeral for a Fs<oo; to s<oo;F con>ersation1 as !us: said? He :ad
t:en 8et Mic:ael Gorbac:o> at Andro<o>7s funeral in t:e s<rin9 of 12/+? !ut !us: =ould
not =ant to <la3 u< :is role in turnin9 t:e Fe>il e8<ireF Rea9an of t:e first ter8 into t:e
su88it-9oin9 Fuseful idiot of So>iet <ro<a9andaF of t:e second ter81 since t:is =ould stir
u< <roble8s alon9 !us:7s ri9:t flan;?
All !us: could tal; about =ere :is forei9n tri<s? *:en !reA:ne> died in No>e8ber1 12/$1
!us: :ad been in Africa1 =:ence :e di>erted to Mosco=? T:is =as a tri< to se>en blac;
African states1 includin9 Ni9eria and #en3a? *:en :e 9ot bac; to *as:in9ton :e tried to
ca<italiAe on t:e African Bun;et1 =:ic: =as underta;en in t:e s<irit of t:e Rea9an
Ad8inistration7s Fconstructi>e en9a9e8entF1 8eanin9 in <ractice offerin9 >arious re=ards
and induce8ents to t:e %retoria re9i8e =:ile 9entl3 <roddin9 t:e8 to =it:dra= fro8
Na8ibia? In bot: La9os and Nairobi1 !us: =as denounced for establis:in9 a US- s<onsored
lin;a9e bet=een t:e de<arture of Cuban forces fro8 An9ola and t:e ter8ination of t:e
Sout: African <rotectorate o>er Na8ibia? Gfn +H
In t:e su88er of 12/'1 !us: =ent to Scandina>ia1 acco8<anied b3 scores of Secret
Ser>ice a9ents and aides1 bullet<roof li8ousines1 and *:ite House co88unications
e@ui<8ent? !us:7s staff =ere tr3in9 to <lan <:oto o<<ortunities and tele>ision <ers<ecti>es
in t:e tradition of Mic:ael ,ea>er and ,r? Goebbels? ,urin9 a >isit to a 8e8orial to t:e
8onu8ent to ,en8ar;7s *orld *ar II resistance fi9:ters1 a US Na>3 officer on !us:7s staff
instructed t:e ,anis: <rotocol c:ief t:at ,anis: %ri8e Minister Sc:luter and ot:er ,anis:
offocials :ad to be F:erdedF to one side as !us: strode to=ard t:e 8o8u8ent" a booris:
insult1 to sa3 t:e least? 0!us:7s tra>ellin9 entoura9e :as 9otten <ro9ressi>el3 u9lier o>er t:e
3ears1 as =e are re8inded b3 t:e !us: <art37s clas: =it: S=iss securit3 officers at Gene>a
Air<ort durin9 !us:7s 8eetin9 =it: HafeA Assad in t:e fall of 1225? H3<ert:3roid at t:e to<
infects t:e <eo<le furt:er do=n t:e line?4
In Iceland1 !us: 9a>e a s<eec: so 9eneric t:at it =as not clear if :e :ad lost trac; of =:at
countr3 :e =as in? In Stoc;:ol81 :e clas:ed :eatedl3 =it: S=edis: %ri8e Minister Olof
%al8e o>er t:e US FcontraF co>ert action <ro9ra8s in Central A8erica? A fe= 3ears later
%al8e =as to be assassinated1 and 8an3 attribute :is deat: to :is >er3 detailed ;no=led9e
of t:e Euro<ean di8ension of Iran-contra? !ut for !us: t:e tri< =as a bi9 success" :e 9ot to
<la3 tennis doubles =it: !Born !or91 and =ent fis:in9 off Iceland? Gfn H
In Ma3 of 12/)1 !us: =as off to India and %a;istan? Indira Gand:i =as ri9:tl3 sus<icious
of !us:1 and :ad recentl3 co88ented about bad US-Indian relations" F*:at can be doneD
T:e <roble8 is t:e orientation of t:e GUSH ad8inistration?F Gfn .H T:e <olic3 =:ic: !us:
<resented to Mrs? Gand:i included s:ar< cutbac;s in residual US aid and US sabota9e of
loans to India b3 t:e international a9encies? In No>e8ber1 12/)1 Mrs? Gand:i =as
assassinated?
In Marc:1 12/+1 !us:7s :andlers sta9ed a 9lobetrottin9 <:oto o<<ortunit3 to be9in buildin9
u< t:eir 8an for 12//? !us: fle= to t:e Sudan1 to Ni9er1 and to Mali1 =:ere :e =as
o>erta;en b3 =ord of t:e deat: of #onstantin C:ernen;o1 t:e So>iet leader? !us:7s F3ou
die1 =e fl3F o<eration too; :i8 at once to Mosco=1 =:ere :e 8et =it: Gorbac:o>1
Na;asone of &a<an1 Hel8ut #o:l of Ger8an31 Mar9aret T:atc:er1 RaBi> Gand:i1 and Jia
ul-Ha@ of %a;istan? T:en it =as on to <ost-in>asion Grenada1 follo=ed b3 !us:7s
a<<earance at t:e inau9uration of t:e ne= ci>ilian 9o>ern8ent of !raAil? Here !us: dod9ed
,ann3 Orte9a1 t:e leader of t:e Nicara9uan Sandinista re9i8e1 =:o =anted to confront
!us: on US <olic3 in t:e re9ion? T:e nint: and last sto< on !us:7s Bun;et =as Honduras1
=:ere !us: >isited =it: %resident Roberto SuaAo Cordo>a1 a ;e3 <la3er in t:e =orld of
contra <olic3? Gfn /H
Naturall31 t:ere =as 8ore to eac: one of t:ese sto<s t:an 8et t:e e3e? T:e insi<id <latitudes
of !us:7s <ublic s<eec:es =ere 8atc:ed 8ore often t:an not =it: >icious co>ert acti>it3?
Often t:e >erbia9e =as at >ariance =it: t:e real <olic31 or soon =ould be? In 12/11 !us:
:ad been Rea9an7s en>o3 to an inau9uration of %resident Marcos of t:e %:ili<<ines? !us:7s
toast to Marcos1 F*e lo>e 3our ad:erence to de8ocratic <rinci<le and to t:e de8ocratic
<rocessF :ad been casti9ated b3 t:e liberal <ress 0t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es called it Fa real
clan9erF41 but =:en t:e line c:an9ed and it =as ti8e for t:e US 9o>ern8ent to o>ert:ro=
Marcos1 it =as t:e !us: a<<aratus t:at did it =it: t:e F<eo<le <o=erF of t:e US-9uided
enra9es of Manila?
One s8all =indo= on t:e real di8ensions of !us:7s >ice <residential tra>el a9enda is
<ro>ided b3 t:e >isit to t:e Sudan Bust 8entioned? ,urin9 t:is tri<1 !us: =as acco8<anied
b3 tele>an9elists %at Robertson and &err3 all=ell1 t=o El8er Gantries of t:e >ideo et:er1
eac: =it: stron9 intelli9ence connections? Robertson 8ade t:e tri< =it: !us:1 =:ile
al=ell =as alread3 in t:e countr3 on a 8ission of :is o=n in t:e fra8e=or; of t:e on9oin9
fa8ine in t:e Sa:el re9ion? Robertson brou9:t a ca8era cre= fro8 :is C!N net=or;1
=:ic: 9ot a de8a9o9ic s:ot of !us: and Robertson slo=l3 descendin9 fro8 Air orce T=o
in #:artou8 =:ile t:e band <la3ed FHail to t:e C:ief?F Robertson =as brin9in9 relief
su<<lies? On Marc: -1 12/+1 :e told C!N t:at :e =as =or;in9 =it: t:e 9enocidal US
A9enc3 for International ,e>elo<8ent on relief <roBects? Reliable Sudanese sources re<ort
t:at US AI, <olicies are desi9ned to eEacerbate 8ortalit3 in areas =:ere t:e3 are a<<lied?
!us:7s ur9ent <ur<ose =as to arran9e t:e o>ert:ro= of t:e %resident of t:e Sudan1 &aafar
Ni8ier31 =:o8 *all Street =anted de<osed? !us: see8s to :a>e so8e difficult3 in
<lannin9 and eEecutin9 a s=ift and effecti>e cou< d7etat? His res<onse to t:e Mosco=
<utsc: of Au9ust1 12211 FCou<s can fail1F reflected :is o=n bitter eE<erience1 in %ana8a in
October 1225 and in t:e case in <oint in t:e Sudan? T:e CIA =as bac;in9 a 9rou< of Bunior
officers =:o =anted to ta;e <o=er1 but t:e3 da=dled too lon9? T:e3 =aited until Ni8ier3
left t:e countr3 on a one-=ee; >isit to t:e United States? T:en1 instead of seiAin9 t:e
ob>ious nodal <oints1 t:e3 s<ent a full =ee; in orc:estratin9 a t3<ical CIA F<eo<le <o=erF
u<sur9e1 =it: de8onstrations in t:e streets of t:e ca<ital and a stri;e b3 151555 doctors1
teac:ers1 ban;ers1 and Bud9es? Ni8ier3 =as b3 no= fl3in9 bac; fro8 t:e US?
T:is inordinate dela3 allo=ed a 9rou< of senior officers =:o =ere not US <u<<ets <lent3 of
ti8e to de>elo< t:eir o=n <lan for a <re-e8<ti>e seiAure of <o=er? T:e senior 9rou<1 led b3
General Abdul Ra:8an S=aredda:ab1 acted decisi>el3 on A<ril -1 12/+1 catc:in9 !us:7s
Bunior officer cli@ue flat-footed? Gfn 2H T:e lustre =as 9one fro8 !us:7s re<utation as a
9ol<ista1 and it :as ne>er reall3 returned?
!us:7s tri< to #:artou8 =as also desi9ned to ser>e t:e Israeli Mossad? ,urin9 :is >isit1
!us: secured t:e consent of Ni8ier3 to an Israeli airlift ;no=n as FO<eration Moses1F
=:ic: transferred t:ousands of Et:io<ian &e=s fro8 t:e Sudan to Israel? T:e Israeli
<resence =as lin;ed to t:e <lan to to<<le Ni8ier3?
In &ul31 12/+1 !us: =as %resident for a ,a31 =:en Rea9an transferred :is <o=ers to t:e
>ice <resident before under9oin9 anest:esia in t:e course of an o<eration to re8o>e an
intestinal <ol3<? !us: :ad flo=n to #ennbun;<ort on &ul3 1$1 t:e sa8e da3 t:at Rea9an
=as ad8itted to !et:esda na>al :os<ital for an eEa8ination? *:en it =as found t:at
Rea9an =ould re@uire an o<eration t:e neEt da31 !us: fle= bac; fro8 #ennbun;<ort to 9et
:is :ands on t:e lon9-a=aited le>ers of <o=er? At 15"'$ AM1 Rea9an si9ned letters to
House S<ea;er Ti< O7Neill and Senate %resident %ro Te8<ore Stron T:ur8ond <assin9 t:e
:el8 to !us:? Rea9an7s o<eration be9an sli9:tl3 before noon1 and !us: =as actin9
<resident =:en :e arri>ed at Andre=s Air orce !ase about :alf an :our later? !us: 9ot to
:is :o8e at t:e Na>al Obser>ator3 and s<ent t:e rest of t:e da3 t:ere? His staff said t:at
not:in9 <residential :a<<ened before Rea9an a=o;e fro8 :is anest:esia at ."$$ %M and
si9ned a <a<er resu8in9 :is <o=ers?
Had not:in9 <residential reall3 :a<<enedD As &ac; Anderson =rote so8e 3ears later1 it =as
reall3 Fnot:in9???unless 3ou7re tal;in9 to for8er <resident Gerald R? ord1 t:e ;in9 of
<ratfalls?F It a<<ears t:at !us:1 doubtless o>erco8e b3 t:e eu<:oria of <o=er1 :ad sli<<ed
=:ile <la3in9 tennis and :it :is :ead rat:er seriousl3? Accordin9 to so8e :i9:- le>el *:ite
House officials <olled b3 t:e &ac; Anderson colu8n1 t:e 8anic !us: :ad actuall3 been
FunconsciousF for a ti8e1 but ne>er Finca<acitated?F FIt =asn7t serious enou9: to be
c:ec;ed1F accordin9 to a !us: aide1 and !us: Fsle<t it off?F Gfn 15H Not 8uc: :ere for a
ca8<ai9n s<eec: celebratin9 !us:7s eE<erience1 =:ic: no= included a brief encounter =it:
t:e diAA3 a<eE of <o=er itself?
or Rea9an7s State of t:e Union 8essa9e in &anuar31 12/-1 !us:7s :andlers =or;ed :ard to
<re>ent :i8 fro8 Fs@uir8in91 3a=nin91 slu8<in91 9aAin9 into s<ace and 8ostl3
loo;in9???bored b3 :is <resident?F !us: =as drilled into ra<t attention for t:e Great
Co88unicator7s =ords b3 >ie=in9 e8barrassin9 fil8 cli<s of :i8self <residin9 o>er earlier
Boint sessions of t:e Con9ress? Gfn 11H Ot:er=ise1 !us: :ad =on so8e notoriet3 for
c:an9in9 :is =atc:bands to 8atc: :is suit? Gfn 1$H
More t:an an3t:in91 !us: =anted an earl3 endorse8ent fro8 Rea9an in order to su<<ress
or at least undercut c:allen9es to :is <resu8<ti>e front-runner status fro8 GO% ri>als in t:e
<ri8ariesC it =as alread3 clear t:at Senator !ob ,ole 8i9:t be t:e 8ost for8idable of
t:ese? !us: feared ,ole7s c:allen9e1 and des<eratel3 =anted to be annointed as Rea9an7s
:eir-a<<arent as soon as <ossible before 12//? !ut Rea9an :ad a<<arentl3 not 9otten o>er
t:e anti<at:3 to !us: :e :ad concei>ed durin9 t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<: debate of 12/5?
Accordin9 to a :i9:-le>el Rea9an Ad8inistration source s<ea;in9 in t:e su88er of 12/-1
F8ore t:an once t:e <resident Gtold !us:H1 7Ob>iousl31 I78 9oin9 to sta3 neutral until after
t:e con>ention1 and t:en I78 9oin9 to =or; for =:ic:e>er candidate co8es out on to<?F Gfn
1'H ,es<ite !us:7s Fsla>is: de>otion1F Rea9an =anted to ;ee< t:e door o<en to :is 9ood
friend1 Senator %aul LaEalt of Ne>ada1 =:o8 Rea9an a<<arentl3 t:ou9:t =as 9ettin9 read3
to run for <resident? One can i8a9ine !us:7s ra9e and c:a9rin?
As t:e 8ont:s =ent b31 it beca8e clear t:at t:ere =as no lo>e lost on !us: b3 Rea9an?
!us: =as runnin9 8uc: of t:e ad8inistration1 but :e =as not runnin9 Rea9an in certain
8atters1 and t:is see8ed to be one of t:e8? In t:e late su88er of 12/.1 Rea9an 9ranted a
8a9aAine inter>ie= in =:ic: :e see8ed to <raise !us:" FI don7t ;no= t:at t:ere :as e>er
been a >ice <resident =:o :as been 8ore co8<letel3 in>ol>ed in all t:at 9oes on t:an t:is
>ice <resident?F In t:e 8iddle of Iran-contra1 t:at 8i9:t not :a>e been eEactl3 =:at !us:
=anted? T:e Rea9an =as as;ed to cite eEa8<les? FI can7t ans=er in t:at conteEt1F re<lied
Rea9an? !us: :ad 9ro=n u< in t:e liberal GO% <aradise of t:e Eisen:o=er 3ears1 and :e
could not :el< re8e8berin9 old I;e7s dis<ara9in9 ans=er to a si8ilar @uestion t:at :ad
in>ited :i8 to na8e so8e decisions 6ice %resident NiEon :ad <artici<ated in? FIf 3ou 9i>e
8e a =ee;1 I 8i9:t t:in; of one1F @ui<<ed I;e? Gfn 1)H
Rea9an stubbornl3 refused to co8e out for !us: until t:e endorse8ent could no lon9er :el<
:i8 in t:e Re<ublican <ri8aries? Rea9an c:ose to =ait until Su<er Tuesda3 =as o>er and
t:e rest of t:e Re<ublican field :ad been 8at:e8aticall3 eli8inated? Rea9an actuall3
=aited until !ob ,ole1 t:e last of !us:7s ri>als1 :ad dro<<ed out? T:en Rea9an i9nored t:e
de8ands of !us:7s 8edia :andlers and <erce<tion-8on9ers and 9a>e :is endorse8ent in
t:e e>enin91 too late for t:e 8ain net=or; ne=s <ro9ra8s? T:e scene =as a <artisan e>ent1
a >er3 lar9e GO% Con9ressional fundraisin9 dinner? Rea9an =aited to t:e end of t:e s<eec:1
eE<lained t:at :e =as no= brea;in9 :is silence on t:e <residential contest1 and in a
<erfunctor3 =a3 said :e =ould su<<ort !us:? FI78 9oin9 to =or; as :ard as I can to 8a;e
6ice %resident Geor9e !us: t:e neEt <resident of t:e United States1F said old Ron? T:ere
=ere no accolades for !us:7s real or i8a9ined ac:ie>e8ents1 no stirrin9 ;udos? Seasoned
obser>ers found Rea9an7s state8ent F:alf:earted???al8ost 9rud9in9?F Gfn 1+H
So8e da3 =e 8a3 ;no= :o= 8uc: of t:e <ublic deni9ration of Rea9an in accounts bot:
true and in>ented1 includin9 studies s:o=in9 8ental i8<air8ent t:at surfaced in late 12/.
and earl3 12//1 =as due to t:e efforts of a !us: 8ac:ine deter8ined to create t:e
i8<ression t:at a <resident =:o refused ent:usiasticall3 to endorse !us: =as a 8ental
inco8<etent? Had t:e ,iscreditin9 Co88ittee been unleas:ed a9ainst t:e %resident of t:e
United StatesD It =ould not be t:e first ti8e?
Rea9an7s endless reticence 8eant t:at !us: :ad to =or; es<eciall3 :ard to <ander to t:e
ri9:t =in91 to t:ose <eo<le =:ic: :e des<ised but ne>ert:less needed to use? Here !us:
stoo<ed to boundless <ublic de9radation? In ,ece8ber1 12/+ !us: =ent to Canossa b3
acce<tin9 an in>itation to a dinner in Manc:ester1 Ne= Ha8<s:ire :eld in :onor of t:e late
*illia8 Loeb1 t:e for8er <ublis:er of t:e Manc:ester Union Leader? *e :a>e alread3
docu8ented t:at old 8an Loeb :ated !us: and =or;ed do99edl3 for :is defeat in 12/5?
Still1 !us: =as t:e Fsoul of :u8ilit31F and :e =as =illin9 to do an3t:in9 to be able to ta;e
<o=er in :is o=n na8e? !us: 9a>e a s<eec: full of =:at t:e *as:in9ton %ost c:ose to call
Fself-de<recatin9 :u8or1F but =:at ot:ers 8i9:t :a>e seen as 9ro>ellin9? !us: re9aled +55
Re<ublicans and ri9:tists =it: a fair3 tale about :a>in9 tried in 12/5 to =oo Loeb b3
offerin9 re=ards of colored =atc:bands1 LaCoste s:irts and To<sider s:oes to an3one =:o
could =in o>er !ill Loeb? T:e ite8s na8ed =ere <re<<3 <ara<:ernalia =:ic: Loeb and
8an3 ot:ers found re<u9nant?
!us: @uoted =:at Loeb :ad said about :i8" F:3<ocrite???double-standard 8oralit31
in>ol>ed u< to :is nec; in *ater9ate???unfit to be t:e Re<ublican no8inee???inco8<etentC
liberal 8as@ueradin9 as a conser>ati>eC a :3<ocrite???a s<oon-fed little ric: ;id =:o :as
been =et-nursed to success1F and so on fro8 t:e series of 12.2-12/5 editorials? !us: t:en
<raised t:e aut:or of t:ese =ords as a 8an of F<assionate con>iction and stron9 belief???In
ne>er 8incin9 :is =ords or <ullin9 :is <unc:es1 !ill Loeb =as <art of a 9reat tradition of
outs<o;en <ublis:ers?F So8e of t:e asse8bled ri9:t-=in9ers re<eated t:e line fro8 t:e
,oonesbur3 co8ic stri< accordin9 to =:ic: !us: F:ad <laced :is 8an:ood in a blind
trust?F Loeb7s =ido= Nac;e3 Scri<<s Loeb =as non-co88ital? F*e :a>e decided on a
candidate for 12//--=:oe>er best fi9:ts for t:e Rea9an a9enda1F s:e announced?
F*:et:er t:at <erson is :ere toni9:t re8ains to be seen1F s:e added? Gfn 1-H
La=full31 !us: :ad earned onl3 t:e conte8<t of t:ese Ne= Ha8s<:ire conser>ati>es? In
October1 12/.1 =:en t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 season =as a9ain at :and1 Mrs? Loeb
re=arded !us: for :is 9ro>ellin9 =it: a blisterin9 attac; t:at featured re<rints of !ill
Loeb7s 12/5 barbs" Fa <re<<3 =i8<1 <art of t:e self-a<<ointed elite1F and so fort:? Mrs?
Loeb =rote1 FGeor9e !us: :as been !us: for -' 3ears? He :as been Ronald Rea9an7s
errand bo3 for Bust t:e last se>en? *it:out Ronald Rea9an :e =ill surel3 re>ert to t:e
ori9inal Geor9e !us:?F Mrs? Loeb re<eated :er late :usband7s 12/5 ad>ice" FRe<ublicans
s:ould flee t:e <residential candidac3 of Geor9e !us: as if it =ere t:e blac; <la9ue itself?F
Gfn 1.H
,is<la3s of t:is t3<e be9an to ins<ire a 8ore 9eneral <ublic conte8<t for !us: durin9
12/.? !us: =as co8in9 across as Fdeferential al8ost to t:e <oint of obse@uiousness1F Ftoo
=ea;1 too na8b3-<a8b3?F Geor9e *ill1 anEious to <ic; a =inner1 be9an to ridicule !us: as
a Fla<do9?F T:e F=i8< factorF =as be9innin9 to tor8ent !us:? Old !ill Loeb =as still
8a;in9 !us: s@uir8? T=o >eteran obser>ers <ointed out" FRea9an7s o=n <:3sical <resence
and self-confidence 8ade !us: in contrast see8 e>en =ea;er1 and !us:7s <enc:ant for t:e
<riss3 re8ar; at ti8es cast :i8 as t:e Little Lord auntlero3 of t:e ca8<ai9n trail??F !us:
said :e =as runnin9 a ne9ati>e ca8<ai9n so as not to lea>e t:e ,e8ocrats a 8ono<ol3 on
Ft:e nau9:t3 stuff?F Gfn 1/H
All of t:is cul8inated in t:e de>astatin9 Ne=s=ee; co>er stor3 of October 121 12/.1
Fi9:tin9 t:e 7*i8< actor?7F T:e article =as 8ore anal3tical t:an :ostile1 but did describe
t:e Fcri<<lin9 :andica<F of be9in seen as a F=i8<?F !us: :ad been a F>assal to #issin9erF
at t:e United Nations and in !eiBin91 t:e article found1 and no= e>en !us:7s second ter8
c:ief of staff said of !us:1 FHe7s e8asculated b3 t:e office of >ice <resident?F To a>oid
a<<earin9 as a tele>ision =i8<1 !us: :ad Ftried for t:e <ast 15 3ears to 8aster t:e 8ediu81
stud3in9 it as if it =ere a forei9n lan9ua9e? He :as consulted >oice and tele>ision coac:es?
He tried c:an9in9 :is 9lasses and e>en =earin9 contact lenses?
G???H !us:7s ti9:t1 t=an93 >oice is a co88on <roble8? Under stress1 eE<erts eE<lain1 t:e
>ocal cords ti9:ten and t:e >oice is :i9:er t:an nor8al and lac;s <o=er?F Accordin9 to
Ne=s=ee;1 +1R of A8ericans found t:at F=i8<F =as a Fseriousl3 <roble8F for !us:? T:e
8a9aAine offered >arious so<:o8oric <s3c:olo9ical eE<lanations of :o= !us: 9ot t:at
=a31 8ainl3 concentratin9 on :is fa8il3 u<brin9in9? Here !us: =as alle9edl3 tau9:t to
conceal :is socio<at:ic dri>es beneat: a >eneer of <ro<itiation and s:arin91 as in :is
c:ild:ood nic;na8e of FHa>e HalfF Geor9e?
T:e Ne=s=ee; F=i8<F co>er soon :ad !us: c:e=in9 t:e car<et at t:e Na>al Obser>ator3?
!us:7s ;nuc;le-dra99in9 son Geor9e *? !us: called t:e stor3 Fa c:ea< s:otF and added
8enacin9l3" F???I7d li;e to ta;e t:e 9u3 =:o =rote t:at :eadline out on t:at boat1F i?e?1 t:e
Arono=-built idelit3 in =:ic: !us: =as de<icted on t:e Ne=s=ee; co>er? *:ic: sounded
>er3 8uc: li;e a t:reat? Geor9e *? !us: also called Ne=s=ee; *as:in9ton bureau c:ief
E>an T:o8as to infor8 :i8 t:at t:e !us: ca8<ai9n :ad officiall3 cut off all contact =it:
Ne=s=ee; and its re<orters? T:e decision to <ut Ne=s=ee; out of business =as 8ade b3
candidate !us: <ersonall31 and aborted a <lan b3 Ne=s=ee; to <ublis: a boo; on t:e 12//
ca8<ai9n? T:e <ress 9ot t:e 8essa9e" <ortra3 !us: in a fa>orable li9:t or face >indicti>e
and discri8inator3 counter8easures?
!us: ca8<ai9ns :a>e al=a3s ad>anced on a cus:ion of 8one31 and t:e 12// effort =as to
<us: t:is c:aracteristic to un:eard-of eEtre8es? In ;ee<in9 =it: a tradition t:at :ad
stretc:ed o>er al8ost t:ree decades1 t:e !us: ca8<ai9n finance c:air8an =as Robert
Mosbac:er1 =:ose Mosbac:er Ener93 Cor<oration is one of t:e lar9est <ri>atel3 :eld
inde<endent oil co8<anies in TeEas? Mosbac:er7s net <ersonal =ort: is esti8ated at I$55
8illion? ,urin9 t:e 12// ca8<ai9n1 Mosbac:er raised I-5 8illion for t:e !us: ca8<ai9n
and I$+ 8illion for t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee? It =as Mosbac:er =:o for8ed t:e
Tea8 155 cor<s d7elite of $+5 fatcats1 a8on9 =:o8 =e :a>e seen Henr3 #ra>is? T:e tric;
=as t:at 8an3 of t:ese I1551555 contributors =ere <ro8ised a8bassadorial <osts and ot:er
<resti9ious a<<oint8ents1 a <:eno8enon t:at =ould reac: scandalous <ro<ortions durin9
12/2? In 12/)1 Mosbac:er7s son Rob &r? ran a stron9 but losin9 race for t:e senate seat
>acated b3 &o:n To=er?
Mosbac:er b3 t:e 8id-12/57s :ad beco8e a director of t:e bi99est ban; in Houston1 and a
8e8ber of t:e 8ost eEclusi>e clubs in t:e cit3? He =as a central fi9ure of t:at cabal of
financiers and oil 8en =:ic: in t:e <ost=ar 3ears =as called Ft:e Suite / cro=d1F and
=:ic: :as since e>ol>ed into ne= for8s? Mosbac:er1 !a;er1 and !us: are no= at t:e center
of t:e business oli9arc:3 t:at runs t:e state of TeEas?
Mosbac:er =as also a celebrit3? *:en :e =as bet=een :is second and t:ird 8arria9es
durin9 t:e earl3 12/57s1 :e =as billed as Houston7s 8ost eli9ible bac:elor? His t:ird =ife
Geor9ette1 a cos8etics entre<reneur1 =as t:e star of t:e !us: inau9ural as far as t:e
<:oto9ra<:ers =ere concerned? T:e Mosbac:ers :abituall3 fle= around t:e countr3 in t:eir
o=n <ri>ate Bet1 and 8aintained :o8es in Ne= (or;1 *as:in9ton ,C1 and t:e eE<ensi>e
Ri>er Oa;s section of Houston?
,urin9 t:e 8id-12/57s1 Mosbac:er re<ortedl3 lined :is <oc;ets to t:e tune of I)5 to I+5
8illion t:rou9: a sca8 called t:e Houston Grand %ar;=a3? Mosbac:er7s 9ains deri>ed fro8
t:e TeEas Trans<ortation Cor<oration Act1 =:ic: <ro>ided for t:e de facto <ri>atiAation of
:i9:=a3 buildin9 in confor8it3 =it: t:e ideolo9ical tenets and fast-buc; 8entalit3 of t:e
Rea9an-!us: econo8ic cli8ate? Local lando=ners =ere e8<o=ered to set u<
Ftrans<ortation cor<orationsF =:ic: =ould solicit donations of t:e ri9:ts-of-=a3 of ne=
roads1 and =:ic: =ould fund t:e en9ineerin9 studies for t:e roads? If ri9:t-of-=a3 and
desi9n <lans =ere a<<ro>ed1 t:e state =ould <roceed to actuall3 build t:e roads?
In <ractice t:is beca8e a 9i9antic s<eculation at t:e center of =:ic: la3 Mosbac:er7s Cinco
Ranc:1 a <ro<ert3 :e :ad ac@uired for I+ 8illion in 12.5? One <ro>ision of t:e bill =as t:at
8an3 s8all lando=ners in t:e 9eneral area of t:e <ro<osed rods =ould be :it b3 s<ecial
road assess8ent taE le>ies of u< to ei9:t ti8es t:e >alue of t:eir <ro<ert3? Mosbac:er
cas:ed in b3 sellin9 off :is Cinco Ranc: for I/) 8illion1 t:e :i9:est <rice in Houston7s
:istor3? T:e lea< in t:e >alue of t:e land =as 8ade <ossible b3 t:e Grand %ar;=a3 <assin9
ri9:t t:rou9: t:e center of Mosbac:er7s ranc:1 a route t:at :ad been desi9ned b3 a
Mosbac:er old bo3 net=or; t:at reac:ed into t:e TeEas :i9:=a3 de<art8ent? Gfn 12H
Mosbac:er7s net=or; for t:e Houston Grand %ar;=a3 ca<er included Harris Count3
Co88issioner Robert (? F!i9 !obF Ec;els1 =:ose <ersonal friends:i< and close <olitical
ties =it: Geor9e !us: =ere =ell ;no=n? Gfn $5H Ec;els =as a lando=ner =:o stood to
benefit fro8 t:e ne= road-buildin9 <roBects <er8itted under t:e ne= la=? Ec;els =as also a
dedicated GO% acti>ist =:o 8ade t:e Harris Count3 9o>ern8ent into a de facto ar8 of t:e
Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n in 12/)? In 12/+1 Houston <ress re<orts s:o=ed t:at !i9 !ob
Ec;els :ad de<lo3ed count3 9o>ern8ent e8<lo3ees1 count3 9o>ern8ent tele<:ones1 and
count3 co8<uter e@ui<8ent to or9aniAe and ser>ice a 9rou< callin9 itself National
Conference of Re<ublican Count3 Officials =:ic:1 accordin9 to Roanoa;e Count31 6ir9inia
Treasurer red Anderson1 functioned as Fa =or;in9 ar8 for t:e *:ite House and t:e
national GRe<ublicanH <art3?F Gfn $1H Ec;els later ad8itted t:at :e :ad also s<ent at least
I$51555 of :is o=n funds for Fa =orldF of 8ailin9s for t:e Rea9an-!us: tic;et and :ad not
re<orted t:ese eE<enditures to t:e ederal Election Co88ission? Ec;els =as con>icted on
8isdea8enaor c:ar9es of acce<tin9 a 9ift fro8 a count3 contractor in t:e for8 of a road on
:is Austin Count3 tree far8? Ec;els :ad been indicted siE ti8es =:ile still in office1 on
>arious c:ar9es?
!3 &une1 12/21 Ec;els =as in se8i-retire8ent on :is tree far81 but =as tellin9 t:e <ress t:at
:e =as =or;in9 on :is autobio9ra<:3 =:ic: :e assured a re<orter =ould not be Bust a
F8uc;-ra;in9 deal?F Gfn $$H T:is boo; <roBect =as =idel3 >ie=ed in Houston as an atte8<t
b3 Ec;els to de>elo< a retaliator3 ca<abilit3 to =ard off <ossible furt:er attac;s b3 :is o=n
for8er <artners?
!i9 !ob Ec;els 8a3 :a>e been ser>in9 Geor9e !us: in ot:er =a3s as =ell? In t:e s<rin9 of
12/+1 Houston attorne3 ,ou9las Cadd3 sa3s :e =as told b3 Ric:ard !ro=n of t:e
International Intelli9ence Net=or; Cor<oration t:at Fa secret Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n fundF
=it: FI1?+ 8illion in itF :ad been unco>ered foll=in9 t:e 12/) <residential ca8<ai9n?
Cadd3 alle9ed t:at !ro=n told :i8 t:e fund =as Fcontrolled b3 Harris Count3
Co88issioner !ob Ec;els?F Accordin9 to Cadd31 !ro=n furt:er alle9ed t:at FIRS Cri8inal
Intelli9ence ;no=s about it?F Accordin9 to Cadd31 !ro=n =as a <erson =it: lin;s to bot:
t:e !I and t:e IRS? Cadd3 also asserts t:at a re<ort of t:e eEistence of t:e secret fund =as
also re<eated to :i8 b3 <ri>ate in>esti9ator Cl3de *ilson? Gfn $'H ,urin9 Ma3 12// and
&une 12/21 Cadd3 =rote to t:e !I and t:e EC on t:e 8atter? T:e EC declared t:e
alle9ations Matter Under Re>ie= 0MUR4 $2$+1 but later decided in ebruar3 12211 des<ite
Freason to belie>eF Cadd37s c:ar9es1 to ta;e no action? Gfn $)H ,urin9 12/21 Cadd3 =as :it
b3 an Internal Re>enue Ser>ice audit =:ic: led to an IRS assess8ent of :undreds of
t:ousands of dollars of <enalties a9ainst :i81 a lien on :is <ro<ert31 and ot:er 8easures? In
Cadd37s >ie=1 t:is audit =as a retaliation a9ainst :is :a>in9 raised t:e issue of t:e I1?+
8illion Rea9an-!us: ca8<ai9n fund?
urt:er in>esti9ation of t:is <otentiall3 e8barrassin9 co8<leE of alle9ations =as 9reatl3
:indered b3 t:e deat: of Robert (? Ec;els on ,ece8ber $)1 12/2?
!us:7s bi9 8one3 ca8<ai9nin9 =as es<eciall3 de<endent u<on TeEas oil8en1 =:ose
lar9esse :e re@uired to sto;e :is <olitical 8ac:ine? !us: =as runnin9 a <olitical action
co88ittee called t:e und for A8erica7s uture =:ic: raised I'?2 8illion in off-3ear 12/+1
a :eft3 su8? Of t:at ta;e1 about a fift: =as raised fro8 +5+ TeEas donors1 =it: TeEans
9i>in9 8ore t:an t:e residents of an3 ot:er state? I1'+152+ of !us:7s 8one3 :ar>est ca8e
fro8 <ersons =:o could be clearl3 identified as oil industr3 fi9ures1 and t:e ra;eoff :ere
=as <robabl3 8uc: 9reater? *:en t:e <rice of a barrel of oil fell durin9 t:is <eriod fro8
I'2 to I1$1 !us: :ad a bi9 <roble8? His donors be9an to s@ua=;?
O>erall1 t:e colla<se of t:e oil <rice1 itself a result of t:e =orld-=ide industrial de<ression1
=as a boon to t:e ban;ru<t US dollar? T:e insol>ent 9reenbac; =as s:ored u< b3 t:is ne=
subsid31 =:ic: restored a little of t:e currenc37s abilit3 to co88and so8e real co88odities
in t:e real =orld? !ut for !us:7s i88ediate cronies and 8one3-8inded <olitical base1 it
=as a disaster? F(ou7>e 9ot to fi9ure Geor9e =as 9ettin9 ban9ed around b3 all :is oil
friends1 <articularl3 t:e drillers1 =:o :a>e been :urt t:e 8ost1F a Con9ressional !us:8an
told t:e *as:in9ton %ost? Gfn $+H Sure enou9:1 !us:7s old <al !ill Liedt;e1 no= t:e
<resident of %OGO %roducin9 in Houston1 a drillin9 co8<an31 confir8ed t:at :is 8an =as
:i9:l3 attuned to t:e issue" FGeor9e understands >er3 =ell t:at 3ou7re 9oin9 to lose a
certain <ercenta9e of <roduction <er8anentl3 if t:e <rice 9oes too lo=? E>er since I :a>e
;no=n :i81 bac; to t:e Eisen:o=er era1 :e :as been >er3 sensiti>e to t:e connection
bet=een a stron9 GoilH industr3 and national securit3?F Gfn $-H Robert Mosbac:er1 !us:7s
8one3ba9s1 confir8ed t:is >ie= in s<ades" FI al=a3s find t:at =:en I tal; to Geor9e about
t:e oil and 9as business1 :e7s u< to s<eed? He :as t=o sons in t:e business1 and :e sta3s in
touc: t:rou9: t:e8?F
T:e colla<se of t:e oil <rice <osed a real <roble8 t:at s:ould :a>e been ans=ered b3
introducin9 an oil tariff =it: a tri99er <rice of I$+ <er barrel1 so t:at t:e do8estic <rice of
oil =ould ne>er fall belo= t:at fi9ure1 as =as <ro<osed at t:e ti8e b3 a fe= s<o;es8en for
t:e oil <atc:? T:at =ould :a>e been t:e e@ui>alent of settin9 u< a <arit3 <rice for oil1 and
=ould :a>e 9i>en do8estic <roducers solid certainties for lon9-ter8 de>elo<8ent and
<lannin9? !ut t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration in 9eneral =as still =edded to t:e <resident7s
irrational fetis:is8 of Ft:e 8a9ic of t:e 8ar;et<lace1F and =ould >iolentl3 o<<ose an3t:in9
s8ac;in9 of diri9is8 or re-re9ulation?
!us: =as not interested in a <arit3 <rice for oil? He rat:er too; ad>anta9e of a sc:eduled
tri< to t:e Middle East1 durin9 =:ic: :e =as su<<osed to be discussin9 re9ional securit3
8atters1 to tal; u< t:e <rice of oil =it: :is lon9-ti8e cron3 #in9 a:d of Saudi Arabia?
!us: eE<ressed :is concern about Ft:e free fallF of oil <rices and tal;ed =it: a:d about
F:o= Gt:e SaudisH feel t:ere can be so8e stabilit3 to a 8ar;et t:at certainl3 can7t be >er3
:a<<3 to t:e8?F He denied t:at :e :ad co8e to Saudi Arabia on a F<rice-fiEin9 8ission1F
but in>o;ed national securit3? !us: lectured Saudi Oil Minister Ja;i (a8ani about t:e
saturation of t:e =orld oil 8ar;et? T:e i8<lication =as clear" t:e Saudis =ere su<<osed to
cut bac; t:eir <roduction? Gfn $.H It =as a fe= =ee;s later t:at t:e US bo8bed Lib3a?
!us: sancti8oniousl3 clai8ed t:at :is re8ar;s :ad not:in9 to do =it: t:e @uest for
<olitical ad>anta9e? His <erfor8ance 8a3 :a>e <la3ed =ell in t:e oil <atc:1 but re>ie=s
else=:ere =ere not laudator3? A *:ite House official said t:at F<oor Geor9eF :ad
co88itted Fa 9affeF t:at =as sure to :urt :i8 in Ne= Ha8<s:ire? Rea9an =as still >er3
co88itted to free 8ar;et forces settin9 t:e <rice of oil1 =as t:e =ord in t:is @uarter? U< in
t:e rust bo=l1 t:e ,etroit Ne=s :eadlined" F!us: to Mic:i9an" ,ro< ,ead?F A ,ole
s<o;es8an 9loated t:at F9i>en !us:7s bac;9round1 t:e last t:in9 :e needs to be doin9 is
carr3in9 =ater for t:e oil industr3 and t:e international ban;s????It =as as if :is =:ole
resu8e =as tal;in9?F
Once a9ain1 as so fre@uentl3 in :is career1 <olitics =as <ro>in9 un;ind to t:e :o<es of
Geor9e !us:? !3 t:e s<rin9 of 12/.1 !us: =as Fcatc:in9 t:e dic;ensF out on t:e :ustin9s
for :is Iran-contra acti>ities? On t:e ,e8ocratic side1 Gar3 Hart1 t:e for8er senator fro8
Colorado =:o :ad run second to Mondale t:rou9: t:e 12/) <ri8aries1 =as e8er9in9 as a
clear front-runner? *it: :is o=n efforts founderin91 !us: :ad e>er3 reason to fear
succu8bin9 in a lon9 season of <:oto o<<ortunities in co8<etition =it: Hart? !ut if <olitics
=as fic;le1 t:ere =as al=a3s t:e bedroc; of co>ert action?
Gar3 Hart tal;ed about bein9 t:e candidate =it: ne= ideas1 but :e :ad an i88ense
>ulnerabilit3? He =as a :abitue of Turnberr3 Isle1 a $') acre eart:l3 <aradise located nort:
of Mia8i? %art of t:e co8<leE =as a $2 stor3 condo8iu8? Turnberr3 =as fre@uented b3
celebrities of t:e s<orts and entertain8ent =orld1 b3 <oliticians and b3 Mafiosi li;e &oe3
I<<olito1 a con>icted 8ariBuana ;in9<in? T:e de>elo<er and 8ana9er of Turnberr3 =as ,on
Soffer1 =:o =as also t:e o=ner of a 3ac:t na8ed t:e Mon;e3 !usiness? 0After t:e
ebruar31 12/. 8urder of ,on Arono=1 Soffer recei>ed a tele<:one call1 fro8 a <erson =:o
told :i81 F(ou7re neEt?F Soffer :ired eEtra bod39uards and =ent for a one-=ee; Atlantic
cruise on t:e Mon;e3 !usiness?4 Soffer =as a friend of ,on Arono=? !en #ra8er =as also
a fre@uent >isitor to Turnberr3 Isle? T:e establis:8ent e8<lo3ed a staff of :ostesses =:o
=ere ter8ed F,onnie7s 9irlsF or Ft:e <art3 9irlsF? Accordin9 to so8e1 t:ese :ostesses
doubled as luEur3 <rostitutes for t:e Turnberr3 clientele of =ealt:3 8ale <atrons?
A8on9 t:e e8<lo3ees of Turnberr3 =as t:e so8eti8e 8odel ,onna Rice? Anot:er =o8an1
L3nn Ar8andt1 =as in c:ar9e of t:e staff of <art3 9irls1 and also :ad retail s<ace for a bi;ini
bouti@ue in an u<scale and re8unerati>e Turnberr3 s:o<<in9 co8<leE? L3nn Ar8andt =as
t:e =ido= of a re<uted !en #ra8er associate1 a Mia8i dru9 dealer and under=orld fi9ure
=:o :ad disa<<eared and ne>er been found? T:e car of Ar8andt7s :usband =as e>entuall3
found1 riddled =it: 8ac:ine-9un slu9s and stained =it: blood? In t:e 9lo>e co8<art8ent1
in>esti9ators found t:e tele<:one nu8ber of !en #ra8er?
*:en federal a9ents raided !e8 #ra8er7s ort A<ac:e Marina on Au9ust $/1 12/.1 t:e3
eEa8ined t:e contents of #ra8er7s safe and found t:e ori9inal 8anuscri<ts of earl3 <ri8ar3
stu8< s<eec:es b3 Gar3 Hart? Gfn $/H
At /"'5 %M on t:e e>enin9 of Monda31 A<ril $.1 12/.1 Bournalist To8 iedler1 =:o :ad Bust
=ritten a stor3 on t:e ru8ors of seEual <ro8iscuit3 t:at :ad be9un to surface around t:e
Gar3 Hart ca8<ai9n1 recei>ed a tele<:one call at :is office? It =as Bust after Gart Hart :ad
told E?&? ,ionne of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Follo= 8e around? I don7t care? I78 serious? If
an3bod3 =ants to <ut a tail on 8e? 9o a:ead? T:e37d be >er3 bored?F An eEtensi>e and =ell-
or9aniAed net=or; in t:e 8edia =as :3<in9 t:e stor3 t:at Hart =as <ro8iscuous? T:e
tele<:one call recei>ed t:at da3 b3 iedler =as fro8 a =o8an =:o told :i81 FGar3 Hart is
:a>in9 an affair =it: a friend of 8ine? *e don7t need anot:er <resident =:o lies li;e t:at?F
T:e neEt 8ornin9 at 15"'5 AM t:e sa8e =o8an called bac; =it: t:e re<ort t:at :er fe8ale
friend =as li;el3 to acce<t an in>itation to s<end t:e =ee;end =it: Gar3 Hart at :is
*as:in9ton to=n:ouse1 and t:at t:e friend =as li;el3 to 8a;e t:e tri< b3 air rida3
e>enin9? %ublis:ed sources and unna8ed aides in t:e Gar3 Hart ca8<ai9n :a>e identified
L3nn Ar8andt as t:e =o8an =:o 8ade t:is call to To8 iedler of t:e Mia8i Herald1
alt:ou9: iedler denies t:is is true? Gfn $2H
T:ese tele<:one calls led to t:e sta;eout of Hart7s to=n:ouse b3 iedler and ot:er re<orters
of t:e Mia8i Herald =:o ca8e u<on Hart to9et:er =it: ,onna Rice1 detonatin9 t:e scandal
=:ic: destro3ed Hart7s candidac3?
T:e =o8an caller described :erself as a liberal ,e8ocrat but a foe of 8endacit3? S:e told
iedler t:at s:e and :er 9irlfriend :ad s<ent ti8e on a 3ac:t =it: Hart and an older 8an
na8ed !ill =:o =as su<<osedl3 Hart7s la=3er? T:is turned out to be a cruise b3 Hart1
,onna Rice1 L3nn Ar8andt and Hart7s la=3er *illia8 !road:urst <lus a cre= of fi>e on
board t:e Soffer-o=ned Fc:artered 3ac:tF Mon;e3 !usiness to !i8ini and bac; in t:e
s<rin9ti8e? ,onna Rice later confir8ed s:e :ad 8et Hart at Turnberr3?
*illia8 !road:urst or F!ill3 !?F =as a *as:in9ton la=3er and Hart bac;er =:o ser>ed t:e
candidate as an o<erati>e on t:e ca8<ai9n trail? !road:urst :ad a Ca<itol Hill to=n:ouse
near Hart7s? !road:urst later eE<lained t:at L3nn Ar8andt :ad co8e to *as:in9ton to
consider :is offer to be a social director for :is lobb3in9 and entertainin9 acti>ities in
*as:in9ton? !road:urst said t:at ,onna Rice :ad co8e alon9 =it: :er friend L3nn
Ar8andt1 and t:at bot: =o8en :ad sta3ed o>erni9:t at :is :ouse1 not at Hart7s? L3nn
Ar8andt soon left *as:in9ton after t:e stor3 :ad bro;en1 and t:e Hart ca8<ai9n <eo<le
said t:e3 ne>er :eard fro8 :er a9ain?
T:ere is no need to recount t:e ostracis8 and re>elations t:at follo=ed1 leadin9 to t:e
destruction of Gar3 Hart as a <olitical fi9ure? Nor is it our intention :ere to defend t:e lost
cause of t:e decidedl3 unsa>or3 for8er Senator Hart? !ut 9i>en t:e situation of t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n in A<ril-Ma31 12/.1 =e are re8inded b3 Seneca7s FCui <rodestF <ro<osition t:at
t:e !us:8en as <ri8e beneficiaries =ould necessaril3 @ualif3 as <ri8e sus<ects if an3
Fnau9:t3 stuffF =ere to o>erta;e Hart1 as it did? Our sus<icions can onl3 be :ei9:tened b3
t:e ob>ious de9ree to =:ic: !us:1 Arono=1 #ra8er1 Soffer1 Ar8andt1 and Rice 8ust be
seen >irtuall3 as one interrelated social a8al9a8 in t:e settin9 of Mia8i1 T:underboat
Alle31 Turnberr3 Isle1 and t:e Mon;e3 !usiness? %er:a<s an old score =as bein9 settled
:ere as =ell1 datin9 bac; to ,ece8ber1 12.+1 :earin9s in =:ic: Gar3 Hart :ad taunted
!us: about t:e Lied;te 8one3 launderin9 a<<aratus referenced in Ric:ard M? NiEon7s
Fs8o;in9 9unF ta<e?
&a8es !a;er =as t:e titular :ead of t:e !us: ca8<ai9n1 but t:e <erson res<onsible for t:e
o>erall conce<ts and s<ecific tactics of t:e !us: ca8<ai9n =as Lee At=ater1 a <olitical
<rote9e of Senator Stro8 T:ur8ond of Sout: Carolina? T:ur8ond :ad been a ,e8ocrat1
t:en a ,iEiecrat in 12)/1 t:en a ,e8ocrat a9ain1 and finall3 a Re<ublican? T:e eEe9encies
of 9ettin9 elected in Sout: Carolina on t:e GO% tic;et :ad tau9:t T:ur8ond to reac:
dee<l3 into t:at de8a9o9ue7s ba9 of tric;s called t:e =ed9e issues? Under T:ur8ond7s
tutela9e1 At=ater :ad beco8e =ell >ersed in t:e essentials of t:e Sout:ern Strate931 t:e ;e3
to t:at e8er9ent Re<ublican 8aBorit3 in <residential elections =:ic: #e>in %:illi<s :ad
=ritten about in 12-/? At=ater :ad also i8bibed <olitical doctrine fro8 t:e first <ractitioner
of t:e Sout:ern Strate931 t:e dar;-Bo=led Ric:ard M? NiEon :i8self? In &anuar3 12/'1 for
eEa8<le1 Lee At=ater1 at t:at ti8e de<ut3 director of t:e *:ite House office of <olitical
affairs 0and a creature of t:e !us:-!a;er connection41 8et =it: NiEon for t:ree and a :alf
:ours in Colu8bia1 Sout: Carolina? NiEon :eld fort: on t:ree <oints" t:e decisi>e <olitical
i8<ortance of t:e Sun !elt1 t:e nu8erical relations =it:in t:e Electoral Colle9e1 and t:e
>ast benefits of :a>in9 no <ri8ar3 co8<etition =:en see;in9 re-election? At=ater found
t:at NiEon ;ne= t:e Electoral Colle9e li;e t:e bac; of :is :and1 and ;ne= t:at t:e electoral
>otes of t:e sout:ern states =ere t:e ;e3 to t:e ball 9a8e as <resentl3 constituted? NiEon
:ad railed a9ainst t=o Con9ress8en1 %ete McClos;e3 of California and &o:n As:broo; of
O:io1 =:o :ad c:allen9ed :i8 fro8 t:e left and ri9:t =:en :e sou9:t re-election in 12.$?
FT:ose 9u3s =ere t=o 9nats on 83 ass1F co8<lained NiEon? Gfn '5H !us: :as ob>iousl3
attributed 9reat i8<ortance to NiEon7s ad>ice t:at all <ri8ar3 co8<etition be banned durin9
t:e @uest for a second ter8? NiEon7s ad>ice underlines t:e real <roble8s <osed for !us: b3
a candidac3 li;e t:at of tele>ision co88entator %at !uc:anan?
In 12// as =ell1 NiEon =as brou9:t in to be t:e s<iritus rector of t:e !us: ca8<ai9n?
,urin9 Marc: of 12//1 =:en it =as clear t:at !us: =as 9oin9 to =in t:e no8ination1
NiEon Fsli<<ed into to=nF to Boin Geor9e !us:1 !ar1 and Lee At=ater for dinner at t:e
Na>al Obser>ator3? T:is ti8e it =as !us: =:o recei>ed a one :our lecture fro8 Tric;3
,ic; on t:e need to cater to t:e Re<ublican ri9:t =in91 t:e i8<erati>e of a tou9: line on
cri8e in t:e streets and t:e So>iets 0a9ain to <ro<itiate t:e ri9:tists41 to construct an
inde<endent identit3 onl3 after t:e con>ention1 and to ur9e Rea9an to ca8<ai9n acti>el3?
And of course1 =:ere NiEon s:o=s u<1 #issin9er cannot be far a=a3?Gfn '1H
12// sa= anot:er lar9e-scale 8obiliAation of t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 in su<<ort of
!us:7s <residential a8bitions? T:e late Miles Co<eland1 a :i9:-le>el for8er CIA official
=:o o<erated out of London durin9 t:e 12/57s1 contributed a <iece fran;l3 titled FOld
S<oo;s for !us:F to t:e Marc: 1/1 12// issue of National Re>ie=? 0Since t:e 8a9aAine7s
editor1 *illia8 !uc;le31 =as a notorious S;ull and !ones cultist1 t:e allusion to Fs<oo;sF
assu8ed t:e c:aracter of an insider <un?4 Co<eland based :is endorse8ent of !us: on t:e
candidate7s anti-So>iet fir8ness1 a >ie=<oint t:at see8s odd in retros<ect? Co<eland
su99ested t:at !us: =ould 9o bac; to t:e <rocedures of staff =or; t:at :ad been standard
under Eisen:o=er" FRonald Rea9an is a<<arentl3 obli>ious of t:is si8<le 7Standard
O<eration <rocedure17 but =e ;no= fro8 eE<erience t:at !us: isn7t? T:is is =:3 83 old
friends and I are in Geor9e !us:7s corner in t:e <residential race" =e see :i8 not onl3 as
one =:o :as t:e =isdo81 discretion1 and abilit3 to 9ras< t:e facts of our situation on t:e
international 9a8eboard1 but as one =:o =ill a<<oint as :is ;e3 ad>isors real eE<erts in t:e
rele>ant fields -- unli;e t:e ineE<erienced 8en =it: =:o8 %resident Rea9an :as
surrounded :i8self? G???H It :a<<ens t:at =e are in a state of national crisis1 but1 due to t:e
So>iets7 success at deAinfor8atAia and to our <eculiar susce<tibilities1 it isn7t reco9niAable?
*e see !us: as t:e candidate =:o1 s<ea;in9 =it: a >oice of aut:orit31 can 8a;e it
reco9niAable?F T:is state8ent is doubl3 interestin9 because it is a clear <recursor of t:e
8ood of bureaucratic triu8<:alis8 t:at 8ar;ed t:e earl3 =ee;s of t:e !us:
Ad8inistration1 =:en t:e ne= tea8 launc:ed =:at =as billed as a F<olic3 re>ie=F on
So>iet relations to 9et bac; to :ard bar9ainin9 after t:e de<arture of t:e slobberin9
senti8entalist Rea9an?
!us: and At=ater feared all t:eir co8<etition? T:e3 feared for8er Go>? %ierre ,u%ont of
,ela=are because of :is a<<eal to liberal and blueblood Re<ublicans =:o 8i9:t ot:er=ise
auto8aticall3 9ra>itate to !us:? T:e3 feared Ne= (or; Con9ress8an &ac; #e8< because
of :is a<<eal to t:e GO% ri9:t =in91 to t:e blue-collar Rea9an ,e8ocrats1 and :is
disturbin9 :abit of tal;in9 about t:e Strate9ic ,efense Initiati>e and 8an3 ot:er issues?
T:e3 feared t:at Senator !ob ,ole of #ansas =it: :is Froot canal econo8ics1F ri9:t-=in9
<o<ulis81 and :is solid bac;in9 fro8 t:e international 9rain cartel 8i9:t a<<ear 8ore
credible to t:e *all Street ban;ers t:an !us: as an enforcer of austerit3 and sacrifices? !ut
at t:e sa8e ti8e1 t:e3 ;ne= t:at !us: :ad 8ore 8one3 to s<end and inco8<arabl3 8ore
state b3 state or9aniAation t:an an3 of :is GO% ri>als1 to sa3 not:in9 of t:e fabled !ro=n
!rot:ers1 Harri8an 8edia ed9e? !us: also ruled t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee =it:
Stalin-li;e ferocit31 den3in9 t:ese assets to all of :is ri>als?
T:is allo=ed !us: to =:eel to=ards t:e ri9:t in 12/--/. to <lacate so8e of :is critics
t:ere1 and t:en 8o>e bac; to=ards t:e center b3 t:e ti8e of t:e <ri8aries? Indeed1 !us:7s
8an3 la3ers of 8one3 and <olitical a<<aratc:i;i 8ade it <ossible for :i8 to absorb e>en
stunnin9 defeats li;e t:e outco8e of t:e Io=a caucuses =it:out foldin9? 6ictor31 t:ou9:t
!us:1 =ould belon9 to t:e bi9 battalions?
!ut all t:e 8one3 and t:e or9aniAation could not 8as; t:e fact t:at !us: =as
funda8entall3 a =ea; candidate? T:is be9an to beco8e ob>ious to At=ater and :is tea8 of
<erce<tion 8on9ers as t:e Io=a caucuses be9an to s:a<e u<? T:ese =ere t:e caucuses t:at
!us: :ad so niftil3 =on in 12/51 i8<artin9 to :i8 t:e fic;le c:aris8a of t:e !i9 Mo? !3
12//1 !us:7s Io=a effort :ad beco8e co8<licated b3 realit31 in t:e for8 of a far8 crisis
t:at =as dri>in9 t:ousands of far8ers into ban;ru<tc3 e>er3 =ee;? ar8 >oters =ere no=
enra9ed a9ainst t:e a>uncular t:es<ian Ronald Rea9an and =ere loo;in9 for a =a3 to send
a 8essa9e to t:e <oint3-:eaded set in *as:in9ton ,C? Go>ernor !ranstad of Io=a
co8<lained as earl3 as ebruar31 12/-" FI don7t t:in; :is ad>isors are e>en ;ee<in9 G!us:H
infor8ed on t:e eEtent of t:e far8 crisis? *e7>e 9ot a crisis in a9riculture and no one is in
c:ar9e?F !us:7s Io=a ca8<ai9n =as dri<<in9 =it: lucre1 but t:is no= brou9:t fort:
resent8ent a8on9 t:e 9ri8 and 9re3-faced rural >oters?
In 8id-October1 12/.1 fi>e of t:e siE declared Re<ublican candidates attended a traditional
Io=a GO% rall3 in A8es1 Bust nort: of ,es Moines1 on t:e ca8<us of Io=a State Uni>ersit3?
Tele>an9elist %at Robertson sur<rised all t:e ot:ers b3 8obiliAin9 11'55 ent:usiastic
su<<orters for t:e Saturda3 e>ent? T:e cul8ination of t:is rall3 =as a <residential stra=
<oll1 =:ic: Robertson =on =it: 11$2' >otes to 2+/ for ,ole? !us: trailed badl3 =it: /-)?
T:is =as t:e occasion for !us:7s incredible eE<lanation of =:at :ad :a<<ened" FA lot of
<eo<le t:at su<<ort 8e1 t:e3 =ere off at t:e air s:o=1 t:e3 =ere at t:eir dau9:ters7 co8in9
out <arties1 or teein9 u< at t:e 9olf course for t:at all-i8<ortant last round?F Gfn '$H Man3
Io=ans1 includin9 Re<ublicans1 :ad to as; =:at a debutante cotillion =as1 and be9an to
8editate on t:e fact t:at t:e3 =ere not sociall3 acce<table?
!ut 8ost concluded t:at Geor9e !us: =as t:e i8<erial candidate fro8 anot:er <lanet1
bereft of t:e fo99iest notion of t:eir li>es and t:eir e>er3da3 <roble8s?
,urin9 t:e buildu< to t:e Io=a caucus1 !us: continued to dod9e @uestions on Iran- contra?
T:e fa8ous Ftension cit3F encounter =it: ,an Rat:er too; <lace durin9 t:is ti8e? Lee
At=ater considered t:at <erfor8ance !us:7s definin9 e>ent for t:e ca8<ai9n1 a dis<la3
=:ic: 8ade :i8 loo; li;e &o:n *a3ne1 Clint East=ood1 and Gar3 Coo<er1 es<eciall3 in t:e
sout:1 =:ere <eo<le li;e a <ol =:o Fcan ;ic; so8ebod37s assF and =:ere t:at =ould 8a;e a
bi9 difference on Su<er Tuesda3?
!ut !us:7s :andlers =ere ne>ert:eless s:oc;ed =:en ,ole =on t:e Io=a caucuses =it:
'.R of t:e >ote1 follo=ed b3 Robertson =it: $+R? !us: 8ana9ed onl3 a <oor s:o=1 =it:
12R1 a 8assi>e colla<se in co8<arison =it: 12/51 =:en :e :ad been far less ;no=n to t:e
<ublic?
!us: :ad ;no=n t:at defeat =as loo8in9 in Io=a1 and :e :ad scuttled out of t:e state and
9one to Ne= Ha8<s:ire before t:e results =ere ;no=n? !us: =as ne>ert:eless stunned b3
:is i9no8inious t:ird-<lace finis:1 and :e consulted =it: Nic; !rad31 Lee At=ater1 c:ief of
staff Crai9 uller and <ollster !ob Teeter? At=ater :ad boasted t:at :e :ad built a Ffire
=allF in t:e sout:ern Su<er Tuesda3 states t:at =ould <re>ent an3 ri>al fro8 seiAin9 t:e
no8ination out of !us:7s 9ras<1 but t:e !us: i8a9e-8on9ers =ere =ell a=are t:at a loss in
Ne= Ha8<s:ire 8i9:t =ell <ro>e a fatal blo= to t:eir entire effort1 t:e ad>anta9es of
8one31 net=or;s1 and or9aniAation not=it:standin9? At=ater accordin9l3 ordered a :u9:
8edia bu3 of 11/55 9ross ratin9 <oints1 enou9: to ensure t:at t:e t:eoretical Ne=
Ha8<s:ire tele>ision >ie=er =ould be eE<osed to a !us: attac; ad 1/ ti8es o>er t:e final
t:ree da3s before t:e election? T:e ad sin9led out !ob ,ole1 Bud9ed b3 t:e !us:8en as
t:eir 8ost dauntin9 Ne= Ha8<s:ire c:allen9er1 and sa>a9ed :i8 for Fstraddlin9F t:e
@uestion of =:et:er or not ne= taEes out to be i8<osed? T:e ad <roclai8ed t:at !us:
F=on7t raise taEes1F <eriod? !us: =as 9lorified as o<<osin9 an oil i8<ort taE1 and for :a>in9
su<<orted Rea9an7s IN treat3 on nuclear forces in Euro<e fro8 t:e >er3 be9innin9? It =as
durin9 t:is des<erate =ee; in Ne= Ha8<s:ire t:at !us: beca8e indissolubl3 =edded to :is
l3in9 and de8a9o9ic Fno ne= taEesF <led9e1 =:ic: :e re<udiated =it: considerable fanfare
durin9 t:e s<rin9 of 1225?
T:e !us: ca8<ai9n brou9:t in for8er !oston Red SoE star Ted *illia8s1 test <ilot C:uc;
(ea9er1 and finall3 e>en old !arr3 Gold=ater to :el< :u8aniAe Geor9e7s a<<earance on t:e
:ustin9s? Geor9e =or;ed a lon9 da31 <uttin9 in fi>e or siE radio inter>ie=s before ."'5 AM1
<roceedin9 to a sta9ed tele9enic ca8<ai9n e>ent for t:e local e>enin9 ne=s and t:en
ca8<ai9nin9 intensi>el3 at locations su99ested to :i8 b3 Ne= Ha8<s:ire Go>ernor &o:n
Sununu1 :is <rinci<al su<<orter in t:e state?
*:en !us: :ad arri>ed in Manc:ester t:e ni9:t of t:e disastrous Io=a result1 Sununu :ad
<ro8ised a nine <oint >ictor3 for !us: in :is state? Oddl3 enou9:1 t:at turned out to be
eEactl3 ri9:t? T:e final result =as '/R for !us:1 $2R for ,ole1 1'R for #e8<1 15R for
,u%ont1 and 2R for Robertson? *as Sununu a clair>o3antD %er:a<s :e =as1 but t:ose
fa8iliar =it: t:e inner =or;in9s of t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire @uadrennials are a=are of a >er3
for8idable ballot-boE stuffin9 <otential asse8bled t:ere b3 t:e blueblood <olitical
establis:8ent? So8e obser>ers <ointed to <er>asi>e >ote fraud in t:e 12// Ne= Ha8<s:ire
<ri8aries1 and %at Robertson1 as =e s:all see1 also raised t:is <ossibilit3? T:e Sununu
8ac:ine deli>ered eEactl3 as <ro8ised1 securin9 t:e 9o>ernor t:e <ost of *:ite House
c:ief of staff? Sununu soon beca8e so self-i8<ortantl3 inebriated =it: t:e tra<<in9s of t:e
i8<erial <residenc3 as reflected in :is tra>el :abits t:at it =as su99ested t:at t:e state 8otto
a<<earin9 on Ne= Ha8<s:ire license <lates be c:an9ed fro8 FLi>e ree or ,ieF to Fl3
ree or ,ie?F In an3 case1 for !us: t:e :eartfelt FT:an; (ou1 Ne= Ha8<s:ireF :e intoned
after :is sur<risin9 >ictor3 si9nalled t:at :is 8ac:ine :ad =eat:ered its =orst crisis?
!us:7s real t:an; 3ou to Ne= Ha8<s:ire =ould co8e 9raduall31 in t:e for8 of an
accelerated econo8ic de<ression? Soon after t:e 12// >ote1 t:e botto8 fell out of t:e state7s
real estate boo81 ban;s be9an failin91 and t:e une8<lo38ent rate s<i;ed u<=ard? ,urin9
12211 food sta8< usa9e t:ere =ent u< +1R?-an obBect lesson of =:at :a<<ens to t:ose =:o
fail to resist Geor9e !us:?
In t:e Sout: Carolina <ri8ar31 t:e !us:8en =ere concerned about a <ossible t:reat fro8
tele>ision e>an9elist %at Robertson1 =:o :ad 8ounted :is 8aBor effort in t:e %al8etto
state? Robertson =as =idel3 ;no=n t:rou9: :is a<<earances on :is C:ristian !roadcastin9
Net=or;? S:ortl3 before t:e Sout: Carolina >ote1 a scandal beca8e <ublic =:ic: in>ol>ed
anot:er tele>ision e>an9elist1 &i883 S=a99art1 a close friend of Robertson and an acti>e
su<<orter of Robertson7s <residential ca8<ai9n? S=a99art ad8itted to consortin9 =it: a
<rostitute1 and t:is caused a se>ere crisis in :is 8inistr3? &i8 !a;er of t:e %TL tele>ision
8inistr3 :ad alread3 been tainted b3 a seE scandal?
Robertson accused t:e !us: ca8<ai9n of orc:estratin9 t:e S=a99art re>elations at a ti8e
t:at =ould be es<eciall3 ad>anta9eous to t:eir 8an? Tal;in9 to re<orters1 Robertson <ointed
to Ft:e e>idence t:at t=o =ee;s before t:e <ri8ar3???it suddenl3 co8es to li9:t?F Robertson
added t:at t:e !us: ca8<ai9n =as <rone to FsleaA3F tric;s1 and su99ested t:at :is o=n last-
<lace finis: in Ne= Ha8<s:ire =as F@uite <ossibl3F t:e result of Fdirt3 tric;sF b3 t:e !us:
ca8<ai9n? !us: res<onded b3 dis8issin9 Robertson7s c:ar9es as FcraA3F and Fabsurd?F
Robertson :ad been lin;in9 !us: to t:e Finternational ban;in9 co88unit3F in :is Sout:
Carolina ca8<ai9nin9? Gfn ''H True to :is Sout:ern Strate931 At=ater :ad Ffront-loadedF
!us:7s effort in t:e sout:ern states =it: 8one31 <olitical o<erati>es1 and tele>ision1
strainin9 t:e le9al li8it of =:at could be s<ent durin9 t:e <ri8ar3 season as =:ole? A fe=
da3s before Su<er Tuesda3 ca8e t:e Sout: Carolina <ri8ar3? Here !us: a<<eared before a
9rou< of t=o doAen e>an9elical funda8entalist 8inisters and declared =it: a strai9:t face"
F&esus C:rist is 83 <ersonal sa>ior?F T:e state7s 9o>ernor1 Carol Ca8<bell1 =as a for8er
custo8er of Lee At=ater7s? Stro8 T:ur8ond =as for ,ole1 but :is endorse8ent <ro>ed to
be >alueless? Here !us: 9ot all t:e state7s '. dele9ates b3 scorin9 )/R of t:e >ote to $1R
for ,ole1 12R for Robertson1 and 11R for #e8<?
On t:e =a3 to Su<er Tuesda31 !us: sto<<ed off in Mia8i to address a constituenc3 =it:
=:ic: :e :ad been closel3 associated for t:ree decades" t:e Mia8i Cubans? !us: =as
Boined b3 !arr3 Gold=ater and lorida Go>ernor !ob MartineA1 later c:osen as field
8ars:al of !us:7s <:on3 =ar on dru9s? T:ere =as a 9ood turnout of Re<ublican Cuban
A8ericans1 =:o lioniAed Geor9e and also :is son &eb !us:1 t:e for8er ,ade Count3 GO%
c:air =:o =as no= t:e lorida Secretar3 of Co88erce? Ob>iousl3 =it: so8e :el< fro8 t:e
fa8il3 net=or;1 &eb :ad been lobb3in9 t:e I88i9ration and NaturaliAation Ser>ice to
<rocure =or; <er8its for t:e =a>e of Nicara9uan e8i9res floodin9 into sout: lorida1 not a
fe= of =:o8 =ere <art of t:e contra dru9-runnin9 o<erations? T:e rall3 =as :eld at lorida
International Uni>ersit31 and before :is 8ain s<eec: !us: tal;ed to a class in international
relations1 =:ere :e =ore :is old obsessions on :is slee>e? Had t:ere been an3 si9n of a
c:an9e in idel Castro1 a student =anted to ;no=? FNo1F said !us:1 Fand our <olic3 =ill not
c:an9e to=ard idel Castro?F
!us: =as s:oc;ed =:en %rofessor Mar; Rosenber9 of t:e IU Latin A8erican Caribbean
Center introduced :i8 to t:e rall3 in ter8s t:at =ere so8e=:at s:ort of <ane93ric?
Rosenber9 noted t:at !us: :ad been <art of F@uestionable <olitical decision 8a;in9F in t:e
Iran-contrea scandal and also referred to t:e F:i9: sleaAe factorF of t:e Rea9an-!us:
re9i8e? F,oes G!us:H :a>e t:e =ill to clean u< t:e Rea9an econo8ic 8essD1F as;ed
Rosenber9? FTi8e =ill tell?F Rosenber9 =as 9rabbed b3 t:e s:oulders and :ustled off t:e
<latfor8 b3 IU %resident and <resu8ed !us:8an Modesto Madi@ue? !us: built :is
s<eec: around a <ro8ise t:at no Cuban-A8ericans =ould be de<orted to Cuba under a
!us: ad8inistration? FT:e3 are fleein9 o<<ressi>e MarEis8 under idel Castro and t:e3
=ill not be treated as t:ou9: t:e3 =ere co8in9 in :ere for so8e ot:er Gecono8icH <ur<ose1F
intoned !us:? T:ere =ere s:outs of FAribaKF fro8 a cro=d t:at contained ;nots of
8arielitos1 t:ose =:o ca8e durin9 Castro7s boat lift? It =as a <ro8ise t:at !us: =as to
>iolate in an3 case1 as so8e <rison riots later on =ould re8ind t:e <ublic? Gfn ')H
T:en1 in t:e Marc: / Su<er Tuesda3 <ollin91 !us: scored an across-t:e board triu8<:1
=innin9 in lorida1 TeEas1 Alaba8a1 Ar;ansas1 Geor9ia1 #entuc;31 Louisiana1 Mississi<<i1
Nort: Carolina1 O;la:o8a1 Tennesse1 6ir9inia1 Missouri1 and Mar3land1 <lus
Massac:usetts and R:ode Island outside of t:e re9ion? It =as better t:an one of Na<oleon
!ona<arte7s <lebiscites? *it: t:is1 !us: too; -55 of /5' dele9ates at sta;e t:at da3? )?+
8illion Re<ublicans :ad >oted1 t:e best turnout e>er in sout:ern GO% <ri8aries? Most of
t:e >otes =ere >otes for Rea9an in t:e <art of t:e countr3 t:at felt least disillusioned b3 t:e
Great Co88unictor1 but t:e3 =ere all scored as >otes for !us:? *:en !us: beat ,ole b3 a
t:ree to t=o 8ar9in in Illinois1 su<<osedl3 a <art of ,ole7s base1 it =as all o>er? !us:
<re<ared for t:e con>ention and t:e c:oice of a >ice <resident?
T:e !us: ca8<ai9n of 12// :ad no issues1 but onl3 de8a9o9ic t:e8es? T:ese =ere
basicall3 all on t:e table b3 &une1 =ell before t:e Re<ublican con>ention? T:e first =as t:e
<led9e of no ne= taEes1 later e8broidered =it: t:e Clint East=ood tou9:-9u3 o>ertones of
FRead M3 Li<s- No Ne= TaEes?F T:e ot:er t:e8es reflected At=ater7s studies of :o= to
dri>e u< t:e ne9ati>es of !us:7s ,e8ocratic o<<onent1 =:o =ould be Massac:usetts
Go>ernor ,u;a;is? 6er3 earl3 on1 !us: be9an to :ar< on ,u;a;is7s >eto of a bill re@uirin9
teac:ers to lead t:eir class eac: da3 in t:e <led9e of alle9iance?
S<ea;in9 in Oran9e Count31 California on &une .1 !us: said" FI7ll ne>er understand1 =:en it
ca8e to :is des;1 =:3 :e >etoed a bill t:at called for t:e <led9e of alle9iance to be said in
t:e ssc:ools of Massac:usetts? I7ll ne>er understand it? *e are one nation under God? Our
;ids s:ould sa3 t:e <led9e of alle9iance?F Gfn '+H
T:is t:e8e lent itself >er3 =ell to :i9:l3 cat:eEiAed >isual <ortra3al1 =it: fla9s and
buntin9? At=ater =as assisted in t:ese 8atters b3 Ro9er Ailes1 a tele>ision <rofessional
=:o :ad been t:e eEecuti>e <roducer of t:e Mi;e ,ou9las S:o= b3 t:e ti8e :e =as $.
3ears old? T:at =as in 12-.1 =:en :e =as :ired b3 Ric:ard NiEon and Leonard Gar8ent?
Ailes :ad been one of t:e 8ost c3nical desi9ners of t:e sellin9 of t:e <resident in 12-/1 and
:e :ad re8ained in t:e <olitical 8edia 9a8e e>er since? !et=een t:e81 At=ater and Ailes
=ould <roduce t:e 8odern A8erican tele>ision e@ui>alent of a 12'57s Nur8ebur9 <art3
rall3?
At about t:is ti8e1 t:e !us: net=or; =e :a>e seen in o<eration at t:e Reader7s ,i9est since
t:e 12-) ca8<ai9n con>enientl3 <rinted an article about a certain *illie Horton1 a blac;
con>icted 8urderer =:o =as released fro8 a Massc:usetts Bail on a furlou9:1 and t:en
absconded to Mar3land1 =:ere :e ra<ed a =:ite =o8an and stabbed :er fiance? T:e
Massac:usetts furlou9: <ro9ra8 :ad been started b3 Re<ublican Go>ernor ran; Sar9ent1
but t:is 8eant not:in9? !us: =as to use *illie Horton in t:e sa8e =a3 t:at Hitler and t:e
NaAis eE<loited t:e 9risl3 cri8es of one Har8ann1 a serial ;iller in Ger8an3 of t:e earl3
12'57s1 in t:eir calls for la= and order? In Illinois in 8id-&une1 !us: be9an to tal; about
:o= ,u;a;is let F8urderers out on >acation to terroriAe innocent <eo<le?F F,e8ocrats can7t
find it in t:eir :earts to 9et tou9: on cri8inals1F !us: ranted? F*:at did t:e 9o>ernor of
Massac:usetts t:in; :e =as doin9 =:en :e let con>icted first- de9ree 8urderers out on
=ee;end <asses1 e>en after one of t:e8 cri8inall31 brutall3 ra<ed a =o8an and stabbed :er
fianceD *:3 didn7t :e ad8it :is 8ista;eD Ei9:t 8ont:s later1 :e =as still defendin9 :is
<ro9ra81 and onl3 =:en t:e Massac:usetts le9islature >oted b3 an o>er=:el8in9 8aBorit3
to abolis: t:is <ro9ra8 did :e finall3 9i>e in? I t:in; Go>ernor ,u;a;is o=es t:e A8erican
<eo<le an eE<lanation of =:3 :e su<<orts t:is outra9eous <ro9ra8?F
As <ac;a9ed b3 !us:7s :andlers1 it =as t:rou9:l3 racist =it:out bein9 no8inall3 so1 li;e
NiEon7s Fcri8e in t:e streetsF s:ort:and for racist bac;las: durin9 t:e 12-/ ca8<ai9n?
Later1 !us: =ould e8broider t:is t:e8e =it: :is de8and for t:e deat: <enalt31 :is o=n
inal Solution to t:e <roble8 of cri8inals li;e *illie Horton? T:ese t:e8es fit >er3 =ell
into t:e standard !us: ca8<ai9n e>ent1 =:ic: =as >er3 often !us: a<<earin9 before a local
<olice de<art8ent to recei>e t:eir endorse8ent? !us:7s abilit3 to or9aniAe t:ese e>ents in
<laces li;e !oston1 to t:e 9reat e8barrass8ent of ,u;a;is1 doubtless reflected stron9
su<<ort fro8 t:e CIA Office of Securit31 =:ic: =as t:e bureau t:at ;e<t in contact =it:
<olice de<art8ents all o>er t:e countr3 and1 ine>itabl31 infiltrated t:e8?
All of !us:7s t:e8es corres<onded to =ed9e issues1 t:e di>isi>e %a>lo>ian <lo3s t:e
sout:ern Re<ublicans :ad beco8e eE<ert in durin9 t:eir decades of batterin9 and
dis8antlin9 t:e classic ran;lin ,? Roose>elt coalition of labor1 t:e cities1 blac;s1 far8ers1
and intellectuals? T:e3 =ere desi9ned to <ro<itiate t:e >ilest <reBudices of a 8aBorit31 =:ile
offendin9 a 8inorit31 and studiousl3 a>oidin9 an3 real <olitics or econo8ics t:at 8i9:t be
deteri8ental to t:e i8<erati>es of *all Street or t:e *as:in9ton bureaucrac3?
To cro=n t:is de8a9o931 Geor9e H?*? !us: of S;ull and !ones <ortra3ed ,u;a;is as an
elitist insider" FGo>ernor ,u;a;is1 :is forei9n-<olic3 >ie=s born in Har>ard (ard7s
bouti@ue1 =ould cut t:e 8uscle of our defense?F !us:7s fre@uent litan3 of Fliberal
Massac:usetts 9o>ernorF =as s:a8eless in its 8ain <ur<ose of su99estin9 t:at !us:
:i8self =as NOT a liberal? Later1 in 12251 !arbara !us: =ould confess t:at bot: s:e and
Geor9e Fcared about <eo<leF and =ere t:us bot: liberals?
*:en !us: arri>ed in Ne= Orleans for t:e Re<ublican National Con>ention1 :e dis<la3ed
si9ns of bein9 unusuall3 race-conscious? T:e i8a9e-8on9ers :ad set u< a Rea9an-!us:
8eetin9 on t:e airbase taEi=a3C Rea9an =as de<artin9 t:e con>ention after a lon9
nostal9ic-<latitudinous fare=ell t:e da3 before? No= :e =ould <ass t:e 8antle to Geor9e1
=it: t:e a<<ro<riate ca8era an9les? After a fe= seconds of s8all tal; =it: Rea9an1 !us:
and !ar called o>er t:ree of t:eir 9randc:ildren1 all fro8 t:e fa8il3 of t:eir son &eb1 t:e
Mia8i GO% <art3 boss1 and :is Ibero-A8erican =ife Colu8ba? FT:at7s &ebbie7s ;ids fro8
lorida1F !us: said1 in a >oice t:at =as <ic;ed u< b3 t:e air<ort <ublic address s3ste8?
FT:e little bro=n ones? &ebbie7s t:e bi9 one in t:e 3ello= s:irt sa3in9 t:e <led9e of
alle9iance toni9:t?F FO:1 reall31F obser>ed Nanc3 Rea9an? S;in color :as al=a3s 8eant a
lot to !us:1 but :e reall3 :ad been born =it: a sil>er foot in :is 8out:? Gfn '-H
!us: no= re<aired to t:e ad8iral7s :ouse at t:e !elle C:ase Na>al Air Station =:ere t:is
scene :ad <la3ed? !us: =as acco8<anied b3 !a;er1 Teeter1 uller1 At=ater1 Ailes1 and
!a;er7s 9irl rida31 Mar9aret Tut=iler? U< to t:is <oint !us:7s staff :ad eE<ected :i8 to
9enerate a little sus<ense around t:e con>ention b3 =it::oldin9 t:e na8e of :is >ice
<residential c:oice until t:e 8ornin9 of t:e last da3 of t:e con>ention1 =:en !us: could
s:are :is 8o8entous secret =it: t:e TeEas caucus and t:en tell it to t:e =orld?
!us:7s >ettin9 of >ice <residents =as carried out bet=een !us: and Robert #i88itt1 t:e
*as:in9ton la=3er and !a;er cron3 =:o later Boined !a;er7s rulin9 cli@ue at t:e State
,e<art8ent before bein9 <ut u< for A8bassador to Ger8an3 =:en 6ernon *alters @uit in
t:e s<rin9 of 1221? United Ger8an3 can no= boast a US A8bassador =:ose 9reatest
ac:ie>e8ent =as to 9uide !us: to=ards t:e c:oice of &? ,anfort: Lua3le? !us: and
#i88itt re>ie=ed t:e ob>ious c:oices" #e8< =as out because :e lectured !us: on t:e S,I
and =as too concerned about issues? ,ole =as out because :e ;e<t sni<in9 at !us: =it: :is
<atented sardonic Ain9ers? EliAabet: ,ole =as a c:oice to be dee8ed i8<rudent? &o:n
,anfort:1 %ete ,o8enici1 Al Si8<son and so8e ot:ers =ere eli8inated? Man3 =ere t:e
<ossible c:oices =:o :ad to be ruled out not because of lac; of stature1 but because t:e3
8i9:t see8 to :a>e 8ore stature t:an !us: :i8self? Lua3le :ad s:o=n u< on lists <re<ared
b3 uller and Ailes? Ed Rollins1 attuned to t:e Rea9an ,e8ocrats1 could not belie>e t:at
Lua3le =as bein9 seriousl3 considered? !ut no=1 at !elle C:ase Na>al Air Station nort: of
Ne= Orleans1 !us: told :is staffs t:at :e :ad c:osen ,an Lua3le? Not onl3 =as it Lua3le1
but !us:7s t:3roid =as no= in o>erdri>e" :e =anted to announce :is selection =it:in :ours?
Lua3le =as contacted b3 tele<:one and instructed to 8eet !us: at t:e doc; in Ne= Orleans
=:en t:e <addle-=:eel stea8er Natc:eA brou9:t !us: do=n t:e Missisi<<i to t:at cit37s
S<anis: %laAa?
Lua3le turned u< at t:e doc; in a state of inebriated eu<:oria1 9rabbin9 !us:7s ar81
<rancin9 and ca<erin9 around !us:? !us: =as 8o8entaril3 ta;en abac;" :ad :e en9a9ed a
der>is:D As soon as t:e dossiers on Lua3le ca8e out1 a fe= @uestions =ere <osed? Had :is
senate office been a sta9in9 <oint for contra resu<<l3 effortsD One of t:e Iran-contra
fi9ures1 Rob O=en1 :ad indeed =or;ed for Lua3le1 but Lua3le denied e>er3t:in9? Had
Lua3le1 no= a :a=;1 been in 6ietna8D To8 !ro;a= as;ed Lua3le if :e :ad 9otten :el< in
Boinin9 t:e National Guard as a =a3 of duc;in9 t:e draftD Lua3le sta88ered t:at it :ad
been t=ent3 3ears earlier1 but 8a3be F<:one calls =ere 8ade?F T:en ,an Rat:er as;ed
Lua3le =:at :is =orst fear =as? F%aula %ar;inson1F =as t:e re<l3? T:is =as t:e =o8an
lobb3ist and %la3bo3 nude 8odel =:o :ad been <resent =it: Lua3le at a =ild =ee;end at a
lorida countr3 club bac; in 12/5? T:e !us: i8a9e-8on9ers :urriedl3 con>ened da8a9e
control sessions1 and Lua3le =as 9i>en t=o <rofessional :andlers1 Stuart S<encer and &oe
CanAeri? S<encer =as an eE<erienced GO% o<erati>e =:o :ad done <ublic relations and
consultin9 =or; =ort: I'+51555 for Gen? Norie9a of %ana8a durin9 t:e 8id-12/57s? Gfn
'.H After a cou<le of !us:-Lua3le Boint a<<earances before 9rou<s of =ar >eterans to
atte8<t to dissi<ate Lua3le7s National Guard issue1 Lua3le =as t:en s:unted into t:e
secondar3 8edia 8ar;ets under t:e iron control of :is ne= :andlers?
Alt:ou9: !us:7s i8<ulsi>e <rocla8ation of :is c:oice of Lua3le does indeed raise t:e
@uestion of t:e :3<ert:3roid sna< decision1 t:e c:oice of Lua3le =as not i8<usl>e1 but
rat:er <erfectl3 co:erent =it: !us:7s <rofile and <edi9ree? !us: told !a;er t:at Lua3le :ad
been F83 first and onl3 c:oice?F Gfn '/H !us:7s selection of <olitical a<<ointees is >er3
often t:e <roduct of !us:-*al;er fa8il3 alliances o>er 8ore t:an a 9eneration1 as in t:e
case of !a;er1 !rad31 !o3 Gra31 and Henr3 #ra>is1 or at least of a lon9 and often lucrati>e
business collaboration1 as in t:e case of Mosbac:er? T:e c:oice of Lua3le lies so8e=:ere
in bet=een1 and =as stren9t:ened b3 a dee< ideolo9ical affinit3 in t:e @uestion of racis8?
&? ,anfort: Lua3le7s 9randfat:er =as Eu9ene C? %ullia81 =:o built an i8<ortant <ress
e8<ire startin9 =it: :is <urc:ase of t:e Atc:ison 0#ansas4 C:a8<ion in 121$? T:e bul; of
t:ese <a<ers =ere in Indiana1 t:e :o8e state of t:e %ullia8 clan1 and in AriAona? FGeneF
%ullia8 :ad died in 12.+1 but :is ne=s<a<er c:ain =as =ort: an esti8ated I1?) b3 t:e ti8e
,an Lua3le beca8e a :ouse:old =ord? %ullia8 =as a self-<roclai8ed ideolo9ue" FIf I
=anted to 8a;e 8one31 I7d 9o into t:e bond business? I7>e ne>er been interested in t:e
8one3 I 8a;e but t:e influence =e :a>e?F Gfn '2H Gene %ullia8 =as one of t:e first <o=er
bro;ers to encoura9e t:e <olitical career of 3oun9 !arr3 Gold=ater in 12)2 t:rou9: t:e
su<<ort of t:e %ullia8 AriAona Re<ublic and GaAette of %:oeniE? *:en Gene %ullia8 died1
:is last =ord =as not FRosebudF but FGold=ater1F scratc:ed onto a <ad Bust before :e
eE<ired?
Old Gene =as a fir8 o<<onent of racial inte9ration? *:en Martin Lut:er #in9 &r? =as
assassinated in 12-/1 Gene %ullia8 sent a note to t:e editors of :is <a<ers in Indiana<olis1
Indiana orderin9 t:e8 not to 9i>e t:e #in9 tra9ed3 F8uc: eE<osureF because :e considered
t:e ci>il ri9:ts leader a Frabble rouser?F He instructed t:at t:e ne=s of #in97s deat: be
su88ariAed in as fe= =ords as <ossible and rele9ated to t:e botto8 of t:e front <a9e?
T:e !us:-Lua3le alliance t:us re<osed first of all on a s:ared <re8iss of racis8? Old 8an
%ullia8 also :ad a >endetta a9ainst t:e #enned3 fa8il3? ,urin9 t:e 12-/ <ri8aries1 :e sent
a 8e8o to :is editors instructin9 t:e8" FGi>e Sen? GEu9eneH McCart:3 full co>era9e1 but
t:is does not a<<l3 to a 8an na8ed #enned3?F %ullia8 =as su<<ortin9 Tric;3 ,ic;? !obb3
#enned3 also :eld t:e %ullia8 c:ain in conte8<t? Once =:en :e ca8e to Indiana<olis :e
found t:at :e =as bein9 refused a <er8it to :old a rall3 do=nto=n? *:en =:en of :is
su<<orters ur9ed :i8 to 9o a:ead and :a>e t:e rall3 =it:out t:e <er8it1 #enned3 retorted
t:at :e couldn7t t:in; of a =orse fate t:an :a>in9 to s<end t:e ni9:t in t:e Marion Count3
&ail and :a>in9 not:in9 to read but t:e Indiana<olis Star1 t:e %ullia8 <a<er?
,an Lua3le :ad been a 8ediocre student at ,e%au= Uni>ersit31 =:ere :e 8ana9ed to
9raduate =it: a $?) 9rade <oint a>era9e? He =as a <art3 bo31 and recei>ed nu8erous ,s in
:is <olitical science 8aBor? Lua3le li>ed at t:e ,elta #a<<a E<silon fraternit3 0t:e sa8e
fraternit3 of =:ic: !us: :ad been a 8e8ber at (ale?4 ,urin9 t:e fall of 12-/1 t:e ,#E
:ouse1 accordin9 to one account1 Funleas:ed a <art3 =it:out a :ouse 8ot:er for t:e first
ti8e and s<onsored a frat <art3 ;no=n as 7T:e Tri<?7F Accordin9 to so8e1 t:is actuall3 =as
a <art3 at =:ic: t:e :allucin9oen LS, =as dis<ensed? Accordin9 to one <ublis:ed account1
a <:oto9ra<: of &? ,anfort: Lua3le t:at a<<ears in t:e ,e%au= Uni>ersit3 3earboo; :as a
ca<tion =:ic: reads" F7T:e Tri<7 is a colorful <s3c:edelic Bourne3 into t:e =ild si9:ts and
sounds <roduiced b3 LS,?F Gfn )5H
Lua3le is ;no=n to t:e >ast 8aBorit3 of t:e A8erican <ublic as a >irtual cretin? Lua3le is
t:e first re<resentati>e of t:e <ost-=ar !ab3 !oo8 to ad>ance to national electi>e office?
Unfortunatel31 :e see8s to eE:ibit so8e of t:e 8ental i8<air8ent t:at is ;no=n to
o>erta;e lon9-ter81 :abitual 8ariBuana users?
Lua3le =as ad8itted b3 t:e Uni>ersit3 of Indiana La= Sc:ool in >iolation of t:at sc:ool7s
usual <olic3 of reBectin9 all a<<licants =it: an acade8ic a>era9e of less t:an $?-? He
=anted to be a la=3er because :e :ad :eard t:at Fla=3ers 8a;e lots of 8one3 and do
little1F as :e told :is fraternit3 brot:ers at ,e %au=? As it turned out1 t:e dean of ad8issions
at t:e Uni>ersit3 of Indiana La= Sc:ool =as one G? #ent randsen1 =:o =as a Re<ublican
cit3 Bud9e in Lebanon1 Indiana1 a to=n =:ere t:e %ullia8 fa8il3 controls t:e local
ne=s<a<er? He :ad al=a3s been endorsed b3 t:e %ullia8 interests? T=o 3ears later1
randsen =ould officiate at t:e 8arria9e of &? ,anfort: Lua3le to Maril3n Tuc;er? Still
later randsen =ould ser>e as Lua3le7s ca8<ai9n 8ana9er in !oone Count3 durin9 t:e
12/- senate race? It =as t:us no sur<rise t:at randsen =as =illin9 to ad8it ,an Lua3le to
la= sc:ool as <art of a <ro9ra8 for disad>anta9ed students1 <ri8aril3 t:ose fro8 t:e blac;
co88unit3?
After all t:is1 it 8a3 a<<ear as a 8ircale t:at ,an Lua3le =as e>er able to obtain a la=
de9ree? &? ,anfort:7s recei<t of t:at de9ree a<<ears to :a>e been 8i9:til3 facilitated b3 t:e
<lutocratic Lua3le fa8il31 =:o 8ade lar9e donations to t:e la= sc:ool eac: 3ear durin9
,an7s ti8e as a la= student?
*:at =ere Lua3le7s <assti8es durin9 :is la= sc:ool 3earsD Accordin9 to one account1 t:e3
included recreational dru9s? ,urin9 t:e su88er of 12//1 a Mr? !rett #i8berlin told ,ennis
!ernstein and a radio audience of *!AI in Ne= (or; t:at :e :ad first 8et &? ,anfort:
durin9 t:is <eriod at a fraternit3 <art3 at =:ic: 8ariBuana =as indeed bein9 consu8ed? FHe
found out t:at I :ad 8ariBuana a>ilable at t:e ti8e1F said #i8berlin? FIt =as 9ood @ualit31
and :e as;ed if I :ad an3 for sale????I t:ou9:t it =as ;ind of stran9e? He loo;ed ;ind of
strai9:t? I t:ou9:t :e 8i9:t be a narc G,EA a9entH at first? !ut =e tal;ed and I felt a little
8ore co8fortable1 and finall3 I 9a>e :i8 83 <:one nu8ber and said1 7He31 =ell1 9i>e 8e a
call?7 He called 8e a cou<le =ee;s later1 and said1 7He31 t:is is ,L? Can =e 9et to9et:erD7
and I said 7(es1 8eet 8e at t:e !ur9er C:ef restaurant?7 *e struc; u< a relations:i< t:at
lasted for 1/ 8ont:s? I sold :i8 s8all @uantities of 8ariBuana for :is <ersonal use about
once a 8ont: durin9 t:at <eriod? He =as a 9ood custo8er? He =as a friend of 8ine? *e :ad
a <rett3 9ood relations:i<? He al=a3s <aid cas:? G???H *:en :i8 and Maril3n 9ot 8arried in
12.$1 I 9a>e :i8 a =eddin9 <resent of so8e Af9:anistan :as:is: and so8e Aca<ulco
9old?F Gfn )1H
#i8berlin re<eated t:ese c:ar9es in a <re-election inter>ie= on N!C Ne=s on No>e8ber
)1 12//? #i8berlin =as a federal <risoner ser>in9 ti8e in Tennessee after con>iction on
c:ar9es of dru9 s8u99lin9 and eE<losi>es? Later t:at sa8e da3 #i8berlin =as sc:eduled to
address a ne=s conference b3 tele<:one conference call? !ut before #i8berlin could s<ea;
to t:e <ress1 :e =as <laced in solitar3 confine8ent1 and =as 8o>ed in and out of solitar3
confine8ent until =ell after t:e No>e8ber / <residential election? A second atte8<ted <ress
conference b3 tele<:one :oo;u< on t:e e>e of t:e election did not ta;e <lace because
#i8berlin =as still bein9 :eld inco88unicado? On Au9ust -1 12211 US ,istrict &ud9e
Harold H? Greene ruled t:at t:e alle9ations 8ade b3 #i8berlin a9ainst US !ureau of
%risons ,irector &? Mic:ael Luinlan =ere Ftan9ible and detailedF enou9: to Bustif3 a trail?
#i8berlin :ad accused Luinlan of orderin9 solitar3 confi8ent for :i8 =:en it beca8e
clear t:at :is abilit3 to furt:er infor8 t:e 8edia about Lua3le7s dru9 use =ould da8a9e t:e
!us:-Lua3le effort?
In Marc:1 12..1 Con9ress8an ,an Lua3le contributed an article to t:e ort *a3ne Indiana
Ne=s-Sentinel in =:ic: :e reco88ended t:at Con9ress ta;e a FseriousF loo; at 8ariBuana
decri8inaliAation? In A<ril1 12./1 Lua3le re<eated t:is <ro<osal1 s<ecif3in9 :e su<<orted
decri8inaliAation for first-ti8e users? Gfn )$H
As for Lua3le7s 8ilitar3 ser>ice1 :e :ad enlisted in t:e Indiana National Guard on Ma3 121
12-21 in t:e 8idst of a freeAe on furt:er recruitin9 =:ic: :ad been ordered because t:e
Indiana National Guard :ad eEceeded its le9all3 8andated full co8<le8ent of 8an<o=er?
Guard ser>ice =as <o<ular a8on9 t:ose t:reatened b3 t:e draft1 since it >irtuall3
9uaranteed t:at ser>ice in 6ietna8 could be a>oided? ,an Lua3le :ad been declared 1-A on
Ma3 $+1 12-21 =:en :e =as about to 9raduate fro8 ,e%au= Uni>ersit3? Lua3le-%ullia8
fa8il3 influence =as instru8ental in inducin9 National Guard MaBor General *endell
%:illi<<i to ad8it Lua3le and assi9n :i8 to a des; Bob? At t:is ti8e *endell %:illi<<i =as
also t:e 8ana9in9 editor of t:e Indiana<olis Ne=s1 a %ullia8 fa8il3 <ro<ert3? Gfn )'H ,an
Lua3le s<ent about one 3ear in t:e National Guard =or;in9 as a re<orter for t:e @uarterl3
<ublication1 Indiana National Guard1 a sinecure?
In contrast =it: all t:is1 Lua3le ca8<ai9ned as a F6ietna8-era >eteranF and a =ar8on9er
of a<ocal3<tic <ro<ortions? He once told a 9at:erin9 of funda8entalist <reac:ers t:at a
nuclear =ar F=ould :urr3 &esus7s second co8in9F Gfn ))H ,urin9 t:e Gulf crisis and t:e
Ira@ =ar of 1225-211 Lua3le =as t:e <rinci<al >oice in t:e !us: Ad8inistration t:reatenin9
t:e use of nuclear =ea<ons b3 t:e United States a9ainst !a9:dad? T:is <oints to Lua3le7s
i8<ortant role in ce8entin9 !us:7s o=n Ar8a9eddon connection to t:e a<ocal3<tic-
8illenarian strata a8on9 t:e %rotestant e>an9elical funda8entalists?
T:e <o=er be:ind ,an Lua3le is =idel3 ac;no=led9ed to be :is consort1 Maril3n Tuc;er
Lua3le? Mrs1 Lua3le :as been described as a F<rotot3<e of t:e ne=-a9e <olitical s<ouse" an
asset to :er :usband as a <olis:ed <rofessional1 not Bust a decorati>e surro9ate?F Gfn )+H
Mrs? Lua3le co8es fro8 an e>an9elical fa8il3C :er fat:er1 of Nine>e:1 Indiana1 belie>es
t:at Satan is tr3in9 to destro3 t:e =orld and a9rees =it: Ronald Rea9an t:at t:e best
<resident of :is lifeti8e =as FSilent CalF Coolid9e? Mrs? Lua3le ad>ocates t:e deat:
<enalt3 and sa3s s:e 9re= u< in a :o8e en>iron8ent in =:ic: dail3 !ible stud3 =as a dut3
for all? T:e Lua3le fa8il3 =as %resb3terian at first1 but later bro;e =it: t:is deno8ination
to 9ra>itate to=ards t:e teac:in9s of Houston1 TeEas s<iritual leader Colonel R?!? T:ie8e1
=:ose ta<ed 8essa9es =ere an institution in t:e Tuc;er :ouse:old?
Maril3n7s sister Nanc3 Tuc;er Nort:cott told a Bournalist t:at T:ie8e7s ta<ed ser8ons =ere
a constant bac;9round refrain in t:e Tuc;er :o8e? Mrs? Tuc;er F<la3ed t:e8 all da31 e>er3
da3?F T:is sister also <ointed out t:at Maril3n Fuses so8e of GT:ie8e7sH Sunda3 sc:ool
t:in9s?? in :er :o8e as a su<<le8ent for t:ir o=n c:urc:1F =:ic: latter is a branc: of t:e
%reb3terian C:urc: of A8erica? Maril3n Lua3le :erself endorsed R?!? T:ie8e7s de>otional
8aterials as F>er3 9ood?F !ut Lua3le and :is :andlers :a>e atte8<ted to distance t:e
fa8il3 fro8 T:ie8e?
Colonel R?!? T:ie8e is t:e <astor of t:e !erac:a: C:urc:1 an interdeno8inational-
funda8entalist institution located in t:e Galleria nei9:bor:ood of Houston1 TeEas? T:ie8e
is a <reac:er of decidedl3 8ilitar3 cast =:o so8eti8es =ears :is *orld *ar II US Ar83
Air orce unfor8 durin9 :is a<<earances in t:e <ul<it? T:e !ulletin and %ra3er List for t:e
!erac:a: C:urc: stresses t:e 8ilitar3 8otif1 =it: a @uarter of its s<ace bein9 de>oted to
<aris:ioners =:o are on acti>e dut3 =it: t:e US 8ilitar3? T:ie8e sees t:e =orld
a<<roac:in9 t:e end-ti8e1 and eE:orts :is con9re9ation to F<re<are for battle1F =:ile
F<re<arin9 for t:e ra<ture?F His ideal is one of FC:ristian ;ni9:ts1 soldiers 9oin9 to =ar for
&esus?F T:e official :38nal of t:e !erac:a: C:urc: contains FC:ristian Soldier1F =it:
rantin9 do99erel l3rics b3 T:ie8e set to t:e tune of FMen of Harlec:1F t:e traditional *els:
air" SSIN,ENT C:ristian solider =it: C:rist soarin9 ,o not fear t:e de>il7s roarin91 *a>e
on =a>e of Satan7s de8ons Clas: =it: 9roanin9 sound?
7Tis t:e t:rust of Satan7s da99er Sin and deat: to 8a;e 8en sta99er *it: t:eir unbelief in
dar;ness1 T:e3 s:all die in :ell?
Gos<el of a ne= sal>ation1 In C:rist a ne= creation T:e *ord of God no= 9oin9 fort: S:all
launc: its bolts of t:under?
C:ristian soldiers 3ou7re >ictorious1 Trustin9 C:rist t:e stron9 and 9lorious1 ait: =it: fait:
a 8i9:t3 >ictor3 Con@uers sin and deat:? SSEN,
In <olitics1 T:ie8e rails about t:e 8odern United States as a F8obocrac3F t:reatened b3
Fsatanic <ro<a9andaF and Fcree<in9 socialis8?F
T:e litur93 for T:ie8e7s lill3-=:ite con9re9ation is built around a lecture in =:ic: T:ie8e
dis<enses a stran9e and eclectic 8iEture of Hebre= and Gree; <:ilolo931 !iblical
no8inalis81 8odern <s3c:olo9ical Bar9on1 and <lain 9ibberis: =:ile :is audience sit in
=:at loo;s li;e a :i9: sc:ool auditoriu8 and busil3 ta;e notes and underline <assa9es in
t:eir !ibles? Sin nature control1 =e learn1 can lead to dissociation and 8ulti<le <ersonalit3
disorder? T:ere are ei9:t sta9es of re>ersionis8 t:rou9: =:ic: a <s3c:o- belie>er 8a3
descend to i8<losion and self-fra98entation? It is a blas<:e83 to 8a;e <ro8ises to God?
*e s:ould not be sorr3 for sins1 but =e s:ould turn our 8inds a=a3 fro8 sin? It is
blas<:e83 to sa3 t:at =e in>ite C:rist to co8e into our :eartsC rat:er1 C:rist in>ites us?
S<irituall3 brain dead belie>ers do not understand t:at t:e3 can be sa>ed b3 fait: alone and
b3 t:e s<irit 0<neu8ati;os4? T:ere are t:ose a8on9 t:e born a9ain =:o beco8e 8urderers1
and so fort: in eclectic and >indicti>e bre=?
R?!? T:ie8e :as been described as Fa cult fi9ureF b3 &a8es ,unn1 t:e eEecuti>e director of
t:e !a<tist &oint Co88ittee on %ublic Affairs in *as:in9ton? Contro>ersial t:rou9: :e 8a3
be e>en a8on9 funda8entalists1 T:ie8e is one of t:e Lua3le fa8il37s contact <oints =it:
t:e le9ions of Ar8a9eddon1 =:o <ro>ided a decisi>e base of su<<ort for t:e !us:-Lua3le
ad8inistration durin9 t:e Gulf =ar?
!us: :i8self :as a >er3 stron9 a<ocal3<tic strea;1 =:ic: :e :as 8ore often eE<ressed in
t:e doo8sda3 lan9ua9e of t:e RAN, Cor<oration t:an in t:e t:eolo9ical ter8inolo93 of an
R?!? T:i8e8e? !ut t:ere is a8<le con>er9ence1 as s:o=n in t:is inter>ie= =it: Robert
Sc:eer on t:e ca8<ai9n trail in earl3 12/5? Sc:eer started b3 as;in9 !us:1 FHo= do 3ou
=in in a nuclear eEc:an9eDF !us:7s res<onse"
!us:" (ou :a>e a sur>i>abilit3 of co88and in control1 sur>i>abilit3 of industrial <otential1
<rotection of a <ercenta9e of 3our citiAens1 and 3ou :a>e a ca<abilit3 t:at inflicts 8ore da8a9e on
t:e o<<osition t:an it can inflict u<on 3ou? T:at7s t:e =a3 3ou can :a>e a =inner1 and t:e So>iets7
<lannin9 is based on t:e u9l3 conce<t of a =inner in a nuclear eEc:an9e?
Sc:eer" ,o 3ou 8ean li;e fi>e <ercent =ould sur>i>eD T=o <ercentD
!us:" More t:an t:at-- if e>er3bod3 fired e>er3t:in9 :e :ad1 3ou7d :a>e 8ore t:an t:at sur>i>e?
Gfn )-H
!us:7s <residential ca8<ai9n offered not:in9 of >alue? In :is acce<tance s<eec: to t:e
Re<ublican national Con>ention on Au9ust 1/1 12//1 !us: <rofessed t:e Cal>inistic creed
of a 8an =:o sees life in ter8s of F8issionsFC t:e 8ission no=1 :e t:ou9:t1 =as to 8a;e
sure t:at t:e cru8blin9 FA8erican Centur3F of Col? Sti8son and :is *orld *ar II cabal
=:ic: Flit t:e =orld =it: our cultureF =ere follo=ed b3 Fanot:er A8erican centur3?F !us:
<ro8ised to a>oid =ar" F*e :a>e <eace1 and I a8 not 9oin9 to let an3one ta;e it a=a3 fro8
us?F !us: :ar<ed on :is t:e8e of >oluntaris8-boosteris8-cor<oratis8 =it: :is celebration
of Ft:e idea of co88unit3F and :is notorious Ft:ousand <oints of li9:tF as a reci<e to deal
=it: t:e :u8an =rec;a9e bein9 <iled u< b3 t:e unbridled free enter<rise :e :ad stood for
all :is life? T:e irre>erent soon transfor8ed t:at into Fa t:ousand <oints of bli9:t?F
Re8ar;abl31 !us: still :ad a fe= <ro8ises on t:e econo8ic front? He =ent on record once
a9ain =it: :is FRead 83 li<s" no ne= taEes?F He boasted t:at t:e Rea9an-!us: forces :ad
created 1. 8illion Bobs o>er t:e <re>ious fi>e 3ears of reco>er3? He <led9ed to create F'5 in
ei9:t1 '5 8illion Bobs in t:e neEt ei9:t 3ears?F 0Non-far8 <a3rolls =ere sli9:tl3 o>er 15.
8illion =:en !us: too; office1 and rose to sli9:tl3 8ore t:an 115 8illion b3 t:e 8iddle of
1225? T:en1 =it: la3offs a>era9in9 $1555 a da31 total une8<lo38ent sa99ed t:rou9: t:e
earl3 autu8n of 12211 =it: a net loss of about 1 1O$ 8illion Bobs? !us: is not on trac; to
filfill t:is <ro8ise1 =:ic: nobod3 :as :eard :i8 re<etain9 since t:e election? T:ere :as
been no F;inder1 9entler nation?F
T:e final sta9es of t:e ca8<ai9n =ere <la3ed out a8id 9reat <ublic indifference? So8e
interest =as 9enerated in t:e final =ee;s b3 a 8atter oif <rurient1 rat:er t:an <olic3 interest"
ru8ors =ere fl3in9 of a !us: seE scandal? T:is tal;1 fed b3 t:e old &ennifer itA9erald stor31
:ad surfaced durin9 12/. in t:e =a;e of t:e successful co>ert o<eration a9ainst Gar3 Hart?
T:e 9ossi< beca8e intense enou9: t:at Geor9e *? !us: as;ed :is fat:er if :e :ad been
9uilt3 of <:ilanderin9? T:e 3oun9 !us: re<orted bac; to t:e <ress t:at Ft:e ans=er to t:e
!i9 A Gadulter3H @uestion is N-O?F Lee At=ater accused ,a>id #eene of t:e ,ole ca8<ai9n
of :el<in9 to circulate t:e ru8or1 and #eene1 s<ea;in9 on a tele>ision tal; s:o=1 res<onded
t:at At=ater =as Fa liar?F S:ortl3 t:ereafter1 a FseE su88itF =as con>ened bet=een t:e
!us: and ,ole ca8<s for t:e <ur<ose of 8aintain9 correct GO% decoru8 e>en a8idst t:e
acri8on3 of t:e ca8<ai9n? Gfn ).H E>ans and No>a; o<ined t:at FAt=ater and t:e rest of
t:e !us: :i9: co88and1 con>inced t:at t:e ru8ors =ould soon be <ublis:ed1 reacted in a
=a3 t:at s<elled <anic to friend an8d foe ali;e?F On &une 1.1 12/.1 Mic:ael Sneed of t:e
C:ica9o Sun-Ti8es :ad =ritten t:at Fse>eral 8aBor ne=s<a<ers are siftin9 ???re<orted
dalliances of Mr? !orin9?F Gfn )/H !ut durin9 t:at su88er of 12//1 t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1
Harri8anOS;ull and !ones net=or;s =ere <o=erful enou9: to su<<ress t:e stor3 and s<are
!us: an3 e8barrass8ent?
,urin9 t:e =ee;s before t:e election1 t:e LA *ee;l31 an alternati>e <a<er in Los An9eles1
de>oted an entire issue to Ft:e dar; side of Geor9e !us:?F !ritis: ne=s<a<ers li;e t:e
tabloid London E>enin9 Standard re<eated so8e details1 but US ne=s or9aniAations =ere
8onolit:ic in refusin9 to re<ort an3t:in9C t:e !us: net=or;s =ere in total co88and?
T:en ru8ors be9an to fl3 t:at t:e *as:in9ton %ost =as <re<arin9 to <ublis: an account of
!us:7s seE <ecadillos? On *ednesda31 October 121 t:e Ne= (or; Stoc; EEc:an9e =as
s=e<t b3 re<orts t:at stories da8a9in9 to !us: =ere about to a<<ear1 and t:is =as cited as a
contributin9 factor in a )' <oint dro< in t:e ,o= &ones Industrial A>era9e? T:e *all Street
&ournal and USA Toda3 9in9erl3 <ic;ed u< t:e stor31 albeit in >er3 >a9ue ter8s? T:e *all
Street &ournal =rote t:at t:e *as:in9ton %ost =as <re<arin9 a stor3 t:at F!us: :ad carried
on an eEtra8arital affair1F =it: a Fre<ort t:at :e G!us:H :as :ad a 8istress for se>eral
3ears?F One of t:e alle9ations =as t:at !us: :ad :ad an eEtra8arital affair durin9 t:e 8id-
12.57s =it: a =o8an =:o =as no lon9er in :is entoura9e?
,onna !raAile of t:e ,u;a;is ca8<ai9n staff told re<orters in Ne= Ha>en1 Connecticut" FI
=asn7t on t:e stoc; 8ar;et 3esterda3 but I understood t:e3 9ot a little concerned t:at
Geor9e =as 9oin9 to t:e *:ite House =it: so8ebod3 ot:er t:an !arbara? I t:in; Geor9e
!us: o=es it to t:e A8erican <eo<le to 7fess u<????F FT:e A8erican <eo<le :a>e e>er3 ri9:t
to ;no= if !arbara !us: =ill s:are t:at bed =it: :i8 in t:e *:ite House? I78 tal;in9 about
!arbara !us: and so8eone =it: t:e initials &?? or =:ate>er t:e na8es are1F said Ms?
!raAile? *as t:is a reference to &ennifer itA9eraldD A fe= :ours later1 ,onna !raAile1 a
3oun9 blac; =o8an =:o :ad also accused t:e !us:8en of usin9 Fe>er3 code =ord and
racial s38bol to <ac;a9e t:eir little racist ca8<ai9n1F =as fired fro8 t:e ,u;a;is
ca8<ai9n? %aul !rountas1 one of ,u;a;is7s close ad>isers1 said t:at :e =ould not accuse t:e
!us: ca8<ai9n of bein9 racist? *it: t:e *illie Horton ads runnin9 full cli< e>er3=:ere1
8an3 could not belie>e t:eir ears? After an Associated %ress =ire sent out on T:ursda31
October $5 :ad offered anot:er su88ar3 of t:e ru8or1 !us:7s <ress aide S:eila Tate
dis8issed t:e entire stor3 as F=ar8ed o>er 9arba9e?F Gfn )2H !ut in t:e end1 t:e
*as:in9ton %ost <ublis:ed no stor31 and t:e entire issue =as stifled b3 t:e brutal <o=er of
t:e !us: 8edia net=or;s?
In t:e end1 t:e 9reatest tru8< card of !us:7s 12// ca8<ai9n =as !us:7s o<<onent Mic:ael
,u;a;is? T:ere is e>er3 reason to belie>e t:at ,u;a;is =as c:osen b3 !us: ,e8ocrat
<o=er bro;ers and t:e Eastern Establis:8ent ban;ers <ri8aril3 because :e =as so
8anifestl3 un=illin9 and unable seriousl3 to o<<ose !us:? Man3 are t:e indications t:at t:e
Massac:usetts 9o>ernor :ad been selected to ta;e a di>e? T:e 9ra>est sus<icions are in
order as to =:et:er t:ere e>er =as a ,u;a;is ca8<ai9n at all? Rea9an soon 8ade :is
celebrated @ui<1 FI78 not 9oin9 to <ic; on an in>alid1F focussin9 intense <ublic attention on
,u;a;is7s refusal to release :is 8edical records?
T:e colored 8a<s used b3 t:e tele>ision net=or;s on t:e ni9:t of No>e8ber / <resented a
!us: >ictor3 =:ic:1 alt:ou9: less con>incin9 t:an Rea9an7s t=o landslides1 ne>ert:eless
see8ed i8<ressi>e? A closer eEa8ination of t:e actual >ote totals re>eals a 8uc: different
lesson" e>en in co8<etition =it: t:e bu8blin9 and cra>en ,u;a;is ca8<ai9n1 !us:
re8ained a <itifull3 =ea; candidate =:o1 des<ite o>er=:el8in9 ad>anta9es of incu8benc31
8one31 or9aniAation1 3ears of ene8ies7 list o<erations1 a free ride fro8 t:e controlled
8edia1 and a <at:etic o<<onent1 Bust 8ana9ed to e;e out a :airsbreadt: 8ar9in?
!us: :ad =on +'R of t:e <o<ular >ote1 but if Bust +'+1555 >oters in ele>en states 0or
-551555 >oters in 2 states4 :ad s=itc:ed to ,u;a;is1 t:e latter =ould :a>e been t:e =inner?
T:e GO% :ad ruled t:e terrain =est of t:e Mississi<<i for 8an3 8oons1 but !us: :ad
8ana9ed to lose t:ree %acific states1 Ore9on1 *as:in9ton1 and Ha=aii? !us: =on
8e9astates li;e Illinois and %enns3l>ania b3 <a<er-t:in 8ar9ins of +1R1 and t:e all-
i8<ortant California >ote1 =:ic: =ent to !us: b3 Bust +$R1 :ad been too close for Geor9e7s
co8fort? Missouri :ad also been a +$R close call for Geor9e? In t:e far8 states1 t:e
de>astation of GO% free ente<rise caused bot: Io=a and *isconsin to Boin Minnesota in t:e
,e8ocratic colu8n? C:ronicall3 de<ressed *est 6ir9inia =as :a>in9 none of Geor9e? In
t:e oil <atc:1 t:e ,e8ocrats <osted <ercenta9e 9ains e>en t:ou9: !us: carried t:ese states"
in TeEas1 O;la:o8a1 and Louisiana t:e ,e8ocratic <residential >ote =as u< bet=een . and
11 <ercent co8<ared to t:e Mondale disaster of 12/)? In t:e Mid=est1 ,u;a;is 8ana9ed to
carr3 four doAen counties t:at :ad not 9one for a ,e8ocratic <residential contender since
12-)? All in all :alf of !us:7s electoral >otes ca8e fro8 states in =:ic: :e 9ot less t:an
++?+R of t:e t=o-<art3 >ote1 s:o=in9 t:at t:ere =as no runa=a3 !us: landslide?
EEit <olls s:o=ed t:at less t:an :alf of !us:7s >oters =ere stron9l3 co88itted to :i81
underlinin9 t:e fact t:at !us: :as ne>er succeeded in =innin9 t:e lo3alt3 of an3
identifiable 9rou<s in t:e <o<ulation1 eEce<t t:e s<oo;s and t:e bluebloods? At t:e ti8e of
t:e election1 t:e official statistics of t:e Rea9an re9i8e =ere alle9in9 a 3earl3 consu8er
inflation rate of +?$R and an une8<lo38ent fi9ure of )?1R? EEit <olls t:at +'R of all
>oters t:rou9: t:at t:e econo83 =as 9ettin9 better? As t:e econo8ic de<ression =orsens
into 122$1 all of t:ose fi9ures =ill belon9 to t:e 9ood old da3s? A co8<arison of !us:7s
>ictor3 in t:e Io=a caucuses of 12/5 =it: :is =retc:ed t:ird-<lace finis: t:ere in 12// is a
9ood indicator of :o= utterl3 su<<ort for !us: can colla<se as a result of a dra8atic
deterioration in econo8ic conditions1 9i>en once a9ain t:at !us: :as no lo3al base of
<olitical su<<ort?
T:e >oter turnout :it a ne= <ost=ar lo=1 =it: Bust )2?1R of eli9ible >oters s:o=in9 u< at
t:e <olls1 si9nificantl3 =orse t:an t:e Tru8an-,e=e3 8atc:u< of 12)/1 =:en Bust +1R :ad
dee8ed it =ort:=ile to >ote? T:is 8eans t:at !us: eE<ected to 9o>ern t:e countr3 =it: t:e
>otes of Bust $-?/R of t:e eli9ible >oters in :is <oc;et? !us: :ad =on a nu8ber of sout:ern
states b3 lo<-sided 8ar9ins of about $5R1 but t:is =as correlated in 8an3 cases =it: >er3
lo= o>erall >oter turnout1 =:ic: di<<ed belo= )5R in Geor9ia and Sout: Carolina? A bi9
<lus factor for Geor9e =as t:e >er3 lo= blac; >oter turnout in t:e sout:1 =:ere a si9nificant
blac; >ote :ad :el<ed t:e ,e8ocrats reta;e control of t:e Senate in 12/-? *it: ,u;a;is
ca<turin9 25R of t:e blac; >ote1 a bi99er blac; turnout =ould :a>e created so8e serious
<roble8s for Geor9e? !us: ;no=s t:at >ictor3 in 122$ =ill de<end on ;ee<in9 t:e blac;
turnout lo=1 and t:is is <art of t:e rationale be:ind :is F=ed9e issueF no8ination of t:e
blac; ri9:tist Clarence T:o8as to t:e Su<re8e Court1 =:ic: successfull3 s<lit national
blac; or9aniAations in suc: a =a3 t:at !us: :o<es :e =ill be able to i9nore t:e8 in 122$?
More 9enerall31 it =ould a<<ear t:at !us: =ould be >er3 :a<<3 to ;ee< across t:e board
>oter turnout at suc: de<ressed le>els1 since a lar9er >ote could onl3 t:reaten :is results?
,u;a;is =as able to attract onl3 about :alf of t:e Rea9an ,e8ocrats bac; to t:eir
traditional <art31 des<ite t:e <re<<3-blueblood aura of t:e !us: ca8<ai9n1 =:ic: t:ese
>oters =ould nor8all3 :a>e found :i9:l3 offensi>e? T:e !us: cause is t:erefore =ell
ser>ed b3 <ublic scandals and 8edia ca8<ai9ns t:at tend to elicit =ides<read dis9ust =it:
<olitics and 9o>ern8ent1 since t:ese increase t:e <robabilit3 t:at citiAens =ill sta3 :o8e on
election da31 lea>in9 Geor9e to do8inate t:e field? It is no sur<rise t:at <recisel3 suc:
scandals1 fro8 Con9ressional <a3 raises and t:e #eatin9 fi>e to t:e T:o8as no8ination
:earin9s :a>e <roliferated durin9 t:e 3ears of t:e !us: re9i8e?
A8on9 t:ose Re<ublicans =:o :ad succeeded in =innin9 t:e *:ite House in t=o-=a3
races 0eEcludin9 3ears li;e 12)/ or 12-/1 =:en t:e totals =ere i8<acted b3 Henr3 *allace
and Stro8 T:ur8ond7s ,iEiecrats1 or b3 Geor9e *allace41 !us:7s result =as t:e =ea;est
since fello= S;ull and !ones alu8nus *illia8 Ho=ard Taft in 125/? Gfn +5H T:ese <atterns
8i9:t also indicate t:at t:e do8inant role of t:e electoral >otes of t:e for8er Confederate
States of A8erica =it:in t:e Electoral Colle9e under t:e <ost-12-/ Sout:ern Strate93 of
t:e national Re<ublican %art3 8a3 be subBected to erosion in 122$1 es<eciall3 under t:e
i8<act of t:e !us: econo8ic de<ression?
It is also to be :o<ed t:at 12// =ill <ro>e in retros<ect to :a>e re<resented t:e :i9:-=ater
8ar; of :ired 9un 8edia and ca8<ai9n consultants in <residential elections? At=ater at one
ti8e boasted t:at :is staff contained at least $/ 8edia eE<erts and <olitical o<erati>es =:o
:ad =or;ed in at least t:ree <re>ious <residential elections1 8an3 of =:ic: =ere also
=innin9 efforts for t:e GO%? T:ese 8en =ere dra=n fro8 Ne= (or;7s Madison A>enue and
fro8 *as:in9ton7s Connecticut A>enue F%o=er Alle31F =:ere 8an3 of t:e best- connected
<olitical consultin9 fir8s :a>e t:eir offices? It is clear t:at 8en li;e At=ater1 Ailes1 S<encer1
,ea>er and ot:ers :a>e <erfor8ed a function in t:e consoldation of a 8odern A8erican
le>iat:an state t:at is eEactl3 anala9ous to t:e >ital ser>ices rendered to t:e T:ird Reic: b3
%ro<a9anda Minister ,r? &osef Goebbels bet=een 12'' and 12)+? T:ere is a cri8e of
8enticide =:ic: consists in t:e deliberate destruction of t:e co9niti>e <o=ers of anot:er
:u8an bein91 and t:e ca8<ai9ns or9aniAed b3 t:ese consultants :a>e re<resented 8enticide
on a 8ass scale? urt:er" if t:e international econo8ic <olicies inflicted on t:e =orld b3 t:e
Rea9an-!us: and !us: re9i8es :a>e eEacted a 3earl3 9lobal deat: toll of u<=ards of +5
8illion needless deat:s1 <ri8aril3 in t:e de>elo<in9 sector1 it :as been t:e i8a9e 8on9ers
and <ublic relations 8en =:o :a>e or9aniAed t:e US do8estic electoral consensus t:at :as
<er8itted t:ose 9enocidal <olicies to 9o for=ard? or all of t:ese reasons1 t:e 8edia and
ca8<ai9n consultants are fascists? T:e3 are >irulent fascists t3<ical of t:e A8erican
totalitarian state of t:e late t=entiet: centur31 and t:is is true e>en if t:ese consultants lac;
t:e bo8bastic tra<<in9s of t:e central Euro<ean fascists of 8ore t:an a :alf centur3 a9o?
Lee At=ater celebrated t:e !us: inau9uration b3 <la3in9 :is electric 9uitar at a r:3t:8 and
blues concert in =:ic: :is 93rations bordered on t:e outri9:t obscene? Alt:ou9: Lee
At=ater :ad 8aster8inded t:e 8ost racist <residential ca8<ai9n in 8odern :istor31 :e still
:ad t:e 9all durin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12/2 to be a candidate for a <ost on t:e !oard of Trustees
of Ho=ard Uni>ersit31 t:e :istoricall3 blac; institution of :i9:er learnin9 in *as:in9ton1
,C? At=ater =as forced to abandon t:is outra9eous candidac3 b3 a 8ass 8obiliAation of
t:e Ho=ard students?
So8e 8ont:s later1 At=ater =as found to be sufferin9 fro8 a 8ali9nant brain cancer? It is
ru8ored around *as:in9ton t:at At=ater in :is final da3s beca8e a con>ert to Ro8an
Cat:olicis8 and eE<ressed re<entance for 8an3 of t:e deeds :e <erfor8ed durin9 :is
<olitical career? It a<<ears certain t:at :e <ersonall3 a<olo9iAed to so8e of t:e candidates
=:o8 :e :ad >ilified durin9 t:e course of >arious <olitical ca8<ai9ns? *:en At=ater died
in A<ril1 1221 at t:e a9e of )51 it =as =idel3 ru8ored in *as:in9ton t:at :e :ad eE<ressed
t:e dee<est re8orse for :a>in9 contributed to t:e creation of t:e !us: ad8inistration?
NOTES"
1? &ac; *? Ger8ond and &ules *itco>er1 *a;e Us *:en It7s O>er" T:e %residential %olitics of 12/) 0Ne=
(or;1 12/+41 <? )/2?
$? &ose<: #raft1 FT:e Real Geor9e !us:1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October 1/1 12/)?
'? *a;e Us *:en It7s O>er1 <? +$$?
)? Geor9e *ill colu8n1 &anuar3 '51 12/-1 in *ill1 T:e Mornin9 After1 <? $+)?
+? %:ili< Ge3lin1 FMa;in9s of a Success in Africa1F *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber 151 12/$?
-? F!us: Ma;es e= *a>es at Ho8e1 Creates !i9 S<las: in Sandina>ia1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 1$1 12/'?
.? F!us: Ends Tri< to Subcontinent *it: US Ties Lar9el3 Unaltered1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 121 12/)?
/? FGlobe-S<annin9 Mission Stren9t:ens !us: for 7//1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: $)1 12/+?
2? See Sara ,ia8ond1 S<iritual *arfare1 <<? .$ and $+)?
15? &ac; Anderson and ,ale 6an Atta1 F!us:7s ,a3 at t:e Hel81F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $.1 12//?
11? F!us: is Counseled to Loo; S:ar< Tuesda31F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $-1 12/-?
1$? MaEine C:es:ire1F6I%1F *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril $+1 12/1?
1'? &ac; Anderson and ,ale 6an Atta1 F!us: *aits and Ho<es for Rea9an Nod1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust
1/1 12/-?
1)? FRea9an *on7t Cite Issues !us: Affected1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 1$1 12/.?
1+? &ac; *? Ger8ond and &ules *itco>er1 *:ose !orad Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars" T:e Tri>ial %ursuit of t:e
%residenc31 12// 0Ne= (or;1 12/241 <? 1+-?
1-? F!us: %ro>es Successful in Tic;lis: A<<earance?F *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber 1$1 12/+?
1.? FNe= Ha8<s:ire C:ill1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October 111 12/.?
1/? *:ose !road Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars1 <<? .1-.$ and '--?
12? &oe Conason1 FRobert Mosbac:er7s Grand Sc:e8e1F TeEas Obser>er1 A<ril $/1 12/2?
$5? Ibid?1 <? 1$?
$1? FCount3 resources utiliAed b3 Ec;els to boost t:e GO%1F Houston %ost1 ebruar3 /1 12/+?
$$? Houston C:ronicle1 &une $1 12/2?
$'? ,ou9las Cadd31 letter to !I ,irector *illia8 Sessions1 Ma3 $1 12//?
$)? ederal Election Co88ission !ulletin1 6olune 1.1 Nu8ber $1 ebruar31 12211 <? 11?
$+? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 21 12/-?
$-? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 1)1 12/-?
$.? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril .1 12/-?
$/? See T:o8as !urdic; and C:arlene Mitc:ell1 !lue T:under 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <<? .'1 1-.1 and $25-
$2'?
$2? !lue T:under1 <? 1-.C Ger8ond and *itco>er1 *:ose !road Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars1 <? 1/+1 @uote
unna8ed Hart ca8<ai9n aides =:o Fsaid later t:e3 =ere con>incedF t:at L3nn Ar8andt :ad called
Bournalist To8 iedler of t:e Mia8i Herald =it: a ti<-off t:at ,onna Rice =as 9oin9 to =as:in9ton to be
an o>erni9:t 9uest of Gar3 Hart? !ut iedler denies t:at Ar8andt =as t:e caller?
'5? &ac; *? Ger8ond and &ules *itco>er1 *a;e Us *:en It7s O>er 0Ne= (or;1 12/+41 <<? '$--'$.?
'1? or !us: in t:e 12// ca8<ai9n1 see Ger8ond and *itco>er1 *:ose !road Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars?
'$? *as:in9ton %ost1 October 1-1 12/.?
''? FRobertson Lin;s !us: to S=a99art Scandal1F *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 $)1 12//?
')? FT:e Contra Countr3 Ca8<ai9n1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: -1 12//?
'+? Ger8ond and *itco>er1 *:ose !road Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars1 <? 1-1?
'-? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 1.1 12//?
'.? ran; McNeil1 *ar and %eace in Central A8erica1 <? $..?
'/? *:ose !road Stri<es and !ri9:t Stars1 <? '/+?
'2? Eleanor Randol<:1 FG:ost of ,an Lua3le7s 9randfat:er laid to rest1F ,allas Ti8es-Herald1 Au9ust $'1
12//?
)5? AleEander Coc;burn1 F!eat t:e ,e>il" ,an Lua3le1 Acid rea;DF T:e Nation1 Se<te8ber $-1 12//1 <?
$$-?
)1? &oel !leifuss1 FIn S:ort1F In T:ese Ti8es1 1--$$ No>e8ber1 12//1 <? +1 cited b3 Art:ur rederic; Ide1
!us:-Lua3le" T:e Rea9an Le9ac3 0Ir>in91 TeEas" Sc:olars !oo;s1 12/241 <<? ++-+-?
)$?
)'? Ide1 !us:-Lua3le1 <? 1)?
))? Ide1 !us:-Lua3le1 <? +?
)+? Elinor &? !rec:er1 FMaril3n Lua3le called 7<rotot3<e of t:e ne=-a9e <olitical s<ouse1F Louis>ille
Courier-&ournal1 Se<te8ber $+1 12//?
)-? F!urnin9 !us:1F T:e Nation1 Marc: /1 12/51 <? $-1?
).? *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 11 12/.?
)/? *as:in9ton %ost1 &une $-1 12/.?
)2? Eleanor Randol<:1 F!us: Ru8or Created ,ile88a for Media1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October $$1 12//?
+5? See #e>in %:illi<s1 T:e %olitics of Ric: and %oor1 0Ne= (or;1 122541 <? $1+C acts on ile11 No>e8ber
111 12//C and %aul R? Abra8son1 &o:n H? Aldric:1 and ,a>id *? Ro:de1 C:an9e and Continuit3 in t:e
12// Elections 0*as:in9ton ,C" Con9ressional Luarterl31 12214?
C:a<ter -MMIII- T:e End of Histor3
,er Staat ist als die *ir;lic:;eit des substantiellen *illens1 die er in de8 Au seiner
All9e8ein:eit er:obenen besonderen Selbstbe=usstse3n :at1 das an und fuer sic:
6ernuenfti9e? ,iese substantielle Ein:eit ist absoluter unbe=e9ter SelbstA=ec;1 in =elc:e8
die rei:eit Au i:re8 :oec:sten Rec:t ;o88t1 so =ie dieser EndA=ec; das :oec:ste Rec:t
9e9en die EinAelnen :at1 deren :oec:ste %flic:t es ist1 Mit9lieder des Staats Au se3n?
G?*?? He9el1 Grundlinien der %:iloso<:ie des Rec:ts?
Geor9e !us:7s inau9ural address of &anuar3 $11 12/21 =as on t:e =:ole an e8inentl3
colorless and for9ettable oration? T:e s<eec: =as for t:e 8ost <art a re:as: of t:e tired
de8a9o93 of !us:7s election ca8<ai9n1 =it: t:e ritual references to Fa t:ousand <oints of
li9:tF and t:e :ollo= <led9e t:at =:en it ca8e to t:e dru9 inundation =:ic: !us: :ad
su<<osedl3 been fi9:tin9 for 8ost of t:e decade1 FT:is scour9e =ill sto<?F !us: tal;ed of
Fste=ards:i<F bein9 <assed on fro8 one 9eneration to anot:er? T:ere =as al8ost not:in9
about t:e state of t:e US econo83? !us: =as <reoccu<ied =it: t:e Fdi>isi>enessF left o>er
fro8 t:e 6ietna8 era1 and t:is :e <led9ed to end in fa>or of a return to bi<artisan consensus
bet=een t:e <resident and t:e Con9ress1 since Ft:e statute of li8itations :as been reac:ed?
T:is is a fact" T:e final lesson of 6ietna8 is t:at no 9reat nation can lon9 afford to be
sundered b3 a 8e8or3?F T:ere is 9ood reason to belie>e t:at !us: =as alread3
conte8<latin9 t:e ne= round of forei9n 8ilitar3 ad>entures =:ic: =ere not lon9 in
co8in9?
One t:in9 is certain" !us:7s inau9ural address contained no <ro8ise to ;ee< t:e <eace of
t:e sort t:at :ad fi9ured in :is Ne= Orleans acce<tance s<eec: bac; in Au9ust?
T:e c:aracteristic note of !us:7s re8ar;s ca8e at t:e outset1 in t:e <assa9es in =:ic: :e
celebrated t:e triu8<: of t:e A8erican >ariant of t:e bureaucratic-aut:oritarian <olice
state1 based on usur31 =:ic: c:ooses to c:aracteriAe itself as Ffreedo8"F
*e ;no= =:at =or;s" reedo8 =or;s? *e ;no= =:at7s ri9:t" reedo8 is ri9:t? *e ;no= :o= to
secure a 8ore Bust and <ros<erous life for 8an on Eart:- t:rou9: free 8ar;ets1 free s<eec:1 free
elections1 and t:e eEercise of free =ill un:a8<ered b3 t:e state?
or t:e first ti8e in t:is centur31 for t:e first ti8e <er:a<s in all :istor31 8an does not :a>e to
in>ent a s3ste8 b3 =:ic: to li>e? *e don7t :a>e to tal; late into t:e ni9:t about =:ic: for8 of
9o>ern8ent is better? *e don7t :a>e to =rest Bustice fro8 t:e ;in9s? *e onl3 :a>e to su88on it
fro8 =it:in oursel>es? *e 8ust act on =:at =e ;no=? Gfn 1H
After t:e inau9uration cere8onies at t:e Ca<itol =ere co8<leted1 Geor9e and !arbara
!us: descended %enns3l>ania A>enue to=ards t:e *:ite House in a triu8<:ant <ro9ress1
9ettin9 out of t:eir li8ousine e>er3 bloc; or t=o to =al; a8on9 t:e cro=ds and sa>our t:e
o>ations? Geor9e !us:1 i8<erial ad8inistrator and bureaucrat1 :ad no= reac:ed t:e a<eE of
:is career1 t:e last station of t:e cursus :onoru8" t:e c:ief 8a9istrac3? !us: no= assu8ed
leaders:i< of a *as:in9ton bureaucrac3 t:at =as increasin9l3 focussed on itself and its o=n
as<irations1 con>inced of its o=n o8ni<otence and infallibilit31 of its o=n 8anifest destin3
to do8inate t:e =orld? It =as a :ead3 8o8ent1 full of t:e stuff of 8e9alo8aniac delusion?
I8<erial *as:in9ton =as no= a=are of t:e increasin9 s38to8s of colla<se in t:e So>iet
E8<ire? T:e feared ad>ersar3 of four decades of t:e cold =ar =as colla<sin9? Ger8an3 and
&a<an =ere for8idable econo8ic <o=ers1 but t:e3 =ere led b3 a 9eneration of <oliticians
=:o :ad been =ell sc:ooled in t:e necessit3 of follo=in9 An9lo-SaEon orders? rance :ad
abandoned :er traditional Gaullist <olic3 of inde<endence and so>erei9nt31 and :ad
returned to t:e sui>is8e of t:e old ourt: Re<ublic under !us:7s free8asonic confrere
rancois Mitterrand? O<<osition to *as:in9ton7s i8<erial desi9ns 8i9:t still co8e fro8
leadin9 states of t:e de>elo<in9 sector1 fro8 India1 !raAil1 Ira@ and Malasia1 but t:e
i8<erial ad8inistrators1 <uffed u< =it: t:eir Eeno<:obic conte8<t for t:e for8er colonials1
=ere confident t:at t:ese states could ne easil3 defeated1 and t:at t:e t:ird =orld =ould
8ee;l3 succu8b to t:e installation of An9lo-A8erican <u<<et re9i8es in t:e =a3 t:at t:e
%:ili<<ines and so 8an3 Latin A8erican countries :ad durin9 t:e 12/57s?
!us: could also sur>e3 t:e :o8e front =it: self-con9ratulator3 co8<lacenc3? He :ad =on a
Con9ressional election in :is desi9ner district in Houston1 but in 12-) and 12.5 8aBorities
at t:e <olls :ad <ro>en 8oc;in9l3 elusi>e? No=1 for Bust t:e second ti8e in :is life1 :e :ad
sol>ed t:e <roble8 of =innin9 a contested election1 and t:is ti8e it :ad been t:e bi9 one?
!us: :ad at one stro;e fulfilled :is 9reatest a8bition and sol>ed :is 8ost <ersistent
<roble81 t:at of 9ettin9 :i8self elected to <ublic office? He :ad dealt successfull3 =it: t:e
t:orn3 issue of 9o>ernance in t:e do8estic s<:ere1 foilin9 t:e BinE t:at :ad do99ed all
sittin9 >ice <residents see;in9 to 8o>e u< after Martin 6an !uren7s success in 1/'-?
!us: asse8bled a tea8 of :is fello= Malt:usian bureaucrats and ad8inistrators fro8
a8on9 t:ose officials =:o :ad staffed Re<ublican ad8inistrations 9oin9 bac; to 12-21 t:e
3ear t:at NiEon c:ose #issin9er for t:e National Securit3 Council? %ersons li;e Sco=croft1
!a;er1 Carla Hills1 and !us: :i8self :ad1 =it: fe= eEce<tions1 been in or around t:e
federal 9o>ern8ent and es<eciall3 t:e eEecuti>e branc: for 8ost of t=o decades1 =it: onl3
t:e brief :iatus of &i883 Carter to let t:e8 fill t:eir <oc;ets in <ri>ate sector influence
<eddlin9? !us:7s cabinet and staff =as con>inced it boasted t:e 8ost <o=erful batter3 of
resu8es1 t:e t:e 8ost consu88ate eE<erience1 t:e 8ost i8<eccable credentials1 of an3
8ana9e8ent tea8 in t:e :istor3 of t:e =orld? All t:e 9reat issues of <olic3 :ad been sol>ed
under NiEon1 ord1 and Rea9anC t:e 9eo<olitical situation =as bein9 brou9:t under controlC
all t:at re8ained =as to consolidate and <erfect t:e total ad8inistration of t:e =orld
accordin9 to t:e <olicies and <rocedures alread3 establis:ed1 =:ile deli>erin9 8ass
consensus t:rou9: t:e sa8e 8et:ods t:at :ad Bust <ro>en unbeatable in t:e <residential
ca8<ai9n? T:e !us: tea8 =as con>inced of its o=n in:erent su<eriorit3 to t:e Mandarin
C:inese1 t:e Ro8an and !3Aantine1 t:e Otto8an1 t:e Austrian1 t:e %russian1 t:e So>iet1 and
to all ot:er bureaucratic-aut:oritarian re9i8es t:at :ad e>er eEisted on t:e <lanet? Onl3 t:e
!ritis: East India Co8<an3 =as e>en in t:e sa8e lea9ue1 t:ou9:t t:e t:eorists of usur3 on
t:e !us: tea8? 0%ride 9oet: e>er before a fall? !3 late 12211 t:is sa8e tea8 :ad ac@uired
t:e deser>ed re<utation of a 9a99le of 8aladroit buffoons?4
T:ese triu8<:ant bureaucrats and abo>e all Geor9e !us: :i8self =ere not ;indl3 dis<osed
to old Ronald Rea9an1 in =:ose s:ado= t:e3 :ad labored for so lon9? Ho= 8an3 of t:e8
:ad been consu8ed =it: ra9e =:en <lu8 <osts :ad been 9i>en to Rea9an7s fast-buc;
California <ar>enu croniesK Ho= t:e3 :ad cursed Rea9an for a senti8ental <us:o>er =:en
:e 8ade concessions to Gorbac:o>K T:e bureaucrats =ould not Boin Rea9an in slobberin9
o>er Gorbac:o>1 at least not ri9:t a=a3C t:e3 =ere t:ere to dri>e a :ard bar9ain1 to 8a;e
sure t:e So>iet e8<ire colla<sed? T:e3 :ad acce<ted Rea9an as a useful facade1 a :ar8less
>aude>ille act to ;ee< t:e 9reat un=as:ed 8asses a8used =:ile t:e bureaucrats carried out
t:eir 8ac:inations? !ut t:e bureaucrats :ad a sa>a9e te8<er1 and t:e3 ne>er a<<reciated t:e
bu8blin9 antics of an3 fa>orite uncles? If scri<ted Rea9an :ad see8ed a necessar3 e>il as
lon9 as :e a<<eared indis<ensable to <rocure election >ictories and 8ass consensus1 :o=
intolerable :e see8ed no= t:at :e :ad been <ro>en unnecessar31 no= t:at i8<erial
functionar3 Geor9e !us: :ad =on election in :is o=n ri9:t1 =it:out Rea9an7s bobbin9
:istrionicsK
Rea9an-bas:in9 beca8e one of t:e rulin9 <assions of t:e ne= <atrician re9i8e? T:is =as a
8atter of Real<oliti; t:at =ent be3ond 8ere =ords" it =as t:e de8olition of an3 re8ainin9
Rea9anite <olitical 8ac:iner31 lest it <ro>ide a s<rin9board for a <olitical c:allen9e to t:e
<lutocrac3 of little Lord auntlero3? T:e ca8<ai9n =as so intense t:at it elicited a letter
fro8 Ric:ard NiEon to &o:n Sununu co8<lainin9 of a ne=s<a<er account of *:ite House
aides s<ea;in9 on bac;9round to de<ict Rea9an as a dunce1 8uc: inferior to :is successor?
NiEon ur9ed t:at F=:oe>er =as t:e source of t:is stor3 s:ould be fired as an eEa8<le to
ot:ers =:o 8i9:t be te8<ted to <la3 t:e sa8e ;ind of 9a8e?F NiEon denounced
Fanon38ous staffers =:o belie>e t:at t:e =a3 to build :i8 G!us:H u< is to tear Rea9an
do=n?F Sununu :urriedl3 tele<:oned Tric;3 ,ic; to reassure :i8 t:at :e =as also found t:e
deni9ration of Rea9an Fabsolutel3 intolerable1F but t:e tras:in9 of t:e old Rea9an 8ac:ine
onl3 accelerated? One assistant to !us: boasted t:at t:e ne= <resident =as Fin t:e business
of 9o>ernin91F =:ile <oor old Rea9an :ad been a <ro< for <:oto o<<ortunities? Gfn $H
Of course1 t:e i8<erial functionaries of t:e !us: tea8 :ad c:osen to i9nore certain 9ross
facts1 8ost i8<ortantl3 t:e de8onstrable ban;ru<tc3 and insol>enc3 of t:eir o=n leadin9
institutions of finance1 credit1 and 9o>ern8ent? T:eir abilit3 to co88and <roduction and
ot:er=ise to act u<on t:e 8aterial =orld =as in s:ar< decline? Ho= lon9 =ould t:e
A8erican <o<ulation re8ain in its state of stu<efied <assi>it3 in t:e face of deterioratin9
standards of li>in9 t:at =ere no= fallin9 8ore ra<idl3 t:an at an3 ti8e in t:e last t=ent3
3earsD And no=1 t:e s<eculati>e or93 of t:e 12/57s =ould :a>e to be <aid for? E>en t:eir
ad>anta9e o>er t:e cru8blin9 So>iet E8<ire =as ulti8atel3 onl3 a 8ar9inal1 relati>e1 and
te8<orar3 one1 due <ri8aril3 to a faster rate of colla<se on t:e So>iet sideC but t:e da3 of
rec;onin9 for t:e An9lo-A8ericans =as co8in91 too?
T:is =as t:e triu8<:alis8 t:at <er>aded t:e o<enin9 =ee;s of t:e !us: ad8inistration?
!us: 9a>e 8ore <ress conferences durin9 t:e transition <eriod t:an Rea9an :ad 9i>en
durin9 8ost of :is second ter8C :e re>elled in t:e accoutre8ents of :is ne= office1 and
9a>e t:e *:ite House <ress cor<s all t:e <:oto o<<ortunities and inter>ie=s t:e3 =anted to
butter t:e8 u< and 9et t:e8 in :is <oc;et?
T:ese fatuous delusions of 9randeur =ere dul3 <roBected u<on t:e <lane of t:e <:iloso<:3
of :istor3 b3 an official of t:e !us: Ad8inistration1 rancis u;u3a8a1 t:e ,e<ut3
,irector of t:e State ,e<art8ent %olic3 %lannin9 Staff1 t:e old :aunt of Harri8anites li;e
%aul NitAe and Geor9e #ennan? In t:e =inter of 12/21 durin9 !us:7s first :undred da3s in
office1 u;u3a8a deli>ered a lecture to t:e Olin oundation =:ic: =as later <ublis:ed in
T:e National Interest@uarterl3 under t:e title of FT:e End of Histor3DF I8<erial
ad8inistrator u;u3a8a :ad studied under t:e reactionar3 elitist Allan !loo81 and =as
con>ersant =it: t:e renc: neo-enli9:ten8ent se8iotic 0or se8i- idiotic4 sc:ool of ,errida1
oucault1 and Roland !art:es1 =:ose Aero de9ree of =ritin9 u;u3a8a 8a3 :a>e been
stri>in9 to attain? Abo>e all1 u;a3a8a =as a follo=er of He9el in t:e inter<etation of t:e
renc: <ost=ar neo-He9elian AleEandre #oBe>e?
u;u3a8a @ualifies as t:e official ideolo9ue of t:e !us: re9i8e? His startin9 <oint is t:e
Funabas:ed >ictor3 of econo8ic and social liberalis81F 8eanin9 b3 t:at t:e econo8ic and
<olitical s3ste8 reac:in9 its 8aturit3 under !us:-- =:at t:e State ,e<art8ent usuall3 calls
Fde8ocrac3?F FT:e triu8<: of t:e *est1 of t:e *estern idea1 is e>ident first of all in t:e
total eE:austion of >iable s3ste8atic alternati>es to *estern liberalis81F u;u3a8a =rote?
FT:e triu8<: of t:e *estern <olitical idea is co8<lete? Its ri>als :a>e been
routed????%olitical t:eor31 at least t:e <art concerned =it: definin9 t:e 9ood <olit31 is
finis:ed1F u;u3a8a o<ined? FT:e *estern idea of 9o>ernance :as <re>ailed?F F*:at =e
8a3 be =itnessin9 is not Bust t:e end of t:e Cold *ar1 or t:e <assin9 of a <articular <eriod
of <ost=ar :istor31 but t:e end of :istor3 as suc:" t:at is1 t:e end <oint of 8an;ind7s
ideolo9ical e>olution and t:e uni>ersaliAation of *estern liberal de8ocrac3 as t:e final
for8 of :u8an 9o>ern8ent?F Accordin9 to u;a3a8a1 co88unis8 as an alternati>e s3ste8
:ad bee t:orou9:l3 discredited in t:e USSR1 C:ina1 and t:e ot:er co88unist countries?
Since t:ere are no ot:er >isible 8odels contendin9 for t:e ri9:t to s:a<e t:e future1 :e
concludes t:at t:e 8odern A8erican state is t:e Ffinal1 rational for8 of societ3 and state?F
T:ere are of course lar9e areas of t:e =orld =:ere 9o>ern8ents and for8s of societ3
<re>ail =:ic: di>er9e radicall3 fro8 u;u3a8a7s =estern 8odel1 but :e ans=ers t:is
obBection b3 eE<lainin9 t:at bac;=ard1 still :istoric <arts of t:e =orld eEist and =ill
continue to eEist for so8e ti8e? It is Bust t:at t:e3 =ill ne>er be able to <resent t:eir for8s
of societ3 as a credible 8odel or alternati>e to Fliberalis8?F Since u;u3a8a <resu8abl3
;ne= so8et:in9 of =:at =as in t:e !us: ad8inistration <i<eline1 :e carefull3 ;e<t t:e door
o<en for ne= =ars and 8ilitar3 conflicts1 es<eciall3 a8on9 :istoric states1 or bet=een
:istoric and <ost-:istoric <o=ers? !ot: %ana8a and Ira@ =ould1 accordin9 to u;a3a87s
t3<olo931 fall into t:e F:istoricF cate9or3?
T:us1 in t:e >ie= of t:e earl3 !us: ad8inistration1 t:e <lanet =ould co8e to be do8inated
8ore and 8ore b3 t:e Funi>ersal :o8o9enous state1F a 8iEture of Fliberal de8ocrac3 in t:e
<olitical s<:ere co8bined =it: eas3 access to 6CRs and stereos in t:e econo8ic?F T:e arid
banalit3 of t:at definition is 8atc:ed b3 u;u3a8a7s daAAled tribute to Ft:e s<ectacular
abundance of ad>anced liberal econo8ies and t:e infintel3 di>erse consu8er culture?F
u;u3a8a1 it turns out1 is a resident of t:e <ri>ile9ed encla>e for i8<erial functionaries t:at
is nort:east 6ir9inia1 and so :as little understandin9 of t:e sco<e of US do8estic <o>ert3
and i88iseration" FT:is is not to sa3 t:at t:ere are not ric: <eo<le and <oor <eo<le in t:e
United States1 or t:at t:e 9a< bet=een t:e8 :as not 9ro=n in recent 3ears? !ut t:e root
causes of econo8ic ine@ualit3 :a>e less to do =it: t:e underl3in9 le9al and social
strcutures of our societ31 =:ic: re8ain funda8entall3 e9alitarian and 8oderatel3
redistributionist1 as =it: t:e cultural and social c:aracteristics of t:e 9rou<s t:at 8a;e it u<1
=:ic: are in turn t:e :istorical le9ac3 of <re8odern conditions? T:us blac; <o>ert3 in t:e
United States1 for eEa8<le1 is not t:e in:erent <roduct of liberalis81 but is rat:er t:e 7le9ac3
of sla>er3 and racis87 =:ic: <ersisted lon9 after t:e for8al abolition fo sla>er3?F or
u;u3a8a1 =ritin9 at a 8o8ent =:en A8erican class di>isions =ere 8ore <ronounced t:at
at an3 ti8e in :u8an 8e8or31 Ft:e e9alitarianis8 of 8odern A8erica re<resents t:e
essential ac:ie>e8ent of t:e classless societ3 en>isoned b3 MarE?F As a <ur>e3or of official
doctrine for t:e !us: re9i8e1 u;u3a8a is bound to i9nore t=ent3 3ears of increasin9
<o>ert3 and declinin9 standards of li>in9 for all A8ericans =:ic: :as caused an e>en
9reater retro9ression for t:e blac; <o<ulationC t:ere is no =a3 t:at t:is can be c:al;ed u< to
t:e :erita9e of sla>er3?
It is not far fro8 t:e End of Histor3 to !us:7s later slo9ans of t:e Ne= *orld Order and t:e
i8<erial %aE Uni>ersalis? It is ironic but la=ful t:at !us: s:ould :a>e c:osen a neo-
He9elian as a<olo9ist for :is re9i8e? He9el =as t:e arc:-obscurantist1 <:iloso<:ical
dictator1 and saboteur of t:e natural sciencesC :e =as t:e ideolo9ue of Metternic:7s Hol3
Alliance s3ste8 of <olice states in t:e <ost-1/1+ oli9arc:ic restoration in Euro<e i8<osed
b3 t:e Con9ress of 6ienna? *:en =e 8ention Metternic: =e :a>e at once brou9:t !us:7s
old <atron #issin9er into <la31 since Metternic: is =ell ;no=n as :is e9o ideal? He9el
deified t:e bureaucratic-aut:oritarian state 8ac:iner3 of =:ic: :e =as a <art as t:e final
e8bodi8ent of rationalit3 in :u8an affairs1 be3ond =:ic: it =as i8<ossible to 9o? He9el
told intellectuals to be reconciled =it: t:e =orld t:e3 found around t:e81 and <ronounced
<:iloso<:3 inca<able of <roducin9 ideas for t:e refor8 of t:e =orld? As He9el <ut it in t:e
fa8ous <reface to t:e %:iloso<:3 of Ri9:t" F*enn die %:iloso<:ie i:r Grau in Grau 8a:lt1
dann ist eine Gestalt des Lebens alt 9e=orden1 und 8it Grau in Grau laesst sie sic: nic:t
>erBuen9en1 sondern nur er;ennenC die Eule der Miner>a be9innt erst 8it der einbrec:enden
,ae88erun9 i:ren lu9?F References to He9el7s o=l of Miner>a :a>e been a sta<le of
*as:in9ton co;tail-<art3 c:atter durin9 t:e !us: 3ears? As u;u3a8a <ut it" FT:e end of
:istor3 =ill be a >er3 sad ti8e????T:ere =ill be neit:er art nor <:iloso<:31 Bust t:e <er<etual
careta;in9 of t:e 8useu8 of :u8an :istor3????%er:a<s t:is >er3 <ros<ect of centuries of
boredo8 at t:e end of :istor3 =ill ser>e to 9et :istor3 started o>er a9ain?F Gfn 'H
T:e !us: re9i8e t:us too; s:a<e as a bureaucratic-aut:oritarian ste=ards:i< of t:e
financial interests of *all Street and t:e Cit3 of London? Man3 sa= in t:e !us: tea8 t:e
<atrician financiers of t:e Roc;efeller Ad8inistration t:at ne>er =as? T:e 9rou<s in societ3
=ere to be ser>ed =ere so narro=l3 restricted t:at t:e !us: ad8inistration often loo;ed li;e
a 9o>ern8ent t:at :ad totall3 se<arated itself fro8 t:e underl3in9 societ3 and :ad
constituted itself to 9o>ern in t:e interests of t:e bureaucrac3 itself? Since !us: =as
irre>ocabl3 co88itted to carr3in9 for=ard t:e <olicies t:at :ad been consolidated and
institutionaliAed durin9 t:e <re>ious ei9:t 3ears1 t:e re9i8e beca8e 8ore and 8ore ri9id
and infleEible? Acti>e o<<osition1 or e>en t:e dislocations occasioned b3 ad8inistration
<olicies =ere t:erefore dealt =it: b3 t:e re<ressi>e 8eans of t:e <olice state? T:e !us:
re9i8e could not 9o>ern1 but it could indict1 and t:e ,iscreditin9 Co88ittee =as a=a3s
read3 to >ilif3? So8e obser>ers s<o;e of a ne= for8 of bona<artis8 sui 9eneris1 but t:e
8ost accurate descri<tion for t:e !us: co8bination =as t:e Fad8inistrati>e fascis8F?
!us:7s cabinet reflected se>eral sets of o<ti8iAin9 criteria?
T:e best =a3 to attain a to< cabinet <ost =as to belon9 to a fa8il3 t:at :ad been allied =it:
t:e !us:-*al;er clan o>er a <eriod of at least :alf a centur31 and to :a>e ser>ed as a
functionar3 or fund-raiser for t:e !us: ca8<ai9n? T:is a<<lied to Secretar3 of State &a8es
!a;er III1 Secretar3 of t:e Treasur3 Nic:olas !rad31 Secretar3 of Co88erce Robert
Mosbac:er1 and !us:7s *:ite House counsel and to< <olitical ad>iser1 C? !o3den Gra3?
A second ro3al road to :i9: office =as to :a>e been an officer of #issin9er Associates1 t:e
international consultin9 fir8 set u< b3 !us:7s lifelon9 <atron1 Henr3 #issin9er? In t:is
cate9or3 =e find Gen? !rent Sco=croft1 t:e for8er c:ief of t:e #iss Ass *as:in9ton office1
and La=rence Ea9lebur9er1 t:e dissi<ated =rec; =:o =as na8ed to t:e nu8ber t=o <ost in
t:e State ,e<art8ent1 Undersecretar3 of State? Ea9lebur9er :ad been t:e <resident of
#issin9er Associates? T:e a8bassadorial 0or <roconsul4 list =as also rife =it: #issin9erian
<edi9rees" a <ro8inent one =as &o:n Ne9ro<onte1 !us:7s a8bassador to MeEico?
O>erla<<in9 =it: t:is last 9rou< =ere t:e >eterans of t:e 12.)-.. ord Ad8inistration1 one
of t:e 8ost free8asonic in recent US :istor3? National Securit3 Council ,irector !rent
Sco=croft1 for eEa8<le1 =as si8<l3 returnin9 to t:e Bob t:at :e :ad :eld under ord as
#issin9er7s alter e9o inside t:e *:ite House? ,ic; C:ene31 =:o e>entuall3 beca8e
Secretar3 of ,efense1 :ad been ord7s *:ite House c:ief of staff? C:ene3 :ad been
EEecuti>e Assistant to t:e ,irector of NiEon7s Office of Econo8ic O<<ortunit3 =a3 bac; in
12-2? In 12.1 :e :ad Boined NiEon7s *:ite House staff as ,on Ru8sfeld7s de<ut3? ro8
12.1 to 12.'1 C:ene3 =as at t:e Cost of Li>in9 Council1 =or;in9 as an enforcer for t:e
infa8ous %:ase II =a9e freeAe in NiEon7s FEcono8ic StabiliAation %ro9ra8?F T:e c:ar8in9
Carla Hills1 =:o beca8e !us:7s Trade Re<resentati>e1 :ad been ord7s Secretar3 of
Housin9 and Urban ,e>elo<8ent? *illia8 Seid8an and &a8es !a;er 0and ederal Reser>e
!oard C:air8an Alan Greens<an1 a Rea9an :oldo>er =:o =as t:e c:air8an of ord7s
Council of Econo8ic Ad>isers4 :ad also been in t:e <icture under &err3 ord?
!us: also eEtended lar9esse to t:ose =:o :ad assisted :i8 in t:e election ca8<ai9n Bust
concluded? At t:e to< of t:is list =as Go>ernor &o:n Sununu of Ne= Ha8<s:ire1 =:o
=ould :a>e @ualified as t:e 8odern Nostrada8us for :is eEact <rediction of !us:7s 2R
8ar9in of >ictor3 o>er ,ole in t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3 --unless :e :ad :el<ed to
arran9e it =it: >ote fraud?
Anot:er =a3 to carr3 off a to< <lu8 in t:e !us: re9i8e =as to :a>e <artici<ated in t:e
co>eru< of t:e Iran-contra scandal? T:e leadin9 role in t:at co>eru< :ad been assu8ed b3
Rea9an7s o=n blue ribbon co88ission of notables1 t:e To=er !oard1 =:ic: carried out t:e
*:ite House7s o=n in-:ouse re>ie= of =:at :ad alle9edl3 9one =ron91 and :ad
sca<e9oated ,on Re9an for a series of 8isdeeds t:at actuall3 belon9ed at t:e doorste< of
Geor9e !us:? T:e 8e8bers of t:at board =ere for8er GO% Senator &o:n To=er of TeEas1
Gen? !rent Sco=croft1 and for8er Sen? Ed8und Mus;ie1 =:o :ad been Secretar3 of State
for Carter after t:e resi9nation of C3rus 6ance? Sco=croft1 =:o s:o=s u< under 8an3
:eadin9s1 =as ensconced at t:e NSC? !us:7s ori9inal candidate for Secretar3 of ,efense
=as &o:n To=er1 =:o :ad been t:e <oint 8an of t:e 12/--/. co>eru< of Iran- contra durin9
t:e 8ont:s before t:e Con9ressional in>esti9atin9 co88ittees for8all3 9ot into t:e act?
To=er7s no8ination =as reBected b3 t:e Senate after :e =as accused of bein9 drun;en and
<ro8iscuous b3 %aul *e3ric:1 a !uc;le3ite acti>ist1 and ot:ers? So8e obser>ers t:ou9:t
t:at t:e To=er no8ination :ad been deliberatel3 tor<edoed b3 !us:7s o=n discreditin9
co88ittee so as to a>oid t:e <resence of a to< cabinet officer =it: t:e abilit3 to blac;8ail
!us: b3 t:reatenin9 to brin9 :i8 do=n at an3 ti8e? %er:a<s To=er :ad o>er<la3ed :is
:and? In an3 case1 ,ic; C:ene31 a *3o8in9 Con9ress8an =it: stron9 intelli9ence
co88unit3 connections1 =as s<eedil3 no8inated and confir8ed after To=er :ad been s:ot
do=n1 <ro8<tin9 s<eculation t:at C:ene3 =as t:e one !us: :ad reall3 =anted all t:e ti8e?
Anot:er Iran-contra >eteran in line to 9et a re=ard =as !us:7s for8er national securit3
ad>iser1 ,on Gre991 =:o :ad ser>ed !us: since at least t:e ti8e of t:e 12.- #orea9ate
scandal? Gre991 as =e :a>e seen1 =as 8ore t:an =illin9 to co88it t:e 8ost 8aladroit and
blatant <erBur3 in order to sa>e :is boss fro8 t:e =ol>es? T:e <at:etic dra8a of Gre997s
senate confir8ation :earin9s1 =:ic: 8ar;ed a true de9radation for t:at bod31 :as alread3
been recounted? Later1 =:en *illia8 *ebster retired as ,irector of t:e CIA1 t:ere =ere
<ersistent ru8ors t:at t:e :3<ert:3roid !us: :ad ori9inall3 de8anded t:at ,on Gre99 be
no8inated to ta;e :is <lace? Accordin9 to t:ese re<orts1 it re@uired all t:e ener93 of !us:7s
:andlers to con>ince t:e <resident t:at Gre99 =as too dirt3 to <ass confir8ationC !us:
relented1 but t:en announced to :is dis8a3ed and eE:austed staff t:at :is second and non-
ne9otiable c:oice for Lan9le3 =as Robert Gates1 t:e for8er CIA de<ut3 director =:o :ad
been =or;in9 as Sco=croft7s nu8ber t=o at t:e National Securit3 Council? T:e <roble8
=as t:at Gates1 =:o :ad alread3 dro<<ed out of an earlier confir8ation battle for t:e CIA
director7s <ost1 =as about as t:orou9:l3 co8<ro8ised as ,on Gre99? !ut at t:at <oint1
!us:7s could not be bud9ed a second ti8e1 so t:e na8e of Gates =as sent to t:e senate1
brin9in9 t:e entire Iran-contra co8<leE into full <ublic >ie= once a9ain? As it turned out1
t:e !us: ,e8ocrats in t:e Senate <ro>ed 8ore t:an =illin9 to a<<ro>e Gates?
Still on t:e Iran-contra list =as Gen? Colin %o=ell1 =:o8 !us: a<<ointed as C:air8an of
t:e &oint C:iefs of Staff? After 6ice Ad8iral &o:n %oindeEter and Oli>er Nort: :ad
de<arted fro8 t:e Old EEecuti>e Office !uildin9 in No>e8ber1 12/-1 Rea9an :ad
a<<ointed ran; Carlucci to lead t:e NSC? Carlucci :ad brou9:t alon9 Gen? %o=ell? *it:
Colin %o=ell as :is de<ut31 Carlucci cleaned u< t:e stables of Au9eias of t:e OEO!- NSC
co8<leE in suc: a =a3 as to 8ini8iAe da8a9e to !us:? %o=ell =as ot:er=ise a <rote9e of
t:e >er3 An9lo<:ile Cas<ar *einber9er1 and of Carlucci1 a 8an =it: stron9 lin;s to
O<eration ,e8ocrac3 and to t:e Sears1 Roebuc; interests?
T:e State ,e<art8ent1 too1 :ad its Iran-contra co>eru< bri9ade? irst ca8e T:o8as R?
%ic;erin91 c:osen b3 !us: to ta;e o>er :is old <ost as US A8bassador to t:e United
Nations1 a Bob =it: cabinet ran;? *:en %ic;erin9 =as US A8bassador to El Sal>ador
durin9 t:e 12/)-/+ <eriod1 :e :el<ed arran9e s:i<8ent of 8ore t:an I1 8illion of 8ilitar3
e@ui<8ent to t:e contras1 all durin9 a ti8e =:en t:is =as forbidden b3 US la=1 accordin9
to :is o=n testi8on3 before t:e Con9ressional Iran-contra in>esti9atin9 co88ittees?
%ic;erin9 did not re<ort an3 of :is doin9s to t:e State ,e<art8ent1 but instead ;e<t in close
touc: =it: ,on Gre991 eliE Rodri9ueA1 and Oli>er Nort: of !us:7s retinue? %ic;erin91
=:en :e =as a8bassador to Israel in 12/+-/-1 =as also in on Israeli t:ird-countr3 ar8s
s:i<8ents to Iran t:at =ere su<<osed to secure t:e release of certain :osta9es :eld in
nearb3 Lebanon? Gfn )H T:is >ul9ar1 9un-runnin9 filibusterer is no= t:e arro9ant s<o;es8an
for !us:7s Ne= *orld Order a8on9 t:e fi>e <er8anent 8e8bers of t:e United Nations
Securit3 Council1 =:ere :e dis<enses i8<erial t:reats and <latitudes?
Still on t:e Iran-contra co>eru< :onors list =e find Re9inald !art:olo8e=1 !us:7s c:oice as
Undersecretar3 of State for securit3 affairs1 science1 and tec:nolo93? !art:olo8e= =as US
A8bassador in !eirut in Se<te8ber-No>e8ber 12/+1 =:en an Israeli s:i<8ent of +5/ US-
8ade TO* antitan; 8issles =as follo=ed b3 t:e release of Re>? !enBa8in *eir1 an
A8erican :osta9e :eld b3 t:e <ro-Iranian Isla8ic &i:ad? Accordin9 to t:e testi8on3 of t:en
Secretar3 of State Geor9e S:ultA to t:e To=er !oard1 !art:olo8e= =as =or;in9 closel3
=it: Oli>er Nort: on a sc:e8e to use ,elta orce co88andoes to free an3 :osta9es not
s<ontaneousl3 released b3 Isla8ic &i:ad? Accordin9 to S:ultA1 !art:olo8e= told :i8 on
Se<te8ber )1 12/+ t:at FNort: =as :andlin9 an o<eration t:at =ould lead to t:e release of
all se>en :osta9es?F Gfn +H
Ot:er c:oice a<<oint8ents =ent to lon9-ti8e 8e8bers of t:e !us: net=or;? T:ese
included Manuel LuBan1 =:o =as ta<<ed for t:e ,e<art8ent of t:e Interior1 and for8er
Re<? Ed ,er=ins;i1 =:o =as 9i>en t:e 6eterans7 Ad8inistration1 s:ortl3 to be u<9raded to
a cabinet <ost? A <ro8inent fi9ure of !us:7s first 3ear in office =as *illia8 Reill31 ta<<ed
to be ad8inistrator of t:e En>iron8ental %ortection A9enc31 t:e 9reen <olice of t:e re9i8e?
Reill3 :ad been closel3 associated =it: t:e oli9arc:ical financier Russell Train at t:e US
branc: of %rince %:illi<7s *orld *ildlife und and t:e Conser>ation oundation?
So 8an3 to< cabinet <osts =ere t:us assi9ned on t:e basis of direct <ersonal ser>ices
rendered to Geor9e !us: t:at t:e colle9ial <rinci<le of an3 oli9arc:ic s3ste8 =ould a<<ear
to :a>e been ne9lected? T:ere =ere relati>el3 fe= ;e3 <osts left o>er for distribution to
<olitical-financial factions =:o 8i9:t reasonabl3 eE<ect to be brou9:t on board b3 bein9
9i>en a seat at t:e cabinet table? Ric:ard T:ornbur9:1 a creature of t:e Mellon interests =:o
:ad been 9i>en :is Bob under Rea9an1 =as allo=ed to sta3 on1 but t:is led to a constant
9uerilla =ar bet=een T:ornbur9: and !a;er =it: t:e ob>ious issue bein9 t:e 122-
succession to !us:? Cla3ton (eutter =ent to t:e ,e<art8ent of A9riculture because t:at
=as =:at t:e international 9rain cartel =anted? T:e c:oice of &ac; #e8<1 a 12//
<residential candidate =it: a lo3al conser>ati>e-<o<ulist base1 for Housin9 and Urban
,e>elo<8ent a<<eared ins<ired 8ore b3 !us:7s desire to <re>ent a c:allen9e fro8
e8er9in9 on :is ri9:t in t:e GO% <ri8aries of 122$ t:an b3 t:e need to cater to an
identifiable financier faction? T:e ta<<in9 of Rea9an7s Secretar3 of Education1 *illia8
!ennett1 a leadin9 ri9:t =in9 ideolo9ue and <ossible <residential <ros<ect1 to be ,ru9 CAar1
is a furt:er eEa8<le of t:e sa8e t:in;in9? T:e selection of EliAabet: Hanford ,ole to be
Secretar3 of Labor =as dictated b3 si8ilar intra-GO% considerations1 na8el3 t:e need to
<lacate t:e an9r3 Re<ublican Minorit3 Leader1 Sen? !ob ,ole of #ansas1 a darlin9 of
,=a3ne Andreas of Arc:er-,aniels-Midland and t:e rest of t:e 9rain cartel?
Later res:ufflin9 of t:e !us: cabinet :as confor8ed to t:e needs of 9ettin9 an intrinsicall3
=ea; candidate re-elected1 es<eciall3 b3 accentuatin9 t:e sout:ern strate93" =:en Lauro
Ca>aAo left t:e ,e<art8ent of Education1 :e =as re<laced b3 for8er Tennessee Go>ernor
La8ar AleEander? *:en !ennett :ad to be re<laced as dru9 cAar1 t:e nod =ent to anot:er
Re<ublican for8er sout:ern 9o>ernor1 !ob MartineA of lorida? All of t:is =as to build t:e
sout:ern base for 122$? *:en T:ornbur9: @uit as Attorne3 General to run for t:e senate in
%enns3l>ania in t:e >ain :o<e of <ositionin9 :i8self for 122-1 !us: ta<<ed T:ornbur9:7s
for8er nu8ber t=o at &ustice1 *illia8 %? !arr1 =:o :ad been a CIA officer =:en !us: =as
CIA director in 12.-1 for t:is ;e3 <olice-state <ost?
!ut all in all1 t:is cabinet =as >er3 8uc: an i88ediate reflection of t:e <ersonal net=or;
and interests of Geor9e !us:1 and not re<resentati>e of t:e <rinci<al financier factions =:o
control t:e United States? *e see :ere once 8ore t:e >er3 stron9 sense of national
9o>ern8ent as <ersonal <ro<ert3 for <ri>ate eE<loitation =:ic: =as e>ident in !us:7s oil
<rice <lo3 of 12/-1 and =:ic: =ill soon c:aracteriAe :is c:oreo9ra<:3 of t:e Gulf crisis of
1225-21? T:is a<<roac: to cabinet a<<oint8ents could 9i>e rise to a sur<risin9 =ea;ness on
t:e <art of t:e !us: re9i8e1 s:ould t:e <rinci<al financier factions beco8e disaffected in
t:e =a;e of t:e ban;in9 and currenc3 <anic to=ards =:ic: !us:7s <olicies are steerin9 t:e
countr3?
!us:7s s:a8eless eE<loitation of <olitical a<<oint8ents and <lu8 Bobs for blatant <ersonal
ad>anta9e beca8e a national scandal =:en :e be9an to assi9n certain a8bassadorial <osts?
It beca8e clear t:at t:ese Bobs of re<resentin9 t:e United States abroad :ad been >irtuall3
sold at auction1 =it: t:e 8ost fla9rant disre9ard for @ualifications and abilit31 in return for
cas: contributions to t:e !us: ca8<ai9n and t:e coffers of t:e Re<ublican %art3? T:ese
a<<oint8ents =ere carried out =it: !us:7s a<<ro>al b3 a transition tea8 of GO% <ollster
!ob Teeter1 !us:7s ca8<ai9n aide Crai9 uller1 =:o :ad lost out on :is bid to be *:ite
House c:ief of staff1 ca8<ai9n <ress secretar3 S:eila Tate1 and lon9-ti8e !us: staffer
C:ase Unter8e3er? Cal>in Ho=ard *il;ins &r?1 =:o :ad 9i>en o>er I1./1555 to t:e GO%
o>er a nu8ber of 3ears1 includin9 I2$1555 to t:e #ansas Re<ublican National State
Election Co88ittee on Se<te8ber -1 12//1 beca8e t:e ne= a8bassador to t:e Net:erlands?
%enne %erc3 #ort: =as !us:7s selection for a8bassador to MauritiusC Ms? #ort: =as a
crac; GO% fundraiser? ,ella M? Ne=8an1 ta<<ed for Ne= Jealand1 :ad been !us:7s
ca8<ai9n c:iar8an in *as:in9ton state? &o3 Sil>er8an1 !us:7s c:oice for !arbados1 :ad
contributed I1/51555? &ose<: !? Gilder:orn1 destined for S=itAerland1 :ad cou9:ed u<
I$551555? red !us:1 alle9edl3 not a relati>e but certainl3 a for8er aide and leadin9
fundraiser1 =as t:e ne= <resident7s ori9inal <ic; for LuEe8bur9? &ose<: Ja<<ala1 =:o 9a>e
I15515551 =as <ut u< for t:e Madrid e8bass3? Mel>in Se8bler1 anot:er 8e8ber of Tea8
1551 =as ta<<ed for Australia? red Jeder1 a !us: cron3 =:o :ad alread3 been t:e
a8bassador to Micronesia1 =as no8inated for t:e O>erseas %ri>ate In>est8ent
Cor<oration1 des<ite a con9ressional <robe of alle9ed corru<tion Gfn -H
As =it: an3 9rou< of ra<acious oli9arc:s1 t:e !us: cabinet =as <rone to outbrea;s of
intestine factional =arfare a8on9 >arious contendin9 cli@ues? ,urin9 t:e first da3s of t:e
ne= ad8inistration1 !us:7s *:ite House counsel !o3 Gra3 =as :it b3 re<orts t:at1 des<ite
:is :i9: 9o>ern8ent <ositions o>er t:e recent 3ears1 :e :ad retained a lucrati>e <ost as
c:air8an of t:e board of :is fa8il37s co88unications co8<an31 raisin9 t:e clear <roble8s
of conflicts of interest? Gra3 t:ereu<on @uit :is c:air8an7s <ost and1 follo=in9 !us:7s o=n
eEa8<le1 <ut :is stoc; into a blind trust? Gra3 t:en las:ed out a9ainst !a;er b3 lea;in9 t:e
fact t:at !a;er1 durin9 all :is 3ears as *:ite House c:ief of staff and Secretar3 of t:e
Treasur31 :ad ;e<t eEtensi>e :oldin9s of C:e8ical !an;in9 Cor<?1 a lendin9 institution t:at
:ad a direct interest in !a;er7s :andlin9 of debt ne9otiations =it: t:ird =orld debtor
countries =it:in t:e fra8e=or; of t:e infa8ous and failed F!a;er %lanF for international
debt-ser>ice 8aintenance? !o3 Gra3 also retaliated a9ainst !a;er b3 @uestionin9 t:e
constitutionalit3 of a deal ne9otiated b3 !a;er =it: t:e Con9ress for aid to t:e Nicara9uan
contras1 a deal =:ic: Ne=s=ee; classified as F!us:7s onl3 forei9n- <olic3 successF durin9
:is first t=o 8ont:s in office? Gfn .H !us: :ad atte8<ted to burnis: :is i8a9e b3 <ro8isin9
t:at :is ne= re9i8e =ould brea; =it: t:e sleaA3 Rea9an 3ears b3 <ro8otin9 ne= :i9:
standards of et:ical be:a>ior in =:ic: e>en t:e <erce<tion of corru<tion and conflict of
interest =ould be a>oided? T:ese :ollo= <led9es =ere <ro8<tl3 deflated b3 t:e realit3 of
8ore 9raft and 8ore :3<ocris3 t:an under Rea9an?
!us:7s first :undred da3s in office fulfilled u;u3a8a7s <ro<:ec3 t:at t:e End of Histor3
=ould be Fa >er3 sad ti8e?F If 7F<ost-:istor3F 8eant t:at >er3 little =as acco8<lis:ed1 !us:
filled t:e bill? T:ree =ee;s after :is inau9uration1 !us: addressed a Boint session of t:e
Con9ress on certain c:an9es t:at :e :ad <ro<osed in Rea9an7s last bud9et? T:e litan3 =as
:ollo= and <redictable" !us: =anted to be t:e Education %resident1 but =as =illin9 to
s<end less t:an a billion dollars of ne= 8one3 in order to do it? He froAe t:e US 8ilitar3
bud9et1 and announced a re>ie= of t:e <re>ious <olic3 to=ards t:e So>iet Union? T:is last
<oint 8eant t:at !us: =anted to =ait to see :o= fast t:e So>iets =ould in fact colla<se
before :e =ould e>en discuss trade nor8aliAation1 =:ic: :ad been t:e <ers<ecti>e :eld out
to Mosco= b3 Rea9an and ot:ers? !us: said :e =anted to Boin =it: ,ru9 CAar !ennett in
Fleadin9 t:e c:ar9eF in t:e =ar on dru9s?
!us: also =anted to be t:e En>iron8ental %resident? T:is =as a far 8ore serious
as<iration? S:ortl3 after t:e election1 !us: :ad attended t:e 9ala centennial a=ards dinner
of t:e >er3 oli9arc:ical National Geo9ra<:ic Societ31 for 8an3 3ears a <ersonal fiefdo8 of
t:e feudal-8inded Gros>enor fa8il3? !us: <ro8ised t:e audience t:at ni9:t t:at t:ere =as
Fone issue 83 ad8inistration is 9oin9 to address1 and I78 tal;in9 about t:e en>iron8ent?F
!us: confided t:at :e :ad been coordinatin9 :is <lans =it: !ritis: %ri8e Minister
Mar9aret T:atc:er1 and t:at :e :ad a9reed =it: :er on t:e necessit3 for Finternational
coo<erationF on 9reen issues? F*e =ill su<<ort 3ou1F intoned Gilbert Gros>enor1 a fello=
(ale alu8nus F???%lanet Eart: is at ris;?F A8on9 t:ose <resent durin9 t:at 9ala e>enin9 =as
Sir Ed8und Hillar31 =:o :ad <lanted t:e Union &ac; at t:e su88it of Mount E>erest? Gfn
/H
In order to be t:e En>iron8ental %resident1 !us: =as =illin9 to <ro<ose a disastrous Clean
Air Act t:at =ould drain t:e econo83 of :undreds of billions of dollars o>er ti8e in t:e
na8e of fi9:tin9 acid rain? !us:7s first :undred da3s coincided =it: t:e notable
<:eno8enon of t:e F9reenin9F of Mar9aret T:atc:er1 =:o :ad <re>iousl3 denounced
en>iron8entalists as Ft:e ene83 =it:in1F and fello= tra>ellers of t:e !ritis: Labour %art3
and t:e loonie left? T:atc:er7s resident ideolo9ue1 Nic:olas Ridle31 :ad referred to t:e 9reen
8o>e8ent in !ritian as F<seudo-MarEists?F !ut in t:e earl3 8ont:s of 12/21 alle9edl3
under t:e 9uidance of Sir Cris<in Tic;ell1 t:e !ritis: A8bassador to t:e United Nations1
T:atc:er e8braced t:e ort:odoE3 t:at t:e erosion of t:e oAone la3er1 t:e 9reen:ouse effect1
and acid rain --e>er3 one of t:e8 a <seudo-scientific :oaE--=ere indeed at t:e to< of t:e list
of t:e ur9ent <roble8s of t:e :u8an s<ecies? T:atc:er7s acce<tance of t:e 9reen ort:odoE3
<er8itted t:e s=ift establis:8ent of a total en>iron8entalist-Malt:usian consensus in t:e
Euro<ean Co88unit31 t:e Grou< of .1 and ot:er ;e3 international foru8s?
C:aracteristicall31 !us: follo=ed T:atc:er7s lead1 as :e =ould on so 8an3 ot:er issues?
,urin9 t:e :undred da3s1 !us: called for t:e eli8ination of all c:lorofluorocarbons 0CCs4
b3 t:e end of t:e centur31 t:us acce<tin9 t:e <osition assu8ed b3 t:e Euro<ean Co88unit3
as a result of Mrs? T:atc:er7s turnin9 9reen? !us: told t:e National Acade83 of Sciences
t:at ne= Fscientific ad>ance8entsF :ad <er8itted t:e identification of a serious t:reat to t:e
oAone la3erC !us: stressed t:e need to Freduce CCs t:at de<lete our <recious u<<er
at8os<:eric resources?F A treat3 :ad been si9ned in Montreal in 12/. t:at called for cuttin9
t:e <roduction of CCs b3 one :alf =it:in a ten-3ear <eriod? F!ut recent studies indicate
t:at t:is +5 <ercent reduction 8a3 not be enou9:1F !us: no= o<ined? Senator Al Gore of
Tennessee =as callin9 for co8<lete eli8ination of CCs =it:in fi>e 3ears? Here a <attern
e8er9ed t:at =as to be re<eated fre@uentl3 durin9 t:e !us: 3ears" !us: =ould 8a;e
s=ee<in9 concessions to t:e en>iron8entalist Luddites1 but =ould t:en be denounced b3
t:e8 for 8easures t:at =ere insufficientl3 radical? T:is =ould be t:e case =:en !us:7s
Clean Air !ill =as 9oin9 t:rou9: t:e Con9ress durin9 t:e su88er of 1225?
After !us:7s a<<earance before t:e Con9ress =it: :is re>ised bud9et1 t:e ne= re9i8e
eE<loited t:e :one38oon to seal a s=eet:eart contract =it: t:e rubber-sta8< Con9ressional
,e8ocrats1 =:o under no circu8stances could be confused =it: an o<<osition? T:e de
facto one <art3 state =as ali>e and =ell1 <ersonified b3 8il@uetoast Senator Geor9e
Mitc:ell of Maine1 t:e ,e8ocrats7 MaBorit3 Leader? T:e collusion bet=een !us: and t:e
,e8ocratic leaders:i< in>ol>ed ne= slei9:t of :and in order to 8eet t:e defecit tar9ets
sti<ulated b3 t:e Gra88-Rud8an-Hollin9s la=? T:is in>ol>ed 8obiliAin9 8ore t:an I155
billion fro8 sur<luses in t:e Social Securit31 :i9:=a31 and ot:er s<ecial trust funds =:ic:
:ad not <re>iousl3 been counted? T:e ,e8ocrats also =ent alon9 =it: a I$/ billion
<ac;a9e of asset sales1 financin9 tric;s1 and uns<ecified ne= re>enues? T:e3 also bou9:t
!us:7s ros3 econo8ic forecast of :i9:er econo8ic 9ro=t: and lo=er interest rates? Senate
MaBorit3 Leader Mitc:ell1 acce<tin9 :is <at:etic rubber-sta8< role1 co88ented onl3 t:at
F8uc: sterner 8easures =ill be re@uired in t:e future?F Since t:e ,e8ocrats =ere inca<able
of <ro<osin9 an econo8ic reco>er3 <ro9ra8 in order to deal =it: t:e de<ression1 t:e3 =ere
conde8ned to 9i>e !us: =:at :e =anted? T:is <articular s=indle =ould co8e bac; to
:aunt all concerned1 but not before t:e s<ectacular bud9et debacle of October1 1225?
In t:e s<rin9 of 12251 accordin9 to an esti8ate b3 Sid Ta3lor of t:e National TaE<a3ers7
Union1 t:e total <otential liabilities of t:e US ederal 9o>ern8ent eEceeded I1) t:ousand
billion? At t:at <oint t:e national debt totalled I$?/ billion1 but t:is esti8ate included t:e
co88itt8ents of t:e ederal Sa>in9s and Loan Insurance Cor<oration1 t:e ederal ,e<osit
Insurance Cor<oration1 t:e %ension !enefit Guarantee Cor<oration1 and ot:er a9encies?
!us:7s inabilit3 to <ull :is re9i8e to9et:er for a serious round of do8estic austerit3 =as not
a<<reciated b3 t:e cro=d at t:e !an; for International Settle8ents in Gene>a? E>el3n
Rot:sc:ild7s London Econo8ist su88ed u< t:e international ban;in9 >ie= of Geor9e7s
te8<oriAin9 on t:is score =it: its :eadline1 F!us: !u8bles?F
A fe= =ee;s into t:e ne= ad8inistration1 it =as t:e colla<se of t:e SLIC1 studiousl3
i9nored b3 t:e =anin9 Rea9an Ad8inistration1 t:at reac:ed critical 8ass? On ebruar3 -1
12/21 !us: announced 8easures t:at :is i8a9e-8on9ers billed as t:e 8ost s=ee<in9 and
si9nificant <iece of financial le9islation since t:e creation of t:e ederal Reser>e !oard on
t:e e>e of *orld *ar I? T:is =as t:e sa>in9s and loan bailout1 a ne= or93 in t:e
8onetiAation of debt and a 9iant ste< to=ards t:e consolidation of a neo-fascist cor<orate
state?
At t:e :eart of !us:7s <olic3 =as :is refusal to ac;no=led9e t:e eEistence of an econo8ic
crisis of collossal <ro<ortions =:ic: :ad a8on9 its s38<to8s t:e 9at:erin9 colla<se of t:e
real estate 8ar;et after t:e stoc; 8ar;et cras: of October1 12/.? T:e se@uence of a stoc;
8ar;et <anic follo=ed b3 a real estate and ban;in9 crisis closel3 follo=ed t:e se@uence of
t:e Great ,e<ression of t:e 12'57s? !ut !us: >iolentl3 reBected t:e eEistence of suc: a
crisis1 and =as 9ri8l3 deter8ined to <us: on =it: 8ore of t:e sa8e? T:is 8eant t:at
federal 9o>ern8ent =ould si8<l3 ta;e control of t:e sa>in9s ban;s1 t:e o>er=:el8in9
8aBorit3 of =:ic: =ere ban;ru<t or i88inentl3 ban;ru<t? T:e sa>in9s ban;s =ould t:en be
sold off? T:e de<ositors 8i9:t 9et t:eir 8one31 but t:e result =ould be t:e total debase8ent
of t:e currenc3 and a dee<enin9 de<ression all around? In t:e <rocess1 t:e US federal
9o>ern8ent =ould beco8e one of t:e 8ain o=ners of real estate1 buildin9s1 and t:e
=ort:less Bun; bonds t:at :ad been s<e=ed out b3 !us:7s friend Henr3 #ra>is and :is
<artner Mic:ael Mill;en durin9 t:e :ead3 da3s of t:e boo8?
T:e federal 9o>ern8ent =ould create a ne= =orld of bonded debt to <a3 for t:e sa>in9s
ban;s t:at =ould be seiAed? *:en !us: announced :is bailout t:at ebruar31 :e stated t:at
I)5 billion :ad alread3 been <oured into t:e SNL sin;:ole1 and t:at :e <ro<osed to issue an
additional I+5 billion in ne= bonds t:rou9: a financin9 cor<oration1 a subsidiar3 of t:e
ne= Resolution Trust Cor<oration? !3 Au9ust1 12/21 =:en !us:7s le9islation :ad been
<assed1 t:e esti8ated cost of t:e SNL bailout :ad increased to I1-) billion o>er a <eriod of
ten 3ears1 =it: I$5 billion of t:at sc:eduled to be s<ent b3 t:e end of Se<te8ber1 12/2?
*it:in a fe= 8ont:s1 !us: =as forced to increase :is esti8ates once a9ain? FIt7s a =:ale of
a 8ess1 and =e7ll see =:ere =e 9o1F !us: told a 9rou< of ne=s<a<er editorial =riters at t:e
*:ite House in 8id-,ece8ber? F*e7>e :ad t:is one refinancin9? I a8 told t:at t:at 8i9:t
not be enou9:?F !3 t:is ti8e1 acade8ic eE<erts =ere su99estin9 t:at t:e bailout 8i9:t
eEceed t:e ad8inistration7s I1-) billion b3 as 8uc: as I155 billion 8ore? E>er3 ne=
esti8ate =as s=iftl3 o>erta;en b3 t:e 9:astl3 s<ectacle of a real estate 8ar;et in free fall1
=it: no botto8 in si9:t? T:e 9ro=in9 <ublic a=areness of t:eis situation1 co8<ounded b3
t:e on9oin9 ban;ru<tc3 of t:e co88ercial ban;in9 s3ste8 as =ell1 =ould lead in &ul31
1225 to a >er3 u9l3 <ublic relations crisis for t:e !us: re9i8e around t:e role of t:e
<resident7s son 0and Scott Hinc;le37s old friend4 Neil !us: in t:e insol>enc3 of t:e
Sil>erado Sa>in9s and Loan of ,en>er1 Colorado? As =e =ill see1 one of t:e ob>ious
reasons for !us:7s ent:usiastic c:oice of =ar in t:e %ersian Gulf =as t:e need to 9et Neil
!us: off t:e front <a9e? !ut e>en t:e Gulf =ar bou9:t no res<ite in t:e colla<se of t:e real
estate 8ar;ets and t:e c:ain-reaction ban;ru<tcies of t:e sa>in9s ban;s" b3 t:e su88er of
12211 federal re9ulators =ere seiAin9 SNLs at t:e rate of Bust under one e>er3 business da31
and t:e esti8ates of t:e total <rice ta9 of t:e bailout :ad s;3roc;eted to o>er I+55 billion1
=it: e>er3 certaint3 t:at t:is fi9ure =ould also be sur<assed? Gfn 2H
T:e carna9e a8on9 t:e SNLs did not <re>ent !us: fro8 see;in9 an increase in t:e US
contribution to t:e International Monetar3 und1 t:e 8ain a9enc3 of a =orld austerit3 t:at
clai8s u<=ards of +5 8illion :u8an li>es eac: 3ear as t:e needless >icti8s of its
Malt:usian conditionalities? T:e 8e8bers of t:e IM :ad been debatin9 an increase in t:e
funds eac: 8e8ber 8ust <a3 into t:e IM 0=:ic: :as been ban;ru<t for 3ears as a 8atter
of realit341 =it: Mana9in9 ,irector Mic:el Ca8dessus <ro<osin9 a 155R increase1 and
!ritain and Saudi Arabia ar9uin9 for a 8uc: s8aller $+R :i;e? !us: atte8<ted to 8ediate
and resol>e t:e dis<ute =it: a <ro<osal for a '+R increase1 e@ual to an I/ billion additional
<a38ent b3 t:e US? T:is su8 =as e@ual to 8ore t:an t:ree ti8es t:e 3earl3 eE<enditure for
t:e :i9:l3 successful1 but tra9icall3 underfunded *o8en1 Infants and C:ildren 0*IC4
<ro9ra8 of t:e US ,e<art8ent of A9riculture1 =:ic: atte8<ted to <ro>ide a :i9:-<rotein
and balanced food su<<le8ent to 8ot:ers and t:eir offs<rin9? *IC under=ent sa>a9e cuts
durin9 t:e first 3ear of t:e !us: re9i8e1 causin9 8an3 need3 =o8en =:o sou9:t its
benefits to be turned a=a3 and denied e>en suc: 8odest @uantities of sur<lus c:eese1
<o=dered 8il;1 and oran9e Buice as t:e <ro9ra8 <ro>ides? Gfn 15H
As t:e de<ression dee<ened1 !us: :ad onl3 one idea" to reduce t:e ca<ital 9ains taE rate
fro8 $/R to 1+R? T:is =as a <ro<osal for a direct <ublic subsid3 to t:e >ulture le9ions of
#ra>is1 Liedt;e1 %ic;ens1 Mil;en1 !rad31 Mosbac:er1 and t:e rest of !us:7s a<ostles of
9reed? T:e !us:8en esti8ated t:at a ca<ital 9ains taE reduction in t:is 8a9nitude =ould
cost t:e Treasur3 so8e I$+ billion in lost recei<ts o>er - 3ears1 a crass underesti8ate?
T:ese funds1 ar9ued t:e !us:8en1 =ould t:en be in>ested :i9:-tec: <lant and e@ui<8ent1
creatin9 ne= Bobs and ne= <roduction? In realit31 t:e funds =ould :a>e flo=ed into bi99er
and better le>era9ed bu3outs1 =:ic: =ere still bein9 atte8<ted after t:e cras: of t:e Bun;
bond 8ar;et =it: t:e failure of t:e United Airlines bu3out in October1 12/2? !ut !us: :ad
no serious interest in1 or e>en a=arenss of1 co88odit3 <roduction? His <olicies :ad no=
brou9:t t:e countr3 to a brin; of a financial <anic in =:ic: .+R of t:e current <rices of all
stoc;s1 bonds1 debentures1 8ort9a9es1 and ot:er financial <a<er =ould be =i<ed out?
Not @uite :alf=a3 t:rou9: :is dis8al first :undred da3s1 !us: =as 8o>ed to defend
:i8nself a9ainst c:ar9es t:at :e =as <residin9 o>er a debacle? On da3 )+ of t:e ne=
re9i8e1 !us: told re<orters t:at :e :ad tal;ed on t:e <:one to a certain Robert *? !la;e1 an
oil8an of Lubboc;1 TeEas1 t:e cit3 =:ic: Neil !us: and &o:n Hinc;le3 :ad called :o8e
for a =:ile in t:e late 12.57s? !la;e :ad alle9edl3 told !us: t:at Fall t:e <eo<le in Lubboc;
t:in; t:in9s are 9oin9 9reat?F Ar8ed =it: t:is testi8onial1 !us: defended :is :andlin9 of
t:e <residenc3" FIt7s not adrift and t:ere isn7t 8alaise1F :e said1 ans=erin9 colu8nists =:o
:ad su99ested t:at t:e countr3 :ad fallen t:rou9: a ti8e =ar< bac; to t:e da3s of &i883
Carter? FSo I =ould si8<l3 resist t:e cla8or t:at not:in9 see8s to be bubblin9 around1 t:at
not:in9 is :a<<enin9? A lot is :a<<enin9? Not all of it 9ood1 but a lot is :a<<enin9?F !us:
described :is oil8an friend !la;e as Fa >er3 obBecti>e s<o;es8an1F and stated t:is :is
<ersonal rule =as Fne>er 9et all too u<ti9:t about stuff t:at :asn7t reac:ed Lubboc; 3et?F Gfn
11H
If t:ere =as a constant note in !us:7s first 3ear in office1 it =as a callousl3 flaunted
conte8<t for t:e 8iser3 of t:e A8erican <eo<le? ,urin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12/21 t:e Con9ress
<assed a bill t:at =ould :a>e raised t:e 8ini8u8 =a9e in interstate co88erce fro8 I'?++
<er :our to I)?++ <er :our b3 a series of incre8ents o>er t:ree 3ears? T:is le9islation =ould
e>en :a>e <er8itted a sub8ini8u8 =a9e t:at could be <aid to certain ne=l3 :ired =or;ers
o>er a -5-da3 trainin9 <eriod? !us: >etoed t:is 8easure because t:e I)?++ 8ini8u8 =a9e
=as '5 cents an :our :i9:er t:an :e =anted1 and because :e de8anded a sub8ini8u8
=a9e for all ne= e8<lo3ees for t:e first siE 8ont:s on t:e Bob1 re9ardless of t:eir <re>ious
eE<erience or trainin9? On &une 1)1 12/21 t:e House of Re<resentati>es failed to o>erride
t:is >eto1 b3 a 8ar9in of '. >otes? 0Later1 !us: si9ned le9islation to raise t:e 8ini8u8
=a9e to I)?$+ <er :our o>er t=o 3ears1 =it: a sub8ini8u8 trainin9 =a9e a<<licable onl3
to teena9ers and onl3 durin9 t:e first 25 da3s of t:e teena9ers7 e8<lo38ent1 =it: t:e
<ossibilit3 of a second 25-da3 trainin9 =a9e stint if t:e3 8o>ed on to a different e8<lo3er?4
Gfn 1$H T:is =as t:e sa8e Geor9e !us: =:o :ad <ro<osed I1-) billion for ban;ru<t SNLs1
and I/ billion for t:e International Monetar3 und1 all =it:out battin9 an e3e?
!efore C:rist8as1 12//1 and durin9 ot:er :olida3 <eriods1 !us: custo8aril3 Boined :is
billionaire cron3 *illia8 Sta8<s arris: III at :is LaA3 Ranc: near !ee>ille1 TeEas1 for
t:e t=o 8en7s traditional :olida3 @uail :unt? T:is =as t:e sa8e *illia8 Sta8<s arris: III
=:ose 9randfat:er1 t:e <resident of Standard Oil of Ne= &erse31 :ad financed Heinric:
Hi88ler? *illia8 Sta8<s arris: III7s in>est8ent ban; in Houston1 *?S? arris: N Co? :ad
at one ti8e 8ana9ed t:e <ersonal blind trust into =:ic: !us: :ad <laced :is <ersonal
in>est8ent <ortfolio? arris: =as ric: enou9: to >aunt fi>e addresses" !ee>ille1 TeEasC
Lane7s End ar8 in t:e 6ersailles1 #entuc;3 blue9rassC lorida1 and t=o ot:ers? arris:7s
:obb3 for t:e <ast se>eral decades :ad been t:e creation of :is o=n to<- fli9:t far8 for t:e
raisin9 of t:orou9:bred :orses? T:is =as t:e '1555 acre LaA3 Ranc:1 =it: its ten :orse
barns1 four su8<tuous residences1 155 e8<lo3ees1 and ot:er i8<ro>e8ents? O>er t:e 3ears1
arris: :as saddled =inners in t:e 12.$ %rea;ness and t:e 12/. !el8ont Sta;es1 and bred
/5 sta;es =inners o>er t:e <ast decade? arris:1 =:o is 8arried to Sara: S:ar<1 t:e
dau9:ter of a ,u %ont :eiress1 :ad =or;ed =it: !us: as an aide durin9 t:e 12-) senate
ca8<ai9n?
arris: =as ric: enou9: to eEtend :is lar9esse e>en to Lueen EliAabet: II of t:e United
#in9do81 <robabl3 t:e ric:est indi>idual in t:e =orld? T:e Lueen :as >isited arris:7s
:orse far8 at least four ti8es o>er t:e <ast fe= 3ears1 tra>ellin9 b3 Ro3al Air orce Betliner
to t:e !lue Grass Air<ort in LeEin9ton1 #entuc;31 acco8<anied b3 8ares =:ic: Her
MaBest3 =is:es to breed =it: arris:7s 8illion-dollar <riAe stallions? arris:
8a9nani8ousl3 =ai>es t:e usual stud fees for t:e Lueen1 resultin9 in an esti8ated sa>in9s
to Her MaBest3 of so8e I/551555? arris:7s social circle is rounded out b3 suc: <lutocrats
as Clarence Sc:arbauer1 a fello= 8e8ber of t:e :orse3 set =:o also :a<<ens to o=n t:e
ban;1 t:e :otel1 t:e radio station1 oil =ells1 and an esti8ated one :alf of t:e cit3 of Midland1
TeEas1 t:e old !us: bastion in t:e %er8ian !asin?
arris: :as been described as t:e !us: re9i8e7s counter<art to !ebe ReboAo1 Ric:ard
NiEon7s sleaA3 cron3? Accordin9 to !us:1 =:en :e is =atc:in9 8o>ies1 :untin91 and
<la3in9 tennis =it: :is old friend arris:1 F=e tal; about issues? He7s >er3 u< on t:in9s1 but
it7s a co8fortable t:in91 not <robin9 be3ond =:at I =ant to sa3?F Mic:ael (or; of t:e
*as:in9ton %ost =rote t:at Faris: sa3s :e7ll al=a3s be one of !us:7s bi99est boosters1 and
:e7s read3 at a 8o8ent7s notice to 8a;e t:e resu8e ar9u8ent in fa>or of !us:7s bein9 t:e
best-<re<ared 8an e>er to beco8e <resident? It7s also clear t:at !us: re9ularl3 as;s aris:7s
ad>ice on t:e bud9et1 do8estic <olic31 and <olitics?F *it: a cabal of friends and ad>isers
li;e *illia8 Sta8<s aris: III and Henr3 #ra>is1 =e be9in to co8<re:end t:e =ells<rin9s
of !us:7s <olicies of <arasitical lootin9 of infrastructure and t:e =or; force? Gfn 1'H
or Geor9e !us:1 t:e eEercise of <o=er :as al=a3s been inse<arable fro8 t:e use of s8ear1
scandal1 and t:e final sanctions of <olice-state 8et:ods a9ainst <olitical ri>als and ot:er
branc:es of 9o>ern8ent? A classic eEa8<le =as t:e #orea9ate scandal of 12.-1 unleas:ed
=it: t:e :el< of !us:7s lon9-ti8e retainer1 ,on Gre99? It =ill be recalled t:at #ore9ate
included t:e to<<lin9 of ,e8ocratic S<ea;er of t:e House Carl Albert of O;la:o8a1 =:o
@uietl3 retired fro8 t:e House at t:e end of 12.-? T:at =as in t:e 3ear =:en !us: :ad
returned fro8 !eiBin9 to Lan9le3? *as it 8erel3 coincidence t:at in t:e first 3ear of !us:7s
tenure in t:e *:ite House not Bust t:e ,e8ocratic S<ea;er of t:e House1 but also t:e House
MaBorit3 *:i<1 =ere dri>en fro8 officeD
T:e ca8<ai9n a9ainst S<ea;er of t:e House &i8 *ri9:t =as s<ear:eaded b3 Geor9ia
Re<ublican Con9ress8an Ne=t Gin9ric:1 a t3<ical F=ed9e issueF ideolo9ue of t:e GO%7s
Sout:ern Strate93? ,urin9 12/.-//1 Gin9ric: :ad been bad-8out:in9 *ri9:t as t:e
FMussolini of t:e House?F Gin9ric:7s ca8<ai9n a9ainst *ri9:t could ne>er :a>e succeeded
=it:out s3ste8atic su<<ort fro8 t:e ne=s 8edia1 =:o re9ularl3 tru8<eted :is c:ar9es and
lent :i8 a =:oll3 undeser>ed i8<ortance? Gin9ric:7s <reteEt =as a stor3 about t:e
financin9 of a s8all boo; in =:ic: *ri9:t :ad collected so8e of :is old s<eec:es1 =:ic:
Gin9ric: clai8ed :ad been sold to lobb3ists in suc: a =a3 as to constitute an unre<orted
9ift in >iolation of t:e House rules? One of Gin9ric:7s first ste<s =:en :e launc:ed t:e
assault on *ri9:t durin9 12// =as to send letters to !us: and to Assistant Attore3 General
*illia8 *eld1 =:ose fa8il3 in>est8ent ban;1 *:ite *eld1 :ad <urc:ased Uncle Herbie
*al;er7s G?H? *al;er N Co? bro;era9e =:en !us:7s fa>orite uncle =as read3 to retire?
Gin9ric: =rote" FMa3 I su99est1 t:e neEt ti8e t:e ne=s 8edia as;s about corru<tion in t:e
*:ite House1 3ou as; t:e8 about corru<tion in t:e S<ea;er7s office?F A si8ilar letter =ent
out fro8 t:e FConser>ati>e Ca8<ai9n undF to all GO% House candidates =it: t:e
8essa9e" F*e =rite to encoura9e 3ou to 8a;e???House S<ea;er &i8 *ri9:t a 8aBor issue in
3our ca8<ai9n?F !us: <laced :i8self in t:e >an9uard of t:is ca8<ai9n?
*:en !us:1 in t:e 8idst of :is <residential ca8<ai9n1 =as as;ed b3 re<orters about t:e
in>esti9ation of Rea9an Attorne3 General Ed=in Meese 0no friend of !us:4 concernin9 :is
dealin9s =it: t:e *edtec: Cor<oration1 :e re<lied" F(ou tal; about Ed Meese? Ho= about
tal;in9 about =:at Co88on Cause raised a9ainst t:e S<ea;er t:e ot:er da3D Are t:e3
9oin9 to 9o for an inde<endent counsel so t:e nation =ill :a>e t:is full in>esti9ationD *:3
don7t <eo<le call out for t:atD I =ill ri9:t no=? I t:in; t:e3 ou9:t to?F Gfn 1)H Rea9an
follo=ed !us:7s lead in callin9 for *ri9:t to be in>esti9ated?
Accordin9 to <ublis:ed accounts1 *ri9:t =as dee<l3 offended b3 !us:7s role in t:e assault
t:at =as bein9 or9aniAed a9ainst :i81 since t:e t=o s:ared t:e bac;9round of bein9 TeEas
Con9ress8en and :ad often :ad dealin9s to9et:er? At a dinner :eld b3 Italian A8bassador
Rinaldo %etri9nani1 *ri9:t =ent out of :is =a3 to a>oid 8eetin9 !us:1 and :ad :is =ife
fei9n illness as an eEcuse to lea>e >er3 earl3? !us: in t:ose da3s fre@uented t:e House
938nasiu8 to <la3 rac;etball =it: :is old cron31 Mississi<<i ,e8ocrat Sonn3
Mont9o8er3? !us: attended t:e annual dinner of t:e House 938nasiu8 and :ere crossed
<at:s =it: *ri9:t?
*ri9:t told !us:" FGeor9e1 I78 not feelin9 ;indl3 to=ard 3ou? (ou too; a c:ea< s:ot at 8e?
And I :ad Bust been defendin9 3ou?F !us: fle= into a ra9e" F*:en did 3ou defend 8eD (ou
da8n =ell didn7t defend 8e at 3our con>ention?F F*ell1 Geor9e1 3ou don7t :a>e an3
co8<laint about =:at I said1F =as *ri9:t7s reBoinder? F(ou don7t find 8e attac;in9 3our
inte9rit3 or 3our :onor?F F(ou and I Bust see it differentl31F said !us: as :e stal;ed off in a
ra9e? Gfn 1+H
Later1 *ri9:t turned to Sonn3 Mont9o8er3 to use :is 9ood offices to resol>e t:e dis<ute
=it: !us:? *ri9:t called !us: and offered t:e oli>e branc:? FGeor9e1 if 3ou7re %resident
and I78 S<ea;er1 =e7>e 9ot to =or; to9et:er?F F&i81 I78 >er3 9lad 3ou called? I did not 8ean
to be <ersonall3 offensi>e?F !3 t:is <oint t:e reader ;no=s t:e real !us: =ell enou9: to
9i>e t:at assurance its <ro<er =ei9:t? !us: attenuated :is <ublic attac;s on *ri9:t in t:e
ca8<ai9n1 but t:e =itc:-:unt a9ainst *ri9:t =ent on? After !us: :ad =on t:e election1
!us: is re<orted to :a>e <ro8ised *ri9:t a truce? FI =ant 3ou to ;no= I res<ect 3ou and
t:e House as an institution? I =on7t :a>e an3 <art in an3t:in9 at all t:at i8<in9es on 3our
:onor or inte9rit31F !us: is said to :a>e reassured t:e S<ea;er? !efore !us: too; office1
*ri9:t =as bus3 =or;in9 on :is fa>orite <o<ulist t:e8es" t:e concentration of financial
<o=er1 :ousin91 education1 :ealt: care1 and taEes?
In &anuar3-ebruar31 12/21 t:e House too; under consideration a <a3 increase for 8e8bers?
!ot: Rea9an and !us: :ad endorsed suc: a <a3 increase1 but Lee At=ater1 no= installed at
t:e Re<ublican National Co88ittee1 launc:ed a series of 8ailin9s and <ublic state8ents to
8a;e t:e <a3 increase into a ne= =ed9e issue? It =as a brilliant success1 =it: t:e :el< of a
fe= old %rescott !us: strin9s <ulled on ;e3 tal; s:o= :osts across t:e countr3? !us:
acco8<lis:ed t:e cou< of t:orou9:l3 destabiliAin9 t:e Con9ress at t:e outset of :is tenure?
*ri9:t =as :ounded out of office and into retire8ent a fe= 8ont:s later1 follo=ed b3 Ton3
Coel:o1 t:e ,e8ocratic =:i<? *:at re8ained =as t:e 8ee; To8 ole31 a <liable rubber
sta8<1 and Ric:ard Geb:ardt1 =:o briefl3 9ot in trouble =it: !us: durin9 12/21 but =:o
found :is =a3 to a deal =it: !us: t:at allo=ed :i8 to rubber-sta8< !us:7s Ffast trac;F
for8ula for t:e free trade Aone =it: MeEico1 =:ic: effecti>el3 ;illed an3 :o<e of resistance
to t:at 8easure? T:e fall of *ri9:t =as a decisi>e ste< in t:e do8estication of t:e Con9ress
b3 t:e !us: re9i8e?
!us: =as also able to rel3 on an eEtensi>e s=a8< of F!us: ,e8ocratsF =:o =ould su<<ort
:is <ro<osals under >irtuall3 all circu8stances? T:e basis of t:is <:eno8enon =as t:e
ob>ious fact t:at t:e national leaders:i< of t:e ,e8ocratic %art3 :ad lon9 been a 9an9 of
Harri8anites? T:e !ro=n1 !rot:ers1 Harri8an 9ri< on t:e ,e8ocratic %art3 :ad been
re<resented b3 *? A>erell Harri8an until :is deat:1 and after t:at =as carried on b3 :is
=ido=1 %a8ela C:urc:ill Harri8an1 t:e for8er =ife of Sir *inston C:urc:ill7s alco:olic
son1 Randol<:? T:e >er3 eEtensi>e Me3er Lans;3OAnti-,efa8ation Lea9ue net=or;s
a8on9 t:e ,e8ocrats =ere oriented to=ards coo<eration =it: !us:1 so8eti8es directl31
and so8eti8es t:rou9: t:e orc:estration of 9an9 >s? counter9an9 c:arades for t:e
8ani<ulation of <ublic o<inion? A s<ecial source of !us: stren9t: a8on9 sout:ern
,e8ocrats is t:e coo<eration bet=een S;ull and !ones and sout:ern Burisdiction
free8asons in t:e tradition of t:e infa8ous Albert %i;e? T:ese sout:ern Burisdiction
free8asonic net=or;s :a>e been 8ost ob>iousl3 decisi>e in t:e senate1 =:ere a 9rou< of
sout:ern ,e8ocratic senators :a>e routinel3 Boined =it: !us: to bloc; o>errides of !us:7s
8an3 >etoes1 or to <ro>ide a <ro-!us: 8aBorit3 on ;e3 >otes li;e t:e Gulf =ar resolution?
!us:7s st3le in t:e O>al Office =as described durin9 t:is <eriod as FeEtre8el3 secreti>e?F
Man3 8e8bers of !us:7s staff felt t:at t:e <resident :ad :is o=n lon9-ter8 <lans1 but
refused to discuss t:e8 =it: :is o=n to< *:ite House <ersonnel? ,urin9 !us:7s first 3ear1
t:e *:ite House =as described as Fa to8b1F =it:out t:e usual dense barra9e of lea;s1
counter-lea;s1 trial balloons1 and si9nals =:ic: 9o>ern8ent insiders custo8aril3 e8<lo3 to
influence <ublic debate on <olic3 8atters? !us: is said to e8<lo3 a Fneed to ;no=F
a<<roac: e>en =it: :is closest *:ite House collaborators1 ;ee<in9 eac: one of t:e8 in t:e
dar; about =:at t:e ot:ers are doin9? Aides :a>e co8<lained of t:eir inabilit3 to ;ee< u<
=it: !us:7s <:one calls =:en :e 9oes into :is fa8ous Fs<eed-dialin9 8ode1F in =:ic: :e
can contact doAens of <oliticians1 ban;ers or =orld leaders =it:in a cou<le of :ours?
Unaut:oriAed <assa9es of infor8ation fro8 one office to anot:er inside t:e *:ite House
constitute lea;s in !us:7s o<inion1 and :e :as been at <ains to su<<ress t:e8? *:en
infor8ation =as 9i>en to t:e <ress about a <lanned 8eetin9 =it: Gorbac:o>1 !us:
t:reatened :is to<-le>el ad>isers" FIf =e cannot 8aintain <ro<er secrec3 =it: t:is 9rou<1 =e
=ill cut t:e circle do=n?F
!us: routinel3 :u8iliates and 8ortifies :is subordinates? T:is recalls :is st3le in dealin9
=it: t:e nu8erous :a<less ser>ants and do8estics =:o <o<ulated :is <atrician 3out:C it
8a3 also :a>e been re-enforced b3 t:e c:aracteristic st3le of Henr3 #issin9er? If ad>isers or
staff dare to 8anifest disa9ree8ent1 t:e t3<ical !us: retort is a =:inin9 FIf 3ou7re so
da8ned s8art1 =:3 are 3ou doin9 =:at 3ou7re doin9 and I78 t:e <resident of t:e United
StatesDF Gfn 1-H
In one sense1 !us:7s st3le reflects :is desire to see8 Fabsolute and autocraticF in t:e
tradition of t:e Ro8ano> tsars and ot:er !3Aantine rulers? He refuses to be ad>ised or
dissuaded on 8an3 issues1 rel3in9 on :is enra9ed1 :3<et:3roid intuitions? More <rofoundl31
!us:7s Fabsolute and autocraticF act =as a co>er for t:e fact t:at 8an3 of :is initiati>es1
ideas1 and <olicies ca8e fro8 outside of t:e United States 9o>ern8ent1 since t:e3
ori9inated in t:e rarified et:er of t:ose international finance circles =:ere na8es li;e
Harri8an1 #ra>is and Ga88ell =ere t:e coin of t:e real8? Indeed1 8an3 of !us:7s <olicies
ca8e fro8 outside of t:e United States alto9et:er1 and deri>ed fro8 t:e oli9arc:ical
financial circles of t:e Cit3 of London? T:e classic case =ill t:e t:e Gulf crisis of 1225-21?
*:en t:e docu8ents on t:e !us: Ad8inistration are finall3 t:ro=n o<en to t:e <ublic1 it is
s safe bet t:at so8e to< !ritis: financiers and orei9n Office t3<es =ill be found to :a>e
co8bined re8ar;able access and <o=er =it: a non-eEistent <ublic <rofile?
One of t:e definin9 8o8ents in t:e first 3ear of t:e !us:7s <residenc3 =as :is reaction to
t:e Tien An Men 8assacre of &une )1 12/2? No one can for9et t:e 8a9nificent 8o>e8ent of
t:e anti-totalitarian C:inese students =:o used t:e occasion of t:e funeral of Hu (aoban9
in t:e s<rin9 of 12/2 to launc: a 8o>e8ent of <rotest and refor8 a9ainst t:e 8onstrous
dictators:i< of ,en9 Miao-<in91 (an9 S:an;un1 and %ri8e Minister Li %en9? As t:e <ortrait
of t:e old butc:er Mao Tse-tun9 loo;ed do=n fro8 t:e for8er i8<erial <alace1 t:e students
erected a statue of libert3 and filled t:e s@uare =it: t:e Ode to &o3 fro8 !eet:o>en7s Nint:
S38<:on3? !3 t:e end of Ma3 it =as clear t:at t:e ,en9 re9i8e =as atte8<tin9 to <ull
itself to9et:er to atte8<t a con>ulsi>e 8assacre of its <olitical o<<osition? At t:is <oint1 it is
li;el3 t:at a <ointed and une@ui>ocal <ublic =arnin9 fro8 t:e United States 9o>ern8ent
8i9:t :a>e a>oided t:e loo8in9 blood3 crac;do=n a9ainst t:e students? E>en a =arnin9
t:rou9: secret di<lo8atic c:annels 8i9:t :a>e sufficed? !us: undertoo; neit:er1 and :e
8ust bear res<onsibilit3 for t:is blatant o8ission?
T:e non->iolent <rotest of t:e students =as t:en crus:ed b3 t:e 8artial la= troo<s of t:e
:ated and discredited co88unist re9i8e? Untold t:ousands of students =ere ;illed outri9:t1
and t:ousands 8ore died in t:e 8erciless deat: :unt a9ainst <olitical dissidents =:ic:
follo=ed? Man;ind =as :orrified? or !us:1 :o=e>er1 t:e 8ain considerations =ere t:at
,en9 Miao-<in9 =as <art of :is o=n <ersonal net=or;1 =it: =:o8 !us: :ad 8aintained
close contact since at least 12.+? !us:7s de>otion to t:e i88oral !ritis: doctrine of
F9eo<oliticsF furt:er dictated t:at unless and until t:e USSS :ad totall3 colla<sed as a
8ilitar3 <o=er1 t:e US alliance =it: C:ina as t:e second stron9est land <o=er 8ust be
8aintained at all costs? Additionall31 !us: =as acutel3 sensible to t:e >ie=s on C:ina
<olic3 :eld b3 :is 8entor1 Henr3 #issin9er1 =:ose <a=-<rints =ere still to be found all o>er
US relations =it: ,en9? In t:e =a;e of Tien An Men1 #issin9er 0=:o :ad lucrati>e
consultin9 contracts =it: t:e !eiBin9 re9i8e4 =as eEce<tionall3 >ocal in conde8nin9 an3
<ro<osed US counter8easures a9ainst ,en9? T:ese =ere t:e decisi>e factors in !us:7s
reactions to Tien An Men?
In t:e <re-1211 i8<erial court of C:ina1 t:e eti@uette of t:e orbidden Cit3 re@uired t:at a
<erson a<<roac:in9 t:e t:rone of t:e son of :ea>en 8ust <rostrate :i8self before t:at li>in9
deit31 touc:in9 bot: :ands and t:e fore:ead to t:e floor t:ree ti8es? T:is is t:e celebrated
F;o=-to=?F And it =as F;o=-to=F =:ic: s<ran9 to t:e li<s and <ens of co88entators all
o>er t:e =orld as t:e3 obser>ed !us:7s elaborate <ro<itiation of t:e ,en9 re9i8e? E>en
c3nics =ere astounded t:at !us: could be so deferential to a re9i8e t:at =as ob>iousl3 so
:ated b3 its o=n <o<ulation t:at it :ad to be considered as bein9 on its last le9sC t:e best
esti8ate =as t:at =:en octo9enarian ,en9 finall3 died1 t:e co88unist re9i8e =ould <ass
fro8 t:e scene =it: :i8?
In a <ress conference :eld on &une 21 in t:e i88ediate =a;e of t:e 8assacre1 !us:
astounded e>en t:e 8eretricious *:ite House <ress cor<s b3 :is 8ild and obse@uious tone
to=ards ,en9 and :is co:orts? !us: li8ited :is retaliation to a 8o8entar3 cutoff of so8e
8ilitar3 sales? T:at =ould be all" FI78 one =:o li>ed in C:inaC I understand t:e i8<ortance
of t:e relations:i< =it: t:e C:inese <eo<le and =it: t:e 9o>ern8ent? It is in t:e interest of
t:e United States to :a>e 9ood relations???F Gfn 1.H *ould !us: consider furt:er 8easures1
suc: as t:e 8inor ste< of te8<oraril3 recallin9 t:e US A8bassador1 !us:7s CIA cron3 and
fello= <atrician &a8es Lill3D
*ell1 so8e :a>e su99ested1 for eEa8<le1 to s:o= our forcefulness1 t:at I brin9 t:e A8erican
a8bassador bac;? I disa9ree =it: t:at 1/5 de9rees1 and =e7>e seen in t:e last fe= da3s a >er3 9ood
reason to :a>e :i8 t:ere? G???H
*:at I do =ant to do is ta;e =:ate>er ste<s are 8ost li;el3 to de8onstrate t:e concern t:at
A8erica feels? And I t:in; I7>e done t:at? I7ll be loo;in9 for ot:er =a3s to do it if =e <ossibl3 can?
T:is =as t:e =i8< =it: a >en9eance1 9ro>ellin9 and scra<in9 li;e C:a8berlain before t:e
dictators1 but t:ere =as 8ore to co8e? As <art of :is 8ee; and <at:etic res<onse1 !us: :ad
<led9ed to ter8inate all F:i9:-le>el eEc:an9esF =it: t:e ,en9 cro=d? *it: t:is <ublic
<ro8ise1 !us: :ad c3nicall3 lied to t:e A8erican <eo<le? S:ortl3 before !us:7s in>asion of
%ana8a in ,ece8ber1 it beca8e ;no=n t:at !us: :ad des<atc:ed t:e t=o 8ost <ro8inent
#issin9er clones in :is retinue1 NSC c:air8an !rent Sco=croft and Undersecretar3 of State
La=rence Ea9lebur9er1 on a secret 8ission to !eiBin9 o>er t:e &ul3 ) =ee;end1 less t:an a
8ont: after t:e 8assacre in Tien An Men? !us: re9arded t:is 8ission as so sensiti>e t:at
:e re<ortedl3 ;e<t it a secret e>en fro8 *:ite House c:ief of staff Sununu1 =:o onl3
learned of t:e tri< =:en t=o of :is aides stu8bled across t:e <a<er trail of t:e <lannin9?
T:e stor3 about Sco=croft and Ea9lebur9er1 bot: >eterans of #issin9er Associates1
s<endin9 t:e 9lorious ourt: toastin9 t:e butc:ers of !eiBin9 =as itself lea;ed in t:e =a;e
of a :i9:-<rofile <ublic 8ission to C:ina in>ol>in9 t:e sa8e #issin9erian duo t:at started
,ece8ber .1 12/2? !us:7s co>er stor3 for t:e second tri< =as t:at :e =anted to 9et a
briefin9 to ,en9 on t:e results of t:e !us:-Gorbac:o> Malta su88it1 =:ic: :ad Bust
concluded? T:e second tri< =as su<<osed to lead to t:e @uic; release of C:inese <:3sicist
and dissident an9 LiA:i1 =:o :ad ta;en refu9e in t:e US E8bass3 in !eiBin9 durin9 t:e
8assacreC t:is did not occur until so8e ti8e later?
,urin9 a <ress conference <ri8aril3 de>oted to t:e on9oin9 %ana8a in>asion1 !us:
<ro>ided an una8bi9uous si9nal t:at t:e ins<iration for :is C:ina <olic31 and indeed for :is
entire forei9n <olic31 =as #issin9er"
T:ere7s a lot of 9oin9 on t:at1 in t:e conduct of t:e forei9n <olic3 or a debate =it:in t:e US
9o>ern8ent1 :as to be sorted out =it:out t:e s<otli9:t of t:e ne=s? T:ere :as to be t:at =a3? T:e
=:ole o<enin9 to C:ina =ould ne>er :a>e :a<<ened???if #issin9er :adn7t underta;en t:at 8ission?
It =ould :a>e fallen a<art? So 3ou :a>e to use 3our o=n Bud98ent? Gfn 1/H
T:e ne=s of !us:7s secret di<lo8ac3 in fa>or of ,en9 caused a =ides<read =a>e of sincere
and :ealt:3 <ublic dis9ust =it: !us:1 but t:is =as s:ortl3 o>er=:el8ed b3 t:e Bin9oist
:3steria t:at acco8<anied !us:7s in>asion of %ana8a?
!us:7s :andlin9 of t:e issue of t:e i88i9ration status of t:e C:inese students =:o :ad
enrolled at US uni>ersities also illu8inated !us:7s c:aracter in t:e =a;e of Tien An Men?
In !us:7s <ronounce8ents in t:e i88ediate =a;e of t:e 8assacre1 :e absurdl3 asserted t:at
t:ere =ere no C:inese students =:o =anted <olitical as3lu8 :ere1 but also <ro8ised t:at
t:e >isas of t:ese students =ould be eEtended so t:at t:e3 =ould not be forced to return to
<olitical <ersecution and <ossible deat: in 8ainland C:ina? It later turned out t:at !us: :ad
ne9lected to <ro8ul9ate t:e eEecuti>e orders t:at =ould :a>e been necessar3? In res<onse
to !us:7s <re>arication =it: t:e li>es and =ell-bein9 of t:e C:inese students1 t:e Con9ress
subse@uentl3 <assed le9islation t:at =ould :a>e =ai>ed t:e re@uire8ent t:at :olders of &-
>isas1 t:e t3<e co88onl3 obtained b3 C:inese students1 be re@uired to return to t:eir :o8e
countr3 for t=o 3ears before bein9 able to a<<l3 for <er8anent residence in t:e US? !us:1
in an act of loat:so8e c3nicis81 >etoed t:is bill? T:e House >oted to o>erride b3 a 8aBorit3
of '25 to $+1 but !us: ,e8ocrats in t:e senate allo=ed !us:7s >eto to be sustained b3 a
>ote of -$ to '.? !us:1 s@uir8in9 under t:e broad <ublic oblo@u3 brou9:t on b3 :is
des<icable be:a>ior1 finall3 issued re9ulations t:at =ould te8<oraril3 =ai>e t:e
re@uire8ent of returnin9 :o8e for 8ost of t:e students?
!us: ca8e bac; fro8 :is su88er in #ennbun;<ort =it: a series of F<olic3 intitiati>esF t:at
turned out to be no 8ore t:an de8a9o9ic <:oto o<<ortunities? In earl3 Se<te8ber1 !us:
8ade :is first sc:eduled e>enin9 tele>ision address to t:e nation on t:e subBect of :is
alle9ed =ar on dru9s? T:e :i9:li9:t of t:is s<eec: =as t:e 8o8ent =:en !us: <roduced a
ba9 of crac; =:ic: :ad been sold in a transaction in Lafa3ette %ar;1 directl3 across t:e
street fro8 t:e *:ite House? T:e transaction :ad been sta9ed =it: t:e :el< of t:e ,ru9
Enforce8ent Ad8inistration? T:is =as Geor9e !us:1 t:e friend of eliE Rodri9ueA1 HafeA
Assad1 Has:e8i RafsanBani1 and ,on Arono=? T:e funds and t:e tar9ets set for !us:7s
<ro9ra8 =ere 8ini8al? A real =ar on dru9s re8ained a >ital necessit31 but it =as clear t:at
t:ere =ould be none under t:e !us: ad8inistration?
Later t:e sa8e 8ont:1 on Se<te8ber $.-$/1 !us: 8et =it: t:e 9o>ernors fro8 all +5 states
in C:arlottes>ille1 6ir9inia for =:at =as billed as an Feducation su88it?F T:is =as trul3 a
9lorified <:oto o<<ortunit31 since all discussions =ere ;e<t ri9orousl3 off t:e record1 and
e>er3t:in9 =as carefull3 c:oreo9ra<:ed b3 *:ite House i8a9e-8on9ers?
T:e conference issued a co88uni@ue t:at called for Fclear national <erfor8ance 9oals1F
and t:e substanti>e direction of !us:7s Feducation <residenc3F a<<eared to resol>e itself
into a nation=ide testin9 <ro9ra8 t:at could be used to Bustif3 t:e scalin9 do=n of colle9e
education and t:e eEclusion fro8 it of t:ose =:o8 !us: 8i9:t define as F8ental
defecti>es?F *ould t:e testin9 <ro9ra8 be used to fin9er and list t:e Ffeeble 8inded1F
<er:a<s o>er a 9eneration or t=oD *as t:ere a >eiled intent of Fcullin9F t:e :ereditar3
defecti>esD *it: !us:7s trac; record on t:e subBect1 not:in9 could be eEcluded?
One of t:e t:e8es of t:e Feducation su88itF =as t:at 8aterial resources :ad absolutel3
not:in9 to do =it: t:e <erfor8ance of an educational s3ste8? T:is =as co8in9 fro8
<re<<ie Geor9e !us:1 =:o :ad enBo3ed a <:3sical <lant1 librar31 s<orts facilities1 lo=
a>era9e class siAe and ot:er benefits at :is <os: Green=ic: Countr3 ,a3 Sc:ool and
eEclusi>e %:illi<s Acade83 in Ando>er =:ic: 8ost sc:oolteac:ers could onl3 drea8 of?
*:en1 durin9 t:e su88er of 12211 it =as found t:at national a>era9e scores for t:e
Sc:olastic A<titute Test :ad continued to fall1 !us: =as still ada8ant t:at increased
resources and t:e o>erall econo8ic condition of societ3 :ad not:in9 to do =it: t:e ans=er?
At t:at ti8e it also turned out t:at !us:7s res:uffled Secretar3 of Education1 for8er
Tennessee Go>ernor La8ar AleEander1 =as sendin9 :is c:ildren to an elite da3 sc:ool
associated =it: Geor9eto=n Uni>ersit31 =:ere t:e tuition eEceeded t:e 3earl3 inco8e of
8an3 <oor fa8ilies?
Man3 9o>ernors Boined &a8es !lanc:ard of Mic:i9an in co8<lainin9 t:at under
Rea9ano8ics1 t:e federal 9o>ern8ent :ad unloaded =:ole sectors of infrastructural
eE<enditure1 includin9 education1 on t:e states? F*e do not co8e to GC:arlottes>illeH to
rattle a tin cu<1F said !lanc:ard? F!ut =e cannot afford to :a>e our education re>enues
7bled7 b3 t:e federal 9o>ern8ent? O>er t:e <ast decade1 t:e federal co88itt8ent to
education :as declined fro8 $?+R of t:e federal bud9et to less t:an 1?/R? If education is to
beco8e a national <riorit31 3ou and t:e Con9ress s:ould re>erse t:at decline?F Gfn 12H
Ironicall31 t:e best <ers<ecti>e on !us:7s Feducation su88itF e3e=as: ca8e fro8 =it:in
:is o=n re9i8e? Ob>iousl3 <i@ued at t:e bad re>ie=s :is <re>ious <erfor8ance as Rea9an7s
Secretar3 of Education =as 9ettin91 !us: ,ru9 CAar *illia8 !ennett told re<orters t:at t:e
<roceedin9s in C:arlottes>ille =ere Fstandard ,e8ocratic and Re<ublican <a< --and
so8et:in9 t:at r:38es =it: <a<? Muc: of t:e discussion <roceeded in a total absence of
;no=led9e about =:at ta;es <lace in sc:ools?F
!3 t:e autu8n of 12/21 !us: =as facin9 a crisis of confidence in :is re9i8e? His
do8ination of Con9ress on all substanti>e 8atters =as co8<leteC at t:e sa8e ti8e :e :ad
not:in9 to <ro<ose eEce<t >ast <ublic subsidies to ban;ru<t financial and s<eculati>e
interests? EEce<t for eEertions to s:o>el :undreds of billion of dollars into *all Street1 t:e
entire 9o>ern8ent a<<eared as a<aral3Aed and adrift? T:is =as soon accentuated b3 colossal
u<:ea>als in C:ina1 eastern Euro<e1 and t:e USSR? On rida31 October 1'1 ti8ed
a<<roEi8atel3 =it: t:e second anni>ersar3 of t:e 9reat stoc; 8ar;et cras: of 12/.1 t:ere
=as a fall in t:e ,o= &ones Industrial a>era9e of 125?+/ <oints durin9 t:e last :our of
tradin9? T:is =as tri99ered b3 t:e failure of a labor-8ana9e8ent 9rou< to <rocure sufficient
financin9 to carr3 out t:e le>era9ed bu3out of United Airlines? T:e sta9e for t:is failure :ad
been set durin9 t:e <receedin9 =ee;s b3 t:e crisis of t:e :i9:l3-le>era9ed Ca8<eau retail
e8<ire1 =:ic: 8ade 8an3 Bun; bonds =:oll3 illi@uid for a ti8e? T:e autu8n =as full of
s38<to8s of a deflationar3 contraction of o>erall <roduction and e8<lo38ent? or a ti8e
!us: a<<eared to be a<<roac:in9 t:at delicate 8o8ent in =:ic: a <resident is faced =it:
t:e loss of :is 8andate to rule?
October :as been one of t:e cruellest 8ont:s for t:e !us: <residenc3" eac: ti8e t:e lea>es
fall1 eac: ti8e t:e critical t:ird-@uarter econo8ic statistics are <ublis:ed1 a crisis in <ublic
confidence in t:e <atrician re9i8e :as ensued? In t=o out of t:ree 3ears so far1 t:e reaction
of t:e !us:8en :as been to las: out =it: international >iolence and 8ass 8urder?
October1 12/2 =as full of anEiet3 and a<<re:ension about t:e econo8ic future1 and =orr3
about =:ere !us: =as leadin9 t:e countr3? Included in t:e 8an3 8ood <ieces =as an
e>ident desire of t:e Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent circles to s<ur !us: on to 8ore decisi>e
and a99ressi>e action in i8<osin9 austerit3 at :o8e1 and in increasin9 t:e rate of <ri8iti>e
accu8ulation in fa>or of t:e dollar abroad? A t3<ical sa8<le of t:ese October elucubrations
=as a =idel3-read essa3 b3 #e>in %:illi<s 0t:e traditional Re<ublican t:eoretician of et:nic
s<littin9 and t:e Sout:ern Strate934 entitled FGeor9e !us: and Con9ress--!rain-,ead
%olitics of 7/2?F %:illi<s faulted !us: for :is a<<arent decision Fto i8itate t:e lo=-;e31
centrist o<eratin9 8ode of %resident ,=i9:t ,? Eisen:o=er? !ut i8itatin9 I;e in t:e 1225s
8a;es as little sense as tr3in9 to i8itate Lueen 6ictoria in t:e 12'57s?F Gfn $5H %:illi<s
<ointed to t:e =a3 in =:ic: !us: =as restrained b3 :is e>ident co88itt8ent to continue
all of t:e essential <olicies of t:e Rea9an 3ears1 =:ile den3in9 t:e eEistence of an3 crisis"
!us: did Fnot see; to identif3 national <roble8s because in doin9 so1 G:eH =ould lar9el3 be
identif3in9 G:isH <art37s o=n failin9s?F FT:e Re<ublicans at least ;no= t:e3 :a>e a <roble8
on t:e 7>ision t:in917F %:illi<s noted1 =:ile t:e ,e8ocratic o<<osition Fcan7t e>en s<ell t:e
=ord?F All of t:is added u< to t:e Fcerebral atro<:3 of 9o>ern8ent?F %:illi<s catalo9ued t:e
absurd co8<lacenc3 of t:e !us:8en1 =it: !rad3 sa3in9 of t:e US econo83 t:at Fit
couldn7t 9et 8uc: better t:an it isF and !a;er res<ondin9 to ,e8ocratic criticis8s of !us:
forei9n <olic3 =it: t:e retort" F*:en t:e %resident is roc;in9 alon9 =it: a .5 <er cent
a<<ro>al ratin9 on :is :andlin9 of forei9n <olic31 if I =ere t:e leader of t:e o<<osition1 I
8i9:t :a>e so8et:in9 si8ilar to sa3?F %:illi<s7s basic t:esis =as t:at !us: and :is
ostensible o<<osition :ad Boined :ands si8<l3 to i9nore t:e eEistence of t:e leadin9
<roble8s t:reatenin9 US national life1 =:ile :idin9 be:ind an Firrele>ant consensusF for9ed
ten to t=ent3 3ears in t:e <ast1 and re8iniscent o>erall of t:e <re-1/-5 tacit understandin9
of ,e8ocrats and *:i9s to s=ee< sectionalis8 and sla>er3 under t:e ru9? One result of t:is
cons<irac3 of t:e incu8bents to i9nore t:e real =orld =as t:e Fun:a<<3 dualit3 t:at t:e
United States and Russia are bot: =ea;enin9 e8<ires in :a<:aAard retreat fro8 t:eir <ost-
12)+ bi<olar do8inance?F %:illi<s7s conclusion =as t:at =:ile realit3 8i9:t be9in to force a
c:an9e in t:e F<olitical a9endaF b3 12251 it =as 8ore li;el3 t:at a s:ift =ould occur in
122$ =:en an aroused electorate1 s8artin9 fro8 decades of decline in standards of li>in9
and econo8ic as<irations1 8i9:t F:and out sur<risin9 <olitical re=ards?F FHonest37s da3 is
co8in91F su88ed u< %:illi<s1 =it: t:e clear i8<lication t:at Geor9e !us: =ould not be a
beneficiar3 of t:e ne= da3?
Si8ilar t:e8es =ere de>elo<ed in t:e !ones8en7s o=n Ti8e Ma9aAine to=ards t:e end of
t:e 8ont: in co>era9e entitled FIs Go>ern8ent ,eadD1F =:ic: featured a co>er <icture of
Geor9e *as:in9ton s:eddin9 a bi9 tear and a blurb =arnin9 t:at FUn=illin9 to lead1
<oliticians are lettin9 A8erica sli< into <aral3sis?F Gfn $1H Inside1 t:e *as:in9ton re9i8e
=as sti98atiAed as Ft:e can7t do 9o>ern8ent1F =it: an anal3sis concludin9 t:at Fabroad and
at :o8e1 8ore and 8ore <roble8s and o<<ortunities are 9oin9 un8et? Under t:e s:ado= of
a 8assi>e federal defecit t:at neit:er <olitical <art3 is =illin9 to confront1 a ;ind of neurosis
of acce<ted li8its :as ta;en :old fro8 one end of %enns3l>ania A>enue to t:e ot:er?F Ti8e
disco>ered t:at !us: and t:e Con9ress =ere Fcons<irin9 to :ideF I2- billion of a I$5-
billion defecit t:rou9: >arious strate9e8s1 =:ile t:e bill for t:e SNL bailout :ad le>itated
u<=ards to I'55 billion? Ti8e :eld u< to ridicule t:e F<altr3 I11+ 8illionF !us: :ad
offered as econo8ic aide to %oland durin9 :is >isit t:ere durin9 t:e su88er? Gra>e
res<onsibilit3 for t:e 9ro=in9 8alaise =as assi9ned b3 Ti8e to !us:" FLeaders:i< is
9enerall3 left to t:e %resident? (et Geor9e !us: see8s to :a>e as 8uc: trouble as e>er =it:
t:e 7>ision t:in9?7 Handcuffed b3 :is si8<listic 7read 83 li<s7 ca8<ai9n r:etoric a9ainst a
taE increase as =ell as b3 :is cautious <ersonalit31 !us: too often a<<ears self-satisfied and
reacti>e?F Ti8e =ent on to indict !us: for 8alfeasance or nonfeasance in se>eral areas"
FHis lon9-ter8 9oals1 be3ond :o<in9 for a 7;inder1 9entler7 nation1 :a>e been lost in a
8ias8a of <ublic relations stunts? T:e %resident7s recent 7education su88it7 =it: t:e
nation7s Go>ernors <roduced so8e interestin9 ideas about national standards but little about
:o= to <a3 t:e costs of :el<in9 <ublic sc:ools 8eet t:e8? His 8uc: tru8<eted =ar on
dru9s =as 8ore an underfinanced s;ir8is:? !us: told >oters last 3ear t:at :e is an
en>iron8entalist1 but t:e 8ost si9nificant clean-air <ro<osals <ut fort: t:is 3ear--strin9ent
ne= standards on auto8obile e8issions-- =ere ada<ted fro8 California7s strict li8its for
t:e 12257s?F
FAbroad1 !us: tends to turn Tedd3 Roose>elt7s fa8ous dictu8 on its :ead b3 s<ea;in9
loudl3 and carr3in9 a s8all stic;1 F =as Ti8e7s un;indest cut of all for a <resident =:o :ad
<laced t:e racist Rou9: Rider7s <ortrait in t:e O>al Office1 re<lacin9 t:e li;eness of FSilent
CalF Coolid9e t:at :ad adorned t:e <re8ises durin9 t:e Rea9an 3ears? It =as a barb to
8a;e Geor9e =ince =:en :e read it?
!us:1 !a;er1 and !rad3 =ere t:us confronted =it: so8e clear si9nals of an u9l3 8ood of
discontent on t:e <art of ;e3 establis:8ent financier circles inside t:eir o=n traditional
base? T:ese 9rou<s =ere de8andin9 8ore austerit31 8ore <ri8iti>e accu8ulation a9ainst
t:e US <o<ulation t:an Geor9e :ad been able to deli>er? A furt:er in9redient in t:e
dan9erous dissatisfaction in *all Street and en>irons =as t:at !us: :ad botc:ed and
bun9led a US-s<onsored cou< d7etat a9ainst t:e %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent lo3al to Gen?
Manuel Antonio Norie9a? Norie9a7s sur>i>al and continued defiance of *as:in9ton see8ed
to certif31 in t:e e3es of t:e rulin9 financiers1 t:at !us: =as indeed a =i8< inca<able of
conductin9 t:eir international or do8estic business? !3 No>e8ber1 12/21 t:e ten-8ont: old
!us: re9i8e =as drifitin9 to=ards t:e Nia9ara of serious trouble? It =as under t:ese
circu8stances t:at t:e !us: net=or;s res<onded =it: t:eir in>asion of %ana8a?
On October '1 12/21 se>eral officers of t:e %ana8anian ,efense orces under t:e
leaders:i< of MaBor Moises Giroldi atte8<ted to oust General Norie9a and seiAe <o=er?
T:e <ro-9ol<e forces a<<ear to :a>e :ad Norie9a in t:eir <:3sical control for a certain
<eriod of ti8e1 and t:e3 =ere in contact =it: t:e US Sout:ern Co88and in %ana8a Cit3
t:rou9: >arious c:annels? !ut t:e3 neit:er eEecuted Norie9a nor turned :i8 o>er to t:e US
forces1 and Norie9a used t:e dela3 to rall3 t:e su<<ort of lo3al troo<s in ot:er <arts of
%ana8a? T:e US forces 8obiliAed1 and bloc;ed t=o roads leadin9 to=ards t:e %,
:ead@uarters1 Bust as t:e3 9ol<e leaders :ad re@uested? !ut t:e 9ol<istas also =anted US
co8bat air su<<ort and =ould :a>e re@uired US 9round forces to <ro>ide acti>e assistance?
!us: stalled on t:ese re@uests1 and t:e 9ol<e colla<sed before !us: could 8a;e u< :is
8ind =:at to do?
!us:7s crisis 8ana9e8ent st3le =as <ortra3ed as an autocratic one-8an s:o=1 =it: !us:
refusin9 to con>o;e t:e usual FeEco88F-st3le crisis co88ittee =it: re<resentati>es fro8
State1 ,efense1 NSA1 CIA1 and ot:er interested bureaucratic <arties? Instead1 !us:
re<ortedl3 insisted on bein9 furnis:ed =it: t:ree <arallel strea8s of re<orts fro8 State1
,efense1 and CIA? *:ile :e =as <uAAlin9 o>er t:e conflictin9 e>aluations1 :is cou< tea8
=as bein9 rounded u< and li@uidated? It =as =orse t:an :is blunderin9 8ana9e8ent of t:e
Sudan cou< in 12/+?
T:ere are si9ns t:at t:e =ide criticis8 of :is botc:ed :andlin9 of t:e cou<1 includin9 fro8
suc: close allies as S;ull and !ones Senator ,a>id !oren of O;la:o8a1 =as an
eEcruciatin9 <ersonal :u8iliation for !us:? As t:e feared for8er boss of Lan9le31 :e =as
su<<osedl3 a <ast 8aster in sub>ersion1 <utsc:es1 and t:e to<<lin9 of 9o>ern8ents
disobedient to *as:in9ton? His forei9n <olic3 credentials1 touted as t:e stron9 suit in :is
resu8e1 =ere no= fatall3 tarnis:ed? Accordin9 to so8e alle9ed insider accounts1 US forces
:ad not rus:ed to t:e aid of t:e rebels because of reluctance and 8istrust on t:e <art of US
officers1 startin9 =it: Gen? T:ur8an1 t:e US co88ander in %ana8a?
Con9ress8an ,a>e McCurd3 of O;la:o8a criticiAed !us:" F(esterda3 8a;es &i883
Carter loo; li;e a 8an of resol>e? T:ere7s a resur9ence of t:e =i8< factor?F Geor9e *ill
=rote a colu8n entitled FAn Unserious %residenc3?F
!us: :id fro8 t:e <ress for 11 da3s after t:e 9ol<e =as crus:ed1 but t:en :ad to face a
barra9e of :ostile @uestions an3=a3? Since :e :ad ur9ed t:e o>ert:ro= of Norie9a1 :e =as
as;ed1 =as it consistent not to bac; t:e rebels =it: US ar8ed forcesD !us: re<lied"
(es1 absolutel3 consistent? I =ant to see :i8 GNorie9aH out of t:ere and I =ant to see :i8 brou9:t
to Bustice? And t:at s:ould not i8<l3 t:at t:at auto8aticall3 8eans1 no 8atter =:at t:e <lan is1 or
no 8atter =:at t:e cou< atte8<t is1 di<lo8aticall3 and an3t:in9 else1 t:at =e 9i>e carte blanc:e
su<<ort to t:at?
I t:in; t:is rat:er so<:isticated ar9u8ent t:at if 3ou sa3 3ou7d li;e to see Norie9a out1 t:at i8<lies
a blan;et1 o<en carte blanc:e on t:e use of A8erican 8ilitar3 force???to 8e t:at7s a stu<id
ar9u8ent t:at so8e >er3 erudite <eo<le 8a;e?
!us: =as >er3 sarcastic about Finstant :a=;s a<<earin9 fro8 =:ere t:ere used to be
feat:ers of a do>e?F T:ere :ad been re<orts of se>ere te8<er tantru8s b3 !us: as critical
accounts of :is crisis leaders:i< :ad been lea;ed fro8 inside :is o=n ad8inistration? !ut
!us: denied t:at :e :ad been c:e=in9 t:e car<et" FI ne>er felt1 3ou ;no=1 an9er or blo=in9
u<? It7s absurd1F !us: stated disin9enuousl3? FI didn7t 9et an9r3? I didn7t 9et an9r3? *:at I
did sa3 is1 I don7t =ant to see an3 bla8e co8in9 out of t:e O>al Office or attributed to t:e
O>al Office in t:e face of criticis8? I78 not in t:e bla8e business? !la8e1 if t:ere7s so8e to
be assi9ned1 it co8es in t:ere? And t:at7s =:ere it belon9s?F !us: stressed t:at :e =as read3
to use force to oust Norie9a" FI =ouldn7t 8ind usin9 force no= if it could be done in a
<rudent 8anner? *e =ant to see Mr? Norie9a out?F T:e 8ortified for8er CIA director also
defended t:e @ualit3 of :is intelli9ence" FT:ere :as not been an intelli9ence 9a< t:at =ould
8a;e 8e act in a different =a3?F FI don7t see an3 serious disconnects at all?F Gfn $$H !us:7s
c:ief of staff1 Sununu1 :ad stated t:at one of t:e difficulties faced b3 t:e *:ite House in
reactin9 to t:e cou< :ad been t:e difficult3 of deter8inin9 t:e identit3 of t:e cou< leaders?
*:ile t:at =as <robabl3 disinfor8ation1 !us:7s disarra3 =as 8ost <oi9nant? It =as =:ile
s@uir8in9 and =:inin9 under of t:e o<<robriu8 of :is first failure in %ana8a t:at !us:
8atured t:e idea of a lar9e-scale 8ilitar3 in>asion to ca<ture Norie9a and occu<3 %ana8a
around C:rist8as1 12/2?
Geor9e !us:7s in>ol>e8ent =it: %ana8a 9oes bac; to o<erations conducted in Central
A8erican and t:e Caribbean conducted b3 Senator %rescott !us:7s &u<iter Island
Harri8anite cabal? *e recall !us:7s <u9nacious assertions of US so>erei9nt3 o>er t:e
%ana8a Canal durin9 :is 12-) electoral contest =it: Senator (arborou9:? or t:e !us:
clan1 t:e cat:eEis of %ana8a is >er3 dee<1 since it is bound u< =it: t:e eE<loits of T:eodore
Roose>elt1 t:e founder of t:e t=entiet:-centur3 US i8<erialis8 =:ic: t:e !us: fa8il3 is
deter8ined to defend to t:e fart:est corners of t:e <lanet? or it =as T:eodore Roose>elt
=:o :ad used t:e USS Nas:>ille and ot:er US na>al forces to <re>ent t:e Colo8bian
8ilitar3 fro8 re<ressin9 t:e US-fo8ented re>olt of %ana8anian soldiers in No>e8ber1
125'1 t:us settin9 t:e sta9e for t:e creation of an inde<endent %ana8a and for t:e si9nin9
of t:e Ha3-!unau-6arilla Treat3 =:ic: created a %ana8a Canal Jone under US control?
Roose>elt7s Fco=bo3 di<lo8ac3F :ad been eEcoriated in t:e US <ress of t:ose da3s as
F<irac3CF t:e S<rin9field Re<ublican :ad found t:e e<isode Ft:e 8ost discreditable in our
:istor31F but t:e !us: >ie= =as al=a3s <ro-i8<erialist? It =as t:e co8<arison =it:
T:eodore Roose>elt7s bucaneerin9 audacit3 t:at 8ade <oor Geor9e loo; bad?
T:eodore Roose>elt :ad in ,ece8ber1 125) eE<ounded :is so-called FRoose>elt
Corrollar3F to t:e Monroe ,octrine1 in realit3 a co8<lete re<udiation and <er>ersion of t:e
anti-colonial essense of &o:n Luinc3 Ada8s7s ori9inal =arnin9 to t:e !ritis: and ot:er
i8<erialists? T:e self-ri9:teous Tedd3 Roose>elt :ad stated t:at"
C:ronic =ron9doin9???8a3 in A8erica1 as else=:ere1 ulti8atel3 re@uire inter>ention b3 so8e
ci>iliAed nation1 and in t:e *estern He8is<:ere t:e ad:erence of t:e United States to t:e Monroe
,octrine 8a3 force t:e United States1 :o=e>er reluctantl31 in fla9rant cases of suc: =ron9doin9
or i8<otence1 to t:e eEercise of an international <olice <o=er? Gfn $'H
T:e old i8<erialist idea of T:eodore Roose>elt =as @uic;l3 re>i>ed b3 t:e !us:
Ad8inistration durin9 12/2? T:rou9: a series of actions b3 Attorne3 General Ric:ard
T:ornbur9:1 t:e US Su<re8e Court1 and CIA ,irector *illia8 *ebster1 t:e !us: re9i8e
arro9ated to itself a s=ee<in9 carte blanc:e for eEtraterritorial interference in t:e internal
affairs of so>erei9n states1 all in o<en defiance of t:e nor8s of international la=? T:ese
ille9al inno>ations can be su88ariAed under t:e :eadin9 of t:e FT:ornbur9: ,octrine?F
T:e ederal !ureau of In>esti9ation arro9ated to itself t:e Fri9:tF to searc: <re8ises
outside of US territor3 and to arrest and ;idna< forei9n citiAens outside of US Burisdiction1
all =it:out t:e concurrence of t:e Budicial <rocess of t:e ot:er countries =:ose territor3
=as t:us subBect to >iolation? US ar8ed forces =ere endo=ed =it: t:e Fri9:tF to ta;e <olice
8easures a9ainst ci>ilians? T:e CIA de8anded t:at an EEecuti>e Order <ro:ibitin9 t:e
<artici<ation of US 9o>ern8ent officials and 8ilitar3 <ersonnel in t:e assassination of
forei9n <olitical leaders1 =:ic: :ad been issued b3 %resident ord in October1 12.-1 be
rescinded? T:ere is e>er3 indication t:at t:is <residential ban on assassinations of forei9n
officials and <oliticians1 =:ic: :ad been <ro8ul9ated in res<onse to t:e C:urc: and %i;e
Co88ittee in>esti9ations of CIA abuses1 :as indeed been abro9ated? To round out t:is
la=less <ac;a9e1 an o<inion of t:e US Su<re8e Court issued on ebruar3 $/1 1225
<er8itted US officials abroad to arrest 0or ;idna<4 and searc: forei9n citiAens =it:out
re9ard to t:e la=s or <olic3 of t:e forei9n nation subBect to t:is interference? T:rou9: t:ese
actions1 t:e !us: re9i8e effecti>el3 sta;ed its clai8 to uni>ersal eEtraterritorial
Burisdiction1 t:e classic <osture of an e8<ire see;in9 to assert uni>ersal <olice <o=er? T:e
!us: re9i8e as<ired to t:e status of a =orld <o=er le9ibus solutus1 a su<er<o=er eEe8<ted
fro8 all le9al restrictions? Gfn $)H
!ac; in &anuar31 12.$1 at t:e eEtraordinar3 session of t:e United Nations Securit3 Council
in Addis Ababa1 t:e %ana8anian dele9ate1 A@uilino !o3d1 :ad deli>ered a scat:in9
conde8nation of t:e A8erican Foccu<ationF of t:e Canal Jone1 =:ic: 8ost %ana8anians
found increasin9l3 intolerable? At t:at ti8e A8bassador !us: :ad =or8ed :is =a3 out of a
tou9: situation b3 <leadin9 t:at !o3d =as out of order1 since %ana8a :ad not been <laced
on t:e a9enda for t:e 8eetin9? !o3d =as relentless in <ressin9 for a s<ecial session of t:e
Securit3 Council in %ana8a Cit3 at =:ic: :e could brin9 u< t:e issue of so>erei9nt3 o>er
t:e Canal Jone and t:e canal? Later1 in Marc:1 12.'1 !us:7s successor at t:e UN <ost1 &o:n
Scali1 =as forced to resort to a >eto in order to ;ill a resolution callin9 for t:e Ffull res<ect
for %ana8a7s effecti>e so>erei9nt3 o>er all its territor3?F T:is >eto :ad been a bi9 <olitical
e8barrass8ent1 since it =as cast in t:e face of >ociferous conde8nation fro8 t:e >isitors7
9aller31 =:ic: =as full of %ana8anian <atriots? To 8a;e 8atters =orse1 t:e US :ad been
totall3 isolated1 =it: 1' countries su<<ortin9 t:e resolution and one abstention? Gfn $+H
As =e :a>e seen1 direct <ersonal dealin9s bet=een !us: and Norie9a =ent bac; at least as
far as !us:7s 12.- CIA tenure? At t:at ti8e Norie9a1 =:o :ad been trained b3 t:e US at
ort Gulic;1 ort !ra991 and ot:er locations1 =as t:e c:ief of intelli9ence for t:e
%ana8anian nationalist leader1 Gen? O8ar TorriBos1 =it: =:o8 Carter si9ned t:e %ana8a
Canal Treat31 t:e ratification of =:ic: b3 t:e US Senate 8eant t:at t:e canal =ould re>ert
to %ana8a b3 t:e 3ear $555? ,urin9 t:e treat3 ne9otiations bet=een TorriBos and t:e Carter
Ad8inistration1 t:e US National Securit3 A9enc3 and t:e ,efense Intelli9ence A9enc3 are
alle9ed to :a>e conducted eletronic ea>esdro<<in9 a9ainst %ana8anian officials in>ol>ed in
t:e ne9otiations? T:is bu99in9 :ad re<ortedl3 been disco>ered b3 Norie9a1 =:o :ad
alle9edl3 <roceeded to bribe 8e8bers of t:e US Ar837s ).5t: Militar3 Intelli9ence Grou<1
=:o furnis:ed :i8 =it: ta<es of all t:e bu99ed con>ersations1 =:ic: Norie9a t:en
sub8itted to TorriBos? Accordin9 to <ublis:ed accounts1 t:e US Ar83 :ad in>esti9ated t:is
situation under a <robe code-na8ed O<eration Canton Son91 and identified a 9rou< of
Fsin9in9 ser9eantsF on Norie9a7s <a3roll? Le= Allen1 &r?1 t:e :ead of t:e NSA1 su<<osedl3
=anted a <ublic indict8ent of t:e ser9eants for treason and es<iona9e1 but !us: is alle9ed
to :a>e de8urred1 sa3in9 t:at t:e 8atter :ad to be left to t:e Ar831 =:ic: :ad decided to
co>er u< t:e 8atter? A <lausible <olitical co>er stor3 for !us:7s refusal to <rosecute =as :is
desire to a>oid scandals in t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 t:at could :urt Gerald ord in t:e
12.- election? Gfn $-H *:ate>er t:e trut: of all t:ese alle9ations1 t:ere see8s to be no doubt
t:at !us: 8et <ersonall3 =it: Norie9a durin9 :is 12.- CIA tenure? Accordin9 to one
account1 t:at !us:-Norie9a 8eetin9 =as a lunc:eon :eld in ,ece8ber1 12.- at t:e
residence of t:e %ana8anian A8bassador to *as:in9ton? As erderic; #e8<e notes1
F(ears later in 12//1 after Norie9a =as indicted on dru9 c:ar9es in lorida1 !us: =ould at
first den3 :a>in9 e>er 8et Norie9a? He t:ereafter recalled t:e 8eetin91 but none of its
details? His t:ree lunc: 9uests :a>e better 8e8ories and one of t:e8 insisted t:is =as t:e
t:ird 8eetin9 bet=een t:e t=o 8en?F Gfn $.H
,urin9 t:e <re<aration of :is 1221 trial in Mia8ai1 lorida1 Norie9a7s defense attorne3s
sub8itted a docu8ent to t:e United States ,istrict Court for t:e Sout:ern ,istrict of
lorida in =:ic: t:e3 s<ecified 8atters t:e3 intended to use in Norie9a7s defense =:ic:
8i9:t in>ol>e infor8ation considered claissified b3 t:e US 9o>ern8ent? !efore bein9
released to t:e <ublic1 t:is docu8ent =as :ea>il3 censored? No <art of t:is filin9 is 8ore
:ea>il3 censored1 :o=e>er1 t:an t:e section entitled FGeneral Norie9a7s Relations:i< =it:
Geor9e !us:1F =:ic: :as been =:ited out on a<<roEi8atel3 - of 1+ <a9es1 alle9edl3 to
<rotect US national securit31 but in realit3 to :ide 8aterial t:at is eE<losi>el3 co8<ro8isin9
to t:e <olitical re<utation of !us:? Norie9a7s <roffer confir8s a !us:- Norie9a 8eetin9 on
,ece8ber /1 12.- at t:e %ana8anian E8bass3 in *as:in9ton? F,urin9 t:is 8eetin9 t:ere
=ere discussions concernin9 t:e unrest in t:e canal Aone? !ut at no ti8e did Mr? !us:
su99est t:at t:e %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent =as in an3 =a3 res<onsible for t:e bo8bin9F t:at
:ad occured in t:e Canal Jone =:en ord1 =orried about attac;s fro8 Rea9an de8andin9
t:at t:e canal re8ain in US :ands1 :ad cut off t:e tal;s on t:e future of t:e canal? Norie9a7s
<roffer adds t:at F=:en !us: left office :e sent a letter to Norie9a t:an;in9 Norie9a for :is
assistance? !us: said t:at :e =as 9oin9 to infor8 :is successor of Norie9a7s coo<eration?F
Gfn $/H
,urin9 t:is <eriod1 t:e CIA =as alle9edl3 <a3in9 Norie9a a retainer of I1151555 <er 3ear1
su<<osedl3 in eEc:an9e for Norie9a7s intelli9ence on Cuban and ot:er acti>ities of interest
to t:e US? Ad8iral Stansfield Turner clai8s t:at =:en :e too; o>er t:e CIA1 :e ter8inated
t:e <a38ents to Norie9a1 and refused to 8eet =it: :i8? Turner confir8s se>eral details of
t:e !us:-Norie9a relations:i< of t:ose 3ears" F*e all ;no= t:at !us: 8et =it: Norie9a1
e>en t:ou9: :e =as t:ere onl3 11 8ont:s? And I =ill affir8 t:at !us: :ad :i8 on t:e
<a3roll1F said Turner in October1 12//? FI =as t:ere four 3ears1 and I ne>er sa= fit to see
:i8 GNorie9aH or :a>e :i8 on t:e <a3roll1F said Turner? Gfn $2H Turner =ent on to sa3 t:at
after t:e fall of Carter !us: re-enstated Norie9a as a US asset1 assertin9 t:at !us: F8et
=it: Norie9a and <ut :i8 bac; on t:e <a3rollF as a <ur>e3or of intelli9ence? Turner =ould
not s<ecif3 :is <roof1 but =as ne>ert:eless cate9orical" FI can tell 3ou I a8 >er3 confident
of t:at?F
,urin9 12211 re<orts surfaced of a Boint <roBect of t:e CIA and t:e Mossad in central
A8erica =:ic: included lar9e-scale s8u99lin9 of ille9al dru9s fro8 Colo8bia t:rou9:
%ana8a to t:e United States? T:is =as code-na8ed FO<eration *atc:to=er?F Accordin9 to
an affida>it si9ned b3 t:e late Colonel Ed=ard %? Cutolo1 a US Ar83 S<ecial orces
Co88ander =:o =as in c:ar9e of o<erations in Colo8bia subsu8ed under t:is <roBect1
Ft:e <ur<ose of O<eration *atc: To=er =as to establis: a series of t:ree electronic beacon
to=ers be9innin9 outside of !o9ota1 Colo8bia and runnin9 nort:east to t:e border of
%ana8a? Once t:e *atc: To=er tea8s =ere in <lace1 t:e beacon =as acti>ated to e8it a
si9nal t:at aircraft could fiE on and fl3 undetected fro8 !o9ota to %ana8a1 t:en land at
Albroo; Air Station?F Gfn '5H Accordin9 to Cutolo1 t:e fli9:ts =ere often 8et at Albroo; Air
Station b3 Norie9a1 ot:er %, officers1 CIA a9ents1 and an Israeli national belie>ed to be
,a>id #i8c:e of t:e Mossad? Anot:er Israeli in>ol>ed in t:e fli9:ts =as Mossad a9ent
Mic:ael Harari1 =:o 8aintained a close relation to Norie9a until t:e ti8e of t:e US
in>asion of ,ece8ber $51 12/2? Accordin9 to Cutolo7s affida>it1 FI =as told fro8 %enta9on
contacts1 off t:e record1 t:at CIA ,irector Stansfield Turner and for8er CIA ,irector
Geor9e !us: are a8on9 t:e 6I%s t:at s:ield Harari fro8 <ublic scrutin3?F Accordin9 to
Cutolo1 Ft:e car9o flo=n fro8 Colo8bia to %ana8a =as cocaine1F =:ic: ulti8atel3 ended
u< in t:e United States? T:e <rofits =ere alle9edl3 laundered t:rou9: a series of ban;s1
includin9 ban;s in %ana8a? Accordin9 to <ublis:ed re<orts1 Cutolo and a lon9 list of ot:er
US 8ilitar3 <ersonnel =:o ;ne= about O<eration *atc:to=er died under sus<icious
circu8stances durin9 t:e 12/57s1 one of t:e8 after :a>in9 >ainl3 atte8<ted to interest t:e
C!S Ne=s F-5 Minutes F staff in t:is 8atter? Mi;e Harari of t:e Mossad is re<ortedl3 a
<ri8e sus<ect in t:e deat: of one of t:ese US officers1 Ar83 Col? &a8es Ro=e1 =:o =as
;illed in t:e %:illi<ines on A<ril $11 12/2? *as O<eration *atc:to=er on t:e a9enda of t:e
!us:-Norie9a 8eetin9 of 12.-D Accordin9 to Norie9a7s CI%A <roffer1 Fanot:er contact
bet=een Norie9a and Geor9e !us: =as after Geor9e !us: beca8e 6ice-%resident? At t:is
ti8e Norie9a sent !us: a letter of con9ratulations and !us: sent bac; a res<onse? In t:is
letter1 dated ,ece8ber $'1 12/51 !us: sa3s 7t:an;s for t:e 9reat con9ratulator3 8essa9e?7
He also sa3s1 7I do recall 3our >isit in 12.- and I :o<e our <at:s =ill cross a9ain?7F Gfn '1H
T:ere can be no doubt t:at Norie9a7s dealin9s =it: t:e Rea9an-!us: ad8inistration =ere
>er3 intense? Accordin9 to %ana8anian turncoat &ose !landon1 Norie9a fre@uentl3 tra>elled
to *as:in9ton for secret <ri>ate 8eetin9s =it: CIA ,irector *illia8 Case3 durin9 12/$-/'
and t:e 3ear follo=in9? Norie9a also 8et so8e=:at later =it: !us:7s Iran-contra <oint 8an1
Oli>er Nort:? Gfn '$H Accordin9 to Norie9a7s CI%A sub8ission1 Norie9a =as introduced to
Nort: on a cruise do=n t:e %oto8ac b3 US General Sc:=eitAer1 t:e director of t:e Inter-
A8erican Boint 8ilitar3 9rou<? Accordin9 to Norie9a7s CI%A sub8ission1 Nort: :ad been
drin;in9 :ea>il3 and tal;ed in an ani8ated fas:ion about t:e <roble8s encountered b3 t:e
contras? FNort: =as <articularl3 concerned =it: alle9ations t:at :ad surfaced connectin9
t:e contras =it: narcotics traffic;in9?F FNort: ur9ed Norie9a to do =:ate>er :e could for
t:e contras? ,urin9 t:is 8eetin9 Nort: clai8ed t:at :e =as in c:ar9e of all o<erations in
central A8erica :a>in9 to do =it: t:e contras and t:at :e =as =or;in9 directl3 for Rea9an
and !us:? Alt:ou9: Nort: as;ed for :el< :e did not sa3 eEactl3 =:at :e =anted? Nort: did
tell Norie9a t:at if at an3 ti8e :e needed to tal; to Nort: t:at Norie9a could Bust call :i8 at
t:e *:ite House?F Gfn ''H
Accordin9 to Norie9a7s CI%A <roffer sub8itted in <re<aration for :is trial in Mia8i1 Ffro8
around Au9ust of 12/+ t:rou9: Se<te8ber of /- Norie9a re<eatedl3 recei>ed e8issaries
fro8 Oli>er Nort:? One =as Hu8berto Luinones? Luinones atte8<ted to in9ratiate :i8self
=it: Norie9a and re<eatedl3 used Rea9an7s and !us:7s na8es?
Luinones said t:at t:e contras are not fi9:tin9 >er3 =ell and re@uested t:at %ana8a co8e
to t:e aid of t:e contras?F
Later1 at t:e end of t:e su88er of 12/+1 Norie9a 8et =it: Nort: and Secord in London?
Nort: de8anded t:at Norie9a use %ana8anian co88andos to conduct o<erations a9ainst
t:e Sandinista re9i8e? FNorie9a Bust listenedF and did not a9ree to coo<erate? Gfn ')H
T:is =as all denied b3 t:e !us: ca8<ai9n t:rou9: s<o;es8an Ste>e Hart1 but a <:oto
eEists of !us: 8eetin9 =it: Norie9a in %ana8a Cit3 in ,ece8ber1 12/'? ,on Gre99 =as
also on t:e scene? T:is 8eetin9 =as also attended b3 E>erett !ri99s1 t:en t:e US
A8bassador to %ana8a? ,urin9 t:e <re>ious 8ont:s1 Norie9a :ad re<udiated t:e <olic3 of
su<<ortin9 t:e Nicara9uan contra rebels =:ic: t:e !us:8en :ad successfull3 sold to
Rea9an as :is leadin9 obsession? Norie9a :ad done t:is b3 declarin9 :is su<<ort fo t:e
Contadora 9rou<1 =:ic: t:us e8er9ed as an ali9n8ent of MeEico1 6eneAuela1 Colo8bia1
and %ana8a1 and =:ic: ad>ocated a <lan for <acification and t:e restoration of national
so>erei9nt3 in Central A8erica as a =:ole t:rou9: t:e interdiction of 9un-runnin91 <lus t:e
re8o>al of forei9n ad>isers and bases? Accordin9 to !ri99s1 !us: 8a3 :a>e sou9:t
Norie9a7s di<lo8atic su<<ort for t:e US <osition in t:e re9ion? !ut !ri99s denies t:at !us:
=as also loo;in9 for %ana8anian 8ilitar3 su<<ort a9ainst t:e Sandinistas?
Accordin9 to t:e !us:8en1 !us:7s <our<arler in %ana8a =as de>oted to a F<ri>ile9edF tal;
=it: t:e %resident of %ana8a1 Ricardo de la Es<riella1 =:o =as also <resent at t:e 8eetin9?
Gfn '+H !ut Norie9a =as clearl3 t:e do8inant fi9ure on t:e %ana8anian <olitical scene?
Later1 !us: :enc:8an ,on Gre99 =as obli9ed to testif3 under oat: about !us:7s relations
=it: Norie9a in t:e conteEt of t:e ci>il la=suit brou9:t b3 t:e C:ristic Institute of
*as:in9ton1 ,C a9ainst 8e8bers of t:e !us:-S:ac;le3-Clines Enter<rise? Gre99 s<ecified
t:at A8bassador !ri99s =as :i8self a friend of !us:? Gre99 said t:at at t:e ,ece8ber1
12/' 8eetin91 %ana8anian %resident Ricardo de la Es<riella :ad denied US <ress re<orts
alle9in9 %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent co8<licit3 in dru9 traffic;in9?
!ut =:ile Norie9a ;e<t close relations =it: t:e United States1 :e also dealt =it: Cuba and
ot:er countries in t:e re9ion? Norie9a =as increasin9l3 8oti>ated b3 %ana8anian
nationalis81 and a desire to <reser>e a 8ar9in of inde<endence for :is countr3? T:e :ostilit3
of t:e US 9o>ern8ent a9ainst Norie9a =as occasioned first of all b3 Norie9a7s refusal to be
subser>ient to t:e US <olic3 of =a9in9 =ar a9ainst t:e Sandinista re9i8e? T:is =as
eE<lained b3 Norie9a in an inter>ie= =it: C!S Bournalist Mi;e *allace on ebruar3 )1
12//1 in =:ic: Norie9a described t:e US ca8<ai9n a9ainst :i8 as a F<olitical cons<irac3
of t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice?F Norie9a described a >isit to %ana8a on ,ece8ber 1.1 12/+
b3 Ad8iral &o:n %oindeEter1 t:en t:e c:ief of t:e US National Securit3 Council1 =:o
de8anded t:at Norie9a Boin in acts of =ar a9ainst Nicara9ua1 and t:en t:reatened %ana8a
=it: econo8ic =arfare and <olitical destabiliAation =:en Norie9a refused to 9o alon9 =it:
%oindeEter7s <lans"
Norie9a" %oindeEter said :e ca8e in t:e na8e of %resident Rea9an? He said t:at %ana8a and
MeEico =ere actin9 a9ainst US <olic3 in Central A8erica because =e =ere sa3in9 t:at t:e
Nicara9ua conflict 8ust be settled <eacefull3? And t:at =asn7t 9ood enou9: for t:e <lans of t:e
Rea9an ad8inistration? T:e sin9le t:in9 t:at =ill <rotect us fro8 bein9 econo8icall3 and
<oliticall3 attac;ed b3 t:e United States is t:at =e allo= t:e contras to be trained in %ana8a for
t:e fi9:t a9ainst Nicara9ua?
*allace" He told 3ou t:at 3ou =ould be econo8icall3 attac;ed if 3ou didn7t do t:atD
Norie9a" It =as stated1 %ana8a 8ust eE<ect econo8ic conse@uences? (our interest =as t:at =e
s:ould aid t:e contras1 and =e said 7no7 to t:at?
%oindeEter outlined <lans for a US in>asion of Nicara9ua t:at =ould re@uire t:e fi9-leaf of
<artici<ation of troo<s fro8 ot:er countries in t:e re9ion"
Norie9a" (es1 t:e3 =anted to attac; Nicara9ua and t:e onl3 reason it :adn7t alread3 :a<<ened =as
t:at %ana8a =as in t:e =a31 and all t:e3 =anted =as t:at %ana8a =ould o<en t:e =a3 and 8a;e
it <ossible for t:e8 to continue t:eir <lans?
Accordin9 to Norie9a7s ad>isor1 %ana8anian ,efense orces Ca<tain Cortiso1
FGt:e USH =anted t:at %ana8anian forces attac; first? T:en =e =ould recei>e su<<ort fro8 US
troo<s?F Gfn '-H
It =as in t:is sa8e ,ece8ber1 12/+ <eriod t:at !us: and ,on Gre99 8et =it: A8bassador
!ri99s to discuss t:e Norie9a7s refusal to follo= dictation fro8 *as:in9ton? Accordin9 to
Gre99 in :is de<osition in t:e C:ristic Institute la=suit1 FI t:in; =e Gi?e?1 !us: and Gre99H
ca8e a=a3 fro8 t:e 8eetin9 =it: A8bassador !r99s =it: t:e sense t:at Norie9a =as a
9ro=in9 <roble81 <oliticall31 8ilitaril31 and <ossibl3 in t:e dru9 area?F *:en <ressed to
co88ent about Norie9a7s alle9ed relations to dru9 traffic;in91 Gre99 could onl3 add" FIt
=ould :a>e been <art of t:e 9eneral <icture of Norie9a as a <olitical <roble81 corru<tion1
and a 9eneral <olic3 <roble8? (es?F Gfn '.H FI don7t recall an3 s<ecific discussion of
Norie9a7s in>ol>e8ent in dru9s1F Gre99 testified? In t:is case it is @uite <ossible t:at ,on
Gre99 is for once <ro>idin9 accurate testi8on3" t:e US 9o>ern8ent decision to be9in
interference in %ana8a7s internal affairs for t:e o>ert:ro= of Norie9a :ad not:in9 to do
=it: @uestions of dru9 traffic;in9? It =as <redicated on Norie9a7s reBection of %oindeEter7s
ulti8atu8 de8andin9 su<<ort for t:e Nicar9auan contras1 t:e8sel>es a notorious 9an9 of
dru9 <us:ers enBo3in9 t:e full su<<ort of !us: and t:e US 9o>ern8ent? Colonel Sa8uel &?
*atson III1 de<ut3 national securit3 ad>iser to !us: durin9 t:ose 3ears1 in>o;ed eEecuti>e
<ri>ile9e durin9 t:e course of :is C:ristic Institute de<osition on t:e ad>ice of :is la=3er in
order to a>oid ans=erin9 @uestions about !us:7s 12/+ 8eetin9 =it: !ri99s? Gfn '/H
In addition to t:e @uestion of contra aid1 anot:er rationale for official US ra9e a9ainst
Norie9a :ad e8er9ed durin9 12/+? %resident Nic;3 !arletta1 a darlin9 of t:e State
,e<art8ent and a for8er >ice <resident of t:e 9enocidal *orld !an;1 atte8<ted to i8<ose
a <ac;a9e of conditionalities and econo8ic adBust8ent 8easures dictated b3 t:e
International Monetar3 und? T:is =as a <ac;a9e of brutal austerit31 and riots soon eru<ted
in <rotest a9ainst !arletta? Norie9a refused to co8<l3 =it: !arletta7s re@uest to use t:e
%ana8anian 8ilitar3 forces to <ut do=n t:ese anti-austerit3 riots1 and t:e IM austerit3
<ac;a9e =as t:us co8<ro8ised? !arletta =as s:ortl3 forced out as <resident?
,urin9 12/--12/.1 Norie9a coo<erated =it: US la= enforce8ent officials in a nu8ber of
:i9:l3 effecti>e anti-dru9 o<erations? T:is successful Boint effort =as docu8ented b3
letters of co88endation sent to Norie9a b3 &o:n C? La=n1 at t:at ti8e :ead of t:e US
,ru9 Enforce8ent Ad8inistration? On ebruar3 1'1 12/.1 La=n =rote to Norie9a" F(our
lon9standin9 su<<ort of t:e ,ru9 Enforce8ent Ad8inistration is 9reatl3 a<<reciated?
International <olice coo<eration and >i9orous <ursuit of dru9 traffic;ers are our co88on
9oal?F Later in t:e sa8e 3ear1 La=n =rote to Norie9a to co88end t:e latter7s
contributions to O<eration %isces1 a Boint US-%ana8anian effort a9ainst dru9 s8u99lin9
and dru9 8one3 launderin9? %ana8anian <artici<ation =as facilitated b3 a tou9: ne= la=1
called La= $'1 =:ic: contained tou9: ne= <ro>isions a9ainst dru9 8one3 lauderin9?
La=n 7s letter to Norie9a of Ma3 $.1 12/. includes t:e follo=in9" SAs 3ou ;no=1 t:e recentl3
concluded O<eration %isces =as enor8ousl3 successful" 8an3 8illions of dollars and 8an3 t:ousands of
<ounds of dru9s :a>e been ta;en fro8 t:e dru9 traffic;ers and international 8one3 launderers????
A9ain1 t:e ,EA and officials of %ana8a :a>e to9et:er dealt an effecti>e blo= a9ainst dru9 dealers
and international 8one3 launderers? (our <ersonal co88itt8ent to O<eration %isces and t:e
co8<etent1 <rofessional1 and tireless efforts of ot:er officials in t:e Re<ublic of %ana8a =ere
essential to t:e final <ositi>e outco8e of t:is in>esti9ation? ,ru9s dealers t:rou9:out t:e =orld
no= ;no= t:at t:e <rofits of t:eir ille9al o<erations are not =elco8e in %ana8a? T:e o<eration of
Ma3 - led to t:e freeAin9 of 8illions of dollars in t:e ban; accounts of dru9 dealers?
Si8ultaneousl31 ban; <a<ers =ere confiscated t:at 9a>e officials i8<ortant insi9:ts into t:e dru9
trade and t:e launderin9 o<erations of t:e dru9 trade? T:e ,EA :as al=a3s >alued close
coo<eration1 and =e are <re<ared to <roceed to9et:er a9ainst international dru9 dealers =:ene>er
t:e o<<ortunit3 <resents itself? Gfn '2H
!3 a stri;in9 coincidence1 it =as in &une1 12/.1 Bust one 8ont: after t:is 9lo=in9 tribute
:ad been =ritten1 t:at t:e US 9o>ern8ent declared =ar a9ainst %ana8a1 initiatin9 a
ca8<ai9n to destabiliAe Norie9a on t:e <reteEts of lac; of de8ocrac3 and corru<tion? On
&une '51 12/.1 t:e US State ,e<art8ent de8anded t:e ouster of General Norie9a? Elliott
Abra8s1 t:e Assistant Secertar3 of State for Latin A8erican Affairs1 later indicted for
<erBur3 in 1221 for :is role in t:e Iran-contra scandal and co>eru<1 8ade t:e
announce8ent? Abra8s too; note of a resolution <assed on &une $' b3 t:e Senate orei9n
Relations Co88ittee de8andin9 t:e creation of a Fde8ocratic 9o>ern8entF in %ana8a1 and
officiall3 concurred1 t:us 8a;in9 t:e to<<lin9 of Norie9a t:e official US <olic3? Abra8s
also de8anded t:at t:e %ana8anian 8ilitar3 be freed of F<olitical corru<tion?F
T:ese =ere <recisel3 t:e destabiliAation 8easures =:ic: %oindeEter :ad t:reatened 1/
8ont:s earlier? T:e actual ti8in9 of t:e US de8and for t:e ouster of Norie9a a<<ears to
:a>e been dictated b3 resent8ent in t:e US financial co88unit3 o>er Norie9a7s a<<arent
>iolation of certain taboos in :is 8easures a9ainst dru9 8one3 launderin9? As t:e Ne=
(or; Ti8es co88ented in on Au9ust 151 12/." FT:e <olitical crisis follo=s closel3 =:at
ban;ers :ere sa= as a serious breac: of ban; secrec3 re9ulations? Earlier t:is 3ear1 as <art
of an A8erican ca8<ai9n a9ainst t:e launderin9 of dru9 8one31 t:e %ana8anian
9o>ern8ent froAe a fe= sus<ect accounts :ere in a 8anner t:at ban;ers and la=3ers
re9arded as arbitrar3?F T:ese =ere <recisel3 t:e actions lauded b3 La=n? Had Norie9a s:ut
do=n o<erations sanctioned b3 t:e US intelli9ence co88unit31 or confiscated assets of t:e
Ne= (or; ban;sD
In No>e8ber1 12/.1 Norie9a =as >isited b3 !us:7s for8er >ice <residential c:ief of staff1
Ad8iral ,aniel &? Mur<:3? Mur<:3 :ad left !us:7s office in 12/+ to 9o into t:e
international consultin9 business? Mur<:3 =as acco8<anied on :is tri< b3 Ton9sun %ar;1 a
<rota9onist of t:e 12.- #orea9ate scandal =:ic: :ad ser>ed !us: so =ell? Mur<:3 clai8ed
t:at %ar; =as <art of a 9rou< of international business8en =:o :ad sent :i8 to %ana8a to
deter8ine if Mur<:3 could :el< in Frestorin9 stabilit3 in %ana8aF as a re<resentati>e of t:e
business8en or of t:e %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent1 a sin9ular co>er stor3? FI =as reall3 t:ere
tr3in9 to find out =:et:er t:ere =as ne9otiatin9 roo8 bet=een :i8 and t:e o<<osition1F
Mur<:3 said in earl3 12//? T:ere =ere re<orts t:at Mur<:31 =:o :ad conferred =it: NSC
c:ief Colin %o=ell1 ,on Gre99 and Elliott Abra8s of t:e State ,e<art8ent before :e =ent
to %ana8a1 :ad told Norie9a t:at :e could sta3 in office t:rou9: earl3 12/2 if :e allo=ed
<olitical refor8s1 free elections1 and a free <ress1 but Mur<:3 denied :a>in9 done t:is? It is
still not ;no=n =it: <recision =:at 8ission Mur<:3 =as sent to %ana8a to <erfor8 for
!us:? Gfn )5H
On Au9ust 1$1 12/.1 Norie9a res<onded to t:e o<<osition ca8<ai9ns fo8ented b3 t:e US
inside %ana8a b3 declarin9 t:at t:e ai8 of *as:in9ton and its %ana8anian 8inions =as Fto
s8as: %ana8a as a free and inde<endent nation? It is a re<etition of =:at Tedd3 Roose>elt
did =:en :e 8ilitaril3 attac;ed follo=in9 t:e se<aration of %ana8a fro8 Colo8bia?F On
Au9ust 1'1 12/.1 t:e Los An9eles Ti8es re<orted t:at US Assistant Attorne3 General
Ste<:en Trott1 =:o :ad :eaded u< t:e ,e<art8ent of &ustice FGet Norie9aF Tas; orce for
8ore t:an a 3ear1 :ad sent out orders to F<ull to9et:er e>er3t:in9 t:at =e :a>e on :i8
GNorie9aH in order to see if :e is <rosecutable?F T:is classic Fene8ies7 listF o<eration =as
clearl3 ai8ed at fabricatin9 dru9 c:ar9es a9ainst Norie9a1 since t:at =as t:e <olitical s<in
=:ic: t:e US re9i8e =is:ed to i8<art to its attac; on %ana8a? In ebruar31 12//1 Norie9a
=as indicted on US dru9s c:ar9es1 des<ite a lac; of e>idence and an e>en 8ore co8<ellin9
lac; of Burisdiction? T:is indict8ent =as @uic;l3 follo=ed b3 econo8ic sanctions1 an
e8bar9o on trade1 and ot:er econo8ic =arfare 8easures t:at =ere in>o;ed b3 *as:in9ton
on Marc: $1 12//? All of t:ese 8easures =ere ti8ed to coincide =it: t:e FSu<er Tuesda3F
<residential <reference <ri8aries in t:e sout:ern states1 =:ere !us: =as able to benefit
fro8 t:e racist a<<eal of t:e assault on Norie9a1 =:o is of 8estiAo bac;9round and :as a
s=art:3 co8<leEion?
,urin9 t:e s<rin9 of 12//1 t:e Rea9an Ad8inistration conducted a ne9otiation =it:
Norie9a =it: t:e declared ai8 of con>incin9 :i8 to relin@uis: <o=er in eEc:an9e for
:a>in9 t:e dru9 c:ar9es a9ainst :i8 dro<<ed? In Ma31 Mic:ael G? #oAa;1 t:e de<ut3
assistant Secretar3 of State for Inter-A8erican affairs :ad been sent to %ana8a to 8eet =it:
Norie9a? !us: :ad co8e under attac; fro8 ot:er <residential candidates1 es<eciall3
,u;a;is1 for bein9 soft on Norie9a and see;in9 a <lea bar9ain =it: t:e %ana8anian leader?
!us: first too; t:e floor durin9 t:e course of an ad8inistration <olic38a;in9 8eetin9 to
ad>ocate an end of t:e bar9ainin9 =it: Norie9a? Accordin9 to <ress re<orts1 t:is <ro<osal
=as F:otl3 contested?F T:en1 in a s<eec: in Los An9eles1 !us: 8ade one of :is eEceedin9l3
rare de<artures fro8 t:e Rea9an line b3 announcin9 =it: a strai9:t face t:at a !us:
Ad8inistration =ould not Fbar9ain =it: dru9 dealersF at :o8e or abroad? Gfn )1H
!us:7s interest in Norie9a continued after :e :ad assu8ed t:e <residenc3? On A<ril -1 12/21
!us: for8all3 declared t:at t:e 9o>ern8ent of %ana8a re<resented an Funusual and
eEtraordinar3 t:reatF to US national securit3 and forei9n <olic3? He in>o;ed t:e National
E8er9encies Act and t:e International E8er9enc3 Act to declare a state of Fnational
e8er9enc3F in t:is countr3 to 8eet t:e 8enace alle9edl3 <osed b3 t:e nationalists of little
%ana8a? T:e Ma3 11 12/2 issue of US Ne=s and *orld Re<ort re>ealed t:at !us: :ad
aut:oriAed t:e eE<enditure of I15 8illion in CIA funds for o<erations a9ainst t:e
%ana8anian 9o>ern8ent? T:ese funds =ere ob>iousl3 to be e8<lo3ed to influence t:e
%ana8anian elections1 =:ic: =ere sc:eduled for earl3 Ma3? T:e 8one3 =as deli>ered to
%ana8a b3 CIA ba98an Carlos Eleta Al8aran1 =:o :ad Bust been arrested in Geor9ia in
A<ril1 12/2 on c:ar9es of dru9 traffic;in9? On Ma3 $1 =it: one e3e on t:ose elections1
!us: atte8<ted to refurbus: :is =i8< i8a9e =it: a blusterin9 tirade deli>ered to t:e
Roc;efeller-controlled Council of t:e A8ericas in =:ic: :e stated" FLet 8e sa3 one t:in9
clearl3? T:e USA =ill not acce<t t:e results of fraudulent elections t:at ser>e to ;ee< t:e
su<re8e co88ander of t:e %ana8anian ar8ed forces in <o=er?F T:is 8ade clear t:at !us:
intended to declare t:e elections unde8ocratic if t:e <ro- Norie9a candidates =ere not
defeated?
In t:e elections of Ma3 .1 t:e CIA7s I15 8illion and ot:er 8onies =ere used to finance an
eEtensi>e co>ert o<eration =:ic: ai8ed at stealin9 t:e elections? T:e US-su<<orted Ci>ic
,e8ocratic Alliance1 =:ose candidate =as Guiller8o Endara1 <urc:ased >otes1 bribed t:e
election officials1 and finall3 <:3sicall3 absconded =it: t:e official >ote tallies? !ecause of
t:e 8assi>e <attern of fraud and irre9ularities1 t:e %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent annulled t:e
election? So8e=:ere alon9 t:e line t:e usual US-sta9ed F<eo<le <o=erF u<sur9e :ad failed
to 8aterialiAe? T:e inabilit3 of !us: to force t:rou9: a >ictor3 b3 t:e anti-Norie9a
o<<osition =as a first 8o8ent of :u8iliation for t:e =ould-be Rou9: Rider?
T:is =as t:e occasion for a ne= outburst of :3<ocritical breast-beatin9 fro8 !us:1 =:ose
>ote fraud o<eration :ad not =or;ed so =ell in %ana8a as it :ad in Ne= Ha8<s:ire?
S<ea;in9 at t:e co88ence8ent cere8onies of Mississi<<i State Uni>ersit3 in Star;>ille1
Mississi<<i1 !us: issued a for8al call to t:e citAens and soldiers of %ana8a to o>ert:ro=
Norie9a1 assertin9 t:at Ft:e3 ou9:t to do e>er3t:in9 t:e3 can to 9et Mr? Norie9a out of
t:ere?F As;ed =:et:er t:is =as a call for a 8ilitar3 cou< a9ainst Norie9a1 !us: re<lied" FI
=ould lo>e to see t:e8 9et :i8 out of t:ere? Not Bust t:e %,-- t:e =ill of t:e <eo<le of
%ana8a?F !us: elaborated t:at :is =as a call for Fa re>olution--t:e <eo<le rose u< and
s<o;e for-- in a de8ocratic election =it: a substantial - a tre8endous- turnout1 said =:at
t:e3 =anted? T:e =ill of t:e <eo<le s:ould not be t:=arted b3 t:is 8an and a :andful of
t:ese ,ober8an t:u9s?F FI t:in; t:e election 8ade so clear t:at t:e <eo<le =ant de8ocrac3
and 8ade so clear t:at de8ocrac3 is bein9 t:=arted b3 one 8an t:at t:at in itself =ould be
t:e catal3st for re8o>in9 Norie9a1F !us: added1 8a;in9 :is c:aracteristic e@uation of
Fde8ocrac3F =it: a re9i8e subser>ient to US =:i8? !us: <re>aricated on :is o=n
co88itt8ent to disbandin9 t:e %ana8anian ,efense orces1 sa3in9 t:at :e =anted to
F8a;e clear??? t:at t:ere7s no >endetta a9ainst t:e %ana8anian ,efense orces as an
institutionCF t:e US =as concerned onl3 =it: Norie9a7s Ft:u99er3F and F<aria:F status?
!us: see8ed also to in>ite t:e assassination of Norie9a b3 blurtin9 out1 FNo1 I =ould add
no =ords of cautionF on :o= to do an3 of t:is? He sl3l3 ;e<t an esca<e :atc: o<en in case a
cou< leader called on t:e US for su<<ort1 as in fact later :a<<ened" FIf t:e %, as;s for
su<<ort to 9et rid of Norie9a1 t:e3 =ouldn7t need su<<ort fro8 t:e United States in order to
9et rid of Norie9a? He7s one 8an1 and t:e3 :a>e a =ell-trained force?F !us: also see8ed to
encoura9e Norie9a to flee to a countr3 fro8 =:ic: :e could not be eEtradited bac; to t:e
US1 =:ic: sounded li;e a reci<e for a>oidin9 le9al <roceedin9s t:at could <ro>e :i9:l3
e8barrassin9 to !us: <ersonall3 and to t:e =:ole US 9o>ern8ent?
,urin9 t:is <eriod1 Ad8iral *illia8 Cro=e1 t:e c:air8an of t:e US &oint C:iefs of Staff1
atte8<ted to con>ince t:e US co88ander in %ana8a1 Gen? rederic; ? *oerner1 to acce<t
a bri9ade-siAed reinforce8ent of '1555 troo<s in addition to t:e 1$1555 8en alread3
stationed in %ana8a? *oerner declined t:e additional 8en1 =:ic: t:e %enta9on :ad
intended to des<atc: =it: 9reat fanfare in an atte8<t to inti8idate Norie9a and :is
triu8<:ant su<<orters? At t:is <oint t:e %enta9on acti>ated <re<arations for O<eration !lue
S<oon1 =:ic: included a conti9enc3 <lan to ;idna< Norie9a =it: t:e :el< of a ,elta force
unit? T:ere =ere discussions about =:et:er an atte8<t could be 8ade to abduct Norie9a
=it: an3 li;eli:ood of successC it =as concluded t:at Norie9a =as >er3 =il3 and
eEceedin9l3 difficult to trac;? It =as in t:e course of t:ese deliberations t:at ,efense
Secretar3 C:ene3 is re<orted to :a>e told Cro=e1 F7(ou ;no=1 t:e %resident :as 9ot a lon9
:istor3 of >indicti>e <olitical actions?77Cross !us: and 3ou <a317 :e said1 su<<l3in9 t:e
na8es of a fe= >icti8s and addin9" !us: re8e8bers and 3ou :a>e to be careful?F Gfn )$H
T:us inti8idated b3 !us:1 t:e 8ilitar3 co88anders concurred in !us:7s announce8ent of
a bri9ade-siAed reenforce8ent for *oerner1 <lus t:e secret des<atc: of ,elta forces and
Na>3 Seals? On &ul3 1.1 !us: a<<ro>ed a <lan to Fassert US treat3 ri9:tsF b3 underta;in9
de8onstrati>e 8ilitar3 <ro>ocations in >iolation of t:e treat3? *oerner =as soon re<laced
b3 General MaE=ell Reid FMad MaEF T:ur8an1 =:o =ould brin9 no @ual8s to :is
assi9n8ent of a99ression? T:ur8an too; o>er at t:e Sout:ern Co88and on Se<te8ber '5?
In t:e =a;e of t:is tirade1 t:e US forces in %ana8a be9an a s3ste8atic ca8<ai9n of 8ilitar3
<ro>ocations =:ic: continued all t:e =a3 to t:e ,ece8ber $5 in>asion? In &ul3 t:e US
forces be9an <racticin9 :o= to seiAe control of i8<ortant %ana8anian 8ilitar3 installations
and ci>ilian obBecti>es1 all in fla9rant >iolation of t:e %ana8a Canal Treat3? On &ul3 11 for
eEa8<le1 t:e to=n of Ga8boa =as seiAed and :eld for $) :ours b3 US troo<s1 tan;s1 and
:elico<ters? T:e 8a3or of t:e to=n and '5 ot:er <ersons =ere ille9all3 detained durin9 t:is
F8aneu>er?F In C:ilibre1 t:e US forces occu<ied t:e ;e3 =ater <urification <lant ser>in9
%ana8a Cit3 and Colon? On Au9ust 1+1 !us: escalated t:e r:etoric still furt:er b3
<roclai8in9 t:at :e :ad t:e obli9ation Fto ;idna< Norie9aF? T:en1 durin9 t:e first da3s of
October1 t:ere ca8e t:e aborti>e US-s<onsored cou< atte8<t1 follo=ed b3 t:e <ublic
:u8iliation of Geor9e !us:1 =:o :ad failed to 8easure u< to t:e standards of efficac3 set
b3 T:eodore Roose>elt?
All durin9 October and No>e8ber and into ,ece8ber1 t:e !us: Ad8inistration =or;ed to
<re<are t:e <lans for a lar9e-scale in>asion of %ana8a1 O<eration !lue S<oon? !3 8id-
,ece8ber1 t:ere =ere a total of $)1555 US troo<s in %ana8a1 arra3ed a9ainst t:e 1-1555 of
t:e %,1 of =:o8 onl3 about '1+55 =ere or9aniAed and e@ui<<ed for 8ilitar3 co8bat?
T:e US =as no= co88itted to a 8ilitar3 attac;? !e9innin9 on &anuar3 11 12251 accordin9
to t:e US-%ana8a treat31 t:e :ead of t:e canal ad8inistration =ould :a>e to be a
%ana8anian citiAen1 <ro<osed b3 %ana8a and a<<ro>ed b3 t:e US 9o>ern8ent? T:is =as a
transaction =:ic: !us: =is:ed to conduct =it: a <u<<et state1 and not =it: an inde<endent
9o>ern8ent? In t:e li9:t of trans<arent US <re<arations for a s:ort-ter8 in>asion or ot:er
ar8ed incursion1 t:e National Asse8bl3 of %ana8a <assed a resolution of ,ece8ber 1+ to
ta;e note of t:e state of affairs t:at :ad no= been forced u<on %ana8a b3 !us:? T:e
state8ent =as desi9ned to <er8it t:e assu8<tion of e8er9enc3 <o=ers b3 t:e %ana8anian
9o>ern8ent to 8eet t:e crisis1 and =as in no =a3 e@ui>alent to a declaration of =ar under
international la=1 no 8ore t:an !us:7s A<ril -1 12/2 declaration of a US state of e8er9enc3
o>er t:e %ana8anian situation :ad been? FT:e Re<ublic of %ana8a1F t:e state8ent read1
F:as for t:e last t=o 3ears suffered a cruel and constant :arrass8ent b3 t:e US 9o>ern8ent1
=:ose <resident :as 8ade use of t:e <o=ers of =ar???to tr3 to subBect t:e =ill of
%ana8anians????T:e Re<ublic of %ana8a is li>in9 under a 9enuine state of =ar1 under t:e
<er8anent :oundin9 of t:e US 9o>ern8ent1 =:ose soldiers not onl3 dail3 >iolate t:e
inte9rit3 of t:e TorriBos-Carter treaties??? but tra8<le our so>erei9n ri9:ts in o<en1 arro9ant1
and s:a8eless >iolation of t:e <acts and nor8s of international la=????T:erefore be it
resol>ed t:at t:e Re<ublic of %ana8a be declared in a state of =ar1 for as lon9 as t:e
a99ression unleas:ed a9ainst t:e %ana8anian <eo<le b3 t:e US 9o>ern8ent continues?F Gfn
)'H T:e first co88ent fro8 *:ite House s<o;es8an Marlin itA=ater =as to 8ini8iAe
t:is declaration" FI don7t t:in; an3bod3 :ere considers it i8<ortant enou9: in ter8s of
i8<act1F itA=ater told t:e *:ite House <ress cor<s? It =as onl3 after !us: :ad 9i>en t:e
final order to attac; t:at it =as disco>ered t:at t:is state8ent :ad been anot:er casus belli?
At t:is <oint1 t:e US <ro>ocation acti>it3 =as ste<<ed u<1 =it: s<ecial attention 9i>en to
t:e a<<roac:es to Norie9a7s :ead@uarters1 t:e Co88andancia? Here1 at t:e A>enue A %,
c:ec;<oint1 on t:e e>enin9 of Saturda31 ,ece8ber 1-1 Na>3 Lieutenant Ada8 &? Curtis and
:is =ife !onnie :ad been detained as t:e3 c:ose to ta;e an e>enin9 stroll in t:is >er3 tense
and :i9:l3 sensiti>e nei9:bor:ood? T:eir <resence could in no =a3 :a>e been inter<reted as
<urel3 casual? T:en1 =:ile Lieutenant and Mrs? Curtis =ere :a>in9 t:eir identit3 c:ec;ed
b3 t:e %,1 a car occu<ied b3 four ot:er Foff-dut3F A8erican officers in ci>ilian clot:es
dro>e u<? T:ese officers =ould later sa3 t:at t:e3 :ad ta;en a =ron9 turn to=ards Norie9a7s
Co88andancia1 =:ere t:e cat and 8ouse 9a8e of =ould- be ;idna<<ers and t:eir <re3 =as
;no=n to 9o on at all :ours? T:ese US officers alle9ed t:at t:e %, 9uards :ad ordered
t:e8 to 9et out of t:eir car at 9un<oint? !ut t:e US officers also ad8itted t:at t:e3
atte8<ted to de<art fro8 t:e area of t:e %, c:ec;<oint at :i9: s<eed1 and it is not clear in
=:ic: direction t:e3 =ere :eaded? T:e US officers7 car did succeed in de<artin9 t:e scene?
At t:is <oint1 accordin9 to t:e US account1 t:e %, 9uards o<ened fire and =ounded
Marine Lieutenant Robert %aA1 =:o is later re<orted to :a>e died of :is =ounds at t:e US
Gor9as Militar3 Hos<ital? Anot:er US officer in t:e car =as re<ortedl3 sli9:tl3 =ounded in
t:e le9?
*:en Lieutenant and Mrs? Curtis =ere released b3 t:e %, so8e four :ours later1 t:e3
alle9ed t:at Lieutenant Curtis :ad been beaten1 and Mrs? Curtis fondled and seEuall3
t:reatened b3 t:e %,? T:ese details1 =:ic: 8a3 :a>e been <urel3 in>ented1 =ere
obsessi>el3 seiAed u<on b3 !us: in :is <ublic Bustifications of t:e US in>asion? %ublis:ed
accounts indicate t:at t:e <ublic affairs officer of t:e US Sout:ern Co88and su99ested
t:at Lieut? Curtis be inter>ie=ed on tele>ision to recount :is stor31 but t:at t:is idea :ad
been @uic;l3 >etoed b3 ,efense Secretar3 C:ene31 su99estin9 t:at t:e US co88and
aut:orit3 :ad its doubts about Curtis7s abilit3 to tell a tale useful for t:e !us: re9i8e7s
<ro<a9anda 8ill? Gfn ))H
*it: t:e incidents at A>enue A1 t:e i8<osin9 F8ind =arF and F8ind controlF a<<aratus of
t:e US re9i8e =ent into action? Here !us: =as ta;in9 a leaf fro8 t:e boo; of :is fat:er7s
<rote9e1 Adolf Hitler? *:en Hitler :ad =is:ed to in>ade %oland1 :e first co8<leted :is
8ilitar3 <re<arations and t:en sta9ed t:e infa8ous <ro>ocation code- na8ed O<eration
Canned Meat at t:e Glei=itA radio station on t:e Ger8an side of t:e border =it: %oland?
T:e NaAis too; so8e Ger8an con>icts fro8 a Bail1 8urdered t:e81 and t:en dressed t:e8
in %olis: unifor8s? T:ese bodies =ere t:en <resented to t:e <ress as t:e result of a
8urderous %olis: raid across t:e border? *it:in :ours1 Hitler :ad issued an earl3-8ornin9
declaration of =ar? !us: s:o=ed t:at :is <edi9ree :ad been ac@uired in t:e sa8e sc:ool?
!us: 9a>e t:e final order for t:e attac; on Sunda31 ,ece8ber 1.? He 8ade a series of
ra>in9 state8ents about t:e alle9ed seEual 8olestation of Mrs? Curtis1 and it =as e>ident
t:at racist :3steria =as bein9 acti>el3 elicited? In :is s<eec: deli>ered at ."$5 AM on
,ece8ber $11 12/2 announcin9 t:e US in>asion1 !us: said" S
Man3 atte8<ts :a>e been 8ade to resol>e t:is crisis t:rou9: di<lo8ac3 and ne9otiations? All =ere
reBected b3 t:e dictator of %ana8a1 General Manuel Norie9a1 an indicted dru9 traffic;er?
Last rida31 Norie9a declared :is 8ilitar3 dictators:i< to be in a state of =ar =it: t:e United
States and <ublicl3 t:reatened t:e li>es of A8ericans in %ana8a? T:e >er3 neEt da3 forces under
:is co88and s:ot and ;illed an unar8ed A8erican ser>ice8an1 =ounded anot:er1 arrested and
brutall3 beat a t:ird A8erican ser>ice8an and t:en brutall3 interro9ated :is =ife1 t:reatenin9 :er
=it: seEual abuse? T:at =as enou9:? Gfn )+H
On ,ece8ber $$1 !us: =as as;ed =:at :ad 8ade :i8 decide to launc: t:e attac; no=? He
re<lied"
I t:in; =:at c:an9ed 83 8ind =as t:e e>ents t:at I cited in briefin9 t:e A8erican <eo<le on t:is
3esterda3" t:e deat: of t:e Marine1 t:e brutaliAin91 reall3 obscene torture of t:e Na>3 lieutenant1
and t:e t:reat of seEual abuse and t:e terror inflicted on t:at Na>3 lieutenant7s =ife???? Gfn )-H
Later in t:e sa8e <ress conference !us: obsessi>el3 returned to t:e sa8e to<ic1 t:is ti8e
ans=erin9 a @uestion about t:e So>iet reaction to t:e US 8o>e"
And I also need to let :i8 GGorbac:o>H ;no=-- loo;1 if an A8erican 8arine is ;illed1 if t:e3 ;ill
an A8erican Marine-- t:at7s real bad? And if t:e3 t:reaten and brutaliAe t:e =ife of an A8erican
citiAen1 seEuall3 t:reatenin9 t:e lieutenant7s =ife =:ile ;ic;in9 :i8 in t:e 9roin o>er and o>er
a9ain1 t:en1 Mr? Gorbac:o>1 <lease understand1 t:is <resident is 9oin9 to do so8et:in9 about it?F
!lac;s and 8estiAos 8a;e u< t:e >ast 8aBorit3 of t:e <o<ulation of %ana8a? T:e <rinci<al
ene83 i8a9e =as constructed around t:e fi9ure of Norie9a1 =:o =as ridiculed as Ft:e
<inea<<leF in t:e US 8edia lo3al to !us:? Norie9a =as not :o=e>er t:e onl3 tar9et"
rancisco Rodri9ueA1 t:e <ro-Norie9a %resident of %ana8a1 =as1 li;e Norie9a1 a 8estiAo1
=:ile t:e 8inister of 9o>ern8ent and Bustice1 t:e 8inister of t:e treasur31 and t:e 8inister
of labor =ere all blac;? T:e forei9n 8inister =as of C:inese bac;9round1 as =as t:e :ead
of t:e s8all air force? A nu8ber of Norie9a7s leadin9 %, collea9ues =ere blac;? !3
contrast1 Guiller8o Endara1 t:e ne= US <u<<et <resident =:o =as no= ad8iniustered :is
oat: of office b3 US 8ilitar3 officers on a US 8ilitar3 base1 =as =:ite1 and lil3-=:ite =as
:is retinue1 includin9 first >ice <resident Ricardo Arias Calderon and second >ice <resident
Guiller8o F!ill3F ord? T:ere =ould be onl3 one non-=:ite in t:e ne= Endara cabinet1 a
blac; =o8an =:o =as 8inister of education? T:e rest of t:e US assets belon9ed to t:e lil3-
=:ite oli9arc:3 of %ana8a1 t:e rabiblancos or Fcottontails1F =:o :ad ruled t:e countr3 =it:
su<re8e inco8<tence and 8aEi8u8 corru<tion until t:e ad>ent of t:e nationalist
re>olution of Gen? O8ar TorriBos1 Norie9a7s <atron1 in 12-/? Endara7s base =as a8on9 t:e
F!M* re>olutionariesF =:o :ad attended anti-Norie9a rallies onl3 in t:e confort of t:eir
air-conditioned li8ousines? T:ese =ere !us:7s ;ind of <eo<le? One of !us:7s soldatesca in
%ana8a1 General Marc Cisneros1 boasted t:at t:e %ana8anians Fneed to :a>e a little
infusion of An9lo >alues?F
T:e US 8ilitar3 o<erations1 =:ic: 9ot under =a3 Bust after 8idi9:t on Tuesda31 =ere
conducted =it: unusual ferocit3? T:e officers =ere obsessed =it: a>oidin9 a re<etition of
t:e fiasco of ,esert One on 12/51 or t:e fratricidal casualties of Grenada? Mad MaE
T:ur8an sent in t:e ne= Stealt: and A-. fi9:ter-bo8bers1 and AC-1' 9uns:i<s? T:e
nei9:bor:ood around Norie9a7s Co88andancia1 called El C:orillo1 =as bo8barded =it: a
>en9eance and >irtuall3 raAed1 as =as t:e =or;in9-class district of San Mi9uelito1 and lar9e
<arts of t:e cit3 of Colon? US co88anders :ad been instructed t:at !us: =is:ed to a>oid
US casualties at all costs1 and t:at an3 :ostile fire =as to be ans=ered b3 o>er=:el8in9 US
fire<o=er1 =it:out re9ard to t:e nu8ber of ci>ilian casualties t:at t:is 8i9:t <roduce
a8on9 t:e %ana8anians? Man3 of t:e %ana8anian ci>ilian dead =ere secretl3 buried in
un8ar;ed 8ass 9ra>es durin9 t:e dead of ni9:t b3 t:e US forcesC 8an3 ot:er bodies =ere
consu8ed in t:e :olocaust of fires t:at le>elled El C:orillo? T:e Institute of Seis8olo93
counted )1. bo8b bursts in %ana8a Cit3 alone durin9 t:e first 1) :ours of t:e US in>asion?
or 8an3 da3s t:ere =ere no US esti8ates of t:e ci>ilian dead 0or Fcollateral da8a9eF41
and e>entuall3 t:e !us: re9i8e set t:e deat: toll for %ana8anian non-co8battants at
sli9:tl3 o>er $55? In realit31 as EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= and for8er US Attorne3
General Ra8sa3 Clar; <ointed out1 t:ere :ad been a<<roEi8atel3 +1555 innocent ci>ilian
>icti8s1 includin9 lar9e nu8bers of =o8en and c:ildren?
US forces rounded u< 151555 sus<ected <olitical o<<onents of Fde8ocrac3F and
incarcerated t:e8 in concentration ca8<s1 callin9 8an3 of t:e8 <risoners of =ar? Man3
<olitical <risoners =ere :eld for 8ont:s after t:e in>asion =it:out bein9 c:ar9ed =it: an3
s<ecific offense1 a clear >iolation of t:e nor8s of :abeas cor<us? T:e co8bined econo8ic
de>astation caused b3 '5 8ont:s of US sanctions and econo8ic =arfare1 <lus t:e results of
bo8bard8ents1 firefi9:ts1 and torc:in9s1 :ad ta;en an esti8ated I. billion out of t:e
%ana8anian econo831 in =:ic: se>ere <o>ert3 =as t:e lot of 8ost of t:e <o<ulation a<art
fro8 t:e rabiblanco ban;ers t:at =ere t:e 8ain su<<ort for !us:7s inter>ention? T:e
bo8bin9 left 1+1555 :o8eless? T:e Endara 9o>ern8ent <ur9ed se>eral t:ousand
9o>ern8ent officials and ci>il ser>ants under t:e <reteEt t:at t:e3 :ad been tainted b3 t:eir
association =it: Norie9a? Ironicall31 t:e ne= US <u<<et re9i8e could onl3 be described as
a con9eries of dru9 <us:ers and dru9 8one3 launderers? T:e 8ost succinct su88ar3 =as
<ro>ided b3 t:e International Herald Tribune on ebruar3 .1 12251 =:ic: re<orted" FT:e
nation7s ne= %resident Guiller8o Endara :as for 3ears been a director of one of t:e
%ana8anian ban;s used b3 Colo8bia7s dru9 traffic;ers? Guiller8o ord1 t:e second >ice
<resident and c:air8an of t:e ban;in9 co88ission1 is a <art o=ner of t:e ,adeland !an;
of lorida1 =:ic: =as na8ed in a court case t=o 3ears a9o as a central financial institution
for one of t:e bi99est Medellin 8one3-launderers1 GonAalo Mora? Ro9elio CruA1 t:e ne=
Attorne3 General1 :as been a director of t:e irst Intera8ericas !an;1 o=ned b3 Rodr9ueA
OreBuela1 one of t:e bosses of t:e Cali Cartel 9an9 in Colo8bia?F T:e <ortl3 Endara =as
also t:e business <artner and cor<orate attorne3 of Carlos Eleta Al8aran1 t:e CIA ba98an
alread3 8entioned? Eleta Al8aran1 t:e o=ner of t:e %ana8anian branc: of %:ili< Morris
tobacco =as arrai9ned in !ibb Count31 Geor9ia b3 ,EA officials =:o accused :i8 of
cons<irac3 to i8<ort -55 ;ilos of cocaine <er 8ont: into t:e US1 and to set u< du883
cor<orations to launder t:e esti8ated I'55 8illion in <rofits t:is <roBect =as eE<ected to
<roduce? Eleta =as first freed on I/ 8illion bailC after t:e FsuccessfulF US in>asion of
%ana8a1 all c:ar9es a9ainst :i8 =ere ordered dro<<ed b3 !us: and T:ornbur9:? !us:7s
:eart :ad 9one out in :is ,ece8ber $1 =ar s<eec: es<eciall3 to dru9 <us:er !ill3 ord"
F(ou re8e8ber t:ose :orrible <ictures of ne=l3 elected 6ice %resident ord co>ered :ead
to toe =it: blood1 beaten 8ercilessl3 b3 so-called 7di9nit3 battalions?7F !us:1 it =ould
a<<ear1 :as ne>er =anted to beat u< a dru9 <us:er?
As for Endara7s first >ice <resident1 Ricardo Arias Calderon1 :is brot:er1 &ai8e Arias
Calderon1 =as <resident of t:e irst Intera8ericas ban; =:en t:at ban; =as controlled b3
t:e Cali cartel? &ai8e Arias Calderon =as also t:e co-o=ner of t:e !anco Continental1
=:ic: laundered I)5 8illion in dru9 8one31 <art of =:ic: =as used to finance t:e acti>ities
of t:e anti-Norie9a o<<osition? T:us1 all of !us:7s 8ost i8<ortant ne=l3- installed <u<<ets
=ere i8<licated in dru9 dealin9?
T:e in>asion <resented so8e >er3 difficult 8o8ents for !us:? ro8 t:e be9innin9 of t:e
o<eration late on ,ece8ber $51 until C:rist8as e>e1 t:e i8<osin9 US 8artial a<<aratus :ad
<ro>en inca<able of locatin9 and ca<turin9 Norie9a? T:e US Sout:ern Co88and =as
terroriAed =:en a fe= Norie9a lo3alists launc:ed a sur<rise attac; on US :ead@uarters =it:
8ortars1 scatterin9 t:e 8edia <ersonnel =:o :ad been 9rindin9 out t:eir <ro<a9anda?
T:ere =as 9reat fear t:rou9: t:e US co88and t:at Norie9a :ad successfull3 i8<le8ented
a <lan for t:e %, to 8elt a=a3 to ar8s cas:es and secret bases in t:e %ana8anian Bun9le
for a <rolon9ed 9uerilla =arfare effort? As it turned out1 Norie9a :ad failed to 9i>e t:e order
to dis<erse? T:e reason for t:is is 8ost instructi>e" Norie9a :ad eE<ected a US 8o>e1 but
refused to credit t:e o>er=:el8in9 e>idence t:at t:e US =as launc:in9 a full-scale
in>asion for t:e <ur<ose of co8<letel3 dis8antlin9 t:e %, and occu<3in9 t:e totalit3 of
%ana8anian territor3? Norie9a re8ained con>inced until >er3 late in t:e da3 t:at US
a99ression =ould be li8ited to a co88ando raid de>oted <ri8aril3 to t:e ;idna<<in9 or
assassination of Norie9a and a fe= to< lieutenants? In t:is1 Norie9a Boins t:e co8<an3 of
t:e S:a: of Iran1 %resident Marcos of t:e %:ili<<ines1 and Sadda8 Hussein of Ira@1 all of
=:o8 =ere unable to fat:o8 t:e true eEtent of t:e US co88itt8ent to to<<le t:eir re9i8es
0or1 in t:e case of Ira@1 la3 =aste to 8uc: of t:e countr34? T:is is t:e <rinci<al reason =:3
t:e %, failed to eEecute its <lan to dis<erse and re9rou< in t:e Bun9le?
As C:rist8as e>e a<<roac:ed1 and Norie9a still :ad not been eli8inated1 a =:inin9 :3steria
increasin9l3 colored !us:7s <ublic <ronounce8ents? In :is <ress conference of ,ece8ber
$$1 !us: =as tre8endousl3 a9itated1 and o<ened t:e <roceedin9s b3 co8<lainin9" FI :a>e a
brief <ress state8ent1 to be follo=ed b3 a brief <ress conference because I :a>e a <ain in
t:e nec;? Seriousl3?F !us: refused to discuss t:e details of t:is <ain? *as it a s38<to8 of
t:e t:r3oid condition t:at =as dia9nosed in earl3 Ma3 of 1221D T:at is difficult to
deter8ine1 but t:ere =as no 8ista;in9 !us:7s :3<ert:3roid 8ood? His res<onse to t:e
ine>itable first @uestion about trac;in9 do=n t:e de8oniAed Norie9a"
I7>e been frustrated t:at :e7s been in <o=er t:is lon9-- eEtraordinaril3 frustrated? T:e 9ood ne=s"
:e7s out of <o=er? T:e bad ne=s" :e :as not 3et been brou9:t to Bustice? So I7d :a>e to sa31 t:ere is
a certain le>el of frustration on t:is account? T:e 9ood ne=s1 t:ou9:? is t:at t:e 9o>ern8ent7s
be9innin9 to function1 and t:e 8an controls no forces1 and :e7s out? !ut1 3es1 I =on7t be satisfied
until =e see :i8 co8e to Bustice?
Norie9a =as irrele>ant1 !us: tried to su99est1 since :is 9o>ern8ent and ar83 :ad bot:
ceased to eEist1 but !us: lac;ed con>iction? He feared a lon9 C:rist8as da3 s<ent b3 at
:o8e b3 /5 8illion fa8ilies1 =it: no ne=s eEce<t t:e football scores and t:e 8ortified
consternation of t:e US re9i8e Norie9a :ad 8ana9ed to elude? T:en1 on t:e e>enin9 of
,ece8ber $)1 it =as re<orted t:at Norie9a1 ar8ed =it: an UAi 8ac:ine 9un1 :ad 8ade :is
=a3 unc:allen9ed and undetected to t:e %a<al Nunciatura in %ana8a Cit3 =:ere :e :ad
as;ed for and obtained <olitical as3lu8? T:ere are no re<orts of :o= far Geor9e !us:
9na=ed into t:e *:ite House !i9elo=s u<on :earin9 t:at ne=s1 but it is clear t:at t:ere
=as i8<ortant da8a9e to t:e dee< <ile in t:e O>al Office?
T:e standoff t:at t:en de>elo<ed enca<sulated t:e :ereditar3 =ar of t:e !us: fa8il3 =it:
t:e Hol3 See and t:e Ro8an Cat:olic C:urc:? or ei9:t da3s1 US troo<s surrounded t:e
Nunciatura1 =:ic: t:e3 <roceeded to bo8bard =it: deafenin9 decibels of eE<licitl3 satanic
:ea>3 8etal and ot:er :ard roc; 8usic1 =:ic: accordin9 to so8e re<orts :ad been
<ersonall3 c:osen b3 8ad MaE T:ur8an in order to Funner>e Norie9a and t:e Nuncio1F
Monsi9nor La!oa? Norie9a =as re<uted to be an o<era lo>er?
At t:e sa8e ti8e1 !us: ordered t:e State ,e<art8ent to carr3 out real acts of t:u99er3 in
8a;in9 t:reatenin9 re<resentations to t:e Hol3 See? It beca8e clear t:at Ro8an Cat:olic
<riests1 nuns1 8on;s and <relates =ould soon be in dan9er in 8an3 countries of Ibero-
A8erica? Ne>ert:eless1 t:e 6atican declined to eE<el Norie9a fro8 t:e Nunciatura in
accordance =it: US de8ands? !us:7s forces in %ana8a :ad s:o=n t:e3 =ere read3 to <la3
fast and loose =it: di<lo8atic i88unit3? A nu8ber of forei9n e8bassies =ere bro;en into
b3 US troo<s =:ile t:e3 =ere franticall3 searc:in9 for Norie9a1 and t:e Cuban and
Nicara9uan E8bassies =ere rin9ed =it: tan;s and troo<s in a :a8-:anded 9esture of
inti8idation? It is clear t:at in t:is conteEt1 !us: conte8<lated t:e stor8in9 of t:e
Nunciatura b3 US forces? %er:a<s :e =as deterred b3 t:e =orld=ide <olitical conse@uences
:e =ould :a>e faced? *:en t:e Ger8an *e:r8ac:t occu<ied Ro8e durin9 t:e =ar 3ears
of 12)'-))1 Hitler :ad ne>er dared to order an incursion into t:e so>erei9n territor3 of t:e
6atican? Could !us: face t:e o<<robriu8 of :a>in9 ordered =:at Hitler :i8self :ad ruled
outD At t:is <oint1 !us:7s cri8inal ener93 failed :i81 and :e :ad to loo; for ot:er o<tions?
T:ese =ere difficult da3s for !us:? On ,ece8ber $.1 :e 9a>e anot:er <ress conference
durin9 =:ic: :e =as as;ed"
L" ,o 3ou fear t:at Mr? Norie9a 8i9:t disclose an3 CIA infor8ation t:at could e8barrass 3ou or
t:e 9o>ern8entD
!us:"
No?
L" Not:in9 =:atsoe>erD
!us:" I don7t t:in; so? I t:in; t:at7s :istor3 and I t:in; t:at t:e 8ain t:in9 is t:at :e s:ould be tried
and brou9:t to Bustice and =e are <ursuin9 t:at course =it: no fear of t:at? (ou ;no=1 =e 8a3 9et
into so8e release of certain confidential docu8ents1 t:at :e 8a3 tr3 to blind side t:e =:ole Bustice
<rocess1 but t:e s3ste8 =or;s1 so I =ouldn7t =orr3 about t:at?
L" *ould 3ou o<en u< an3 docu8ents t:at :e 8i9:t re@uest so t:at t:ere7d be no @uestion as t:ere
:as been in ot:er casesD
!us:" T:ere =ould be enou9: to see t:at :e7s 9i>en a totall3 fair trial?
Ne= (ear7s ,a3 =as eEcruciatin9 for !us:1 since t:is =as anot:er :olida3 s<ent at :o8e
=it: football scores 3eildin9 onl3 to s<eculation on :o= lon9 Norie9a =ould elude !us:7s
le9ions? T:e 8anifest refusal of t:e 6atican to eE<el Norie9a see8ed to de<ri>e !us:7s
a99ression of its entire 8oral Bustification" if Norie9a =as =:at !us: clai8ed1 =:3 did t:e
%o<e &o:n %aul II decline to :onor t:e i8<erati>e US de8and for custod3D *:ile !us:
s@uir8ed in a9on3 =aitin9 for t:e Rose !o=l to end1 :e be9an to t:in; once a9ain of
%eo<le %o=er?
In %ana8a Cit31 t:e Endara-ord-Arias Calderon forces 8obiliAed t:eir !M* base and
:ired :undreds of t:ose =:o :ad not:in9 to eat for 8ilitant de8onstrations outside of t:e
Nunciatura? T:ese =ere liberall3 seeded =it: US s<ecial forces and ot:er co88andos in
ci>ilian clot:es? As t:e de8onstrations 9re= 8ore 8enacin91 and t:e US troo<s and tan;s
8ade no 8o>e to restrain t:e81 it =as clear t:at t:e US forces =ere <re<arin9 to sta9e a
>iolent but Fs<ontaneousF assault b3 t:e 8asses on t:e Nunciatura t:at =ould include t:e
assassination of Norie9a and t:e s8all 9rou< of :is co-=or;ers =:o :ad acco8<anied :i8
into t:at buildin9? At about t:is ti8e Ms9r? Laboa =arned Norie9a1 F3ou could be l3nc:ed
li;e Mussolini?F Norie9a a<<ears to :a>e concluded t:at re8ainin9 in t:e Nunciatura 8eant
certain deat: for :i8self and :is subordinates at t:e :ands of t:e US co88andos o<eratin9
under t:e co>er of t:e 8ob? La!oa and t:e ot:er reli9ious on t:e staff of t:e Nunciatura
=ould also be in 9ra>e dan9er? On &anuar3 '1 12251 after t:an;in9 La!oa and 9i>in9 :i8 a
letter to t:e %o<e1 Norie9a1 dressed in :is 9eneral7s unifor81 left t:e Nunciatura and
surrendered to Gen? Cisneros?
In !us:7s s<eec: of ,ece8ber $5 :e :ad offered t:e follo=in9 Bustification for :is act of
=ar1 O<eration &ust Cause"
T:e 9oals of t:e United States :a>e been to safe9uard t:e li>es of A8ericans1 to defend
de8ocrac3 in %ana8a1 to co8bat dru9 traffic;in91 and to <rotect t:e inte9rit3 of t:e %ana8a Canal
Treat3?
If t:ese =ere t:e 9oals1 t:en !us:7s in>asion of %ana8a 8ust be counted not onl3 a cri8e1
but also a failure?
On A<ril +1 12211 ne=s<a<ers all o>er Latin A8erican carried details of a ne= re<ort b3
t:e US ,ru9 Enfocre8ent Ad8inistration confir8in9 t:at t:e US-installed <u<<et <resident
of %ana8a1 Guiller8o Endara1 :ad been an officer of at least siE co8<anies =:ic: :ad been
de8onstrabl3 i8<licated in launderin9 dru9 8one3? T:ese =ere t:e !anco General1 t:e
!anco de Colo8bia1 t:e Union !an; of S=itAerland1 t:e !anco Ale8an1 t:e %ri8er !anco
de A:orros1 Suda8eris1 !anaico1 and t:e !anco del Ist8o? T:e 8one3 laundered ca8e
fro8 a dru9 s8u99lin9 rin9 :eaded u< b3 Au9usto alcon and Sa:>ador Ma9luta of
Colo8bia1 =:o are re<orted to :a>e s8u99led an a>era9e of one ton of cocaine <er 8ont:
into lorida durin9 t:e decade 12..-/.1 includin9 8an3 of t:e 3ears durin9 =:ic: !us:7s
8uc:-touted Sout: lorida Tas; orce and related o<erations =ere in o<eration?
*it: t:e <u<<et <resident so :ea>il3 i8<licated in t:e acti>it3 of t:e international dru9
8afia1 it can be no sur<rise t:at t:e <la9ue of ille9al dru9s :as 8ar;edl3 =orsened in t:e
=a;e of !us:7s in>asion? Accordin9 to t:e London Inde<endent of Marc: +1 12211
Fstatistics no= indicate t:at since General Norie9a7s de<arture1 cocaine traffic;in9 :as1 in
fact1 <ros<eredF in t:e countr3? On Marc: 11 t:e State ,e<art8ent :ad conceded t:at t:e
turno>er of dru9 8one3 laundered in %ana8a :ad at least re9ained t:e le>els attained
before t:e 12/2 in>asion? Accordin9 to t:e Los An9eles Ti8es of A<ril $/1 12211 current
le>els of dru9 traffic;in9 in %ana8a Fin so8e cases eEceedF =:at eEisted before t:e
,ece8ber $5 in>asion1 and US officials Fsa3 t:e trend is s:ar<l3 u<=ard and includes
serious 8o>e8ents b3 t:e Colo8bian cartels into areas lar9el3 i9nored under Norie9a?F
T:is =as all real dru9 acti>it31 and not t:e corn8eal ta8ales =ra<<ed in banana lea>es t:at
!us:7s 8ind =ar eE<erts found in one of Norie9a7s residences and labelled as FcocaineF
durin9 t:e in>asion?
!us:7s in>asion of %ana8a :as done not:in9 to fi9:t t:e scour9e of ille9al narcotics?
Rat:er1 t:e fact t:at so 8an3 of !us:7s :and-<ic;ed <u<<ets can be s:o=n to be to< fi9ures
in t:e dru9 8afia su99ests t:at dru9 traffic;in9 t:rou9: %ana8a to=ards t:e United States
:as increased after t:e ouster of Norie9a? If dru9 s:i<8ents to t:e United States :a>e
increased1 t:is eE<oses !us:7s <led9e to F<rotect t:e li>es of A8ericansF as a lie?
As far as t:e <ro8ise of de8ocrac3 is concerned1 it 8ust be stressed t:at %ana8a :as
re8ained under direct US 8ilitar3 dictators:i< and >irtual 8artial la= until t:is =ritin9 in
t:e late autu8n of 12211 t=o 3ears after !us:7s ad>enture =as launc:ed? T:e con9ressional
and local elections t:at =ere conducted durin9 earl3 1221 =ere t:orou9:l3 orc:estrated b3
t:e US occu<ation forces? Ar83 intelli9ence units interro9ated <otential >oters1 and
8edical battalions :anded out >accines and 8edicines to urban and rural <o<ulations to
encoura9e t:e8 to >ote? E>er3 i8<ortant official in t:e %ana8anian 9o>ern8ent fro8
Endara on do=n :as US 8ilitar3 Fliasion officersF assi9ned on a <er8anent basis? T:ese
officers are fro8 t:e ,efense ,e<art8ent7s Ci>ic Action-Countr3 Area Tea8 0or CA-CAT41
a counterinsur9enc3 and Fnation buildin9F a<<aratus t:at <arallels t:e Fci>ic actionF tea8s
unleas:ed durin9 t:e 6ietna8 =ar? CA-CAT officers su<er>ise all 9o>ern8ent 8inistries
and e>en su<er>ise <olice <recincts in %ana8a Cit3? T:e %ana8anian ,efense orces :a>e
been dissol>ed1 and t:e CA-CAT officers are busil3 creatin9 a ne= constabular31 t:e uerAa
%ublica? ,urin9 ,ece8ber 1225 and &anuar3 12211 as t:e US-led coalition =as about to
launc: its attac;s into Ira@1 lar9e-scale 8ilitar3 de8onstrations =ere sta9ed b3 t:e US
forces in t:e <ro>inces of C:iri@ui1 !ocas del Toro1 %ana8a1 and Colon for t:e <ur<ose of
inti8idatin9 t:e lar9e Arab <o<ulations of t:ese areas1 =:ic: t:e US sus<ected of
s38<at:iAin9 =it: Ira@? Radio stations and ne=s<a<ers =:ic: s<o;e out a9ainst t:e US
in>asion or criticiAed t:e <u<<et re9i8e =ere Bailed or inti8idated1 as in t:e case of t:e
<ublis:er Escolastico Cal>o1 =:o =as :eld in concentration ca8<s and Bails for so8e
8ont:s after t:e in>asion =it:out an arrest =arrant and =it:out s<ecific c:ar9es? Trade
union ri9:ts are non-eEistent" after a de8onstration b3 1551555 <ersons in ,ece8ber1 1225
:ad <rotested 9ro=in9 une8<lo38ent and Endara7s <lans to F<ri>atiAeF t:e state sector b3
sellin9 it off for a son9 to t:e rabiblanco ban;ers1 all of t:e labor leaders =:o :ad or9aniAed
t:e 8arc: =ere fired fro8 t:eir Bobs1 and arrest =arrants =ere issued a9ainst 155 union
officials b3 t:e 9o>ern8ent? !ut e>en t:e <er>asi>e 8ilitar3 <resence :as not been
sufficient to re- establis: stabilit3 in %ana8a" on ,ece8ber +1 12251 :ea>il3 ar8ed US
forces =ere sent into t:e streets of %ana8a Cit3 to deter a cou< d7etat t:at =as alle9edl3
bein9 <re<ared b3 Eduardo Herrera1 t:e for8er c:ief of <olice? As t:e <o<ularit3 of F%or;3F
Endara =anes1 t:ere are si9ns t:at t:e !us: State ,e<art8ent is 9roo8in9 a <ossible
successor in Gabriel Le=is Galindo1 t:e o=ner of t:e !anco del Ist8o1 one of t:e ban;s
in>ol>ed in dru9 8one3 launderin9?
In t:e =a;e of !us:7s in>asion1 t:e econo83 of %ana8a :as not been rebuilt1 but :as rat:er
colla<sed furt:er into i88iseration? T:e !us: ad8inistration :as set as t:e first i8<erati>e
for t:e <u<<et re9i8e t:e 8aintenance of debt ser>ice on %ana8a7s I- billion in
international debt? ,ebt ser>ice <a38ents ta;e <recedence o>er s<endin9 on <ublic =or;s1
<ublic :ealt:1 and all ot:er cate9ories? !us: :ad <ro8ised %ana8a I$ billion for <ost-
in>asion reconstruction1 but :e later reduced t:is to I1 billion? *:at =as finall3
fort:co8in9 =as Bust I)-5 8illion1 8ost of =:ic: =as si8<l3 transferred to t:e *all Street
ban;s in order to defra3 t:e debt ser>ice o=ed b3 %ana8a? T:e fi9ure of I)-5 scarcel3
eEceeds t:e I)55 in %ana8anian :oldin9s t:at =ere su<<osedl3 froAen b3 t:e US durin9 t:e
<eriod of econo8ic =arfare a9ain8st Norie9a1 but =:ic: =ere t:en 9i>en to t:e Ne= (or;
ban;s1 also for debt ser>ice <a38ents?
As far as t:e inte9rit3 of t:e %ana8a Canal Treat3 si9ned b3 TorriBos and Carter1 and
ratified b3 t:e US Senate is concerned1 a resolution co-s<onsored b3 Re<ublican Senator
!ob ,ole of #ansas and GO% Con9ress8an %:il Crane of Illinois is currentl3 before t:e
Con9ress =:ic: calls on !us: to rene9otiate t:e treat3 so as to allo= US 8ilitar3 forces to
re8ain in %ana8a be3ond t:e current deadline of ,ece8ber '11 1222? Since no
%ana8anian 9o>ern8ent could re-o<en ne9otiations on t:e treat3 and sur>i>e1 t:is strate931
=:ic: a<<ears to enBo3 t:e su<<ort of t:e !us: *:ite House1 i8<lies a US 8ilitar3
occu<ation of not Bust t:e old Canal Jone1 but of all of %ana8a1 for t:e entire foreseeable
future?
T:us1 on e>er3 <oint enu8erated b3 !us: as basic to :is <olic3-- t:e li>es of A8ericans1
%ana8anian de8ocrac31 anti-dru9 o<erations1 and t:e inte9rit3 of t:e treat3-- !us: :as
obtained a fiasco? !us:7s in>asion of %ana8a =ill stand as a c:a<ter of s:a8e and infa83
in t:e recent :istor3 of t:e United States?
As t:is boo; 9oes to <ress1 t:e <rosecution is <resentin9 its case in t:e trial of Gen? Norie9a
in Mia8i1 lorida? T:ese <roceedin9s :a>e been a s:oc;in9 de8onstration of t:e
<oliticall3-8oti>ated1 <olice-state fra8eu<s t:at are no= t:e rule in US courts? Norie9a =as
brou9:t into t:e United States t:rou9: a >iolent eEercise in international ;idna<<in9? In an3
case1 Norie9a7s undeniable status as a <risoner of =ar 8eans t:at under t:e Gene>a
Con>ention :e cannot be :eld cri8inall3 res<onsible in a United States court for actions
t:at antedate t:e o<enin9 of :ostilities bet=een t:e United States and %ana8a? T:ese
o>erarc:in9 considerations set t:e sta9e for a series of scandalous abuses =it:in t:e
fra8e=or; of t:e trial itself? As a result of t:e !us: re9i8e7s F8ind =arF conducted in
coo<eration =it: t:e controlled ne=s 8edia1 it is clear t:at Norie9a cannot recei>e a fair
trial an3=:ere in t:e United States1 because of t:e i8<ossibilit3 of findin9 an i8<artial
Bur3? ,urin9 t:e ti8e t:at Norie9a =as <re<arin9 :is defense1 t:e US ,e<art8ent of &ustice
and t:e !I >iolated t:e ri9:ts of t:e defendant under t:e SiEt: A8end8ent b3 ta<<in9 and
ta<in9 :is con>ersations =it: :is defense la=3ers? Attorne3 Ra38ond Ta;iff :ad been
retained b3 Norie9a as a la=3er at t:e sa8e ti8e t:at :e =as =or;in9 for t:e US
,e<art8ent of &ustice as a secret infor8ant in underco>er stin9 o<erations? In :is
outra9eousl3 <olitical <re-trial o<inions1 US ,istrict &ud9e *illia8 Hoe>eler barred all
references to Norie9a7s dealin9s =it: CIA ,irector and 6ice %resident Geor9e !us:1 rulin9
t:at t:e Norie9a-!us: relation =as irrele>ant to t:e US 9o>ern8ent7s c:ar9e t:at Norie9a
=as <art of dru9 s8u99lin9 into t:e United States? Hoe>eler7s <re-trial rulin9 a8ounts to a
ban on discussion of =ron9doin9 b3 t:e US 9o>ern8ent? T:is 9uts Norie9a7s defense1
=:ic: is t:at US a9encies1 and not Norie9a1 =ere res<onsible for t:e i8<ortation of ille9al
narcotics into t:e United States as an inte9ral <art of t:e US 9o>ern8ent7s <olic3 of
su<<ortin9 t:e Nicara9uan contras1 and t:at t:e US 9o>ern8ent fabricated t:e ebruar31
12// indict8ents a9ainst Norie9a as <art of a <olitical strate93 to o>ert:ro= :i8 because
:e refused to Boin t:e US in su<<ortin9 t:e contras?
T:e <arade of 9o>ern8ent =itnesses a9ainst Norie9a includes t:e usual ro9ue7s 9aller3 of
<rofessional <erBurers fro8 t:e ederal *itness %rotection %ro9ra8? T:ose testif3in9
a9ainst Norie9a are1 al8ost =it:out eEce<tion1 felons at t:e 8erc3 of t:e US 9o>ern8ent1
8an3 of =:o8 :a>e concluded <lea bar9ains =it: federal <rosecutors in =:ic: t:e3 :a>e
been treated 8ore lenientl3 in eEc:an9e for t:eir =illin9ness to testif3 a9ainst Norie9a?
T:ese <rofessional =itnesses constitute a <:alanE of CIA strin9ers and ot:er 8ercenaries of
t:e <erBur3 =ars =:o :a>e recei>ed total <a38ents of US taE<a3ers7 8one3 esti8ated
an3=:ere bet=een I1?+ 8illion and I- 8illion? T:e u<;ee< of t:is stable of =itnesses and
ot:er eEorbitant court costs are not bein9 defra3ed b3 t:e !us: <residential ca8<ai9n nor
b3 !us: <ersonall31 des<ite t:e fact t:at t:e 8ain <ur<ose of t:e <roceedin9s is to
retroacti>el3 >alidate !us:7s atrocit3 of ,ece8ber1 12/21 and to contribute to :is efforts at
self-9lorification for re-election in 122$? &ud9e Hoe>eler :as abro9ated t:e usual rules of
e>idence1 ad8ittin9 :earsa3 re<orts on Norie9a7s acti>ities fro8 celebrit3 felons li;e Carlos
Le:der =:o :a>e ne>er 8et nor s<o;en =it: Norie9a? ,es<ite t:is un<recedented
8obiliAation of t:e <olice state a<<aratus1 ne=s 8edia li;e US Ne=s and *orld Re<ort of
Se<te8ber $'1 1221 :a>e conceded t:at t:e &ustice ,e<art8ent case a9ainst Norie9a is
Fs:oc;in9l3 =ea;1F and le9al eE<erts not friendl3 to Norie9a :a>e asserted t:at t:e first
8ont: of t:e <rosecution case :ad utterl3 failed to <ro>ide con>incin9 e>idence of an3
>iolations of US la= b3 Norie9a?
!us:7s <erfor8ance durin9 t:e %ana8a crisis =as es<eciall3 o8inous because of t:e
<resident7s clearl3 e8er9in9 8ental i8balance? Se>eral outbursts durin9 t:e Norie9a <ress
conferences :ad rese8bled 9enuine <ublic fits? Racist and seEual obsessions =ere reac:in9
critical 8ass in !us:7s subconscious? T:ese 9ross <:eno8ena did not recei>e t:e attention
t:e3 =ould :a>e 8erited fro8 Bournalists1 tele>ision co88entators1 and <undits1 =:o rat:er
<referred studiousl3 to i9nore t:e8?
It =as durin9 t:ese =anin9 da3s of 12/2 t:at !us:7s 8ental disinte9ration beca8e
un8ista;eable1 fores:ado=in9 t:e 9reater furors 3et to co8e?
NOTES"
1? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $11 1221?
$? E>ans and No>a;1 FA Note ro8 Saddle Ri>er1F *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 151 12/2?
'? or u;u3a8a7s FEnd of Histor31F see T:e National Interest1 Su88er1 12/21 and Henr3 Allen1 FT:e End?
Or Is ItDF1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber $.1 12/2?
)? *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber /1 12//
+? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 1.1 12/2
-? See &ac; Anderson and ,ale 6an Atta1 FAnot:er Test of Lo3alt3 and Standards1F *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril
$-1 12/2 and FO>erseas S<oils for GO% Lo3alists1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber $$1 12/2C and Ann
,e>ro31 F!us: A8bassadorial No8ination in Li8bo1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 1$1 12/2?
.? FOff on t:e *ron9 oot" Gra3 ta;es on !a;er1F Ne=s=ee;1 A<ril 151 12/2?
/? F!us:7s Eart:l3 %ursuits1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1/1 12//?
2? See t:e transcri<t of !us:7s state8ent and ne=s conference1 *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 .1 12/2C F*it:
Si9ns and Cere8on31 SNL !ailout !e9ins1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 151 12/2C and F!us:" SNLs Ma3
Need More Hel<1F *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber 1$1 12/2?
15? F!us: !ac;s Increase in IM unds1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber $'1 12/2?
11? F%resident ,efends %ace of Ad8inistration1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: /1 12/2?
1$? See House ,e8ocratic Stud3 Grou<1 S<ecial Re<ort No? 151-)+1 FLe9islation 6etoed b3 t:e %resident1F
<? /'?
1'? *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril $21 12251 <? 1?
1)? &o:n M? !arr31 T:e A8bition and t:e %o=er1 0Ne= (or;" 6i;in9 %ress1 12/241 <<? -$1--$$?
1+? !arr31 T:e A8bition and t:e %o=er1 <? -)$?
1-? F!us:" T:e Secret %residenc31F Ne=s=ee;1 &anuar3 11 1225?
1.? FTranscri<t of %resident !us:7s %ress Conference1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &une 21 12/2?
1/? !us: <ress conference1 *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber $$1 12/2?
12? FManue>erin9 Mar;s E>e of 7Education Su88it7F1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber $.1 12/2?
$5? #e>in %:illi<s1 FGeor9e !us: and Con9ress-- !rain-,ead %olitics of 7/21F *as:in9ton %ost1 October 11
12/2?
$1? Ti8e1 October $'1 12/2?
$$? F!us: Attac;s Critics of Res<onse to Cou<1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October 1)1 12/2?
$'? Con9ressional Record1 +/t: Con9ress1 'd session1 <? 12?
$)? See F%olice State and Global Gendar8e" T:e United States under t:e T:ornbur9: ,octrine1F A8erican
Le>iat:an1 <<? -1-15$?
$+? #ennet: &? &ones1 T:e Ene83 *it:in1 0Cali1 Colo8bia" Car>aBal1 122541 <? $$?
$-? rederic; #e8<e1 FT:e Norie9a iles1F Ne=s=ee;1 &anuar3 1+1 1225?
$.? #e8<e1 FT:e Norie9a iles1F <? 12?
$/? ran; A? Rubino Es@? and &on A? Ma31 Es@?1 Classified Infor8ation %rocedures Act Sub8ission in
United States of A8erica >s? General 8anuel A? Norie9a1 United States ,istrict Court1 Sout:ern ,istrict of
lorida1 Case No? /2-.2-CR-HOE6ELER1 Marc: 1/1 12211 :ereafter cited as Norie9a CI%A <roffer?
$2? F!us: Returned Norie9a to %a3roll1 Turner Sa3s1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October 11 12//?
'5? Mi;e !lair1 FMossad Silent %artner1F T:e S<otli9:t1 Ma3 1'1 1221?
'1? Norie9a CI%A <roffer1 <? /$?
'$? #e8<e1 FT:e Norie9a iles1F <? $'?
''? Norie9a CI%A <roffer1 <? +$?
')? Norie9a CI%A <roffer1 <? +)-++?
'+? FT:e !us:-Norie9a Relations:i<1F Ne=s=ee;1 &anuar3 1+1 12251 <<? 1--1.1 includin9 t:e <:oto of t:e
!us:-Norie9a 8eetin9?
'-? F%ana8a" Atrocities of t:e 7!i9 Stic;17F in A8erican Le>iat:an" Ad8inistrati>e ascis8 under t:e !us:
Re9i8e1 0*iesbaden" EIR Ne=s Ser>ice1 122541 <<? '2-)5?
'.? or Gre997s testi8on3 on !us:-Norie9a relations1 see FTesti8on3 on !us: Meetin9 *it: %ana8a
A8bassador1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 $11 12//?
'/? FF!us: Aide In>o;es EEecuti>e %ri>ile9e1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 $51 12//?
'2? A8erican Le>iat:an1 <<? )1-)$?
)5? FEE-!us: Aide Is Said to Ha>e Ad>ised Norie9a1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $$1 12/2?
)1? F!us: %resses to Cut Off Tal;s =it: Norie9a1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 $51 12//?
)$? !ob *ood=ard1 T:e Co88anders1 0Ne= (or;" Si8on and S:uster1 122141 <? /2?
)'? See Fact S:eet on t:e US In>asion of %ana8a1F A8erican Le>iat:an1 <? )-?
))? T:e Co88anders1 <? 1-1?
)+? TeEt of %resident !us:7s Address1 *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber $11 12/2?
)-? TeEt of !us: <ress conference1 *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber $$1 12/2?
C:a<ter -MMI6- T:e Ne= *orld Order
Ro8a ca<ut 8undi re9it orbis frena rotundi
0Ro8e1 t:e c:ief of t:e =orld1 :old t:e reins of t:is round orb?4 Inscri<tion on t:e i8<erial cro=n of
,iocletian?
,urin9 late 12/2 and 12251 Geor9e !us: tra>ersed a decisi>e =aters:ed in :is <olitical
career and in :is o=n <ersonal 8ental life? U< until t:is transition1 !us: :ad atte8<ted to
secure ad>ance8ent t:rou9: an attitude of deference and <ro<itiation1 curr3in9 fa>or =it: a
series of <oliticians and <o=er bro;ers =:o8 :e des<ised as :is social inferiors1 and =:o8
:e ne>er :esitated to stab in t:e bac; once :e 9ot t:e c:ance to do so? T:is =as t:e old
du<licitious F:a>e :alfF <ersona of :is earl3 c:ild:ood? ,urin9 t:e lon9 3ears of !us:7s
@uest for t:e >ice <residenc31 and durin9 t:e ei9:t lon9 3ears of :is tenure in t:at office1 t:e
<ublic face of !us: =as t:at of do9-li;e fidelit3 and Rea9anite ort:odoE3? ,urin9 t:ese
3ears !us: eE:ibited t:e sa8e relati>e co9niti>e i8<air8ent =:ic: :e :ad eE:ibited since
:is Ando>er da3s? On t:e surface1 :e =as a to<-le>el bureuacratic functionar3 of t:e US
<olice state1 s:arin9 t:e 8oral insanit3 of t:e <olic3 co88itt8ents of t:e 9o>ern8ent
a<<aratus =:ic: :e re<resented?
Se>ere and debilitatin9 8ental strains :ad been e>ident in !us:7s <ersonalit3 fro8 :is
earliest 3ears? Suc: tensions =ere an ine>itable result of t:e in:u8an self-disci<line
de8anded b3 :is 8ot:er1 ,orot:3 *al;er !us:1 =:ose re9i8en co8bined t:e 8ost
rut:less <ursuit of <ersonal affir8ation for its o=n sa;e1 =it: t:e i8<erati>e t:at all t:is
sin9le-8inded stri>in9 be disse8bled be:ind t:e elaborate <ose of fairness and concern for
t:e ri9:ts of ot:ers? ,urin9 12/2 and 12251 t:e tensions con>er9in9 on !us:7s <ersonal
<s3c:olo9ical structures =ere 9reatl3 8a9nified not Bust b3 t:e %ana8a ad>enture and t:e
Gulf =ar1 but also b3 t:e crisis of t:e An9lo-A8erican financial interests1 b3 t:e t:reat
<osed to An9lo-A8erican <lans b3 Ger8an reunification1 b3 t:e t:orn3 <roble8s of
<re<arin9 :is o=n re-election1 and b3 t:e founderin9 of :is condo8iniu8 <artners in t:e
#re8lin? As a result of t:is surfeit of tensions1 !us:7s <ersonalit3 entered into a <rocess of
disinte9ration? T:e =:inin9 accents of t:e =i8<1 so fa8iliar to !us:-=atc:ers of 3ears
<ast1 =ere no= increasin9l3 su<<lanted b3 t:e :iss of frenetic s<leen?
T:e successor <ersonalit3 =:ic: e8er9ed fro8 t:is u<:ea>al differed in se>eral i8<ortant
res<ects fro8 t:e Geor9e !us: =:o :ad sou9:t and occu<ied t:e >ice- <residenc3? T:e
Geor9e !us: =:o e8er9ed in late 1225 after t:e dust :ad settled =as far less restrained
t:an t:e 8an =:o :ad lan9uis:ed in Rea9an7s s:ado=? T:e :3<ert:3roid F<residentialF
<ersona of !us: =as e@ui<<ed =it: little self-control1 and rat:er featured a series of
co8<ulsi>e1 @uasi-<s3c:otic e<isodes eE:ibited in t:e <ublic 9lare of t:e tele>ision li9:ts?
T:ese =ere t3<icall3 ra9e-induced outbursts of >erbal abuse and t:reats 8ade in t:e conteEt
of international crises1 first a9ainst Norie9a and later a9ainst Ira@i <resident Sadda8
Hussein?
So8e 8i9:t ar9ue t:at t:e <ublic ra9e fits t:at beca8e increasin9l3 fre@uent durin9 12/2-
25 =ere calculated and scri<ted <erfor8ances1 calibrated and sta9ed accordin9 to t:e
8et:ods of 8ind =ar for t:e eE<ress <ur<ose of inti8idatin9 forei9n ad>ersaries and1 not
least of all1 t:e A8erican <o<ulation itself? !us:7s a<<rentices:i< =it: #issin9er =ould
:a>e tau9:t :i8 t:e tec:ni@ues =e :a>e seen #issin9er e8<lo3 in :is secret
co88unications =it: Mosco= durin9 t:e Indo-%a;istani =ar of 12.5" #issin9er 8a;es
clear t:at an inte9ral <art of :is crisis 8ana9e8ent st3le is t:e studied atte8<t to con>ince
:is ad>ersar3 t:at t:e latter is dealin9 =it: a 8ad8an =:o =ill not s:un an3 eE<edient1 no
8atter :o= irrational1 in order to <re>ail? !ut =it: t:e !us: of 1225 =e are far be3ond suc:
calculatin9 :istrionics? T:ere =ere still traces of 8et:od in Geor9e !us:7s 8adness1 but t:e
central factor =as no= t:e 8adness itself?
T:e t:esis of t:is c:a<ter is t:at =:ile it is clear t:at t:e Gulf =ar =as a deliberate and
calculated <ro>ocation b3 t:e An9lo-A8erican oli9arc:ical and financier elite1 t:e 8ental
instabilit3 and <s3c:olo9ical disinte9ration of Geor9e !us: =as an indis<ensable in9redient
in i8<le8entin9 t:e actions =:ic: t:e oli9arc:s and ban;ers desired? *it:out a Geor9e
!us: =:o =as increasin9l3 non co8<os 8entis1 t:e i8<erialist 9rand desi9n for t:e
destruction of t:e leadin9 Arab state and t:e inti8idation of t:e t:ird =orld 8i9:t :a>e
re8ained on t:e s:elf? Es<eciall3 since t:e !a3 of %i9s and t:e 6ietna8 debacle1 A8erican
<residents :a>e seen eEcellent reasons to 8istrust t:eir ad>isers =:en t:e latter ca8e
bearin9 <lans for 8ilitar3 ad>entures o>erseas? T:e destruction of t:e once <o=erful
L3ndon !? &o:nson1 in <articular1 :as stood as an elo@uent =arnin9 to :is successors t:at a
<resident =:o =ants to :a>e a <olitical future 8ust be >er3 reticent before :e atte8<ts to
=rite a ne= <a9e in t:e 8artial eE<loits of i8<erialis8? Eisen:o=er7s re<udiation of t:e
An9lo-renc: SueA in>asion of 12+- can ser>e to re8ind us t:at e>en a relati>el3 =ea; US
<resident 8a3 find reasons not to lea< into t:e >an9uard of t:e latest :are-brained sc:e8e
to co8e out of t:e London clubs? T:e difficult3 of orc:estratin9 a Fs<lendid little =arF is all
t:e 8ore e>ident =:en t:e >arious bureaucratic1 8ilitar31 and financier factions of t:e US
establis:8ent are not at all con>inced t:at t:e <roBect is a =inner or e>en =ort:=:ile1 as t:e
<ro-sanctions1 =ait and see stance of 8an3 ,e8ocratic 8e8bers of t:e House and Senate
indicates? T:e subBecti>it3 of Geor9e !us: is t:erefore a >ital lin; in t:e c:ain of an3
eE<lanation of =:3 t:e =ar :a<<ened1 and t:at subBecti>it3 centers an increasin9l3
des<erate1 a99ra>ated1 infantile id1 tor8ented b3 t:e fires of a ra9in9 t:3roid stor8?
!us:7s ne= desire to strut and <osture as a 8ad8an on t:e =orld sta9e1 as contrasted =it:
:is earlier de>otion to secret1 be:ind-t:e-scenes ini@uit3 :as certain <arallels in Suetonius7s
<ortrait of t:e E8<eror Nero? !efore Nero :ad full3 consolidated :is :old on <o=er1 :e
culti>ated out=ard and <ublic dis<la3s of filial <iet31 and stro>e to 8anifest F9ood
intentions?F T:ese =ere t:e >eneer for 8onstrous cri8es t:at =ere at first carried out
co>ertl3" F???at first :is acts of =antonness1 lust1 eEtra>a9ance1 a>arice1 and cruelt3 =ere
9radual and secret????F !ut once Nero :ad fir8l3 establis:ed :is o=n re9i8e1 t:e 8onster
beca8e 8ore and 8ore o>ert" Flittle b3 little1 :o=e>er1 as :is >ices 9re= stron9er1 :e
dro<<ed Bestin9 and secrec3 and =it: no atte8<t at dis9uise o<enl3 bro;e out into =orse
cri8e?F Gfn 1H So8et:in9 si8ilar can be obser>ed in t:e case of Cali9ula1 =:o :ad a =i8<
<roble8 of sorts durin9 t:e ti8e t:at :e li>ed on t:e island of Ca<ri in t:e s:ado= of t:e
a9in9 e8<eror Tiberius1 in so8e=:at t:e sa8e =a3 t:at !us: :ad li>ed in t:e s:ad<= of
Rea9an1 as least as far as t:e <ublic =as concerned? In t:e case of Cali9ula1 Falt:ou9: at
Ca<ri e>er3 ;ind of =ile =as resorted to b3 t:ose =:o tried to lure :i8 or force :i8 to utter
co8<laints1 :e ne>er 9a>e t:e8 an3 satisfaction????F Cali9ula =as F???so obse@uious to=ards
:is 9randfat:er GTiberiusH and :is :ouse:old1 t:at it =as =ell said of :i8 t:at no one :ad
e>er been a better sla>e or a =orse 8aster?F Gfn $H Later1 =:en Cali9ula ca8e into :is o=n1
:e eEacted a terrible <rice fro8 t:e =orld for :is earlier :u8iliations?
T:e <rocess of 8ental and 8oral de9eneration1 t:e loss of <re>ious self-control obser>able
in !us: durin9 t:is <eriod is not 8erel3 an indi>idual 8atter? T:e 9ee; act in t:e *:ite
House =as t3<ical of t:e collecti>e 8ental and <olitical be:a>ior of t:e faction to =:ic:
!us: belon9s b3 birt: and <edi9ree1 t:e An9lo-A8erican financiers? ,urin9 12/2 and
12251 outbursts of 8e9alo8ania1 racis81 and 8anic fli9:t for=ard =ere co88on enou9:1
not Bust in *as:in9ton1 but in *all Street1 *:ite:all1 and t:e Cit3 of London as =ell? T:ese
8oods <ro>ided t:e <s3c:ic ra= 8aterial for t:e strate9ic construct =:ic: !us: =ould
<roclai8 durin9 t:e late su88er of 1225 as FT:e Ne= *orld Order?F
!3 t:e autu8n of 12/21 it =as e>ident t:at t:e So>iet E8<ire1 t:e cold-=ar anta9onist and
t:en t:e uneas3 <artner of t:e An9lo-A8ericans o>er 8ore t:an four decades1 =as fallin9
a<art? ,urin9 t:e 8iddle 12/57s1 t:e An9lo-A8ericans and t:eir counter<arts in t:e #re8lin
:ad arri>ed at t:e conclusion t:at1 since t:e3 could no lon9er do8inate t:e <lanet t:rou9:
t:eir ri>arl3 0t:e cold =ar41 t:e3 8ust no= atte8<t to do8inate it t:rou9: t:eir collusion?
T:e ne= detente of Rea9an7s second ter81 in =:ic: !us: :ad <la3ed a decisi>e role1 =as a
=orld=ide condo8iniu8 of t:e So>iets and An9lo-SaEons1 t:e t=o increasin9l3 feeble and
9utted e8<ires =:o no= leaned on eac: ot:er li;e t=o drun;s1 eac: one <ro<<in9 t:e ot:er
u<? T:at :ad been t:e condo8iniu81 incarnated in t:e fi9ure of Gorbac:o>?
!ot: e8<ires =ere colla<sin9 at an eEceedin9l3 ra<id <ace1 but durin9 t:e second :alf of
t:e 12/57s t:e rate of So>iet deca3 outstri<<ed t:at of t:e An9lo-A8ericans? T:at too;
so8e doin91 since bet=een 12/+ and 12251 t:e 9lobal edifice of An9lo-A8erican
s<eculation and usur3 :ad been s:a;en b3 t:e <anic of 12/.1 and b3 t:e deflationar3
contraction of 12/21 bot: s38<to8s of a let:al disorder? !ut t:e An9lo-A8ericans1 unli;e
t:e So>iets1 =ere insulated =it:in t:eir Nort: Atlantic 8etro<olis b3 t:e <ossession of a
9lobal1 as distinct fro8 a 8erel3 continental1 base of econo8ic ra<ine1 so t:e econo8ic and
<olitical 8anifestations of t:e So>iet colla<se =ere 8ore s<ectacular?
T:e da3 of rec;onin9 for t:e An9lo-A8ericans =as not far off1 but in t:e 8eanti8e t:e
breat:ta;in9 colla<se of t:e So>iets o<ened u< 8e9alo8aniac >istas to t:e custodians of t:e
I8<erial idea in London dra=in9 roo8s and En9lis: countr3 :ouses? T:e <ractitioners of
t:e Great Ga8e of 9eo<olitics =ere no= enticed b3 t:e <ers<ecti>e of t:e Sin9le E8<ire1 a
=orld=ide I8<eriu8 t:at =ould be a <urel3 An9lo-SaEon s:o=1 =it: t:e Russians and
C:inese forced to ;nuc;le under? Li;e t:e conte8<oraries of t:e ,u;e of *ellin9ton in
1/1+1 t:e i8becilic An9lo-A8erican t:in;-tan;ers and financiers conte8<lated t:e c:i8era
of a ne= centur3 of =orld do8ination1 not unli;e t:e !ritis: =orld su<re8ac3 t:at :ad
eEtended fro8 t:e Con9ress of 6ienna until t:e irst *orld *ar? T:e old S;ull and !ones
slo9an of Henr3 Luce7s FA8erican Centur3F of 12)+1 =:ic: :ad been robbed of its s<lendid
lustre b3 t:e Russians and t:e Cold *ar1 could no= ride a9ain?
True1 t:ere =ere still so8e obstacles? T:e Great Russian rout 8eant t:at Ger8an
reunification could not be a>oided1 =:ic: brou9:t =it: it t:e dan9er of a
*irtsc:afts=under reac:in9 fro8 t:e Atlantic to t:e Urals? T:at1 and t:e continued
econo8ic d3na8is8 of t:e &a<anese-oriented s<:ere in t:e ar East1 =ould be co8batted1
b3 econo8ic conflicts and trade =ars t:at =ould ta;e ad>anta9e of t:e An9lo- A8erican
control of ra= 8aterials and abo>e all oil1 =it: t:e An9lo-A8erican lease on t:e %ersian
Gulf to be >i9orousl3 reaffir8ed? E>en so1 t:e end of t:e <artition of Ger8an3 =as a real
trau8a for t:e An9lo-SaEons1 and =ould elicit a =a>e of true :3steria on t:e <art of Mrs?
T:atc:er1 Nic:olas Ridle31 and t:e rest of t:eir circle1 and a <arallel <ublic e<isode of
consternation and c:a9rin on t:e <art of !us:? T:e An9lo- A8ericans =ere 8o>ed to
s=ee<in9 counter8easures? A little furt:er do=n t:e line1 a =ar in t:e !al;ans could brin9
c:aos to t:e Ger8an econo8ic Hinterland? ro8 t:e stand<oint of !ritis: and #issin9erian
9eo<olitics1 t:e counter8easures =ere necessar3 to restore t:e balance of <o=er1 =:ic:
no= ris;ed s:iftin9 in fa>or of t:e ne= Ger8an3? Ger8an ascendanc3 =ould 8ean t:at
London =ould occu<3 t:e <lace to =:ic: T:atc:er7s econo8ics :ad entitled t:at =retc:ed
nation- a nic:e of i8<otence1 i8<o>eris:8ent1 isolation1 and irrele>ance? !ut t:e !ritis:
=ere deter8ined to be i8<ortant1 and =ar =as a =a3 to attain t:at 9oal?
T:ere =ere also 9o>ern8ents in t:e de>elo<in9 sector =:ose obedience to t:e An9lo-
SaEon su<er8en =as in doubt? T:e $+515551555 Arabs1 =:o =ere in turn t:e >an9uard of a
billion Mosle8s1 =ould al=a3s be intractable? T:e out-of-area de<lo38ents doctrine of t:e
Atlantic Alliance =ould no= be t:e fra8e=or; for t:e ritual i88olation of t:e leadin9
Arab state1 =:ic: :a<<ened to be Ira@? Later1 t:ere =ould be ti8e to crus: and dis8e8ber
India1 Mala3sia1 !raAil1 Indonesia and so8e ot:ers?
T:en t:ere =as t:e in:erent de8o9ra<:ic =ea;ness of t:e An9lo-SaEons1 es<eciall3 t:e
fallin9 birt: rate1 no= eEacerbated b3 Holl3=ood1 tele>ision1 and :ea>3 8etal? Ho= could
suc: a s8all 8aster race <re>ail a9ainst t:e blac;1 bro=n1 3ello=1 Mediterranean and Sla>ic
8assesD T:e ans=er to t:at could onl3 be 9enocide on a collossal scale1 =it: econo8ic
brea;do=n1 fa8ine1 e<ide8ics and <estilence co8<letin9 t:e Bob t:at =ar :ad be9un? If t:e
birt: rate of Ni9eria see8ed destined to cata<ult t:at countr3 into second <lace a8on9 t:e
=orld de8o9ra<:ic <o=ers1 t:e AI,S e<ide8ic in central Africa =as t:e re8ed3? General
,eat: =as t:e 8ain all3 of t:e An9lo-SaEons?
,es<ite t:ese <roble8s1 !us: and :is co-t:in;ers =ere confident t:at t:e3 could subBu9ate
t:e <lanet for a full centur3? !ut t:e3 :ad to :urr3? Unless t:e So>iets1 C:inese1 Ger8ans1
&a<anese1 and t:ird =orld <o=ers could be ra<idl3 dealt =it:1 t:e An9lo- A8ericans 8i9:t
be o>erta;en b3 t:eir o=n acceleratin9 econo8ic colla<se1 and t:e3 8i9:t soon find
t:e8sel>es too =ea; to eEtend t:eir 3o;e o>er t:e =orld? T:e 8ilitar3 8ac:ine t:at
attac;ed Ira@ =as in t:e <rocess of s:rin;in9 b3 8ore t:an $+R because of 9ro=in9
A8erican econo8ic =ea;ness1 so it =as i8<ortant to act fast?
T:e An9lo-A8erican s3ste8 de<ended on s@ueeAin9 enou9: =ealt: out of t:e =orld
econo83 to feed t:e insatiable de8ands of t:e debt and ca<ital structures in London and
Ne= (or;? ,urin9 t:e 12/57s1 t:ose ca<ital structures :ad s=elled li;e 8ali9nant tu8ors1
=:ile t:e de<leted =orld econo83 =as bled =:ite? No=1 craAed after t:eir October 12/.
and October 12/2 brus:es =it: botto8less financial and currenc3 <anic1 t:e 8asters of
usur3 in London and Ne= (or; de8anded t:at t:e rate of <ri8iti>e accu8ulation be
ste<<ed u< all o>er t:e =orld? T:e old So>iet s<:ere =ould <ass fro8 t:e fr3in9 <an of t:e
Co8econ to t:e fires of t:e IM? !3 t:e s<rin9 of 1221 !us: =ould issue :is calls for a free
trade Aone fro8 t:e nort: <ole to Tierra del ue9o1 and t:en for =orld =ide free trade?
!us:7s :andlin9 of t:e General A9ree8ent on Tariffs and Trade and t:e Nort: A8erican
ree Trade Jone soon con>inced t:e Euro<e 72$ cro=d in !russels t:at t:e An9lo-
A8ericans =ere :ell-bent on 9lobal trade =ar?
T:ese =ere t:e i8<usles and <ers<ecti>es =:ic: i8<in9ed on !us: fro8 =:at :e later
called Ft:e Mot:er Countr31F and =:ic: =ere >i9orousl3 i8<arted to :i8 in :is fre@uent
consultations =it: !ritis: %ri8e Minister Mar9aret T:atc:er1 =:o no= loo8ed >er3 lar9e
in t:e confi9uration of !us:7s <ersonal net=or;?
!us: :ad 8et Gorbac:o> in Marc:1 12/+1 =:en :is F3ou die1 =e fl3F ser>ices =ere
re@uired for t:e funeral of old #onstantin C:ernen;o1 t:e octo9enarian s38bol of t:e
i8<asse of t:e <ost-Andro<o> #re8lin =:o :ad ruled t:e USSR for Bust '25 da3s?
Gorbac:o> :ad co8e :i9:l3 reco88ended b3 Mar9aret T:atc:er1 =it: =:o8 :e :ad
beco8e ac@uainted t:e <re>ious 3ear? T:atc:er :ad Bud9ed t:e ne=-loo; Gorbac:o> a 8an
=it: =:o8 s:e could do business? !us: ca8e to Mosco= bearin9 an in>itation fro8
Rea9an for a <arle3 at t:e su88itC t:is =ould later beco8e t:e c:oreo9ra<:ed <irouette of
Gene>a t:at No>e8ber? !us: 9a>e Gorbac:o> a 9arbled and obli@ue endorse8ent" FIf e>er
t:ere =as a ti8e t:at =e can 8o>e for=ard =it: <ro9ress in t:e last fe= 3ears1 t:en I =ould
sa3 t:is is a 9ood ti8e for t:at1F sta88ered !us:? Gfn 'H After Gene>a t:ere =ould follo=
su88its in Iceland in 12/-1 *as:in9ton in 12/. to si9n t:e IN treat31 and t:en Rea9an7s
s=an son9 in Mosco= in t:e su88er of 12//1 a >aluable auEiliar3 to Geor9e7s o=n
electioneerin9? !ut1 as =e :a>e seen1 t:e !us: tea8 =as conte8<tuous of slobberin9
senti8ental old Rea9an1 a soft touc: =:o let t:e Russians ta;e :i8 to t:e cleaners1
es<eciall3 in ar8s control ne9otiations? !us: =anted to dri>e a :ard bar9ain1 and t:at 8eant
stallin9 until t:e So>iets beca8e trul3 des<erate for an3 deal? In addition1 =:en Rea9an and
!us: :ad 8et Gorbac:o> on Go>ernor7s Island in Ne= (or; :arbor in t:e 8idst of t:e
transition1 Gorbac:o> :ad been 9uilt3 of lese 8aBeste to=ards t:e :eir a<<arent and :ad
<i@ued !us:7s ire?
Accordin9 to one account of t:e Go>ernor7s Island 8eetin9 of ,ece8ber .1 12//1 after
so8e s8all tal; b3 Uncle Ron1 !us: =anted to ;no= fro8 Gorbac:o>1 F*:at assurance
can 3ou 9i>e 8e t:at I can <ass to A8erican business8en =:o =ant to in>est in t:e So>iet
Union t:at <erestroi;a and 9lasnost =ill succeedDF *as t:is t:e official business of t:e
United States1 or in>est8ent counsellin9 for #ra>is1 Lied;te1 Mossbac:er1 and %ic;ensD
Gorbac:o>7s re<l3 is recalled b3 <artici<ants as brus@ue to t:e <oint of rudeness" FNot e>en
&esus C:rist ;no=s t:e ans=er to t:at @uestion1F said :e1 a8idst t:e 9as<s of !us:7s staff? A
8inute later1 Gorbac:o> turned to !us: =it: a lecture" FLet 8e ta;e t:is o<<ortunit3 to tell
3ou so8et:in9? (our staff 8a3 :a>e told 3ou t:at =:at I78 doin9 is all a tric;? It7s not? I78
<la3in9 real <olitics? I :a>e a re>olution 9oin9 t:at I announced in 12/-? No=1 in 12//1 t:e
So>iet <eo<le don7t li;e it? ,on7t 8isread 8e1 Mr?
6ice %resident1 I :a>e to <la3 real <olitics?F Gfn )H After t:at1 t:e tele9enic Gorbac:o>
could loo; for :is <:oto o<<ortunities so8e=:ere else durin9 8ost of 12/2? T:ere =ould
ne no earl3 Most a>ored Nation trade status for Mosco=? In addition1 t:e si9nals fro8
London =ere to 9o slo=? T:e result =as !us:7s F<rudent re>ie=F of US-So>iet relations?
Gorbac:o> =as al=a3s :un9r3 for su88itr31 and durin9 an A<ril >isit to T:atc:er1 t:e
So>iet leader c:ided !us: for t:e US F:esitationF on ne= ar8s control deals? !us:
dis8issed t:is re8ar; =it: a :uff" F*e7re 8a;in9 a <rudent re>ie=1 and I =ill be read3 to
discuss t:at =it: t:e So>iets =:en =e are read3? *e7ll be read3 to react =:en =e feel li;e
reactin9?F Gfn +H Ministerial 8eetin9 bet=een !a;er and S:e>ardnadAe =ere <roceedin9? In
Ma31 t:e >oice of Rea9an =as :eard fro8 :is California retire8ent1 tellin9 :is friends t:at
:e =as Fincreasin9l3 concerned at =:at :e considers an eEcessi>el3 cautious a<<roac: to
nuclear ar8s reductions =it: t:e So>iets?F Rea9an t:ou9:t t:at !us: =as indeed too
:esitant1 and t:at Gorbac:o> =as seiAin9 t:e initiati>e =it: =estern Euro<e as a result? In
t:e >ie= attributed to Rea9an b3 t:ese unna8ed friends1 F!us: o<ted for t:e dela3in9 tactic
of a <olic3 re>ie=1 be:a>in9 t:e =a3 ne= <residents do =:en re<lacin9 so8eone fro8 t:e
o<<osin9 <art3 =it: different >ie=s?F Accordin9 to Bournalist Lou Cannon1 Fbot: in !onn
and in !e>erl3 Hills t:e3 are =onderin9 if !us:7s onl3 strate93 is to react to e>ents as t:e3
unfold?F Gfn -H T:ere =as t:e =i8< a9ain?
In Se<te8ber1 !us: =as in Helena1 Montana1 soundin9 t:e sa8e <rudent note =:ile
defendin9 :i8self fro8 Senate MaBorit3 Leader Mitc:ell1 =:o :ad been 8a;in9 so8e
debater7s <oints about !us:7s Fti8idit3F and Fstatus-@uoF t:in;in9? !us: re<eated t:at :e
=as in Fno rus:F for a su88it =it: Gorbac:o>? FI don7t t:in; t:ere7s an3 c:ance of a
disconnectF in Mosco=7s co8<re:ension t:at F=e =ant to see t:eir <erestroi;a succeed1F
said !us:? Gfn .H
*:at c:an9ed !us:7s 8ind =as t:e colla<se of t:e East Ger8an co88unist re9i8e1 =:ic:
:ad been 9at:erin9 s<eed durin9 t:e su88er of 12/2 =it: t:e t:ousands of East Ger8ans
de8andin9 ad8ittance to *est Ger8an e8bassies1 first in Hun9ar31 and t:en in
CAec:oslo>a;ia? T:en1 in one of t:e 8ost dra8atic de>elo<8ents in recent decades of
Euro<ean :istor31 t:e !erlin *all and t:e East Ger8an Fs:oot to ;illF order alon9 t:e line
of de8arcation in t:e 8iddle of Ger8an3 =ere tossed into t:e dustbin of :istor3? T:is =as
one of t:e 8ost <ositi>e e>ents t:at t:e 9enerations born after 12)+ :ad e>er =itnessed? !ut
for !us: and t:e An9lo-A8ericans1 it =as t:e occasion for <ublic tantru8s?
or !us: indi>iduall31 t:e breac:in9 of t:e !erlin *all of 12-1 =as t:e detonator of one of
:is 8ost se>ere e<isodes t:us far of <ublic e8otional disturbance? !us: :ad re<eated
Rea9an7s sure-fire for8ula of FMr? Gorbac:o>1 tear t:is =all do=n1F durin9 a >isit to
Hel8ut #o:l in MainA in late Ma3? FLet !erlin be neEt1F !us: :ad said t:en? T:e =all
F8ust co8e do=n?F !ut in t:e 8idst of !us:7s t:ro= a=a3 lines li;e FLet Euro<e be =:ole
and free1F t:ere =as no 8ention =:atsoe>er of Ger8an reunification1 =:ic: =as
ne>ert:eless in t:e air?
T:us1 =:en t:e =all ca8e do=n1 !us: could not a>oid a 9rou< of re<orters in t:e O>al
Office1 =:ere :e sat in a s=i>el c:air in t:e co8<an3 of &a8es !a;er? !us: told t:e
re<orters t:at :e =as FelatedF b3 t:e ne=s1 but :is 8ood =as at once funereal and test3? If
:e =as so elated1 =:3 =as :e so un:a<<3D *:3 t:e lon9 faceD FI78 Bust not an e8otional
;ind of 9u3?F T:e 8ain c:ord =as one of caution? FIt7s =a3 too earl3F to s<eculate about
Ger8an reunification1 alt:ou9: !us: =as forced to concede1 t:roui9: clenc:ed teet:1 t:at
t:e !erlin *all F=ill :a>e >er3 little rele>anceF fro8 no= on? E>er3t:in9 !us: said tended
to 8ute t:e dra8a of =:at :ad :a<<ened" FI don7t t:in; an3 sin9le e>ent is t:e end of =:at
3ou 8i9:t call t:e Iron Curtain? !ut clearl31 t:is is a lon9 =a3 fro8 t:e :ars: da3s of t:e
--t:e :ars:est Iron Curtain da3s-- a lon9 =a3 fro8 t:at?F F*e are not tr3in9 to 9i>e
an3bod3 a :ard ti8e1F !us: =ent on? F*e7re salutin9 t:ose =:o can 8o>e for=ard to
de8ocrac3? *e are encoura9in9 t:e conce<t of a Euro<e =:ole and free? And so =e Bust
=elco8e it?F T:e East Ger8an Fas<irations for freedo8 see8 to be a little furt:er do=n t:e
road no=?F !ut !us: =as not 9oin9 to Fdance on t:e =all1F t:at 8uc: =as clear? Gfn /H
After t:is enra9ed and ton9ue-tied 8onolo9ue =it: t:e re<orters1 !us: <ri>atel3 as;ed :is
staff" FHo= about if I 9i>e t:e8 one of t:eseDF T:en :e Bu8<ed in t:e air1 =a>ed :is :ands1
and 3elled F*:oooo<<<eeeKF at t:e to< of :is lun9s? Gfn 2H !us:7s s<in doctors =ent into
action1 eE<lainin9 t:at t:e <resident :ad been FrestrainedF because of :is desire to a>oid
9loatin9 or ot:er=ise offendin9 Gorbac:o> and t:e #re8lin?
!us:7s 9a99ed e8otional clutc: attracted a 9reat deal of attention in t:e <ress and 8edia?
F*:3 did t:e leader of t:e =estern =orld loo; as t:ou9: :e :ad lost :is last friend t:e da3
t:e3 brou9:t :i8 t:e ne=s of t:e fall of t:e !erlin *allDF1 as;ed Mar3 McGror3? FGeor9e
!us:7s stric;en eE<ression and la8e =ords about an e>ent t:at :ad t:e rest of 8an;ind
@uic;l3 sin9in9 :osannas =ere an a=ful letdo=n at a :i9: 8o8ent in :istor3?F Gfn 15H
In realit31 !us:7s su<<ressed ra9e =as anot:er real e<i<:an3 of :is c:aracter1 t:e sort of
foota9e =:ic: a serious ri>al <residential ca8<ai9n =ould <ut on tele>ision o>er and o>er
to s:o= >oters t:at Geor9e :as no use for :u8an freedo8? !us:7s fa8il3 tradition =as to
su<<ort totalitarian rule in Ger8an31 startin9 =it: dadd3 %rescott7s role in t:e Hitler <roBect1
and continuin9 =it: A>erell Harri8an7s 8ac:inations of 12)+1 =:ic: :el<ed to solidif3 a
co88unist dictators:i< for fort3 3ears in t:e eastern Aone after t:e NaAis :ad fallen? !ut
!us:7s reaction =as also illustrati>e of t:e An9lo-A8erican <erce<tion t:at t:e resur9ence
of Ger8an industrialis8 in central Euro<e =as a deadl3 t:reat?
O>er in London1 T:atc:er7s brain truster Nic:olas Ridle3 =as forced to @uit t:e cabinet
after :e foa8ed at t:e 8out: in obser>ations about Ger8an unit31 =:ic: :e e@uated =it: a
NaAi resur9ence see;in9 to ensla>e !ritain =it:in t:e coils of t:e EEC? Conor Cruise
O7!rien1 %ere9rine *ort:s:orne and >arious Tor3 <ro<a9andists coined t:e <:rase of an
e8er9ent Fourt: Reic:F =:ic: =ould no= t:reaten Euro<e and t:e =orld? T:e An9lo-
SaEon oli9arc:s =ere trul3 dis8a3ed1 and it is in t:is :3steria t:at =e 8ust see; t:e roots of
t:e Gulf crisis and t:e =ar a9ainst Ira@?
!ut in t:e 8eanti8e1 t:e colla<se of t:e old %an;o= re9i8e in East !erlin 8eant t:at !us:
:ad ur9ent issues to discuss =it: Gorbac:o>? T:e t=o a9reed to 8eet on s:i<s in Malta
durin9 t:e first =ee; of ,ece8ber?
!us: tal;ed about :is su88it <lans in a s<ecial tele>ised address before T:an;s9i>in91
12/2? He tried to clai8 credit for t:e ter8inal crisis of co88unis81 citin9 :is o=n
inau9ural address" FT:e da3 of t:e dictator is o>er?F !ut 8ainl3 :e sou9:t to reassure
Gorbac:o>" F???=e =ill 9i>e :i8 our assurance t:at A8erica =elco8es t:is refor8 not as an
ad>ersar3 see;in9 ad>anta9e but as a <eo<le offerin9 su<<ort?F F???I =ill assure :i8 t:at
t:ere is no 9reater ad>ocate of <erestroi;a t:an t:e <resident of t:e United States?F !us:
also :ad to <rotect :is flan; fro8 criticis8 fro8 Euro<eans and do8estic critics =:o :ad
=arned t:at t:e Malta 8eetin9 contained t:e t:reat of an atte8<ted ne= (alta of t:e
su<er<o=ers at t:e eE<ense of Euro<e? F*e are not 8eetin9 to deter8ine t:e future of
Euro<e1F !us: <ro8ised? Gfn 11H
It is re<orted t:at1 :ere a9ain1 !us: =as so secreti>e about t:is su88it until it =as
announced t:at :e did not consult =it: :is staffs? If :e :ad1 t:e nature of Mediterranean
=inter stor8s 8i9:t :a>e influenced a decision to 8eet else=:ere? T:e result =as t:e
fa8ous sea-sic; su88it1 durin9 =:ic: !us:1 =:ose self-i8a9e as a bold sea do9 in t:e
tradition of Sir rancis ,ra;e re@uired t:at :e s<end t:e ni9:t on a :ea>in9 US =ars:i<1
re@uired treat8ent for acute 8al de 8er? !us:7s >o8itin9 s3ndro8e1 =:ic: =as to beco8e
so dra8atic in &a<an1 =as be9innin9? He :ad <er:a<s not been so te8<est-tossed since :is
nautical outin9 =it: ,on Arono= bac; in 12/'?
At t:e Malta-(alta table1 !us: and Gorbac:o> :a99led o>er t:e Farc:itectureF of t:e ne=
Euro<e? Gorbac:o> =anted NATO to be dissol>ed as t:e *arsa= %act ceased to eEist1 but
t:is =as so8et:in9 !us: and t:e !ritis: refused to 9rant? !us: eE<lained t:at Ger8an3
=as best bound =it:in NATO in order to a>oid t:e <otential for inde<endent initiati>es t:at
neit:er Mosco= nor *as:in9ton =anted? A free :and for eac: e8<ire =it:in its res<ecti>e
s<:ere =as reaffir8ed1 as su99ested b3 t:e s388etr3 of !us:7s assault on %ana8a durin9
t:e Ro8anian crisis t:at li@uidated Ceausescu1 but left a neo- co88unist 9o>ern8ent of old
Co8intern t3<es li;e Iliescu and Ro8an in <o=er? !us: =ould also su<<ort t:e #re8lin
a9ainst bot: Ar8enia and AAerbaiBan =:en :ostilities and 8assacres bro;e out bet=een
t:ese re9ions durin9 t:e follo=in9 8ont:? !us:7s reci<rocal ser>ices to Gorbac:o> included
a 8onstrous di<lo8atic first" Bust as t:e co88unist re9i8e in East Ger8an3 =as in its
deat: a9on31 !us: des<atc:ed &a8es !a;er to %otsda8 to 8eet =it: t:e East Ger8an
Frefor8 co88unistF leader1 Modro=? No US Secretar3 of State :ad e>er set foot in t:e
,,R durin9 its entire :istor3 after 12)21 but no=1 in t:e last da3s of t:e %an;o=
co88unist re9i8e1 !a;er =ould 9o t:ere? His >isit =as an insult to t:ose East Ger8ans
=:o :ad 8arc:ed for freedo81 al=a3s :a>in9 to rec;on =it: t:e dan9er t:at Honec;er7s
tan;s =ould o<en fire? !a;er7s >isit =as desi9ned to dela31 sabota9e and stall Ger8an
reunification in =:ate>er =a3s =ere still <ossible1 =:ile s:orin9 u< t:e co88unist re9i8e?
!a;er 9a>e it :is best s:ot1 but :is sleaA3 deal8a;in9 s;ills =ere of no use in t:e face of an
aroused <o<ulace? Ne>ert:eless1 after Tien An Men and %otsda81 !us: =as ra<idl3
e8er9in9 as one of t:e fe= =orld leaders =:o could be counted on to su<<ort =orld
co88unis8?
,urin9 t:e earl3 8ont:s of 12251 certain forces in Mosco=1 !onn1 and ot:er ca<itals
9ra>itated to=ards a ne= Ra<allo arran9e8ent in a <ositi>e ;e3" t:ere =as t:e <otential t:at
t:e in8ates of t:e <rison-:ouse of nations 8i9:t attain freedo8 and self- deter8ination1
=:ile Ger8an ca<ital in>est8ents in infrastructure and econo8ic 8oderniAation could
9uarantee t:at t:e e8er9in9 states =ould be econo8icall3 >iable1 a <rocess fro8 =:ic: t:e
entire =orld could benefit?
A rational <olic3 for t:e United States under t:ese circu8stances =ould :a>e entailed a
lar9e-scale co88itt8ent to ta;in9 <art in rebuildin9 t:e infrastructure of t:e for8er So>iet
s<:ere in trans<ortation1 co88unications1 ener931 education1 and :ealt: ser>ices1 co8bined
=it: ca<ital in>est8ents in industrial 8oderniAation? Suc: in>est8ent 8i9:t also :a>e
ser>ed as a 8eans to re-start t:e de<ressed US econo83? T:e <re-condition for econo8ic
coo<eration =ould :a>e been a reco9nition b3 t:e So>iet aut:orities t:at t:e as<irations of
t:eir subBect nationalities for self-deter8ination :ad to be :onored1 includin9 t:rou9: t:e
inde<endence of t:e for8er So>iet re<ublics in t:e !altic1 t:e Trans-caucasus1 central Asia1
t:e U;raine1 and else=:ere? As lon9 as lon9 as t:e So>iet 8ilitar3 <otential re8ained
for8idable1 ade@uate 8ilitar3 <re<aredness in t:e =est =as indis<ensable1 and s:ould :a>e
featured a si9nificant co88itt8ent to t:e Fne= <:3sical <rinci<lesF anti-8issle defenses
t:at :ad ins<ired t:e ori9inal Strate9ic ,efense Initiati>e of t:e 12/'? Ob>iousl31 none of
t:ese 8easures =ould :a>e been <ossible =it:out a decisi>e brea; =it: t:e econo8ic
<olic3 of t:e Rea9an-!us: 3ears1 in fa>or of an econo8ic reco>er3 <ro9ra8 focussed on
fosterin9 :i9:-tec:nolo93 9ro=t: in ca<ital- intensi>e industrial e8<lo38ent <roducin9
tan9ible1 <:3sical co88odities?
!us: ne>er 8ade a serious <ro<osal for t:e econo8ic reconstruction of t:e areas included
=it:in t:e old USSR1 and =as ni99ardl3 e>en in loans to let t:e Russians bu3 a9ricultural
co88odities? In No>e8ber1 12251 Gorbac:o> addressed a des<erate <lea to =orld
9o>ern8ents to alle>iate t:e USSR food s:orta9e1 and sent orei9n Minister S:e>ardnadAe
to *as:in9ton in t:e follo=in9 8ont: in :o<es of obtainin9 a si9nificant infusion of
outri9:t cas: 9rants for food <urc:ases fro8 US stoc;s? After <:oto o<<ortunities =it:
!a;er in TeEas and =it: !us: at t:e *:ite House1 all S:e>ardnadAe :ad to ta;e bac; to
Mosco= =as a <altr3 I1 billion and c:an9e? *it:in a =ee; of S:e>ardnadAe7s return1 :e
resi9ned :is <ost under fire fro8 critics1 referrin9 to sinister <lans for a cou< a9ainst
Gorabc:o>? T:e cou<1 of course1 ca8e t:e follo=in9 Au9ust? It s:ould :a>e been ob>ious
t:at !us:7s <olic3 =as 8aEi8iAin9 t:e <robabilit3 of u9l3 sur<rises furt:er do=n t:e road?
!us: did not de8and self-deter8ination for t:e subBect nationalities1 but sided =it: t:e
#re8lin a9ainst t:e re<ublics a9ain and a9ain1 i9norin9 t:e &anuar31 1221 bloodbat: in
Lit:uania1 or =innin9 :i8self t:e title of Fc:ic;en #ie>F durin9 a &ul31 1221 tri< to t:e
U;raine in =:ic: :e told t:at re<ublic7s Su<re8e So>iet to a>oid t:e <itfalls of FsuicidalF
nationalis8? E>en t:ou9: t:e So>iet 8issle <ar; =as lar9el3 intact1 !us: =as co8<elled b3
:is bud9et <enur3 to ta;e do=n si9nificant areas of US 8ilitar3 ca<acities? And finall31 :is
stubborn refusal to t:ro= t:e ban;ru<t <olicies of t:e Rea9an-!us: 3ears o>erboard
9uaranteed furt:er US econo8ic colla<se?
!ut !us: =as 8indful neit:er of =ar a>oidance nor econo8ic reco>er3? In t:e 8ont:s
after %ana8a1 :e bas;ed in t:e after9lo= of a dra8atic increase in :is <oularit31 as reflected
b3 t:e <ublic o<inion <olls? A full-scale state >isit b3 Gorbac:o> =as sc:eduled for late
Ma3? Ru8blin9s =ere bein9 :eard in t:e Middle East? !ut1 in earl3 A<ril1 !us:7s 8ind =as
focussed on ot:er 8atters? It =as no= t:at :e 8ade :is fa8ous re8ar;s on t:e subBect of
broccoli? T:e issue surfaced =:en t:e *:ite House decreed t:at :encefort:1 b3 order of t:e
<resident :i8self1 broccoli =ould no lon9er be ser>ed to !us:? Re<orters deter8ined to use
t:e neEt a>ailable <:oto o<<ortunit3 to as; =:at t:is =as all about?
!us:7s infantile anti-broccoli outburst ca8e in t:e conteEt of a *:ite House State ,inner
:eld in :onor of t:e >isitin9 %olis: %ri8e Minister1 TadeusA MaAo=iec;i? Alt:ou9: !us:
=as obsessed =it: broccoli1 :e did 8a;e so8e atte8<t to relate :is ne= obsession to t:e
social conteEt in =:ic: :e found :i8self"
&ust as %oland :ad a rebellion a9ainst totalitarianis81 I a8 rebellin9 a9ainst broccoli1 and I
refuse to 9i>e 9round? I do not li;e broccoli1 and I :a>en7t li;ed it since I =as a little ;id and
83 8ot:er 8ade 8e eat it? And I78 %resident of t:e United States1 and I78 not 9oin9 to eat
an3 8ore broccoli?
Out in California1 =:ere broccoli is bi9 business as a cas: cro<1 <roducers =ere aroused
sufficientl3 to des<atc: 15 tons of broccoli1 e@ui>alent to about /51555 ser>in9s1 to t:e
*:ite House? !us: =as still ada8ant"
!arbara lo>es broccoli? S:e7s tried to 8a;e 8e eat it? S:e eats it all t:e ti8e :erself? So s:e
can 9o out and 8eet t:e cara>an? Gfn 1$H
T:ese state8ents =ere an illu8ination in t:e8sel>es1 since t:e internal e>idence <ointed
conclusi>el3 to a c:oleric infantile tantru8 bein9 eE<erienced b3 t:e <resident? !ut =:at
could :a>e occasioned an outburst on broccoli1 of all t:in9sD Sli9:tl3 8ore t:an a 3ear
later1 =:en it beca8e ;no=n t:at !us: =as sufferin9 fro8 !asedo=7s disease1 so8e
obser>ers recalled t:e broccoli outburst? or it turns out t:at broccoli1 alon9 =it: cabba9e
and so8e ot:er >e9etables1 belon9s to a cate9or3 of foods called 9oitro9ens? So8e sc:ools
of 8edicine reco88end fre@uent ser>in9s of broccoli in order to :el< cool off an
o>eracti>e t:3roid? Gfn 1'H T:ere =as 8uc: s<eculation t:at !us:7s :3<ert:3roid s3ndro8e
:ad been dia9nosed b3 Marc:-A<ril1 or <er:a<s earlier1 and t:at broccoli :ad been
a<<earin9 8ore often on t:e *:ite House 8enu as <art of a t:era<3 to return !us:7s t:3roid
and 8etabolis8 to 8ore nor8al functionin9? *as t:e celebrated t:3roid outburst a case of
an irascible <resident1 in t:e 9ri< of <s3c:o<at:olo9ical s38<to8s :is <:3sicians =ere
atte8<tin9 to treat1 rebellin9 a9ainst :is doctors7 ordersD
At t:eir s<rin9 su88it1 !us: and Gorbac:o> continued to disa9ree about =:et:er united
Ger8an3 =ould be a 8e8ber of NATO? Muc: ti8e =as s<ent on strate9ic ar8s1 t:e 6ienna
con>entional ar8s reduction tal;s1 and t:e ot:er as<ects of t:e e8er9in9 Euro<ean
arc:itecture1 =:ere t:eir 8utual counter-re>olutionar3 co88itt8ents =ent >er3 dee<? !ot:
stressed t:at t:e3 :ad ta;en t:eir Malta consultations as t:eir <oint of de<arture? !us:7s
:ostilit3 to t:e cause of Lit:uania and t:e ot:er !altic re<ublics1 no= subBect to cri<<lin9
econo8ic bloc;ade b3 Mosco=1 =as =rit lar9e? T:e central eEc:an9es of t:is su88it =ere
doubtless t:ose =:ic: occurred in t:e bucolic isolation of Ca8< ,a>id a8on9 a s8all
s:irtslee>e 9rou< t:at co8<re:ended !us:1 Gorbac:o>1 S:e>ardnadAe1 !a;er1 and
Sco=croft? !us: =as unusuall3 closed-8out:ed1 but t:e >er3 lo@uacious Gorbac:o>
>olunteered t:at t:e3 :ad co8e to tal; about t:e F<lanet and its flas:-<ointsF and t:e
Fre9ional issues?F T:ere =as t:e distinct i8<ression t:at t:ese tal;s =ere s=ee<in9 and
futurolo9ical in t:eir sco<e? In :is <ress conference t:e neEt da31 Gorbac:o> :ad 9lo=in9
<raise for t:ese restricted secret tal;s" FI =ould li;e1 in <articular1 to e8<:asiAe t:e
i8<ortance of our dialo9ue at Ca8< ,a>id1 =:ere =e tal;ed durin9 t:e da3 3esterda3? And
t:is is a ne= <:ase in stren9t:enin9 8utual understandin9 and trust bet=een us? *e reall3
discussed all =orld <roble8s? *e co8<ared our <olitical <ers<ecti>es1 and =e did t:at in an
at8os<:ere of fran;ness1 constructi>e at8os<:ere1 an at8os<:ere of 9ro=in9 trust? *e
discussed s<ecificall3 suc: ur9ent international issues as t:e situation in t:e Middle East1
Af9:anistan1 sout:ern Africa1 Ca8bodia1 central A8erica? T:at is Bust so8e of =:at =e
discussed? I =ould not =ant to 9o into detail ri9:t no=? I t:in; 3ou =ill <robabl3 see; to 9et
clarification on t:is1 but an3=a3 I t:in; t:e Ca8< ,a>id dialo9ue =as >er3 i8<ortant?F Gfn
1)H
Gorbac:o> also :ad len9t:3 ans=ers about t:e discontent in t:e Arab =orld o>er t:e So>iet
<olic3 of 8ass e8i9rations of Russian &e=s =:o =ere obli9ed to settle in Israel? or t:e
Middle East =as indeed a<<roac:in9 crisis? In t:e =ords of one obser>er1 F!us: and
Gorbac:o> stirred t:e boilin9 <ot of Middle East tensions =it: t:eir <ress conference
re8ar;s1 for9ettin9 t:e da8a9e t:at see8in9l3 re8ote forces can do to t:e 9randest of East-
*est desi9ns?F Gfn 1+H ,id !us: and Gorbac:o> use t:eir Ca8< ,a>id afternoon to
coordinate t:eir res<ecti>e roles in t:e Gulf crisis1 =:ic: t:e An9lo-A8ericans =ere no=
about to <ro>o;eD It is >er3 li;el3 t:at t:e3 did?
!us:7s <olitical stoc; =as declinin9 durin9 t:e su88er of 1225? One indication =as
<ro>ided b3 t:e astoundin9l3 fran; re8ar;s of &ustice T:ur9ood Mars:all of t:e US
Su<re8e Court in an inter>ie= =it: Sa8 ,onaldson on t:e A!C Ne=s tele>ision <ro9ra8
F%ri8e Ti8e Li>e?F &ustice Mars:all1 t:e sole blac; Bustice on t:e Su<re8e Court1 =as
as;ed for :is reaction to !us:7s no8ination of t:e Fstealt: candidateF ,a>id Souter to fill
t:e <lace of t:e retirin9 &ustice *illia8 !rennan1 a friend of Mars:all7s? Souter =as a 8an
=it:out @ualities =:o a<<eared to :a>e no docu8entable o<inions on an3 subBect1 alt:ou9:
:e :ad a sinister loo;? FI Bust don7t understand =:at :e7s doin9? I Bust don7t understand it? I
8ean t:is last a<<oint8ent is??? t:e e<ito8e of =:at :e7s been doin9?F said Mars:all of
!us:? Mars:all didn7t :a>e Ft:e sli9:test ideaF of !us:7s 8oti>es in t:e Souter no8ination?
*ould Mars:all co88ent on !us:7s ci>il ri9:ts record1 as;ed corres<ondent Sa8
,onaldson? FLet 8e <ut it t:is =a3? It7s said t:at if 3ou can7t sa3 so8et:in9 9ood about a
dead <erson1 don7t sa3 it? *ell1 I consider :i8 dead?F *:o =as dead1 as;ed ,onaldson?
F!us:KF =as Mars:all7s re<l3? FHe7s dead fro8 t:e nec; u<?F
Mars:all added t:at :e re9arded !us:7s c:ief of staff1 &o:n Sununu of Ne= Ha8<s:ire1 t:e
state Souter =as fro81 as t:e one Fcallin9 t:e s:ots?F FIf :e ca8e u< for election1F said
Mars:all of !us:1 FI7d >ote a9ainst :i8? No @uestion about it? I don7t t:in; :e7s e>er
sto<<edF runnin9 for re-election since :e too; office? Mars:all and ,onaldson :ad t:e
follo=in9 eEc:an9e about Souter"
,onaldson" ,o 3ou ;no= &ud9e ,a>id SouterD Mars:all" No1 ne>er :eard of :i8?
,onaldson" He 8a3 be t:e 8an to re<lace !rennan?
Mars:all" I still ne>er :eard of :i8? *:en :is na8e ca8e do=n I listened to tele>ision? And
t:e first t:in91 I called 83 =ife? Ha>e I e>er :eard of t:is 8anD S:e said1 FNo1 I :a>en7t
eit:er? So I <ro8<tl3 called !rennan1 because it7s :is circuit Gt:e irst Circuit in !ostonH?
And :is =ife ans=ered t:e <:one1 and I told :er? S:e said" FHe7s ne>er :eard of :i8 eit:er?F
Mars:all and !rennan :ad often been at odds =it: t:e !us:7s ad8inistration7s <ro8otion of
t:e deat: <enalt3? In t:is connection1 Mars:all co88ented" FM3 ar9u8ent is t:at if 3ou
8a;e a 8ista;e in a trial and it7s corrected later on --3ou find out it =as an error-- 3ou
correct it? !ut if 3ou ;ill a 8an1 =:at do 3ou sa3D FOo<sDF FI78 sorr3DF F*ait a 8inuteDF
T:at7s t:e trouble =it: deat:? ,eat: is so lastin9?F
On t:is occasion1 Mars:all rene=ed :is <led9e t:at :e =ould ne>er resi9n1 but =ould die in
office" FI said before1 and I re<eat t:at1 I78 ser>in9 out 83 life ter8? I :a>e a deal =it: 83
=ife t:at =:en I be9in to s:o= si9ns of senilit31 s:e7ll tell 8e? And s:e =ill?F Gfn 1-H (et1
less t:an one 3ear later1 Mars:all announced :is retire8ent fro8 t:e benc:1 9i>in9 !us: t:e
c:ance to s<lit t:e or9aniAations of blac; A8erica =it: t:e Clarence T:o8as a<<oint8ent?
T:ose =:o sa= Mars:all7s fare=ell <ress conference =ould :a>e to a9ree t:at :e still
<ossessed one of t:e 8ost lucid and trenc:ant 8inds an3=:ere in t:e 9o>ern8ent? Had
!us:7s >indicti>eness eE<ressed itself once a9ain t:rou9: its ine>itable instru8ents of
secret blac;8ail and t:reatsD
,urin9 &une and &ul31 do8estic econo8ic issues ed9ed t:eir =a3 bac; to center sta9e of US
<olitics? As al=a3s1 t:at =as bad ne=s for !us:?
!us:7s bi99est <roble8 durin9 1225 =as t:e collision bet=een :is fa>orite bit of ca8<ai9n
de8a9o931 :is Fread 83 li<s1 no ne= taEesF 8antra of 12251 and t:e loo8in9 national
ban;ru<tc3 of t:e United States? !us: :ad sent :is bud9et to t:e Hill on &anuar3 $2 =:ere
t:e ,e8ocrats1 des<ite t:e after9lo= of %ana8a1 :ad <ro8<tl3 <ronounced it ,ead on
Arri>al? ,urin9 Marc: and A<ril1 t:ere =ere rounds of :a99lin9 bet=een t:e Con9ress and
!us:7s bud9et <oint8an1 Ric:ard ,ar8an of OM!? T:en1 on t:e sunn3 s<rin9 Sunda3
afternoon of Ma3 -1 !us: used t:e occasion of a *:ite House lecture on :is e9o ideal1
T:eodore Roose>elt1 to :old a discreet 8eetin9 =it: ,e8ocratric Con9ressional leaders for
t:e <ur<ose of @uietl3 dee<-siEin9 t:e no ne= taEes litan3? !us: =as eEtre8el3
surre<titious in t:e Bettisonin9 of :is fa>orite t:ro=-a=a3 line1 but t:e =ord lea;ed out in
Monda37s ne=s<a<ers t:at t:e *:ite House1 in t:e <erson of :atc:et-8an Sununu1 =as
=illin9 to 9o to a bud9et su88it =it: Fno <reconditions?F Res<ondin9 to @uestions on
Monda31 !us:7s <ublicit3 8an itA=ater eE<lained t:at !us: =anted bud9et ne9otiations
Funfettered =it: conclusions about <ositions ta;en in t:e <ast?F T:at sounded li;e ne=
taEes?
!us: :ad been co8<elled to act b3 a risin9 c:orus of <anic;ed screa8in9 fro8 t:e Cit3 of
London and *all Street1 =:o :ad been de8andin9 a serious austerit3 ca8<ai9n e>er since
!us: :ad arri>ed at t:e *:ite House? After t:e failure of t:e I1' billion !an; of Ne=
En9land in &anuar31 *all Street cor<oratist financier eliE Ro:a3tn :ad co88ented" FI
:a>e ne>er been so uneas3 about t:e outloo; in )5 3ears? E>er3=:ere 3ou loo;1 3ou see red
li9:ts blin;in9? I see so8et:in9 be3ond recession1 but s:ort of de<ression?F Gfn 1.H At t:e
<oint t:at !us: beca8e a taE a<ostate1 esti8ates =ere t:at t:e bud9et defecit for fiscal 1225
=ould to< I$55 billion and after t:at disa<<ear into t:e =ild blue 3onder? T:e IM-!IS
ban;ers =anted !us: to eEtract 8ore of t:at =ealt: fro8 t:e blood and bones of t:e
A8erican <eo<le1 and Geor9e =ould no= 9o t:rou9: t:e 8otions of co8<liance?
T:e <olitical blo=bac; =as se>ere? Ed Rollins1 t:e co-c:air8an of t:e National Re<ublican
Con9ressional Co88ittee1 =as a Rea9an ,e8ocrat =:o :ad decided to stic; =it: t:e GO%1
and :e :ad de>elo<ed a <lan1 =:ic: turned out to be a c:i8era1 about :o= t:e Re<ublicans
could 9ain so8e 9round in t:e Con9ress? As a <rofessional <olitical o<erati>e1 Rollins =as
acutel3 sensiti>e to t:e fact t:at !us:7s betra3al of :is Fno ne= taEes <led9eF =ould re8o>e
t:e one t:in9 t:at Geor9e and :is <art3 su<<osedl3 stood for? FT:e bi99est difference
bet=een Re<ublicans and ,e8ocrats in t:e <ublic <erce<tion is t:at Re<ublicans don7t =ant
to raise taEes1F co8<lained Rollins? FOb>iousl31 t:is 8a;es t:at 9o ri9:t out t:e door?
%oliticall31 I t:in; it7s a disaster?F Gfn 1/H *it: t:at1 Rollins =as loc;ed in a feud =it: !us:
t:at =ould <la3 out all t:e =a3 to t:e end of t:e 3ear?
!ut ,e8ocrats =ere also un:a<<31 since Fno <reconditionsF =as an e>asi>e eu<:e8is81
and t:e3 =anted !us: to ta;e t:e full o<<robriu8 of callin9 for Fne= taEes?F T:e *:ite
House re8ained du<licitious and e>asi>e? In 8id-Ma31 <our<arlers =ere :eld in t:e *:ite
House on a co8<re:ensi>e defecit-reduction a9ree8ent? T:e ,e8ocrats de8anded t:at
!us: 9o on national tele>ision to 8oti>ate drastic1 8erciless austerit3 all alon9 t:e line1
=it: taE increases to be co8bined =it: t:e 9ou9in9 of do8estic and social <ro9ra8s? !us:
de8urred? All durin9 &une1 t:e :a99lin9 about =:o =ould ta;e t:e <ublic ra< =ent for=ard?
On &une $-1 durin9 a *:ite House brea;fast 8eetin9 =it: !us:1 Sununu1 ,ar8an1 and
Con9ressional leaders1 Con9ress8an ole3 t:reatened to =al; out of t:e tal;s unless !us:
=ent <ublic =it: a call for taE :i;es? or a 8o8ent1 t:e dollar1 t:e Treasur3 bill 8ar;et1 and
t:e entire insane :ouse of cards of An9lo-A8erican finance :un9 sus<ended b3 a t:read? If
t:e tal;s ble= u<1 a =orld=ide financial <anic 8i9:t ensue1 and t:e >oters =ould :old
Geor9e res<onsible for t:e conse@uences? !us:7s !3Aantine res<onse =as to issue a lo=-
<rofile *:ite House <ress state8ent?
It is clear to 8e t:at bot: t:e siAe of t:e defecit <roble8 and t:e need for a <ac;a9e t:at can
be enacted re@uire all of t:e follo=in9" entitle8ent and 8andator3 <ro9ra8 refor8C taE
re>enue increasesC 9ro=t: incenti>esC discretionar3 s<endin9 reductionsC orderl3 reductions
in defense eE<endituresC and bud9et <rocess refor8?
FTaE re>enue increasesF =as t:e bi9 one? &une $- is re8e8bered b3 t:e GO% ri9:t =in9 as
a ,a3 of Infa83C !us: cannot for9et it eit:er1 since it =as on t:at da3 t:at :is <oll ratin9s
be9an to fall1 and ;e<t fallin9 until late No>e8ber1 =:en =ar :3steria bailed :i8 out? Man3
Con9ressional Re<ublicans =:o for 3ears :ad :ad no ot:er tal;in9 <oint t:an taEes =ere on
a collision course =it: t:e no8inal :ead of t:eir <art3C a bac;-benc:ers7 re>olt =as in full
s=in9? itA=ater and a fe= ot:ers still ar9ued t:at FtaE re>enue increasesF did not 8ean
Fne= taEesF1 but t:is so<:istr3 =as recei>ed =it: scorn? itA=ater ar9ued in doublet:in;"
*e feel G!us:H said t:e ri9:t t:in9 t:en and :e7s sa3in9 t:e ri9:t t:in9 no=?????E>er3t:in9
=e said =as true t:en and it7s true no=? No re9rets1 no bac;in9 off?
NiEon7s s<o;es8an Ron Nessen :ad been 8ore candid =:en :e once announced1 FAll
<re>ious state8ents are ino<erati>e?F *:en itA=ater =as as;ed if :e =ould a9ree t:at
!us: :ad no= for8all3 bro;en :is no taE <led9e1 itA=ater re<lied" FNo? Are 3ou craA3DF
On &ul3 111 Con9ressional ,e8ocrats bloc;ed !us:7s fa>orite econo8ic <anacea1 t:e
reduction of t:e ca<ital 9ains taE rate1 b3 de8andin9 t:at an3 suc: cut be co8bined =it: an
o>erall increase of inco8e taE rates on t:e =ealt:3? T:is 3ielded a deadloc; =:ic: lasted
until t:e last da3s of Se<te8ber?
!us: :id out in t:e *:ite House for a fe= da3s1 but t:en :e :ad to face t:e <ress? T:ere
=ould be onl3 one to<ic" :is taE <led9e? !us: affected a breeA3 and ca>alier 8anner t:at
could not dis9uise :is seet:in9 internal ra9e at t:e t:ou9:t of bein9 nailed as a liar? T:e
internal tur8oil =as eE<ressed in t:e fre@uent inco:erence of >erbal eE<ression? !us:
started off =it: an e>asi>e and ra8blin9 introduction in =:ic: :e <ortra3ed :i8self as
fi9:tin9 to <re>ent t:e sufferin9 t:at an auto8atic se@uester under t:e Gra88-Rud8an-
Hollin9s la= =ould entail? T:e first @uestion" FI7d li;e to as; 3ou about 3our re>ersal on 7no
ne= taEes?7F occasioned 8ore e>asi>e >erbia9e? Ot:er @uestions =ere all on t:e sa8e <oint?
!us: atte8<ted to <ull :i8self to9et:er"
I7ll sa3 I ta;e a loo; at a ne= situation? I see an enor8ous defecit? I see a sa>in9s and loan
<roble8 out t:ere t:at :as to be resol>ed? And li;e Abra:a8 Lincoln said1 FI7ll t:in; ane=?F
I78 not -- but I78 not >iolatin9 or 9ettin9 a=a3 fro8 83 funda8ental con>iction on taEes or
an3t:in9 of t:at nature? Not in t:e least? !ut =:at I :a>e said is on t:e table1 and let7s see
=:ere =e 9o? !ut =e7>e 9ot a different-- =e7>e 9ot a >er3 i8<ortant national <roble81 and I
t:in; t:e <resident o=es t:e <eo<le :is --:is Bud98ent at t:e 8o8ent :e :as to address t:e
<roble8? And t:at7s eEactl3 =:at I78 tr3in9 to do?
And loo;1 I ;ne= I7d catc: so8e fla; on t:is decision????!ut I7>e 9ot to do =:at I t:in; is
ri9:t1 and t:en I7ll as; t:e <eo<le for su<<ort? !ut 8ore i8<ortant t:an <osturin9 no=1 or
e>en ne9otiatin91 is t:e result????
It =as a land8ar; of i8<udence and disse8blin9? One of !us:7s 8ain obBecti>es as :e Ai9-
Aa99ed t:rou9: t:e <ress conference =as to a>oid an3 tele>ision sound bites t:at =ould
s:o= :i8 endorsin9 ne= taEes? So all :is for8ulations =ere as diffuse as <ossible? *ere
taE re>enue increases t:e sa8e as taEesD
!us:" And I sa3 bud9et refor8s are re@uired1 and I sa3 s<endin9 cuts are re@uired1 and so
let7s see =:ere =e co8e out on t:at?
L" !ut is it taEesD !us:" Is =:at taEesD L"*:at 3ou7re sa3in9? Are 3ou sa3in9 taEes are
--:i9:er taEes are--
!us:" I7>e told 3ou =:at I7>e said1 and I can7t :el< 3ou an3 8ore? Nice tr3? L"(ou said =e
needed-- !us:"(ou 9ot it? (ou 9ot it1 and 3ou7>e 9ot a--3ou7>e seen t:e arro=s co8in9 83
=a3? And t:at7s fine1 but-- let <eo<le inter<ret it an3 =a3--
L" *ell1 I :a>e--
!us:" *ell1 I =ant to lea>e it t:e =a3 I said I =ould1 so t:e ne9otiators are free to discuss a
=ide arra3 of o<tions1 includin9 taE increases? ,oes t:at :el<D
A @uestioner cited a tabloid :eadline" FRead M3 Li<s" I Lied?F !us: :ad been <re<<ed b3
an :istorical re>ie= of :o= ot:er <residents :ad alle9edl3 c:an9ed t:eir 8inds or lied1
=:ic: :ad con>inced !us: t:at :e1 alt:ou9: a liar1 =as actuall3 in t:e sa8e class =it:
Lincoln? FI7>e been 8ore relaEed about it t:an I t:ou9:t I7d be1F @ui<<ed !us:? FI feel
co8fortable about t:at because I7>e 9one bac; and done a little researc: and seen t:ese
firestor8s co8e and 9o1 <eo<le =:o feel Bust as stron9l3 on one side or anot:er of an issue
as I do and :a>en7t 9otten t:eir =a3 eEactl3?F *:3 :ad :e said no ne= taEes durin9 t:e
ca8<ai9nD F*ell1 I don7t t:in; an3bod3 did suc: a <enetratin9 Bob of @uestionin9????F !us:7s
basic idea =as t:at :e could 9et a=a3 =it: it1 in t:e =a3 t:at Rea9an :ad 9otten a=a3 =it:
t:e 12/$ recession? !ut for 8an3 >oters1 and e>en for 8an3 Re<ublican lo3alists1 t:is :ad
been 3et anot:er e<i<:an3 of a scoundrel? Man3 =ere con>inced t:at !us: belie>ed in
absolutel3 not:in9 eEce<t :an9in9 on to <o=er?
It =as also in t:e earl3 su88er of 1225 t:at it 9raduall3 da=ned on 8an3 taE<a3ers t:at1
accordin9 to t:e ter8s of t:e Sa>in9s N Loan bailout c:a8<ioned b3 !us: durin9 t:e first
=ee;s of :is re9i8e1 t:e3 =ould be left :oldin9 t:e ba9 to t:e tune of at least I+55 billion?
T:eir future =as no= =ei9:ted =it: t:e crus:in9 burden of a defacto second 8ort9a9e1 in
addition to t:e astrono8ical national debt t:at Rea9an and !us: :ad rolled u<? T:is
un:a<<3 consciousness =as co8<ounded b3 t:e <ersonal carna9e of t:e continuin9
econo8ic contraction1 =:ic: :ad been accelerated b3 t:e s:oc;s of Se<te8ber-October1
12/2? An u9l3 8ood =as abroad1 =it: an9r3 <eo<le see;in9 a <oint of cat:eEis?
T:e3 found it in Neil !us:1 t:e <resident7s 8ar<lot cadet son1 t:e one =e sa= eE<lainin9
:is Marc: '11 12/1 dinner en9a9e8ent =it: Scott Hinc;le3? As e>en little c:ildren no=
;no=1 Neil !us: =as a 8e8ber of t:e board of directors of Sil>erado Sa>in9s and Loan of
,en>er1 Colorado1 =:ic: =ent ban;ru<t and :ad to be seiAed b3 federal re9ulators durin9
12//? %reli8inar3 esti8ates of t:e costs to t:e taE<a3ers =ere on t:e order of I1?- billion1
but t:is =as sure to 9o :i9:er? T:e <icture =as co8<licated b3 t:e fact t:at Neil !us: :ad
recei>ed a I1551555 <ersonal loan 0ne>er re<a3ed1 and for8all3 for9i>en4 and a I1?$+
8illion line of credit fro8 t=o local land s<eculators1 #ennet: Good and *illia8 *alters1
bot: also <ro8inent 8one3-ba9s for t:e Re<ublican %art3? In return for t:e fa>ors :e :ad
recei>ed1 Neil !us: certainl3 did not:in9 to <re>ent Sil>erado fro8 lendin9 I'+ 8illion to
Good for a real estate s<eculation t:at soon =ent into default? *alters recei>ed I$55
8illion in loans fro8 Sil>erado1 =:ic: =ere ne>er called in? T:is =as a <ri8a facie case of
>iolation of t:e conflict of interest re9ulations? !ut instead of ;ee<in9 @uiet1 Neil !us:
s:o=ed t:at t:e fa8il3 tradition of self-ri9:teous <osturin9 e>en =:en cau9:t =it: bot:
:ands in t:e coo;ie Bar =as =ell re<resented b3 :i8" :e launc:ed an a99ressi>e ca8<ai9n
of <roclai8in9 :is o=n innoncenceC it =as all <olitical1 t:ou9:t Neil1 and all because <eo<le
=anted to 9et at :is au9ust fat:er t:rou9: :i8?
SleaA3 Neil !us:7s <ontificatin9 did not <la3 =ellC Neil sounded Farro9ant and fli<F and t:e
result1 as %eo<le 8a9aAine co88ented at t:e end of t:e 3ear1 =as Fa <ublic relations
fiasco?F %osters =ent u< in *as:in9ton e8blaAoned =it: t:e call to F&ail Neil !us:1F =:ile
out in ,en>er1 t:e Colorado TaE<a3ers for &ustice 8arc:ed outside Neil7s do=nto=n office
0=:ere Neil :ad ans=ered @uestions about :is ties to t:e Hinc;le3 fa8il3 in on Marc: '11
12/14 carr3in9 <lacards and c:antin9 F(es1 Neil1 it7s =ron9 to stealKF and FGi>e it bac;1
NeilKF Gfn 12H Neil =as loo;in9 for=ard to <ublic :earin9s or9aniAed b3 t:e ederal
,e<osit Insurance Cor<oration to <robe :is 8alfeasanceC t:ere =as tal; of a cri8inal
indict8ent1 but t:is e>entuall3 d=indled into a I$55 8illion ci>il suit brou9:t a9ainst Neil
and 15 ot:er for8er Sil>erado officials for F9ross ne9li9enceF in t:eir runnin9 of t:e affairs
of t:e ban;?
!us:7s i88ediate reaction to t:e dense clouds 9at:erin9 o>er Neil7s :ead =as to ste< u< a
scandal :e sa= as a counter=ei9:t" t:is =as t:e F#eatin9 i>eF or FLincoln !ri9adeF affair1
=:ic: :it Senate ,e8ocrats Cranston1 Rie9le1 Glenn1 and ,eConcini1 <lus Re<ublican
McCain? So8e SNL loans s:o=ed FeEcesses1F !us: =as no= read3 to concede1 and so8e
=ere Ffoolis: and ill-ad>ised?F !ut1 :e @uic;l3 sti<ulated" FI don7t =ant to ar9ue in fa>or of
re-re9ulatin9 t:e industr3?F And !us: =as also on t:e defensi>e because1 =:ile :e
8andated I+55 billion for t:e SNLs1 :e =anted to >eto a 8easure <ro>idin9 for un<aid
<arental lea>e for =or;in9 8ot:ers1 des<ite a ca8<ai9n <ro8ise t:at F=e need to assure
t:at =o8en don7t :a>e to =orr3 about 9ettin9 t:eir Bobs bac; after :a>in9 a c:ild or carin9
for a c:ild durin9 serious illness?F !us: no= s<ecified t:at :e =as not endorsin9 F8andated
benefitsF fro8 9o>ern8ent1 but =as Bust su<<ortin9 collecti>e bar9ainin9 to allo= suc:
lea>e? *:at to do if e8<lo3ers refused to 9rant lea>eD F(ou7>e 9ot to ;ee< =or;in9 for
t:e8 until t:e3 do1F ans=ered !us: =it: t:e ancien re9i8e Flet 7e8 eat ca;eF lo9ic of a
Marie Antoinette? Gfn $5H
At a <ress conference in 8id-&ul31 !us: =as as;ed if :e a9reed =it: son Neil7s self- defense
ca8<ai9n1 =:ic: =as <re8issed on t:e idea t:at t:e attac; =as a <urel3 <olitical s8ear1 all
because t:e <oor bo37s na8e :a<<ened to be !us:? T:e issue =as focussin9 <ublic attention
on all t:e in:erent ra<acit3 of t:e <redator3 !us: fa8il3? Geor9e launc:ed into an enra9ed1
self-ri9:teous 8onolo9ue"
I a9ree t:at t:e <resident ou9:t to sta3 out of it1 and t:at t:e s3ste8 ou9:t to =or;? And I
:a>e 9reat confidence in t:e inte9rit3 and :onor of 83 son? And be3ond t:at1 I78 -- sa3 no
8ore? And if :e7s done so8et:in9 =ron91 t:e s3ste8 =ill --=ill-- =ill di9est t:at? I :a>e --
t:is is not eas3 for 8e1 as a fat:erC it7s eas3 for 8e as t:e <resident because t:e s3ste8 is
9oin9 to =or;1 and I =ill not inter>ene? I7>e not discussed t:is =it: an3 officials and
su99ested an3 outco8e?
Note t:at once a9ain t:e =ord Finte9rit3F co8es to t:e fore as soon as a <robe see8s to be
turnin9 u< a felon3? As for Fs3ste81F t:is refers in t:e <arlance of t:e #issin9er faction to
t:e rule of t:e interloc;in9 <o=er cartels of t:e Eastern An9lo<:ile liberal establis:8ent?
*:at !us: is reall3 sa3in9 is t:at t:e 8atter =ill be :us:ed u< b3 t:e da8a9e control of t:e
Fs3ste8?F !us: =ent on"
!ut =:at fat:er =ouldn7t eE<ress a certain confidence in t:e :onor of :is sonD And t:at7s
eEactl3 t:e =a3 I feel about it1 and I feel >er3 stron9l3 about it? And for t:ose =:o =ant to
c:allen9e it1 =:et:er t:e37re in Con9ress or else=:ere1 let t:e s3ste8 =or; and t:en =e can
all 8a;e a conclusion as to :is :onor and inte9rit3?
And it7s tou9: on <eo<le in <ublic life to so8e de9ree? And I7>e 9ot t:ree ot:er sons and
t:e3 all =ant to 9o to t:e barricades1 e>er3 one of t:e81 =:en t:e3 see so8e cartoon t:e3
don7t li;e1 <articularl3 t:ose t:at are factuall3 incorrect in total -- total de8eanin9 of t:e
:onor of t:eir brot:er? T:e3 =ant to -- t:e3 =ant to do =:at an3 ot:er-- an3 ot:er ;ids
=ould do? And I sa3" 3ou cal8 do=n no=1 =e7re in a different role no=C 3ou can7t react li;e
3ou =ould if 3our brot:er =as <ic;ed on in a street fi9:t-- t:at7s not t:e =a3 t:e s3ste8
=or;s? !ut =e :a>e 9reat e8otions t:at I s:are =it: !arbara1 I s:are =it: 83 sons and
dau9:ter t:at I =on7t s:are =it: 3ou1 eEce<t to sa3" One1 as a <resident I a8 deter8ined to
sta3 out of t:is and let it =or; and let it =or; fairl3? And secondl31 I :a>e confidence in t:e
:onor and inte9rit3 of 83 son1 and if t:e s3ste8 finds :e7s done so8et:in9 =ron9 :e =ill
be t:e first to ste< u< and do =:at7s ri9:t? Gfn $1H
!us:7s <artin9 s:ot see8ed to contain t:e o<ti8istic <re8iss t:at an3 sanctions a9ainst
3oun9 Neil =ould be ci>il1 and not cri8inal1 and t:at is >er3 li;el3 t:e si9nal t:at Geor9e
=as sendin9 out =it: t:ese re8ar;s? !ut t:e a>oidance of cri8inal c:ar9es =as not a
fore9one conclusion? A 9rou< of House ,e8ocrats :ad =ritten to Attorne3 General
T:ornbur9: to de8and a s<ecial <rosecutor for t:e :a<less Neil? T:e si9ners included %at
Sc:roeder1 #asten8eier of *isconsin1 ,on Ed=ards of California1 Con3ers of Mic:i9an1
Morrison of Connecticut1 Larr3 S8it: of lorida1 !ouc:er of 6ir9inia1 Sta99ers of *est
6ir9inia1 and !r3ant of TeEas? T:e 8easure =as full3 Bustified1 but it soon turned out t:at
t:e ole3 leaders:i< in t:e House1 8ore of a 8ars:8allo=-sta8< t:an a rubber sta8<1 :ad
been leanin9 on ,e8ocratic 8e8bers to s:un t:is initiati>e? T:is beca8e <ublic =:en
Con9ress8an ei9:an of O:io1 =:o :ad si9ned t:e letter1 retracted :is si9nature under t:e
<ressure of ole37s ,e8ocratic leaders:i<?
!ut t:ere =as no doubt t:at Neil !us: :ad been actin9 as an influence <eddler? ,ocu8ents
released b3 t:e Office of T:rift Su<er>ision =:ic: detailed t:e conflict of interest c:ar9es
a9ainst Neil con>e3ed a >er3 lo= >ie= of t:e d3sleEic 3oun9 8an7s business acu8en" t:e
re9ulators described :i8 as Fun@ualified and untrainedF to be a director of a financial
institution? An untutored s@uirt1 :is fat:er 8i9:t :a>e said? In t:e =ords of t:e OTS1
Fcertainl3 :e :ad no eE<erience in 8ana9in9 a lar9e cor<oration1 es<eciall3 a financial
institution =it: al8ost I$ billion in assets?F
T:e s=irlin9 contro>ers3 also en9ulfed !us:7s consort? *:en @uestioned b3 a Bournalist
se>eral da3s before t:e #u=ait crisis eru<ted1 !ar Fflus:es indi9nantl3 o>er t:e alle9ations
a9ainst son Neil????F FI78 not 9oin9 to tal; about it1F sna<<ed Mrs? !us:1 but s:e t:en did
re8ar; t:at it =as Foutra9eousF t:at suc: a F=onderful1 decent1 :onest 8anF =as bein9
deni9rated Bust because :is <arents Fc:ose to 9et into <olitical life?F As t:e inter>ie=er
noted1 Mrs? !us: Fs8iles =it: 8aternal <ride1 t:ou9:1 =:en s:e ac;no=led9es a ru8or t:at
son Mar>in1 ''1 nearl3 resorted to fisticuffs defendin9 Neil7s :onor and t:at brot:er &eb1 '.1
=as so read3 to Boin t:e fra3 t:at 7=e :ad to :old :i8 bac;?7F F*e Bust lo>e our c:ildren1
and t:e3 ;no= it1F 9us:ed Mrs? !us:? FSo8eone once said to 8e t:at t:e3 didn7t ;no=
anot:er fa8il3 =:ere all fi>e siblin9s lo>e eac: ot:er so 8uc:? And t:at7s true? If <us:
co8es to s:o>e1 t:e37re all t:ere for eac: ot:er?F Gfn $$H
As t:e end of &ul3 a<<roac:ed1 Neil !us: =as beco8in9 a se>ere <ublic relations <roble8
for :is fat:er Geor9e? To 8a;e 8atters =orse1 econo8ist ,an !ru8bau9:1 =:o enBo3ed a
certain notoriet3 as t:e Cassandra of t:e SNL debacle1 a<<eared on tele>ision to confir8
=:at t:e insiders alead3 ;ne=1 t:at not Bust t:e SNLs1 but t:e entire co88ercial ban;in9
s3ste8 of t:e United States1 fro8 t:e *all Street 9iants do=n t:rou9: t:e ot:er 8one3
center ban;s1 =as all ban;ru<t? Econo8ic realit31 !us:7s old ne8esis1 =as once a9ainst
t:reatenin9 :is a8bition to rule? T:en1 in t:e last da3s of &ul31 t:e *:ite House recei>ed
infor8ation t:at a national ne=s8a9aAine1 <robabl3 Ne=s=ee;1 =as <lannin9 a co>er stor3
on Neil !us:? Gfn $'H
Suc: =ere t:e e>ents in t:e <olitical and <ersonal life of Geor9e !us: t:at <ro>ided t:e
bac;dro< for !us:7s <reci<itous and c:oleric decision to 9o to =ar =it: Ira@? T:is is not to
sa3 t:at t:e decision to 9o to =ar =as caused b3 t:ese un<leasant de>elo<8entsC t:e causes
of t:e Gulf =ar are 8uc: 8ore co8<licated t:an t:at? !ut it is e@uall3 clear t:at !us:7s
bellicose ent:usias8 for t:e first =ar t:at ca8e alon9 =as notabl3 facilitated b3 t:e
co8<leE of <roble8s =:ic: :e =ould t:us s=ee< off t:e front <a9e?
T:ere is 8uc: e>idence t:at t:e !us: re9i8e =as co88itted to a ne=1 lar9e-scale =ar in
t:e Middle East fro8 t:e >er3 da3 of its inau9uration? T:e follo=in9 anal3sis =as filed on
%al8 Sunda31 Marc: 121 12/2 b3 one of t:e aut:ors of t:e <resent stud31 and =as <ublis:ed
in EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie= under t:e title FIs !us: courtin9 a Middle East =ar and a
ne= oil crisisDF"
Is t:e !us: ad8inistration <re<arin9 a 8ilitar3 attac; on Iran1 Lib3a1 S3ria1 or ot:er Middle
East nations in a fli9:t for=ard intended to cut off or destro3 a si9nificant <art of t:e
=orld7s oil su<<l3 and drasticall3 raise t:e dollar <rice of crude on t:e =orld 8ar;etsD A
=orld=ide <attern of e>ents 8onitored on %al8 Sunda3 b3 EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=
su99ests t:at suc: a 8o>e 8a3 be in t:e =or;s? If t:e scri<t does indeed call for a Middle
East conflict and a ne= oil s:oc;1 it can be safel3 assu8ed t:at Henr3 #issin9er1 t:e
sc:e8er be:ind t:e 12.' (o8 #i<<ur =ar1 is in t:e t:ic; of t:in9s1 t:rou9: National
Securit3 Ad>iser !rent Sco=croft and t:e State ,e<art8ent7s nu8ber-t=o 8an La=rence
Ea9lebur9er? G???H
*:3 s:ould t:e !us: ad8inistration no= be a candidate to launc: an attac; on Lib3a and
Iran1 =it: lar9e-scale :ostilities li;el3 in t:e GulfD T:e basic ans=er is1 as <art of a 8anic
fli9:t-for=ard fit of FA8erican Centur3F 8e9alo8ania desi9ned to distract attention fro8
t:e fiasco of t:e ne= %resident7s first -5 da3s in office? Gfn $)H
,es<ite t:e nu8erous s:ortco8in9s in t:is account1 includin9 t:e failure to identif3 Ira@ as
t:e tar9et1 it did ca<ture t:e essential trut: t:at !us: =as <lannin9 a Gulf =ar? !3 Au9ust1
12// at t:e latest1 =:en Ira@ :ad e8er9ed as t:e decisi>e >ictor in t:e /-3ear lon9 Iran-Ira@
=ar1 !ritis: 9eo<olitical t:in;ers :ad identified Ira@ as t:e leadin9 Arab state1 and t:e
leadin9 t:reat to t:e Israeli-do8inated balance of <o=er in t:e Middle East? T:is esti8ate
=as seconded b3 t:ose Jionist obser>ers for =:o8 t:e definition of 8ini8al securit3 is t:e
ca<abilit3 of Israel to defeat t:e co8bined coalition of all Arab states? !3 Au9ust of 12//1
leadin9 circles in bot: !ritain and Israel =ere conte8<latin9 =a3s of <re>entin9 Ira@ fro8
rebuildin9 its <ost=ar econo831 and =ere eE<lorin9 o<tions for a ne= =ar to li@uidate t:e
undeniable econo8ic ac:ie>e8ents of t:e !aat: %art3? !us: =ould :a>e been a <art of
t:ese deliberations startin9 at a >er3 earl3 <:ase?
,urin9 &une and &ul31 t:is =arnin9 =as seconded b3 #in9 Hussein of &ordan1 (assir Arafat
of t:e %LO1 %rince Hassan of &ordan1 and Sadda8 Hussein :i8self?
T:e !us: re9i8e7s contributions to t:e orc:estration of t:e Gulf crisis of 1225-21 =ere
8an3 and indis<ensable? irst t:ere =as a ca8<ai9n of tou9: tal;in9 b3 !us: and !a;er1
desi9ned to 9oad t:e ne= Li;ud-centered coalition of S:a8ir 0in 8an3 res<ects t:e 8ost
belli9erent and confrontational re9i8e Israel :ad e>er ;no=n4 into <ostures of increased
bellicosit3? !us: <ersonall3 referred to Israel as one of t:e countries in t:e Middle East t:at
:eld :osta9es? In earl3 Marc:1 12251 !us: said t:at t:e US 9o>ern8ent <osition =as to
o<<ose Israeli settle8ents not onl3 on t:e *est !an; of t:e &ordan and t:e GaAa Stri<1 but
also in East &erusale8? A fe= da3s before t:at1 !a;er :ad su99ested t:at US su<<ort for a
I)55 8illion loan 9uarantee <ro9ra8 for settlin9 So>iet &e=s in Israel =ould be
fort:co8in9 onl3 if Israel sto<<ed settin9 u< ne= settle8ents in t:e occu<ied territories?
!us:7s 8ention of East &erusale8 :ad tou9:ened t:at line? Gfn $-H !a;er :ad added so8e
tou9: tal; of :is o=n =:en :e :ad told a Con9ressional co88ittee t:at if and =:en t:e
Israeli 9o>ern8ent =anted <eace1 t:e3 :ad onl3 to call t:e *:ite House s=itc:board1
=:ose nu8ber :e <roceeded to 9i>e? !ut on &une $51 !us: sus<ended t:e US dialo9ue =it:
t:e %LO =:ic: :e :ad caused to be started durin9 ,ece8ber1 12//? T:e <reteEt =as a
sta9ed terror incident at an Israeli beac:?
&ul31 1225 =as full of t:e :3<er;inetic tra>el and di<lo8ac3 =:ic: :as beco8e Geor9e7s
trade8ar;? O>er t:e &ul3 ourt: =ee;end1 !us: =ent to #ennebun;<ort to <re<are for t:e
London NATO su88it and t:e successi>e Houston su88it of t:e se>en leadin9 industrial
nations? T:ere is e>idence t:at :e =as alread3 in t:e full flus: of t:e 8anic <:ase1 and t:at
t:e Fread 83 li<sF <ress conference and t:e Neil !us: affair :ad <roduced 8assi>e <s3c:ic
carna9e? Accordin9 to a <ress account1 !us: <assed t:e ti8e in #ennebun;<ort
=it: :is usual brea;nec; round of t:ro=in9 :orses:oes1 castin9 fis:in9 lures1 bas:in9 9olf
balls1 and careenin9 across t:e =a>es in :is s<eedboat? Instead of arri>in9 in London a da3
before t:e 8eetin9 be9an1 Mr? !us: s@ueeAed in one 8ore 9olf 9a8e on *ednesda3
8ornin91 and left t:at ni9:t? !ut :ere1 it see8ed t:at t:e botto8less =ell of ener93 :ad a
botto8 after all? Mr? !us: 9ot off Air orce One loo;in9 tired1 e3es <uff3 and :is stride less
s<r3 t:an t:e Fs<rin9 coltF to =:ic: :e al=a3s co8<ares :i8self?
,urin9 t:e London su88it1 !us: a<<ears to :a>e been unusuall3 irritable? One s8all crisis
ca8e =:en :e found :i8self =aitin9 for :is li8ousine in front of Lancaster House =:ile
:is aides scra8bled to brin9 :is car around? !us: Fcraned :is nec; around1 <ursed :is li<s1
stuc; :is :ands in :is <oc;ets1 and 9lared at t:e nearest aide until :is car finall3 a<<eared?F
Gfn $.H
T:e secret a9enda at t:is su88it =as do8inated b3 t:e NATO out of area de<lo38ents1
transfor8in9 t:e alliance into t:e =:ite 8an7s >en9eful ;nout a9ainst t:e t:ird =orld?
Accordin9 to a senior NATO consultant1 t:e Lancaster House su88it focussed on
Fincreasin9 tension and re-ar8a8ent in a nu8ber of countries1 in Nort: Africa1 t:e Middle
East includin9 %alestine1 and Asia t:rou9:1 increasin9l31 to Sout:east Asia? T:ere are ne=
dan9ers fro8 ne= directions? *e are s:iftin9 fro8 an eEclusi>e focus on t:e east-=est
conflict1 to a situation of ris; co8in9 e>entuall3 or <otentiall3 fro8 all directions?F T:e tal;
in London in t:at &ul3 =as about a <ossible ne= Middle East =ar1 =:ic: F=ould tend to
escalate :oriAontall3 and >erticall3? A real conflict in t:e Le>ant =ould eEtend fro8 t:e
Tur;is: border to t:e SueA canal? It =ould in>ol>e t:e nei9:bors of t:e 8ain co8batants?
T:e =:ole t:in9 =ould be in a state of fluE1 because t:e 9reat <o=ers couldn7t afford Bust to
sit t:ere?F In order to a>oid <ublic relations <roble8s for t:e continental Euro<ean
9o>ern8ents1 =:o still :ad @ual8s about t:eir do8estic <ublic o<inion1 t:ese debates =ere
not featured in t:e final co88uni@ue1 =:ic: co8<lacentl3 <roclai8ed t:e end of t:e Cold
*ar and in>ited Gorbac:o> to co8e and >isit NATO :ead@uarters to 8a;e a s<eec:? Gfn $/H
After :ob-nobbin9 =it: T:atc:er1 Lueen EliAabet: II1 and ot:er 8e8bers of t:e ro3al
fa8il31 !us: fle= to Houston to assu8e t:e role of :ost of t:e Grou< of . 3earl3 econo8ic
su88it? At t:is su88it1 t:e An9lo-SaEon 8aster race as re<resented b3 !us: and T:atc:er
found itself in a :i9:l3 e8barrassin9 <osition? E>er3one ;ne= t:at t:e =orst econo8ic
<la9ue outside of t:e co88unist bloc =as t:e En9lis:-s<ea;in9 econo8ic de<ression1
=:ic: :eld not Bust t:e United States1 t:e United #in9do81 and Canada but also Australia1
Ne= Jealand1 and ot:er for8er i8<erial out<osts in its 9ri<? T:e continental Euro<eans
=ere interested in or9aniAin9 e8er9enc3 aid and in>est8ent <ac;a9es for t:e e8er9in9
countries of eastern Euro<e1 and t:e So>iet re<ublics1 but t:is t:e An9lo-SaEons ada8antl3
o<<osed? Rat:er1 !us: and T:atc:er =ere on a full trade- =ar line a9ainst t:e Euro<ean
Co88unit3 and &a<an =:en it ca8e to t:e General A9ree8ent on Tariffs and Trade and
ot:er 8atters of international econo8ics? !us:7s TeE-MeE 8enus and countr3 and =estern
entertain8ent <ro9ra8s =ere unable to :ide an at8os<:ere of 9ro=in9 ani8osit3?
In t:e follo=in9 =ee;1 t:e An9lo-SaEon su<er8en =ere once a9ain <lun9ed into 9loo8
=:en Gorbac:o> and #o:l1 8eetin9 on &ul3 1- in t:e sout: Russian to=n of Mineraln3
6od3 near Sta>ro<ol1 announced t:e So>iet ac@uiescence to t:e 8e8bers:i< of united
Ger8an3 in NATO? T:is =as an issue t:at !us: and T:atc:er :ad :o<ed =ould cause a
8uc: lon9er dela3 and 8uc: 9reater acri8on31 but no= t:ere =ere no 8ore barriers to t:e
successful co8<letion of t:e Ft=o <lus fourF tal;s on t:e future of Ger8an31 =:ic: 8eant
t:at Ger8an reunification before t:e end of t:e 3ear =as una>oidable?
On t:e sa8e da3 t:at #o:l and Gorbac:o> =ere 8eetin91 satellite <:oto9ra<:s 8onitored
in t:e %enta9on s:o=ed t:at Ira@7s crac; Ha88urabi di>ision1 t:e cor<s d7elite of t:e
Re<ublican Guard1 =as 8o>in9 sout: to=ards t:e border of #u=ait? !3 &ul3 1.1 %enta9on
anal3sts =ould be conte8<latin9 ne= satellite <:otos s:o=in9 t:e entire di>ision1 =it: '55
tan;s and o>er 151555 8en1 in <lace alon9 t:e Ira@-#u=ait border? A second di>ision1 t:e
Medina Lu8inous1 =as be9innin9 to arri>e alon9 t:e border1 and a t:ird di>ision =as
8arc:in9 sout:? Gfn $2H
T:e dis<utes bet=een Ira@ and #u=ait =ere =ell-;no=n1 and t:e An9lo-A8ericans :ad
done e>er3t:in9 <ossible to eEacerbate t:e8? Ira@ :ad defended #u=ait1 Saudi Arabia1 and
t:e ot:er Gulf Coo<eration Council countries a9ainst t:e fanatic le9ions of #:o8eini
durin9 t:e Iran-Ira@ =ar? Ira@ :ad e8er9ed fro8 t:e conflict >ictorious1 but burdened b3
I-+ billion in forei9n debt? Ira@ de8anded debt relief fro8 t:e ric: Gulf Arabs1 =:o :ad
not lifted a fin9er for t:eir o=n defense? As for #u=ait1 it :ad been a !ritis: <u<<et state
since 1/22? !ot: #u=ait and t:e United Arab E8irates =ere eac: ac;no=led9ed to be
eEceedin9 t:eir O%EC <roduction @uotas b3 so8e +551555 barrels <er da3? T:is =as <art of
a strate93 to ;ee< t:e <rice of oil artificiall3 lo=C t:e lo= <rice =as a boon to t:e dollar and
t:e US ban;in9 s3ste81 and it also <re>ented Ira@ fro8 ac@uirin9 t:e necessar3 funds for its
<ost=ar de8obiliAation and reconstruction? #u=ait =as also ;no=n to be stealin9 oil b3
o>er<u8<in9 t:e Ru8ailia oil field1 =:ic: la3 alon9 t:e Ira@-#u=ait border? T:e border
t:rou9: t:e Ru8aila oil field =as t:us a bone of contention bet=een Ira@ and #u=ait1 as
=as t:e o=ners:i< of !ubi3an and *arba islands1 =:ic: controlled t:e access to U88
Lasr1 Ira@7s c:ief <ort and na>al base as lon9 as t:e S:att-el-Arab =as dis<uted =it: Iran? It
later beca8e ;no=n t:at t:e E8ir of #u=ait =as <re<arin9 furt:er 8easures of econo8ic
=arfare a9ainst Ira@1 includin9 t:e <rintin9 of 8asses of counterfeit Ira@i currenc3 notes
=:ic: :e =as <re<arin9 to du8< on t:e 8ar;et in order to <roduce a crisis of :3<erinflation
in Ira@? Man3 of t:ese t:e8es =ere de>elo<ed b3 Sadda8 Hussein in a &ul3 1. address in
=:ic: :e accused t:e E8ir of #u=ait of <artici<ation in a US-Jionist cons<irac3 to ;ee<
t:e <rice of oil de<ressed?
T:e E8ir of #u=ait1 &aber el Saba1 =as a =idel3 :ated fi9ure a8on9 Arabs and Mosle8s?
He =as s3baritic de9enerate1 fabulousl3 =ealt:31 a co8<lete <arasite and ne<otist1 t:e
;ee<er of a :are81 and t:e o=ner of sla>es1 es<eciall3 blac; sla>es1 for do8estic use in :is
<alace? T:e Saba fa8il3 ran #u=ait as t:e <ri>ate <lantation of t:eir clan1 and Saba
officials =ere notoriousl3 cruel and stu<id? Ira@1 b3 contrast1 =as a 8odern secular state
=it: :i9: rates of econo8ic 9ro=t:1 and <ossessed one of t:e :i9:est standards of li>in9
and literac3 rates in t:e Arab =orld? T:e status of =o8en =as one of t:e 8ost ad>anced in
t:e re9ion1 and reli9ious freedo8 =as eEtended to all c:urc:es?
An9lo-A8erican strate93 =as t:us to use econo8ic =arfare 8easures1 includin9 e8bar9os
on ;e3 tec:nolo9ies1 to bac; Sadda8 Hussein into a corner? *:en t:e <osition of Ira@ =as
Bud9ed sufficientl3 des<erate1 secret feelers fro8 t:e An9lo-A8ericans offered Sadda8
Hussein encoura9e8ent to attac; #u=ait1 =it: secret 9uarantees t:at t:ere =ould be no
An9lo-A8erican reaction? Reliable re<orts fro8 t:e Middle East indicate t:at Sadda8
Hussein =as told before :e too; #u=ait t:at London and *as:in9ton =ould not 9o to =ar
a9ainst :i8? Sadda8 Hussein =as 9i>en furt:er assurances t:rou9: ,ece8ber and &anuar31
1221 t:at t:e 8ilitar3 <otential bein9 asse8bled in :is front =ould not be used a9ainst :i81
but =ould onl3 <er8anentl3 occu<3 Saudi Arabia? It is ob>ious t:at1 in order to be
belie>able on t:e <art of t:e Ira@i leaders:i<1 t:ese assurances :ad to co8e fro8 <ersons
;no=n to eEercise 9reat <o=er and influence in London and *as:in9ton-- <ersons1 let us
sa31 in t:e sa8e lea9ue =it: Henr3 #issin9er? One <ri8e sus<ect =:o =ould fill t:e bill is
Tin3 Ro=land1 a <ro<ert3 custodian of t:e !ritis: ro3al fa8il3 and ad8inistrator of !ritis:
<ost-colonial and neo- colonial interests in Africa and else=:ere? Tin3 Ro=land :ad been in
Ira@ in &ul31 s:ortl3 before t:e Ira@i 8ilitar3 8ade t:eir 8o>e?
It is i8<ortant to note t:at e>er3 as<ect of t:e <ublic conduct of t:e !us: re9i8e until after
t:e Ira@i in>asion of #u=ait :ad beco8e a fait acco8<li =as <erfectl3 co:erent =it: t:e
assurances Sadda8 Hussein =as recei>in91 na8el3 t:at t:ere =ould be no US 8ilitar3
retaliation a9ainst Ira@ for ta;in9 #u=ait?
T:e !ritis: 9eo<oliticians so 8uc: ad8ired b3 !us: are <ast 8asters of t:e intri9ue of t:e
in>itatio ad offerendu81 t:e suc;erin9 of anot:er <o=er into =ar? In>itatio ad offerendu8
8eans in effect Flet7s 3ou and :i8 fi9:t?F It is =ell ;no=n t:at US Secretar3 of State ,ean
Ac:eson1 a close associate of A>erell Harri8an1 :ad in &anuar31 12+5 officiall3 and
for8all3 cast Sout: #orea outside t:e <ale of A8erican <rotection1 <ro>idin9
encoura9e8ent to #i8 Il Sun9 to start t:e #orean =ar? T:ere is e>er3 indication t:at t:e
Nort: #orean attac; on Sout: #orea in 12+5 =as also secretl3 encoura9ed b3 t:e !ritis:?
Later1 t:e !ritis: secretl3 encoura9ed C:inese inter>ention into t:at sa8e =ar? T:e
Ar9entinian seiAure of t:e Mal>inas Islands durin9 12/$ =as e>identl3 <receeded b3
de8onstrations of let:ar9ic disinterest in t:e fate of t:ese islands b3 t:e !ritis: orei9n
Secretar31 Lord Carrin9ton? Sadda8 Hussein7s attac; on Iran in 12/5 :ad been encoura9ed
b3 US and !ritis: assurances t:at t:e Te:eran 9o>ern8ent =as colla<sin9 and inca<able of
resistance?
As =e :a>e seen1 t:e %enta9on ;ne= of Ira@i troo<s 8assin9 on t:e border =it: #u=ait as
for &ul3 1--1.? T:ese troo< concentrations =ere announced in t:e US <ress onl3 on &ul3 $)1
=:en t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted t:at FIra@ :as 8o>ed nearl3 '51555 elite ar83 troo<s to
its border =it: #u=ait and t:e !us: ad8inistration <ut US =ars:i<s in t:e %ersian Gulf on
alert as a dis<ute bet=een t:e t=o 9ulf nations o>er oil <roduction @uotas intensified1 US
officials and Arab di<lo8ats said 3esterda3?F T:e Ira@is :ad in>ited a 9rou< of =estern
8ilitar3 attac:es to tra>el b3 road fro8 #u=ait Cit3 to !a9:dad1 durin9 =:ic: ti8e t:e
=estern officers counted so8e $1555 to '1555 >e:icles 8o>in9 sout: =it: a furt:er
reinforce8ent of t=o di>isions of t:e Re<ublican Guards? Gfn '5H
If #u=ait :ad been so >ital to t:e securit3 of t:e United States and t:e =est1 t:en it is clear
t:at at an3 ti8e bet=een &ul3 1. and Au9ust 1 --and t:at is to sa3 durin9 a <eriod of al8ost
t=o =ee;s-- !us: could :a>e issued a =arnin9 to Ira@ to sta3 out of #u=ait1 bac;in9 it u<
=it: so8e blood-curdlin9 t:reats and serious1 :i9:-<rofile 8ilitar3 de8onstrations? Instead1
!us: 8aintained a studied <ublic silence on t:e situation and allo=ed :is a8bassador to
con>e3 a 8essa9e to Sadda8 Hussein t:at =as =:oll3 8isleadin91 but =:oll3 co:erent
=it: t:e :3<ot:esis of a !ritis: <lan to suc;er Sadda8 into =ar?
On &ul3 $)1 <ress releases fro8 t:e *:ite House1 t:e State ,e<art8ent and t:e %enta9on
=ere balanced bet=een su<<ort for t:e F8oderateF #u=aitis and Saudis on t:e one :and1
and encoura9e8ent for an Arab-8ediated <eaceful settle8ent? Mar9aret Tut=iler at t:e
State ,e<art8ent stressed t:at t:e United States :ad no co88itt8ent to defend #u=ait"
*e do not :a>e an3 defense treaties =it: #u=ait and t:ere are no s<ecial defense or
securit3 co88itt8ents to #u=ait? *e also re8ain stron9l3 co88itted to su<<ortin9 t:e
indi>idual and collecti>e self-defense of our friends in t:e 9ulf1 =it: =:o8 =e :a>e dee<
and lon9-standin9 ties?
An anon38ous US 8ilitar3 official @uoted b3 t:e *as:in9ton %ost added t:at if Ira@ seiAed
a s8all a8ount of #u=aiti territor3 as a 8eans of 9ainin9 ne9otiatin9 le>era9e in O%EC1
Ft:e United States <robabl3 =ould not directl3 c:allen9e t:e 8o>e1 but =ould Boin =it: all
Arab 9o>ern8ents in denouncin9 it and <uttin9 <ressure on Ira@ to bac; do=n?F T=o US
#C-1'+ air tan;ers =ere about to carr3 out refuelin9 eEercises =it: t:e United Arab
E8irates Air orce1 it =as announced1 and t:e siE s:i<s of t:e US &oint Tas; orce Middle
East based in t:e %ersian Gulf =ere de<lo3ed Monda3 &ul3 $' for Fco88unications
su<<ortF for t:is air eEercise1 accordin9 to t:e %enta9on? T=o of t:ese US s:i<s =ere in t:e
nort:ern Gulf1 near t:e coasts of Ira@ and #u=ait? Gfn '1H !ut t:ere =as not:in9 blood-
curdlin9 about an3 of t:is1 and !us:7s <ersonal silence =as t:e 8ost elo@uent of all? In
addition1 t:e !us: ad8inistration =as lobb3in9 in Con9ress durin9 t:is =ee; in o<<osition
to a ne= round of Con9ressional trade sanctions a9ainst Ira@? Ira@i ca<abilities to ta;e
#u=ait =ere no= in <lace1 and t:e !us: re9i8e :ad not reacted?
On &ul3 $+1 US A8bassador A<ril Glas<ie 8et =it: Sadda8 Hussein1 and con>e3ed a
:i9:l3 8isleadin9 8essa9e about t:e US >ie= of t:e crisis? Glas<ie assured Sadda8
Hussein t:at s:e =as actin9 on direct instructions fro8 !us:1 and t:en deli>ered :er
celebrated line" F*e :a>e no o<inion on t:e Arab-Arab conflict1 li;e 3our border
disa9ree8ent =it: #u=ait?F T:ere is e>er3 indication t:at t:ese =ere indeed t:e
instructions t:at :ad been 9i>en directl3 b3 t:e c:ief a9ent <ro>ocateur in t:e *:ite House1
!us:? FI :a>e direct instructions fro8 t:e <resident to see; better relations =it: Ira@1F
Glas<ie told Sadda8? Accordin9 to t:e Ira@i transcri<t of t:is 8eetin91 Glas<ie stressed t:at
t:is :ad al=a3s been t:e US <osition" FI =as in t:e A8erican e8bass3 in #u=ait durin9 t:e
late 12-57s? T:e instruction =e :ad durin9 t:is <eriod =as t:at =e s:ould eE<ress no
o<inion on t:is issue and t:e issue is not associated =it: A8erica?F Gfn '$H Sadda8 Hussein
illustrated Ira@7s econo8ic 9rie>ances and need of econo8ic assistance for <ost=ar
reconstruction1 <oints for =:ic: Ms? Glas<ie eE<ressed full US official co8<re:ension?
S:ortl3 after t:is1 A<ril Glas<ie left #u=ait to ta;e :er su88er >acation1 anot:er si9nal of
elaborate US 9o>ern8ent disinterest in t:e #u=ait-Ira@ crisis?
Accordin9 to t:e *as:in9ton %ost of &ul3 $-1 Sadda8 Hussein used t:e 8eetin9 =it:
Glas<ie to send !us: a 8essa9e t:at F7not:in9 =ill :a<<en7 on t:e 8ilitar3 front =:ile t:is
=ee;end7s 8ediation efforts are ta;in9 <lace?F T:e 8ediation referred to an effort b3
E93<tian %resident Mubara; and t:e Saudi 9o>ern8ent to or9aniAe direct tal;s bet=een
Ira@ and #u=ait1 =:ic: =ere tentati>el3 set for t:e =ee;end of &ul3 $/-$2 in &edda:? O>er
t:at =ee;end1 !us: still :ad absolutel3 not:in9 to sa3 about t:e Gulf crisis? He refused to
co88ent on =:at T:ur9ood Mars:all :ad said about :i8 and :is 8an Souter" FI :a>e a
:i9: re9ard for t:e se<aration of <o=ers and for t:e Su<re8e Court1F =as !us:7s re<l3 to
re<orters? 0Attorne3 General T:ornbur9: said :e =as FsaddenedF b3 Mars:all7s co88ent?4
Accordin9 to t:e *as:in9ton %ost of &ul3 '51 t:e Saudi 9o>ern8ent announced on &ul3 $2
t:at t:e Ira@i-#u=aiti tal;s1 =:ic: :ad been <ost<oned1 =ould ta;e <lace in &edda: startin9
Tuesda31 &ul3 '1? T:e #u=aiti dele9ation abru<tl3 =al;ed out of t:ese tal;s1 a
9randstandin9 9esture ob>iousl3 calculated to incense t:e Ira@i leaders:i<? On t:e 8ornin9
of &ul3 '11 t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted t:at t:e Ira@i troo< buildu< :ad no= reac:ed
1551555 8en bet=een !asra and t:e #u=aiti border? At t:e %enata9on1 =:en s<o;es8an
%ete *illia8s =as <ressed to co88ent on t:is stor31 :e re<lied"
I7>e seen re<orts about t:e troo<s t:ere1 but =e7>e ne>er discussed :ere nu8bers or 8ade
an3 furt:er co88ents on t:at? I t:in; t:e State ,e<art8ent :as so8e lan9ua9e t:e37>e been
usin9 about ob>iousl3 bein9 concerned about an3 buildu< of forces in t:e area1 and can 9o
t:rou9:1 as =e7>e 9one t:rou9: :ere1 =:at our interests in t:e Gulf are1 but =e7>e ne>er
reall3 9otten into nu8bers li;e t:at or 9i>en t:at ;ind of infor8ation out? Gfn ''H
E>en t:e escalation of t:e Ira@i troo< buildu< :ad not disturbed t:e official US <osture of
blase7 indifference in t:e face of t:e crisis? It =as a deliberate and studied dece<tion
o<eration1 =:at t:e Russians call 8as;iro>;a?
!us: =ould :a>e ;no=n all about t:e additional Ira@i troo<s at least '- :ours earlier1
t:rou9: satellite <:otos and e8bass3 re<orts? !ut still !us: re8ained silent as a to8b? !us:
:ad <lent3 of o<<ortunit3 t:at da3 to sa3 so8et:in9 about t:e GulfC :e 8et =it: t:e GO%
Con9ressional leaders:i< for 8ore t:an an :our on t:e 8ornin9 of &ul3 '1 and1 accordin9 to
<artici<ants1 told t:e8 :e =as Fanno3edF at t:e <ace of t:e bud9et tal;s1 =:ic: re8ained
stale8ated? At t:is ti8e t:e *:ite House =as recei>in9 intelli9ence re<orts t:at 8ade an
Ira@i in>asion see8 8ore li;el31 and so8e officials =ere @uoted in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of
t:e neEt da3 as :a>in9 FeE<ressed 9ro=in9 concern t:at :ostilities could brea; out????F !ut
!us: said not:in91 did not:in9?
T:en1 in t:e afternoon1 !us: reluctantl3 recei>ed a Lat>ian dele9ation led b3 I>ars
God8anis? T:e Lat>ian re@uest for an audience :ad at first been rudel3 reBected b3 t:e
*:ite House1 but t:en acceded to under <ressure fro8 so8e influential senators? God8anis
=anted reco9nition and aid1 but !us: 8ade no co88itt8ents1 and li8ited :i8self to as;in9
se>eral F>er3 eEact @uestions?F
On *ednesda31 Au9ust 11 !us: =as undoubtedl3 not a8used b3 a Ne= (or; Ti8es account
s:o=in9 t:at one of :is for8er to< *:ite House aides1 Robert L? T:o8<son1 :ad abused
:is access to 9o>ern8ent infor8ation in order to :el< :is clients to 8a;e ad>anta9eous
deals for t:e8sel>es in bu3in9 SNLs? In t:e e>enin91 about 2 %M1 re<orts be9an to reac:
*as:in9ton t:at Ira@i forces :ad crossed t:e border into #u=ait in lar9e nu8bers? ro8 t:e
8o8ent t:e crisis :ad e8er9ed on &ul3 1--1. until t:e 8o8ent of t:e in>asion1 !us: :ad
<reser>ed a <osture of nonc:alant silence? !ut no= t:in9s be9an to :a<<en >er3 ra<idl3?
Sco=croft and !us: drafted a state8ent =:ic: =as released b3 11"$5 %M? T:is stron9l3
conde8ned t:e Ira@i in>asion and de8anded Ft:e i88ediate and unconditional =it:dra=al
of all Ira@i forces?F T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of Au9ust $1 in re<ortin9 t:e Ira@i in>asion1
recorded t:e surface <osture of t:e !us: re9i8e"
,es<ite its efforts to deter an attac; on #u=ait1 t:e !us: Ad8inistration ne>er said
<recisel3 =:at t:e United States =ould do if Ira@ launc:ed a s8all scale or lar9e scale
attac; on #u=ait? T:e >a9ueness of t:e A8erican <ronounce8ents1 =:ic: esc:e=ed an3
eE<licit <ro8ise to co8e to #u=ait7s assistance1 disturbed so8e #u=aiti officials1 =:o
:o<ed for a fir8er state8ent of A8erican intentions t:at =ould be bac;ed u< b3 a 9reater
de8onstration of 8ilitar3 force?
On T:ursda31 !us: =as sc:eduled to fl3 to As<en Colorado for a 8eetin9 =it: Mar9aret
T:atc:er1 a <ersona9e of =:o8 !us: =as in a=e? T:atc:er1 =:ose rise to <o=er :ad
included a little :el< fro8 !us: in s=ee<in9 t:e Labour %art3 out of 9o>ern8ent in
accordance =it: t:e desi9ns of Lord 6ictor Rot:sc:ild1 :ad no= been in <o=er for o>er 11
3ears1 and :ad assured :er <lace in t:e <ant:eon of An9lo-SaEon =ort:ies? T:is dessicated
8u883 of !ritis: i8<erialis8 :ad been in>ited to As<en1 Colorado1 to :old fort: on t:e
future of t:e =est1 and !us: =as sc:eduled to confer =it: :er t:ere? At + AM1 !us: =as
a=a;ened b3 Sco=croft1 =:o :ad brou9:t :i8 t:e eEecuti>e orders freeAin9 all Ira@i and
#u=aiti assets in t:e US? At / AM t:e National Securit3 Council 9at:ered in t:e Cabinet
Roo8? At t:e o<enin9 of t:is session t:ere =as a <:oto o<<ortunit3 to let !us: <ut out t:e
<reli8inar3 line on Ira@ and #u=ait? !us: told t:e re<orters"
*e7re not discussin9 inter>ention?
L" (ou7re not conte8<latin9 an3 inter>ention or sendin9 troo<sD !us:" I78 not
conte8<latin9 suc: action1 and I1 a9ain1 =ould not discuss it if I =ere? Accordin9 to
<ublis:ed accounts1 durin9 t:e 8eetin9 t:at follo=ed t:e one <ros<ect t:at 9ot a rise out of
!us: =as t:e alle9ed Ira@i t:reat to Saudi Arabia? T:is1 as =e =ill see1 =as one of t:e 8ain
ar9u8ents used b3 T:atc:er later in t:e da3 to 9oad !us: to irre>ersible co88itt8ent to
8assi>e troo< de<lo38ent and to =ar? A <rofile of !us:7s reactions on t:is score could
easil3 :a>e been co88unicated to T:atc:er b3 Sco=croft or b3 ot:er <artici<ants in t:e /
AM 8eetin9? Sco=croft =as ot:er=ise t:e leadin9 :a=;1 ra>in9 t:at F*e don7t :a>e t:e
o<tion to a<<ear not be actin9?F Gfn ')H T:is 8eetin9 ne>ert:eless ended =it:out an3 fir8
decisions for furt:er 8easures be3ond t:e freeAin9 of assets alread3 decided1 and can t:us
be classified as inconclusi>e? ,urin9 !us:7s fli9:t to As<en1 Colorado1 !us: 9ot on t:e
tele<:one =it: se>eral Middle East leaders1 =:o :e said :ad ur9ed :i8 to forestall US
inter>ention and allo= a8<le ti8e for an FArab solution?F
!us:7s 8eetin9s =it: T:atc:er in As<en on T:ursda31 Au9ust $1 and on Monda31 Au9ust -
at t:e *:ite House are of t:e 8ost decisi>e i8<ortance in understandin9 t:e =a3 in =:ic:
t:e An9lo-A8ericans conni>ed to unleas: t:e Gulf =ar? !efore 8eetin9 =it: T:atc:er1
!us: =as clearl3 in an a9itated and disturbed 8ental state1 but :ad no bedroc;
co88itt8ent to act in t:e Gulf crisis? After t:e sessions =it: T:atc:er1 !us: =as ra<idl3
transfor8ed into a ra>in91 8ono8aniacal =ar8on9er and :a=;? T:e transition =as
acco8<anied b3 a 8ar;ed accentuation of !us:7s o>erall <s3c:olo9ical i8<air8ent1 =it: a
8uc: increased tendenc3 to=ards ra9e e<isodes?
T:e i8<act of !us:7s As<en 8eetin9 =it: T:atc:er =as t:us to brain=as: !us: to=ards a
9reater <s3c:olo9ical disinte9ration1 and to=ards a 9reater <liabilit3 and su99estibilit3 in
re9ard7s to London7s i8<erial <lans? One can s<eculate t:at t:e FIron Lad3F =as ar8ed =it:
a Ta>istoc; Institute <s3c:olo9ical <rofile of !us:1 <ossibl3 centerin9 on 3oun9 Geor9e7s
feelin9s of inade@uac3 =:en :e =as denied t:e lo>e of :is cold1 de8andin9 An9lo-SaEon
s<orts=o8an 8ot:er? %er:a<s T:atc:er7s underl3in9 <s3c:olo9ical 9a8e<lan in t:is 0and
<re>ious4 encounters =it: !us: =as to <lace :erself alon9 t:e line of e8otional cat:eEis
associated in !us:7s <s3c:e =it: t:e internaliAed i8a9e of :is 8ot:er ,orot:31 es<eciall3 in
:er de8andin9 and do8ineerin9 ca<acit3 as t:e 9re3 e8inence of t:e Ran;in9 Co88ittee?
Geor9e :ad to do so8et:in9 to sa>e t:e e8battled En9lis:-s<ea;in9 <eo<les1 T:atc:er
8i9:t :a>e :inted? Ot:er=ise1 :e =ould be lettin9 do=n t:e side in <recisel3 t:e =a3 =:ic:
:e :ad al=a3s feared =ould lose :i8 :is 8ot:er7s lo>e? !ut to do so8et:in9 for t:e An9lo-
SaEons in t:eir :our of need1 Geor9e =ould :a>e to be selfless and staunc: and not t:in; of
:i8self1 Bust as 8ot:er ,orot:3 :ad al=a3s de8anded" :e =ould :a>e to ris; :is entire
<olitical career b3 de<lo3in9 US forces in o>er=:el8in9 stren9t: to t:e Gulf? T:is 8i9:t
:a>e been t:e underl3in9 e8otional content of T:atc:er7s ar9u8ent?
On a 8ore eE<licit le>el1 T:atc:er also <ossessed an arra3 of <otent ar9u8ents? !ac; in
12/$1 s:e 8i9:t :a>e recalled1 s:e :ad fallen in t:e <olls and =as bein9 =ritten off for a
second ter8 as a result of :er dis8al econo8ic <erfor8ance? !ut t:en t:e Ar9entinians
seiAed t:e Mal>inas1 and s:e1 T:atc:er1 actin9 in defiance of :er entire cabinet and of 8uc:
of !ritis: <ublic o<inion1 :ad sent t:e fleet into t:e des<erate 9a8ble of t:e Mal>inas =ar?
T:e !ritis: :ad recon@uered t:e islands1 and t:e resultant =a>e of Bin9ois8 and racist
c:au>inis8 :ad <er8itted T:atc:er to consolidate :er re9i8e until t:e <resent da3?
T:atc:er ;ne= about t:e Fno ne= taEesF contro>ers3 and t:e Neil !us: affair1 but all of t:at
=ould be @uic;l3 su<<ressed and for9otten once t:e re9i8ents be9an to 8arc: off to t:e
Saudi front? or !us:1 t:is =ould :a>e been a co8<ellin9 <ac;a9e?
As far as Sadda8 Hussein =as concerned1 T:atc:er7s ar9u8ent is ;no=n to :a>e been built
around t:e o8inous =arnin91 FHe =on7t sto<KF Her 8essa9e =as t:at MI-- and t:e rest of
t:e fabled !ritis: intelli9ence a<<aratus :ad concluded t:at Sadda8 Hussein7s 9oal =ould
be an i88ediate 8ilitar3 in>asion and occu<ation of t:e i88ense #in9do8 of Saudi
Arabia1 =it: its sensiti>e Mosle8 :ol3 <laces1 its trac;less deserts and its =arli;e
!edouins? Since T:atc:er =as fa8ilar =it: !us:7s racist conte8<t for Arabs and ot:er
dar;-s;inned <eo<les1 =:ic: s:e e8<:aticall3 s:ared1 s:e =ould also :a>e laid 9reat stress
on t:e fi9ure of Sadda8 Hussein and t:e t:reat :e <osed to An9lo-SaEon interests? T:e
Ta>istoc; <rofile =ould :a>e included :o= t:reatened !us: felt in :is <s3c:o-seEual
i8<otence b3 tou9: custo8ers li;e Sadda81 =:o8 nobod3 :ad e>er referred to as little
Lord auntlero3?
At t:is 8o8ent in t:e Gulf crisis1 t:e onl3 co8<etent <olitical-8ilitar3 esti8ate of Ira@i
intentions =as t:at Sadda8 Hussein :ad no intent of 9oin9 be3ond #u=ait1 a territor3 to
=:ic: !a9:dad :ad a lon9-standin9 clai81 ar9uin9 t:at t:e !ritis: E8<ire :ad ille9all3
establis:ed its secret <rotectorate o>er t:e sout:ern <art of t:e Otto8an E8<ire7s <ro>ince
of !asra in 1/22? T:is esti8ate t:at Ira@ :ad no desire to beco8e e8broiled =it: Saudi
Arabia =as re<eated durin9 t:e first =ee; of t:e crisis b3 suc: @ualified eE<erts as for8er
US A8bassador to Saudi Arabia &a8es Ai;ens1 and b3 t:e <ro8inent renc: 8ilitar3 leader
Gen? LacaAe? E>en General Sc:=arA;o<f t:ou9: it :i9:l3 unli;el3 t:at Sadda8 =ould
8o>e a9ainst Saudi Arabia?
In :er <ublic re8ar;s in As<en1 T:atc:er be9an t:e ne= <:ase in t:e racist de8oniAation of
Sadda8 Hussein b3 callin9 :is actions FintolerableF in a =a3 t:at S3rian and Israeli
occu<ations of ot:er countries7 lands see8in9l3 =ere not? S:e asserted t:at Fa collecti>e
and effecti>e =ill of t:e nations belon9in9 to t:e UNF =ould be necessar3 to deal =it: t:e
crisis? T:atc:er7s tra>ellin9 entoura9e fro8 t:e orei9n Office :ad co8e e@ui<<ed =it: a
strate93 to <ress for 8andator3 econo8ic sanctions and <ossible 8andator3 8ilitar3 action
a9ainst Ira@ under t:e <ro>isions of C:a<ter 6II of t:e United Nations C:arter? Soon !us:7s
entoura9e :ad also <ic;ed u< t:is ne= fad?
!us: :ad no= c:an9ed :is tune 8ar;edl3? He :ad suddenl3 and <ublicl3 re-ac@uired :is
8ilitar3 o<tions? *:en as;ed about :is res<onse1 :e stated"
*e7re not rulin9 an3 o<tions in but =e7re not rulin9 an3 o<tions out?
!us: also re>ealed t:at :e :ad told t:e Arab leaders =it: =:o8 :e :ad been in contact
durin9 t:e 8ornin9 t:at t:e Gulf crisis F:ad 9one be3ond si8<l3 a re9ional dis<ute because
of t:e na;ed a99ression t:at >iolates t:e United Nations c:arter?F T:ese for8ulations =ere
I?,? for8at T:atc:er-s<ea;? !us: conde8ned Sadda8 for F:is intolerable be:a>ior1F a9ain
<arrottin9 T:atc:er7s line? !us: =as no= F>er3 8uc: concernedF about t:e safet3 of ot:er
s8all Gulf states? !us: also referred to t:e :osta9e @uestion1 sa3in9 t:at t:reats to
A8erican citiAens =ould Faffect t:e United States in a >er3 dra8atic =a3 because I >ie= a
funda8ental res<onsibilit3 of 83 <residenc3 Gas bein9H to <rotect A8erican citAens?F !us:
added t:at :e :ad tal;ed =it: T:atc:er about !ritis: <ro<osals to <ress for Fcollecti>e
effortsF b3 8e8bers of t:e United Nations a9ainst Ira@? T:e Ira@i in>asion =as a Ftotall3
unBustified act1F !us: =ent on? It =as no= i8<erati>e t:at t:e Finternational co88unit3 act
to9et:er to ensure t:at Ira@i forces lea>e #u=ait i88ediatel3? !us: re>ealed t:at :e and :is
ad>isors =ere no= eEa8in9 t:e FneEt ste<sF to end t:e crisis? !us: said :e =as Fso8e=:at
:eartenedF b3 :is tele<:one con>ersations =it: %resident Hosni Mubara; of E93<t1 #in9
Hussein of &ordan1 and Gen? Ali Abdalla: Salib of (e8en?
T:ere is e>er3 reason to belie>e t:at !us:7s decision to launc: US 8ilitar3 inter>ention and
=ar =as ta;en in As<en1 under t:e :3<notic influence of T:atc:er? An3 residual :esitanc3
dis<la3ed in secret councils =as 8erel3 disse8blin9 to <re>ent :is staffs fro8 o<<osin9
t:at decision? Ma;in9 a strate9ic decision of suc: collossal i8<lications on t:e basis of a
<s3c:o-8ani<ulati>e <e< tal; fro8 T:atc:er su99ests t:at !us:7s :3<ert:3roid condition
=as alread3 o<eratin9C t:e :3<ert:3roid <atient notoriousl3 tends to resol>e co8<licated
and far-reac:in9 alternati>es =it: @uic;1 sna< decisions? Se>eral <ublis:ed accounts :a>e
sou9:t to ar9ue t:at t:e decision for lar9e-scale inter>ention did not co8e until Saturda3 at
Ca8< ,a>id1 but t:ese accounts belon9 to t:e Fred Studeba;erF sc:ool of co>eru<? T:e
trut: is t:at !us: =ent to =ar as t:e racist tail on t:e !ritis: i8<erial ;ite1 c:eered on b3
t:e #issin9er cabal t:at <er8eated and do8inated :is ad8inistration? As t:e London ,ail3
Tele9ra<: 9loated1 Mrs? T:atc:er :ad Fstiffened G!us:7sH resol>e?F
!us: :ad been sc:eduled to sta3 o>erni9:t in As<en1 but :e no= de<arted i88ediatel3 for
*as:in9ton? Later1 t:e *:ite House said t:at !us: :ad been on t:e <:one =it: Saudi #in9
a:d1 =:o :ad a9reed t:at t:e Ira@i in>asion =as Fabsolutel3 unacce<table?F Gfn '+H On t:e
return tri< and t:rou9: t:e e>enin91 t:e #issin9erian o<erati>e Sco=croft continued to to
<ress for 8ilitar3 inter>ention1 <la3in9 do=n t:e difficulties =:ic: ot:er a>disers :ad been
citin9? Gi>en #issin9er7s lon9-standin9 relations:i< =it: London and t:e orei9n Office1 it
=as no sur<rise t:at Sco=croft =as full3 on t:e London line?
!efore t:e da3 =as out1 Ft:e orders started floodin9 out of t:e O>al Office? T:e <resident
:ad all of t:ese di<lo8atic <ieces in :is :ead? T:e UN <iece? T:e NATO <iece? T:e Middle
east <iece? He =as 8eticulous1 8et:odical1 and <ersonal1F accordin9 to one official? Gfn '-H
T:e neEt 8ornin9 =as rida31 Au9ust '1 and !us: called anot:er NSC 8eetin9 at t:e *:ite
House? T:e establis:8ent 8edia li;e t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es =ere full of accounts of :o=
Ira@ =as alle9edl3 8assin9 troo<s alon9 t:e sout:ern border of #u=ait1 about to <ounce on
Saudi Arabia? Sco=croft1 =it: !us:7s a<<ro>al1 blud9eoned t:e doubters into a discussion
of =ar o<tions? !us: ordered t:e CIA to <re<are a <lan to o>ert:ro= or assassinate Sadda8
Hussein1 and told C:ene31 %o=ell1 and Gen? Sc:=arA;o<f to <re<are 8ilitar3 o<tions for
t:e neEt da3? !us: =as o<enin9 t:e door to =ar slo=l31 so as to ;ee< all of :is ci>ilian and
8ilitar3 ad>isers on board? Later on rida31 %rince !andar1 t:e Saudi Arabian a8bassador
to *as:in9ton1 8et =it: !us:? Accordin9 to one >ersion1 !us: <led9ed :is =ord of :onor
to !andar t:at :e =ould Fsee t:is t:rou9: =it: 3ou?F !andar =as =idel3 re<uted to be
=or;in9 for t:e CIA and ot:er =estern intelli9ence a9encies? T:ere =ere also re<orts t:at
:e :ad Et:io<ian ser>ants in t:e Saudi e8bass3 in *as:in9ton1 near t:e #enned3 Center1
=:o =ere c:attel sla>es accordin9 to United Nations definitions?
*:en t:e ti8e ca8e in t:e afternoon to =al; to :is :elico<ter on t:e *:ite House sout:
la=n for t:e s:ort fli9:t to t:e Ca8< ,a>id retreat in t:e Catoctin Mountains of Mar3land1
!us: sto<<ed at t:e 8icro<:ones t:at =ere set u< t:ere1 a <rocedure t:at beca8e a :abit
durin9 t:e Gulf crisis? T:ere =as so8et:in9 about t:ese 8o8ents of enterin9 and lea>in9
t:e *:ite House t:at :ei9:tened !us:7s <s3c:olo9ical instabilit3C t:e lea>in9 and arri>in9
rituals =ould often be t:e 8o8ents of so8e of :is =orst <ublic tantru8s? At t:is <oint !us:
=as <s3c:in9 :i8self u< to=ards t:e fit t:at :e =ould act out on :is Sunda3 afternoon
return? !ut t:ere =as alread3 no doubt t:at !us:7s bellicosit3 =as risin9 b3 t:e :our? *it:
#u=ait under occu<ation1 :e said1 Ft:e status @uo is unacce<table and furt:er eE<ansionF b3
Ira@ F=ould be e>en 8ore unacce<table?F T:is for8ulation alread3 <ointed to an ad>ance
into #u=ait? He also stressed Saud Arabia" FIf t:e3 as; for s<ecific :el<-- it de<ends
ob>iousl3 on =:at it is-- I =ould be inclined to :el< in an3 =a3 =e <ossibl3 can?F Gfn '.H
On Saturda3 8ornin91 Au9ust )1 !us: 8et =it: :is entoura9e in Ca8< ,a>id1 <resent
Lua3le1 C:ene31 Sununu1 *illia8 *ebster1 *olfo=itA1 !a;er1 Sco=croft1 %o=ell1
Sc:=arA;o<f1 itA=ater1 and Ric:ard Haas of t:e NSC staff? Militar3 ad>isers1 es<eciall3
Colin %o=ell1 a<<ear to :a>e directed !us:7s attention to t:e 8an3 <roble8s associated
=it: 8ilitar3 inter>ention? Accordin9 to one >ersion1 Gen? Sc:=arA;o<f esti8ated t:at it
=ould ta;e 1. =ee;s to 8o>e a defensi>e1 deterrent force of $+51555 troo<s into t:e re9ion1
and bet=een / and 1$ 8ont:s to asse8ble a 9round force ca<able of dri>in9 t:e Ira@i ar83
out of #u=ait? or t:e duration of t:e crisis1 t:e Ar83 =ould re8ain t:e 8ost reluctant1
=:ile t:e Air orce1 includin9 Sco=croft1 =ould be t:e 8ost ea9er to o<en :ostilities? !us:
sensed t:at :e :ad to stress t:e defense of Saudi Arabia to ;ee< all of :is bureaucratic
<la3ers on board1 and to 9arner enou9: <ublic su<<ort to carr3 out t:e first <:ase of t:e
buildu<? T:en1 <er:a<s t:ree 8ont:s do=n t:e line1 <referabl3 after t:e No>e8ber
elections1 :e could un>eil t:e full offensi>e buildu< t:at =ould carr3 :i8 into =ar =it:
Ira@? FT:at7s =:3 our defense of Saudi Arabia :as to be our focus1F !us: is re<orted to :a>e
said at t:is 8eetin9? T:is re8ar; =as calculated to cater to t:e >ie=s of Gen? %o=ell1 =:o
=as t:in;in9 <ri8aril3 in t:ese defensi>e ter8s? Gfn '/H *:en t:e lar9er NSC 8eetin9
dis<ersed1 !us: 8et =it: a 8ore restricted 9rou< includin9 Lua3le1 Sununu1 !a;er1
Sco=croft1 C:ene31 %o=ell1 and *ebster? T:is session =as do8inated b3 t:e fear t:at t:e
Saudi Arabian 8onarc:31 =:ic: =ould :a>e to be coerced into a9reee8ent =it: <lans for a
US 8ilitar3 buildu< on its territor31 =ould <refer a co8<ro8ise solution ne9otiated a8on9
t:e Arabs to t:e An9lo-SaEon =ar :3steria? T:e Saudis =ere not all as staunc: as t:e
A8erican a9ent %rince !andarC t:e <resence of lar9e contin9ents of infidel 9round troo<s1
includin9 &e=s and =o8en1 =ould create suc: friction =it: Saudi societ3 as to <ose an
insoluble <olitical <roble8? T:ere =as 9reat racist >itu<eration of t:e Arabs in 9eneral" t:e3
could not be trusted1 t:e3 =ere eas3 to blac;8ail? T:is 8eetin9 <roduced a decision t:at
!us: =ould call Saudi #in9 a:d and de8and t:at :e acce<t a lar9e US 9round force
contin9ent in addition to aircraft?
As !us: feared1 a:d =as inclined to reBect t:e US 9round forces? T:ere =as a re<ort t:at
Ira@ :ad announced t:at its forces =ould lea>e #u=ait on Sunda31 and a:d =anted to see
if t:at :a<<ened? a:d :ad not 3et been =on o>er to t:e doctrine of =ar at an3 cost?
T:rou9: an intri9ue of %rince !andar1 =:o ;ne= t:at t:is difficult3 8i9:t arise1 #in9 a:d
=as <re>ailed u<on to recei>e a US Fbriefin9 tea8F to illustrate t:e t:reat to :i8 and
de8and t:at :e a<<ro>e t:e US buildu< on :is territor3? a:d t:ou9:t t:at all :e =as
9ettin9 =ere a fe= briefin9 officers? !ut !us: sa= t:is as a =ed9e for 9reater t:in9s? FI
=ant to do t:is? I =ant to do it bi9 ti8e1F !us: told Sco=croft? Gfn '2H !3 no= !us: :ad
launc:ed into :is Fs<eed-dialin9F 8ode1 callin9 :eads of state and 9o>ern8ent one after t:e
ot:er1 or9aniAin9 for an econo8ic e8bar9o and a 8ilitar3 confrontation =it: Ira@? One
i8<ortant call =as to S:ei;: &abir al A:8ed al Saba:1 t:e de9enerate E8ir of #u=ait1
re<resentati>e of a fa8il3 =:o :ad been !ritis: assets since 1/22 and !us:7s business
<artners since t:e da3s of Ja<ata Offs:ore in t:e late 12+57s? Ot:er calls =ent to Tur9ut
OeAal of Tur;e31 =:o8 !us: <ressed to cut off Ira@7s use of oil <i<elines across :is
territor3? Anot:er call =ent to Canadian %ri8e Minister Mulrone31 =:o =as also in dee<
do8estic <olitical trouble1 and =:o =as inclined to Boin t:e An9lo-SaEon 8obiliAation?
,urin9 t:e course of Saturda31 *:ite House officials be9an to s<read a dece<tion stor3 t:at
!us: :ad been Fsur<rised b3 t:e in>asion t:is =ee; and lar9el3 un<re<ared to res<ond
@uic;l31F as t:e neEt da37s Ne= (or; Ti8es alle9ed?
At / AM on Sunda3 8ornin91 t:ere =as anot:er 8eetin9 of t:e NSC at Ca8< ,a>id =it:
!us:1 !a;er1 C:ene31 Sco=croft1 %o=ell and >arious aides? T:is ti8e t:e tal; =as al8ost
eEclusi>el3 de>oted to 8ilitar3 o<tions? !us: desi9nated C:ene3 for t:e Saudi 8ission1 and
C:ene3 left *as:in9ton for Saudi Arabia in t:e 8iddle of Sunda3 afternoon?
!us: no= boarded a :elico<ter for t:e fli9:t fro8 Ca8< ,a>id bac; to t:e *:ite House
sout: la=n? U< to t:is <oint1 !us: =as fir8l3 co88itted to =ar in :is o=n 8ind1 and :ad
been actin9 on t:at decision in :is secret councils of re9i8e1 but :e :ad carefull3 a>oided
8a;in9 t:at decision clear in <ublic? *e are no= a<<roac:in9 t:e 8o8ent =:en :e =ould
do so? Let us conte8<late Geor9e !us:7s state of 8ind as :e rode in :is :elico<ter fro8
Ca8< ,a>id to=ards *as:in9ton on t:at earl3 Au9ust Sunda3 afternoon? Accordin9 to one
<ublis:ed account1 !us: =as Fin a 8ood t:at *:ite House officials describe >ariousl3 as
8ad1 test31 <ee>is:1 and1 to use a fa>orite bit of !us:-s<ea;1 s<leen- >entin9?F T:is
obser>er1 Maureen ,o=d of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 co8<ared Rea9an7s relaEed or
so8niferous crisis st3le =it: !us:7s :3<er;inesis" Rea9an1 s:e recalled1 Fsle<t <eacefull3F
durin9 clas:es of US and Lib3an <lanes o>er t:e Mediterranean1 but FMr? !us:1 b3
contrast1 beco8es e>en 8ore of a der>is:F in suc: 8o8ents? Accordin9 to Ms? ,o=d1 Fb3
t:e ti8e t:e <resident ca8e :o8e fro8 Ca8< ,a>id on Sunda3 afternoon1 :e =as feelin9
frustrated and test3? He =as =orried t:at t:e situation in #u=ait =as deterioratin91 and
intelli9ence re<orts s:o=ed :i8 t:at t:e Ira@is =ere be9innin9 to 8ass at t:e #u=ait-Saudi
border? He =as also disa<<ointed in t:e international res<onse?F Gfn )5H As !us: =as
a<<roac:in9 *as:in9ton1 !us: called :is <ress secretar31 Marlin itA=ater1 to as; :i8 :is
o<inion about =:et:er to <ause at t:e 8icro<:ones on t:e sout: la=n before 9oin9 into t:e
*:ite House? itA=ater a<<ears to :a>e su<<orted t:e idea?
Accordin9 to Ms? ,o=d1 an e3e=itness1 !us: =as F>isibl3 furiousF =:en :e cli8bed out of
:is :elico<ter? As !us: =al;ed to=ards t:e 8icro<:ones1 :e =as accosted b3 Ric:ard Haas
of t:e NSC staff =:o t:rust a cable into !us:7s :ands? !us: read t:e cable1 sco=lin9?
Ho=e>er u9l3 :is 8ood :ad been before :e :ad seen t:e 8e8o1 readin9 it sent :i8 into an
a<o<lectic ra9e? Accordin9 to *:ite House officials1 t:is cable contained infor8ation about
t:e di8ensions of t:e Ira@i troo< buildu< and indicated t:at t:e Ira@i troo<s =ere 8o>in9
sout: to=ards t:e Saudi border1 and not lea>in9 #u=ait? Gfn )1H Accordin9 to Ms? ,o=d1
t:is =as t:e secret 8e8o t:at Fsee8ed to s<ar; t:e %resident7s irritation at :is ne=s
conference? In an3 case1 !us: no= launc:ed into a >iolent diatribe t:at left no doubt t:at as
far as :e =as considered1 t:e desired outco8e =as no= =ar?
In !us:7s o<enin9 state8ent1 :e su88ariAed t:e result of :is frenetic Fs<eed dialin9F
eEercise" OeAal1 #aifu1 Mulrone31 Mitterrand1 #o:l1 T:atc:er1 t:e E8ir of #u=ait :ad all
been reac:ed? T:e alle9ed result"
*:at7s e8er9in9 is nobod3 is -- see8s to be s:o=in9 u< as =illin9 to acce<t an3t:in9 less
t:an total =it:dra=al fro8 Ira@1 fro8 #u=ait of t:e Ira@i forces1 and no <u<<et re9i8e?
*e7>e been do=n t:at road1 and t:ere =ill be no <u<<et re9i8e t:at =ill be acce<ted b3 an3
countries t:at I78 fa8iliar =it:? And t:ere see8s to be a united front out t:ere t:at sa3s
Ira@1 :a>in9 co88itted brutal1 na;ed a99ression1 ou9:t to 9et out and t:at t:e-- t:is conce<t
of t:eir installin9 so8e <u<<et lea>in9 be:ind =ill not be acce<table? So1 =e7re <us:in9
for=ard on di<lo8ac3? *e7>e 9otten-- to8orro= I =ill 8eet :ere in *as:in9ton =it: t:e
Secretar3 General of t:e United Nations-- I 8ean1 t:e Secretar3 General of NATO-- and
Mar9aret T:atc:er =ill be co8in9 in :ere to8orro=1 and I =ill be continuin9 t:is
di<lo8atic effort?
*:at about t:e situation on t:e 9roundD Had Ira@ <ulled outD
Ira@ lied once a9ain? T:e3 said t:e3 =ere 9oin9 to start 8o>in9 out toda3 and =e :a>e no
e>idence t:at t:e37re 8o>in9 out?
A @uestion about t:e e8bassies in #u=ait Cit3 launc:ed !us: into :is enra9ed crescendo1
<unctuated b3 8enacin9 :istrionics" I78 not tr3in9 to c:aracteriAe t:reats? T:e t:reat is t:e
>icious a99ression a9ainst #u=ait? And t:at s<ea;s for itself? And an3t:in9 collaterall3 is
Bust si8<l3 8ore indication t:at t:ese are outla=s -- international outla=s and rene9ades?
And I =ant to see t:e United Nations 8o>e soon =it: C:a<ter . sanctions? And I =ant to
see t:e rest of t:e =orld Boin us1 as t:e3 are in o>er=:el8in9 nu8bers1 to isoltate Sadda8
Hussein?
*:en as;ed :o= a <u<<et re9i8e could be <re>ented1 !us: sna<<ed1 F&ust =ait? *atc: and
learn?F Since :e :ad 8ade so 8an3 calls1 :ad :e tried to 9et t:rou9: to Sadda8 HusseinD
FNo? No1 I :a>e not?F T:e <olic3 of refusin9 to ne9otiate =it: Ira@ =ould be 8aintained all
t:e =a3 to t:e end of t:e =ar? *:at about #in9 Hussein of &ordan1 =:o =as ;no=n to be
atte8<tin9 a 8ediationD FI tal;ed to :i8 once and t:at7s all1F :issed !us:? F!ut :e7s
e8braced Sadda8 Hussein? He =ent to !a9:dad and e8braced--F said one @uestioner?
F*:at7s 3our @uestionD I can read1F ra9ed !us:? *as !us: disa<<ointed =it: #in9
HusseinD
I =ant to see t:e Arab states Boin t:e rest of t:e =orld in conde8nin9 t:is outra9e and doin9
=:at t:e3 can to 9et Sadda8 Hussein out? No=? He =as tal;in9-- #in9 Hussein-- about an
Arab solution1 but I a8 disa<<ointed to find an3 co88ent b3 an3one t:at a<olo9iAes or
a<<ears to condone =:at7s ta;en <lace?
!us: elaborated a fe= seconds later t:at t:ere =as no <ossibilit3 of an Arab solution" *ell?
I =as told b3 one leader t:at I res<ect enor8ousl3-- I belie>e t:is =as bac; on rida3-- t:at
t:e3 needed )/ :ours to find =:at =as called an Arab solution? T:at ob>iousl3 :as failed?
And of course I78 disa<<ointed t:at t:e 8atter :asn7t been resol>ed before no=? T:is is a
>er3 serious 8atter? I7ll ta;e one 8ore and t:en I7>e 9ot to 9o to =or; o>er :ere?
T:e last @uestion =as about <ossible ste<s to <rotect A8erican citiAens1 a @uestion t:at t:e
ad8inistration =anted to <la3 do=n at t:e be9innin91 and <la3 u< later on? !us: concluded"
I a8 not 9oin9 to discuss =:at =e7re doin9 in ter8s of 8o>in9 of forces1 an3t:in9 of t:at
nature? !ut I >ie= it >er3 seriousl31 not Bust t:at1 but an3 t:reat to an3 ot:er countries as
=ell1 as I >ie= >er3 seriousl3 our deter8ination to re>erse t:is a99ression? And <lease
belie>e 8e1 t:ere are an a=ful lot of countries t:at are in total accord =it: =:at I7>e Bust
said? And I salute t:e8? T:e3 are staunc: friends and allies? And =e =ill be =or;in9 =it:
t:e8 all for collecti>e action? T:is =ill not stand? T:is =ill not stand1 t:is a99ression
a9ainst #u=ait? I7>e 9ot to 9o? I :a>e to 9o to =or;? I7>e 9ot to 9o to =or;? Gfn )$H
T:is =as t:e be9innin9 of t:e =ar <s3c:osis1 and t:ere is no doubt t:at t:e leadin9 =ar
<s3c:otic =as !us: :i8self?
A nu8ber of as<ects of t:is <erfor8ance 8erit underlinin9? T:e confusion of Manfred
*oerner =it: %ereA de Cuellar =ill be t:e first of a nu8ber of suc: 9affes co88itted b3
!us: o>er t:e neEt fe= da3s? FNa;ed a99ressionF is once a9ain T:atc:er7s ter8? T:atc:er is
8entioned t=ice in a =a3 t:at su99ests t:at !us: :ad been on t:e <:one =it: :er a9ain
after lea>in9 As<en? Indeed1 t:e code =ord Fstaunc:F to=ards t:e end1 =:ic: for !us: can
onl3 be associated =it: t:e !ritis:1 i8<lies t:at !us:7s entire e<isode :ad been coordinated
=it: T:atc:er in ad>ance? In re9ard to Sadda8 Hussein1 in addition to t:e direct contact
t:at =as ne>er atte8<ted =e :a>e :ere t:e be9innin9 of a cascade of >erbal abuse t:at
=ould continue t:rou9: t:e course of t:e buildu< and t:e =ar? Accordin9 to 8an3
obser>ers1 t:e <ur<ose of t:ese 9ratuitous insults =as to 8a;e a co8<ro8ise settle8ent
t:rou9: ne9otiations i8<ossible b3 castin9 as<ersions on Sadda8 Hussein7s :onor? T:is
8i9:t :a>e reflected ad>ice fro8 Arabists of t:e t3<e ;no=n to in:abit t:e !ritis: orei9n
Office? !us:7s res<onses concernin9 #in9 Hussein of &ordan =ere >er3 o8inous for t:e
Has:e8ite 8onarc:1 and left no doubt t:at !us: re9arded an3 Arab- s<onsored <eaceful
solution as an unfriendl3 act? Indeed1 !us: :ere declared t:e Arab solution dead? No 9reater
sabota9e of <eace efforts in t:e re9ion could be i8a9ined? !us:7s stress on #u=ait indicates
t:at :is subse@uent <resentation of :is troo< de<lo38ents as ser>in9 t:e defense of Saudi
Arabia =as disinfor8ation1 and t:at t:e US occu<ation of #u=ait =as :is 9oal all alon9?
inall31 t:e co8bination of t:e 8anic tone1 t:e confusion of t:e t=o Secretaries General1
and t:e obsessi>e FI7>e 9ot to 9o to =or;F re<eated t:ree ti8es at t:e end co8bine to
su99est a state of <s3c:olo9ical u<:ea>al1 =it: t:e t:3roid undoubtedl3 8a;in9 its
contribution to !us:7s fli9:t for=ard? !ut1 for t:e <ositi>e side of !us:7s led9er1 notice t:at
t:ere =ere no @uestions about ne= taEes or Neil !us:?
F*as !us:7s Sunda3 diatribe sta9edDF1 as;ed t:e *as:in9ton %ost so8e da3s later? *:ite
House officials denied it? FHe did it because :e felt t:at =a31F said one? FT:ere =as no
intention before:and to assu8e a <osture Bust for t:e i8<act?F Gfn )'H ,r? &osef Goebbels
=as fa8ous for :is abilit3 to deli>er a s<eec: as if it =ere a s<ontaneous e8otional
outburst1 and t:e after=ard c3nicall3 re>ie= it <oint b3 <oint and strata9e8 b3 strata9e8?
T:ere is 8uc: e>idence t:at !us: did not <ossess t:is de9ree of lucidit3 and internal
critical distance?
!us: =ent into t:e *:ite House for 3et anot:er 8eetin9 of t:e NSC? At t:is 8eetin91 it
=as alread3 a fore9one conclusion t:at t:ere =ould be a lar9e US 8ilitar3 de<lo38ent1
alt:ou9: t:at :ad ne>er been for8all3 deliberated b3 t:e NSC? It :ad been a solo decision
b3 !us:? T:ere =as no= onl3 t:e for8alit3 of Saudi assent?
Monda3 at t:e *:ite House =as do8inated b3 t:e <resence of Mar9aret T:atc:er at :er
staunc:est? T:atc:er7s t:e8e =as no= t:at t:e enforce8ent of t:e econo8ic sanctions
>oted b3 t:e UN =ould re@uire a na>al bloc;ade in =:ic: t:e An9lo-SaEon co8bined fleets
=ould <la3 t:e leadin9 role? T:atc:er7s first <riorit3 =as t:at t:e sanctions :ad to be 8ade
to =or;? !ut if *as:in9ton and London =ere to conclude t:at a na>al bloc;ade =ere
necessar3 for t:at end1 s:e =ent on1 F3ou =ould :a>e to consider suc: a 8o>e?F T:atc:er
carted out :er best C:urc:illian r:etoric to ad>ertiAe t:at !ritain alread3 :ad one =ars:i<
stationed in t:e %ersian Gulf1 and t:at t=o 8ore fri9ates1 one fro8 Mo8bassa and one fro8
Mala3sia1 =ere on t:eir =a3? FT:ose sanctions 8ust be enforceable1F ra>ed T:atc:er1 =:o
:ad ne>er acce<ted econo8ic sanctions a9ainst Sout: Africa? FI cannot re8e8ber a ti8e
=:en =e :ad t:e =orld so stron9l3 to9et:er a9ainst an action as no=?F
!us: i88ediatel3 too; T:atc:er7s cue" F*e need to discuss full and total i8<le8entation
of t:ese sanctions1 rulin9 out not:in9 at all? T:ese sanctions 8ust be enforced? I t:in; t:e
=ill of t:e nations around t:e =orld-- not Bust t:e NATO countries-- not Bust t:e EC1 not
Bust one area of t:e =orld-- t:e =ill of t:e nations around t:e =orld =ill be to enforce t:ese
sanctions? *e7ll lea>e t:e details of :o= =e i8<le8ent it to t:e future1 but =e7ll be9in
=or;in9 on t:at i88ediatel3? T:at7s :o= =e 9o about encoura9in9 ot:ers to do t:at and
=:at =e oursel>es s:ould be doin9?F Gfn ))H In t:e 8idst of t:ese <roceedin9s1 NATO
Secretar3 General Manfred *oerner s:o=ed u<1 and tried :is :and at bein9 staunc:1 but :e
could not co8e close to T:atc:er? All of a sudden1 t:e !ritis: =ere at t:e center of t:in9s
a9ain1 t:e 8ost i8<ortant countr31 all on t:e basis of t:e to;en forces t:e3 =ere de<lo3in9?
*it: T:atc:er t:ere1 !us: :ad t:e fi9-leaf of an instant international coalition to use as a
blud9eon a9ainst do8estic critics?
T:e breast-beatin9 about t:e enforce8ent of t:e sanctions si9nalled t:at t:e An9lo-
A8ericans =ere 9oin9 on a di<lo8atic offensi>e a9ainst countries li;e Ger8an31 &a<an1
and 8an3 in t:e t:ird =orld =:o 8i9:t :a>e assu8ed a neutral or <acifist <osition in t:e
crisis? !a;er :ad been tra>ellin9 in Siberia =it: S:e>ardnadAe =:en Ira@ :ad entered
#u=ait1 and So>iet conde8nation of Ira@ :ad been i88ediate? Man3 countries1 es<eciall3
in t:e t:ird =orld1 no= found t:at =it: t:e So>iets closin9 ran;s =it: t:e An9lo-
A8ericans1 t:e 8ar9in of 8aneu>er t:e3 :ad enBo3ed durin9 t:e cold =ar =as no= totall3
9one? Countries li;e &ordan1 t:e Sudan1 (e8en1 t:e %LO1 and ot:ers =:o eE<ressed
understandin9 for Ira@i 8oti>es =ent to t:e to< of t:e An9lo-A8erican :it list? !us:
assu8ed t:e role of to< co< :i8self1 =it: 9usto" accordin9 to itA=ater1 t:e Fs<eed dialin9
8odeF :ad <roduced $5 calls to 1$ different =orld leaders o>er sli9:tl3 8ore t:an t:ree
da3s?
*:en C:ene3 arri>ed in Saudi Arabia1 t:e essence of :is 8ission =as to con>e3 to #in9
a:d and :is retinue t:at t:e first ele8ents of t:e /$nd Airborne ,i>ision =ould be landin9
=it:in an :our or t=o1 and t:at t:e Saudi 8onarc:3 =ould be =ell ad>ised to =elco8e
t:e8? In effect1 C:ene3 =as t:ere to tell t:e Saudis t:at t:e3 =ere an occu<ied countr31 and
t:at t:e United States =ould assu8e <:3sical <ossession of 8ost of t:e Arabian <eninsula1
=it: all of its fabulous oil =ealt:? ,id #in9 a:d t:in; of <rotestin9 t:e arro9ance of
C:ene37s ulti8atu8D If :e did1 :e :ad onl3 to t:in; of t:e fate of :is <redecessor1 #in9
eisal1 =:o :ad been 8urdered b3 t:e CIA in 12.+? !3 t:e ti8e #in9 a:d ac@uiesced1 t:e
first US units =ere alread3 on t:e 9round? C:ene3 =ent t:rou9: t:e c:arade of callin9 !us:
to tell :i8 t:at t:e dis<atc: of a US contin9ent for t:e defense of Saudi Arabia :ad been
a<<ro>ed b3 His MaBest31 and t:en for8all3 to as; !us:7s a<<ro>al for t:e transfer of t:e
troo<s? F(ou 9ot it? Go1F !us: is su<<osed to :a>e re<lied? !a:rein1 t:e United Arab
E8irates1 Latar1 O8an1 all t:e 8e8bers of t:e Gulf Coo<eration Council =ould soon be
subBect to t:e sa8e <rocess of 8ilitar3 occu<ation?
T:e US eE<editionar3 force in Saudi Arabia beca8e =idel3 ;no=n in *as:in9ton on
Tuesda31 Au9ust .1 as *:ite House officials :astened to s:are t:e ne=s =it: Bournalists?
!us: <ersonall3 =anted to sta3 out of t:e s<otli9:t? At a Cabinet 8eetin91 !us: told :is
ad>isers t:at :is re9i8e :ad =arned t:e Saudi 9o>ern8ent t:at t:e t:reat <osed b3 t:e Ira@i
8ilitar3 to Saudi Arabia =as also a t:reat to t:e national securit3 of t:e United States?
Accordin9 to itA=ater1 Sadda8 Hussein 8et =it: t:e US c:ar9e d7affaires in !a9:dad1
&ose<: *ilson1 to tell :i8 t:at F:e :ad no intention of lea>in9 #u=ait and e>er3 intention
of sta3in9 and clai8in9 it as :is o=n?F
On *ednesda3 8ornin91 !us: deli>ered a tele>ised address to t:e A8erican <eo<le fro8
t:e O>al Office? T:is =as still a for8at t:at :e disli;ed >er3 8uc:1 since it 8ade :i8 see8
8aladroit? !us: 9rinned incon9ruousl3 as :e read :is <re<ared teEt? He told t:e <ublic t:at
:is troo< de<lo38ents =ere Fto ta;e u< defensi>e <ositions in Saudi Arabia?F T:ese US
forces =ould F=or; to9et:er =it: t:ose of Saudi Arabia and ot:er nations to <reser>e t:e
inte9rit3 of Saudi Arabia and to deter furt:er Ira@i a99ression?F He inau9urated t:e An9lo-
A8erican !i9 Lie t:at t:e Ira@i actions :ad been F=it:out <ro>ocation1F =:ic: readers of
dail3 ne=s<a<ers ;ne= not to be true? He also 8inted t:e stor3 t:at Ira@ <ossessed F"t:e
fourt: lar9est 8ilitar3 in t:e =orld1F a =ild eEa99eration t:at =as re<eated 8an3 ti8es? T:e
Fne= HitlerF t:e8e =as alread3 <ro8inent" FA<<ease8ent does not =or;1F !us: asserted?
FAs =as t:e case in t:e 12'57s1 =e see in Sadda8 Hussein an a99ressi>e dictator
t:reatenin9 :is nei9:bors????His <ro8ises 8ean not:in9?F !us: su88ed u< t:e 9oals of :is
<olic3 as follo=s"
irst1 =e see; t:e i88ediate1 unconditional and co8<lete =it:dra=al of all Ira@i forces
fro8 #u=ait? Second1 #u=ait7s le9iti8ate 9o>ern8ent 8ust be restored to re<lace t:e
<u<<et re9i8e? And t:ird1 83 ad8inistration1 as :as been t:e case =it: e>er3 <resident
fro8 %resident Roose>elt to %resident Rea9an1 is co88itted to t:e securit3 and stabilit3 of
t:e %ersian Gulf? And fourt:1 I a8 deter8ined to <rotect t:e li>es of A8erican citiAens
abroad? Gfn )+H
None of t:is a<<eared to include offensi>e 8ilitar3 action? !us: atte8<ted to re-enforce
t:at false i8<ression in :is ne=s conference later t:e sa8e afternoon? It =as durin9 t:is
a<<earance t:at t:e eEtent of !us:7s 8ental disinte9ration and <s3c:ic dissociation beca8e
8ost e>ident? !ut first1 !us: =anted to stress :is Fdefensi>eF co>er stor3"
*ell1 as 3ou ;no=1 fro8 =:at I said1 t:e37re t:ere in a defensi>e 8ode ri9:t no=1 and
t:erefore t:at is not t:e 8ission1 to dri>e t:e Ira@is out of #u=ait? *e :a>e econo8ic
sanctions t:at I :o<e =ill be effecti>e to t:at end?
T:e <ur<ose1 :e stressed1 =as t:e Fdefense of t:e Saudis?F F*e7re not in a =ar1F !us:
added? After se>eral eEc:an9es1 :e =as as;ed =:at :ad ti<<ed :is :and in decidin9 to send
troo<s and aircraft into Saudi ArabiaD If t:is :ad been a <ol39ra<: test1 t:e needles =ould
:a>e Bu8<ed1 since t:is =ent to !us:7s collusion =it: T:atc:er lon9 before an3
annouce8ent :ad been 8ade? !us: re<lied"
T:ere =as no one sin9le t:in9 t:at I can t:in; of? !ut =:en #in9 a:d re@uested suc:
su<<ort =e =ere <ro8<t to res<ond? !ut I can7t t:in; of an indi>idual s<ecific t:in9? If t:ere
=as one it =ould <er:a<s be t:e Saudis 8o>in9 sout: =:en t:e3 said t:e3 =ere
=it:dra=in9????
T:e <ress cor<s stirred uneasil3 and one or t=o >oices could be :eard <ro8<tin9 !us: FT:e
Ira@is???t:e Ira@isF T:ere =as acute e8barrass8ent on t:e faces of Sununu and itA=aterC
t:is =as t:e classic 9affe of cold =ar <residents =:o confused Nort: #orea and Sout:
#orea1 or East Ger8an3 and *est Ger8an3? !us:7s forte =as su<<osedl3 international
affairsC :e :ad tra>elled to bot: Saudi Arabia and #u=ait as a 9o>ern8ent official and
before t:at as a business8an? So t:is 9affe <ointed to a disorder of t:e s3na<ses? !us:
realiAed =:at :e :ad done and tried to reco>er"
I 8ean t:e Ira@is1 t:an; 3ou >er3 8uc:? It7s been a lon9 ni9:t? T:e Ira@is 8o>in9 do=n to
t:e #u=ait-Saudi border1 =:en indeed t:e3 :a>e 9i>en t:eir =ord t:at t:e3 =ere
=it:dra=in9? T:at :ei9:tened our concern?
*:3 :ad it been a lon9 ni9:t for !us:D He :ad 8ade all of :is i8<ortant decisions on t:e
troo< 8o>e8ents durin9 t:e da3 on Tuesda3? *:at :ad robbed :i8 of :is slee< bet=een
Tuesda3 and *ednesda3D T:ose =:o :a>e read t:is far =ill ;no= t:at it =as not
conscience? A little later t:ere =as anot:er sensiti>e @uestion1 touc:in9 on t:e 8ission of
t:e troo<s and t:e <ossible future occu<ation of Saudi Arabia1 <ost=ar bases1 and t:e li;e"
FCould 3ou s:are =it: us t:e <recise 8ilitar3 obBecti>e of t:is 8issionD *ill t:e A8erican
troo<s re8ain t:ere onl3 until Sadda8 Hussein re8o>es :is troo<s fro8 t:e Saudi borderDF
!us:1 ob>iousl3 in dee< =ater1 ans=ered"
I can7t ans=er t:at because =e :a>e to-- =e :a>e a 8aBor obBecti>e =it: t:ose troo<s1 =:ic:
is t:e defense of t:e So>iet Union1 so I t:in; it be3ond a defense of Saudi Arabia? So I t:in;
it7s be3ond t:e-- I t:in; it7s be3ond Bust t:e @uestion of tan;s alon9 t:e border???
T:e defense of t:e So>iet UnionK !ut !us: <ressed on" FI78 not <re<arin9 for a lon9
9round =ar in t:e %ersian Gulf?F FM3 8ilitar3 obBecti>e is to see Saudi Arabia defended?F
,id :e feel t:at :e :ad been let do=n b3 :is intelli9enceD
No1 I don7t feel let do=n b3 t:e intelli9ence at all? *:en 3ou <lan a blitA;rie9-li;e attac;
t:at7s launc:ed at t=o o7cloc; in t:e 8ornin91 t:at7s <rett3 :ard to sto<1 <articularl3 =:en
3ou :a>e Bust been 9i>en t:e =ord of t:e <eo<le in>ol>ed t:at t:ere =on7t be an3 suc:
attac;? And I t:in; t:e intelli9ence co88unit3 deser>es certain credit for <ic;in9 u< =:at
=as a substantial bo3cott-- a substantial buildu<-- and t:en re<ortin9 it to us? So =:en t:is
infor8ation =as rela3ed1 <ro<erl31 to interested <arties1 t:at t:e 8o>e =as so s=ift t:at it
=as <rett3 :ard for t:e8 to sto< it? I reall3 can7t bla8e our intelli9ence in an3 =a31 fault
t:e81 on t:is <articular 9o-round?
Once a9ain1 t:e 9affe on bo3cottObuildu< occurs at a 8o8ent of 8aEi8u8 <re>arication?
!us:7s 9ibberis: is dictated b3 :is desire sa3 on t:e one :and t:at :e ;ne= about t:e Ira@i
troo< buildu< al8ost t=o =ee;s before t:e in>asion1 but on t:e ot:er t:at t:e in>asion ca8e
as a bolt fro8 t:e blue? T:ere =as no follo=-u< on t:is t:e8e?
T:e final <ortion of t:e <ress conference =as de>oted to t:e >er3 i8<ortant t:e8e of t:e
UN sanctions railroaded t:rou9: t:e Securit3 Council b3 t:e An9lo-A8ericans =it: t:e
:el< of t:eir =illin9 renc:1 So>iet and C:inese <artners? T:e sanctions =ere in t:e8sel>es
an act of 9enocide a9ainst Ira@ and t:e ot:er <o<ulations i8<acted in t:e re9ion? T:e
sanctions1 8aintained after t:e =ar :ad ceased =it: t:e <reteEt t:at Sadda8 Hussein =as
still in <o=er1 :a>e <ro>en 8ore lastin9 t:an t:e =ar itself1 and t:e3 8a3 3et <ro>e 8ore
let:al? T:e Con9ressional debate in &anuar3 =as fou9:t al8ost eEclusi>el3 bet=een t:e
stran9lers of t:e ,e8ocratic %art31 =:o =anted to F9i>e t:e sanctions 8ore ti8e to =or;1F
and t:e bo8bers of t:e !us: Ad8inistration and t:e Re<ublican %art3 =:o =anted to
initiate an air =ar? !ot: <ositions constituted :i9: cri8es a9ainst :u8anit3? !us: =anted to
ar9ue for t:e in>iolabilit3 of t:ese sanctions1 but :e did so in suc: a =a3 as to underline t:e
8onstrous and :3<ocritical double standard t:at =as bein9 a<<lied to Ira@"
???And t:at7s =:at :as been so >er3 i8<ortant about t:is concerted United Nations effort1
un<recedented1 3ou 8i9:t sa31 or certainl3 not enacted since-- =:at =as it1 $' 3ears a9oD
$' 3ears a9o? So I don7t t:in; =e can see clearl3 do=n t:at road?
*:at !us: :as in 8ind :ere1 but does not 8ention b3 na8e1 =ere t:e United Nations
sanctions a9ainst t:e racist Ian S8it: re9i8e in R:odesia? %er:a<s !us: =as reluctant to
8ention t:e R:odesian sanctions because t:e United States officiall3 >iolated t:ose
sanctions b3 an act of Con9ress1 and UN A8bassador Geor9e !us: as =e :a>e seen1 =as
one of t:e <rinci<al international a<olo9ists for t:e US <olic3 of i8<ortin9 strate9ic ra=
8aterials fro8 R:odesia because of an alle9edl3 <re-e8inent US national interest? !us:7s
final res<onse s:o=s t:at :e =as full3 a=are t:at t:e econo8ic sanctions desi9ned b3 t:e
State ,e<art8ent and t:e orei9n Office =ould 8ean 9enocide a9ainst Ira@i c:ildren1 since
t:e3 contained an un<recedented <ro:ibition of food i8<orts"
*ell1 I don7t ;no= =:at t:e3 o=e us for food1 but I ;no= t:at t:is e8bar9o1 to be
successful1 :as 9ot to enco8<ass e>er3t:in9? And if t:ere are-- 3ou ;no=1 if t:ere7s a
:u8anitarian concern1 <oc;ets of star>in9 c:ildren1 or so8et:in9 of t:is nature1 =:31 I
=ould ta;e a loo;? !ut ot:er t:an t:at t:is e8bar9o is 9oin9 to be all-enco8<assin91 and it
=ill include food1 and I don7t ;no= =:at Ira@ o=es us no= for food? Generall3 s<ea;in91 in
nor8al ti8es1 =e :a>e felt t:at food 8i9:t be se<arated out fro8-- 3ou ;no=1 9rain1 =:eat1
8i9:t be se<arated out fro8 ot:er econo8ic sanctions? !ut t:is one is all-enco8<assin9
and t:e lan9ua9e is <rett3 clear in t:e United Nations resolutions? Gfn )-H
As a final 9esture1 !us: ac;no=led9ed to t:e Bournalists t:at :e :ad Fsli<<ed u< a cou<le
ti8es :ere1F and t:an;ed t:e8 for :a>in9 corrected :i81 so t:at :is sli<s and 9affes =ould
not stand as a <art of t:e <er8anent record? !us: :ad no= done :is =or;C :e :ad set into
8otion t:e 8ilitar3 8ac:ine t:at =ould first stran9le1 and t:en bo8b Ira@? *it:in t=o da3s1
!us: =as on :is =a3 to *al;er7s %oint in #ennebun;<ort1 =:ere :is :andlers :o<ed t:at
t:e der>is: =ould <ull :i8self to9et:er?
,urin9 Au9ust1 !us: <ursued a :3<eracti>e round of s<orts acti>ities in #ennebun;<ort1
=:ile cartoonists co8<ared t:e Middle East to t:e sandtra<s t:at !us: so often landed in
durin9 :is frenetic dail3 round of 9olf? On Au9ust 1-1 #in9 Hussein of &ordan1 =:o =as
fi9:tin9 to sa>e :is nation fro8 bein9 dis8e8bered b3 t:e Israelis under t:e co>er of t:e
crisis1 ca8e to >isit !us:1 =:o =elco8ed :i8 =it: t:inl3 >eiled :atred? At t:is ti8e !us:
=as alread3 tal;in9 about 8obiliAin9 t:e reser>es? Sadda8 Hussein7s situation durin9 t:ese
=ee;s can be co8<ared =it: Norie9a7s on t:e e>e of t:e US in>asion of %ana8a? T:e US
=as as 3et >er3 =ea; on t:e 9round1 and a <re>enti>e offensi>e t:rust b3 t:e Ira@is into
Saudi Arabia to=ards ,a:ran =ould :a>e caused an indescribable c:aos in t:e US lo9istics?
!ut Sadda81 li;e Norie9a1 still belie>ed t:at :e =ould not be in>adedC t:e Ira@i 9o>ern8ent
9a>e 8ore credit to its secret assurances t:an to t:e 8ilitar3 force t:at =as slo=l3 bein9
asse8bled on its sout:ern border? Sadda8 t:erefore too; no <re- e8<ti>e 8ilitar3 actions to
interfere =it: t:e 8et:odical 8ars:allin9 of t:e force t:at =as later to de>astate :is
countr3? T:e ;e3 to t:e US buildu< =as t:e lo9istical infrastructure of NATO in Euro<eC
=it:out t:is t:e buildu< =ould :a>e lasted until t:e su88er of 1221 and be3ond?
It =as durin9 t:ese Au9ust da3s t:at Sco=croft coined t:e slo9an of !us:7s Gulf =ar? On
Au9ust $'1 Sco=croft told re<orters1 F*e belie>e =e are creatin9 t:e be9innin9 of a ne=
=orld order out of t:e colla<se of US-So>iet anta9onis8s?F Gfn ).H
!us: =as no= conductin9 a s3ste8atic F8ind =arF ca8<ai9n to coerce t:e A8erican
<eo<le into acce<tin9 t:e =ar :e :ad alread3 c:osen? On Au9ust $51 !us: introduced a ne=
r:etorical note1 no= callin9 t:e A8erican citiAens detained in Ira@ F:osta9es?F Under
international la=1 t:e i88inent t:reat of acts of =ar a9ainst a countr3 entitles t:at countr3
to intern ene83 aliens as a 8atter of self-defenseC t:is :ad been t:e rule in earlier =ars?
Hencefort:1 !us: =ould atte8<t to turn t:e :osta9e issue on and off accordin9 to :is
<ro<a9anda needs1 until Ira@ freed all t:e A8ericans in earl3 ,ece8ber?
On Au9ust $.1 !us: o<ined t:at FSadda8 Hussein :as been so resistant to co8<l3in9 =it:
international la= t:at I don7t 3et see fruitful ne9otiations?F Gfn )/H State8ents li;e t:ese
=ere 8ade to cloa; t:e fact t:at !us: =as ada8antl3 refusin9 to ne9otiate =it: Ira@1 and
<re>entin9 ot:er nations fro8 doin9 so? !us:7s di<lo8atic <osture =as in effect an
ulti8atu8 to Ira@ to 9et out of #u=ait1 =it: t:e Ira@i de<arture to co8e before an3
discussions? !us: called t:is a refusal to re=ard a99ressionC it =as in fact a refusal to
ne9otiate in 9ood fait:1 and 8ade clear t:at !us: =anted =ar? His <roble8 =as t:at t:e US
8ilitar3 buildu< =as ta;in9 lon9er t:an eE<ected1 =it: s:i< con>o3s forced to turn bac; in
t:e Atlantic because frei9:ters bro;e do=n and =ere left dead in t:e =ater? !us: stro>e to
fill t:e ti8e =it: ne= de8a9o9ic <ro<a9anda 9a8bits?
!us: returned to *as:in9ton at t:e end of Au9ust to address 8e8bers of Con9ress? In t:e
<ublic <art of t:is 8eetin91 !us: reiterated t:at :is 9oal =as to F<ersuade Ira@ to =it:dra=?F
T:ere follo=ed an eEecuti>e session be:ind closed doors? T:e neEt da3 !us: recorded a
broadcast to t:e US forces in t:e Gulf1 =:ic: =as bea8ed to Saudi Arabia b3 t:e Ar8ed
orces Radio? FSoldiers of <eace =ill al=a3s be 8ore t:an a 8atc: for a t3rant bent on
a99ression1F !us: told t:e troo<s? ,urin9 earl3 Se<te8ber1 it beca8e e>ident t:at t:at t:e
US and So>iet a<<roac:es to t:e Gulf crisis =ere be9innin9 to s:o= so8e si9ns of
di>er9ence? U< to t:is <oint1 orei9n Minister S:e>ardnadAe :ad bac;ed e>er3 ste< 8ade
b3 !us: and !a;er1 but t:e US Gulf inter>ention =as not <o<ular a8on9 Red Ar83
co88anders and a8on9 So>iet Mosle8s =:o =ere disturbed b3 t:e infidel occu<ation of
t:e :ol3 <laces? On Se<te8ber 21 !us: 8et =it: Gorbac:o> in Helsin;i1 innland in order
to discuss t:is and ot:er 8atters of interest to a condo8iniu8 in =:ic: t:e An9lo-SaEons
=ere no= 8ore t:an e>er t:e senior <artners? Gorbac:o> s<o;e u< for Fa <olitical solutionF
to t:e conflict1 but :is 9o>ern8ent =illin9l3 too; <art in e>er3 >ote of t:e UN Securit3
Council =:ic: o<ened t:e =a3 to t:e Gulf =ar? A fe= da3s later1 on Se<te8ber 1+1 !us:
recei>ed <recious su<<ort fro8 :is 8asonic brot:er rancois Mitterrand1 =:o eE<loited a
triflin9 incident in>ol>in9 renc: di<lo8atic <re8ises in #u=ait -- t:e sort of t:in9 t:at
!us: :ad done re<eatedl3 in %ana8a -- 8assi>el3 to escalate t:e renc: troo< <resence and
r:etoric in t:e Gulf? FC7est une a99ression1 et nous allons 3 re<ondre1F said t:e 8aster of t:e
Grand OrientC t:e s<irit of SueA 12+-1 t:e s<irit of t:e Al9erian =ar and of ,ienbien<:u
=ere ali>e and =ell in rance?
To =:ile a=a3 t:e =ee;s of t:e buildu<1 !us: busied :i8self =it: eEtortion? T:is =as
directed es<eciall3 a9ainst Ger8an3 and &a<an1 t=o countries t:at =ere tar9ets of t:e Gulf
=ar1 and =:o8 !us: no= called u<on to <a3 for it? T:e constitutions of t:ese countries
<re>ented t:e8 fro8 sendin9 8ilitar3 contin9ents1 and inter>ention =ould :a>e been
un<o<ular =it: do8estic <ublic o<inion in an3 case? &a<an =as assessed I) billion in
tribute1 and Ger8an3 a si8ilar su8? !3 t:e end of t:e crisis1 !us: and !a;er :ad or9aniAed
a I++ billion s:a;edo=n at t:e eE<ense of a series of countries? T:ese co8bined to <roduce
t:e first balance of <a38ents sur<lus for t:e United States in recent 8e8or3 durin9 t:e first
@uarter of 12211 obtainin9 a surcease for t:e dollar?
!ut e>en <rediscountin9 t:is eEtorted tribute1 t:e fiscal crisis of t:e US Treasur3 =as
beco8in9 o>er=:el8in9? On Se<te8ber 111 !us: =as to address t:e Con9ress on t:e need
for austerit3 8easures to reduce t:e deficit for t:e co8in9 fiscal 3ear? !ut !us: did not
=is: to a<<ear before t:e Con9ress as a si8<le ban;ru<tC :e =anted to strut before t:e8 as
a =arrior? T:e resultin9 s<eec: =as a curious :3brid1 first addressin9 t:e Gulf crisis1 and
onl3 t:en turnin9 to t:e dolorous balance s:eets of t:e re9i8e? It =as in t:is s<eec: t:at
!us: re<eated t:e Sco=croft slo9an t:at =ill acco8<an3 :is re9i8e into t:e dust bin of
:istor3" T:e Ne= *orld Order? After 9loatin9l3 @uotin9 Gorbac:o>7s conde8nation of
FIra@7s a99ression1F !us: ca8e to t:e rele>ant <assa9e"
Clearl31 no lon9er can a dictator count on East-*est confrontation to st38ie concerted
United Nations action a9ainst a99ression? A ne= <artners:i< of nations :as be9un1 and =e
stand toda3 at a uni@ue and eEtraordinar3 8o8ent? T:e crisis in t:e %ersian Gulf1 as 9ra>e
as it is1 also offers a rare o<<ortunit3 to 8o>e to=ard an :istoric <eriod of coo<eration? Out
of t:ese troubled ti8es1 our fift: obBecti>e --a ne= =orld order-- can e8er9e" A ne= era--
freer fro8 t:e t:reat of terror1 stron9er in t:e <ursuit of Bustice and 8ore secure in t:e @uest
for <eace? An era in =:ic: t:e nations of t:e =orld1 east and =est1 nort: and sout:1 can
<ro<ser and li>e in :ar8on3? Gfn )2H ,urin9 Au9ust and Se<te8ber1 !us:7s Gulf offensi>e
:ad allo=ed :i8 to do8inate t:e :eadlines and ne=s broadcasts =it: bellicose <osturin9
and saber-rattlin9 in t:e crisis =:ic: :e :ad assiduousl3 :el<ed to create? No=1 durin9
October1 t:e a=eso8e econo8ic de<ression <roduced b3 t:e bi<artisan econo8ic <olicies
of t:e Eastern Liberal Establis:8ent o>er a @uarter-centur3 re-asserted its <resence =it: all
t:e eE<losi>e force of realit3 lon9 denied?
All durin9 Au9ust and Se<te8ber1 t:e :a99lin9 :ad continued bet=een !us: and t:e
Con9ressional leaders:i< about :o= o<ti8all3 to inflict 8ore drastic austerit3 on t:e
A8erican <eo<le? T:e :a99lin9 :ad recessed in Au9ust1 but :ad resu8ed in 9reat secrec3
on Se<te8ber .1 =it: t:e elite 9rou< of <artici<ants se@uestered fro8 t:e =orld at a 8ilitar3
air base near *as:in9ton? T:e :a99lin9 <roceeded slo=l31 and ;e3 bud9et deadlines built
into t:e Gra88-Rud8an calendar be9an to sli< b3" Se<te8ber 151 Se<te8ber 1+1 and
Se<te8ber $+ =ere 8issed? It =as no= a<<arent t:at t:e final deadline <osed for t:e
be9innin9 of t:e fiscal 3ear on October 1 could not be 8etC t:ere =as a dan9er of a Gra88-
Rud8an Ftrain =rec;F or auto8atic1 across t:e board se@uester of bud9et s<endin9
aut:orit3? On Se<te8ber '51 !us: and t:e elite Con9ressional su88iteers a<<eared in a
Rose Garden cere8on3 to announce a fi>e-3ear1 I+55 billion deficit reduction <ac;a9e1
alle9edl3 featurin9 I)5 billion in deficit reduction durin9 t:e first 3ear1 to be sub8itted to
Con9ress for rubber-sta8<in9? T:is <lan contained :i9:er taEes on 9asoline1 ci9arettes1
li@uor1 luEur3 ite8s1 <lus sa>a9e cuts on defense1 Medicare for t:e elderl31 and far8
<a38ents? It =as uns=eetened b3 !us:7s fa>orite nostru8 for fatcats1 a cut in t:e ca<ital
9ains taE? TaE deductions =ere li8ited for t:e 8ost =ealt:3? Geor9e1 s@uir8in9 under
=arnin9s fro8 all sides1 but es<eciall3 t:e GO% ri9:t =in91 t:at t:is deal codified :is
infa8ous betra3al of &une $-1 tried to be a little contrite"
So8eti8es 3ou don7t 9et it t:e =a3 3ou =ant1 and t:is is suc: a ti8e for 8e? And I sus<ect
it7s suc: a ti8e for e>er3bod3 standin9 :ere? !ut it7s ti8e =e <ut t:e interests of t:e United
States of A8erica :ere and 9et t:is deficit under control?
!us: called t:e <ac;a9e FbalancedF and Ffair?F FNo= co8es t:e :ard <art1F said Mitc:ell1
referrin9 to t:e irritatin9 for8alit3 of Con9ressional <assa9e? !elie>in9 t:e assurances of
Mitc:ell and ole31 ,ole and Mic:el t:at t:e resultin9 deal could be <assed1 !us: si9ned a
continuin9 resolution to ;ee< t:e 9o>ern8ent 9oin9 fro8 October 1 until October +1 =:ile
also a>oidin9 t:e Gra88-Rud8an 9uillotine?
On October $1 at t:e ur9in9 of t:e Con9ressional leaders1 !us: 8ade one of :is rare
tele>ised addresses to t:e nation fro8 t:e O>al Office? Accordin9 to one obser>er1 F!us:7s
T6 address on t:e bud9et =as t:e 8ost listless <residential a<<eal since Carter7s 78alaise7
s<eec:?F Gfn +5H !us:7s tones :ad a <inc: of t:e a<ocal3<seF FIf =e fail to enact t:is
a9ree8ent1 our econo83 =ill falter1 8ar;ets 8a3 tu8ble1 and recession =ill follo=? Tell
3our con9ress8en and senators 3ou su<<ort t:is deficit-reduction a9ree8ent? If t:e3 are
Re<ublicans1 ur9e t:e8 to stand =it: t:e <resident? If t:e3 are ,e8ocrats1 ur9e t:e8 to
stand =it: t:eir Con9ressional leaders?F !us: :ad no= disco>ered t:at t:e deficit1 =:ic: :e
:ad i9nored in 12/21 =as a Fcancer 9na=in9 a=a3 at our nation7s :ealt:?F T:e <lan :e
reco88ended1 :e <ointed out =it: bat:os1 =as a <roduct of Fblood1 s=eat1 and fears-- fears
of t:e econo8ic c:aos t:at =ould follo= if =e fail to reduce t:e deficit?F Gfn +1H !us:7s
<lan =as su<<orted b3 Alan Greens<an of t:e ederal Reser>e1 t:e >oice of t:e
international central ban;ers?
S:e<:erdin9 suc: a =ei9:t3 affair of state t:rou9: t:e Con9ress =as considered a Bob for a
tea8 :eaded b3 none ot:er t:an ,an Lua3le? Lua3le @ui<<ed t:at :e =as li;e a friendl3
dentist a<<l3in9 a lot of no>ocain and :o<in9 for a fe= >otes? ,es<ite suc: bo3is: 9ood
s<irits1 it =as not to be? Re<ublicans =ere incensed t:at !us: :ad 9i>en a=a3 t:e Fcro=n
Be=elsF of t:eir <art3 Bust in order to 9et a deal? Ri9:t-=in9 Re<ublicans la8ented t:at t:e
<ac;a9e =as a Froad-8a< to recessionF and a Fca>e-in to t:e liberal ,e8ocrats?F FI
=ouldn7t >ote for it if it cured cancer1F said Con9ress8an Trafficant? ,e8ocrats =ere
an9ered b3 t:e ne= eEcise taE1 =:ic: =as re9ressi>e1 and b3 :i9:er inco8e taE rate
increases for lo=er inco8e 9rou<s? *:en t:e <lan ca8e u< for a >ote in t:e House on t:e
fateful da3 of October +1 =it: t:e sto<9a< le9islation about to run out1 8an3 ,e8ocrats
deferred >otin9 until t:e3 could see t:at a clear 8aBorit3 of t:e Re<ublicans =ere >otin9
a9ainst t:eir o=n <resident7s <lan? T:en t:e ,e8ocrats also cast ne9ati>e >otes? T:e deficit
<ac;a9e =as soundl3 defeated1 $+)-1.2? !us: =as :u8iliated" onl3 .1 Re<ublican stuc;
=it: t:eir <resident1 Boined b3 15/ ,e8ocrats? 15+ GO%ers :ad re>olted1 and Boined =it:
1)2 ,e8ocrats to sin; t:e accord !us: :ad <leaded for on tele>ision? E>en Re<? Ne=t
Gin9irc: of Geor9ia1 =:o as House GO% Minorit3 *:i< s:ould :a>e su<erintended efforts
to dra9oon >otes for !us:1 :ad Bu8<ed s:i< on October 11 encoura9in9 ot:er GO%
defections?
T:e Con9ress t:en @uic;l3 <assed and sent to !us: a furt:er continuin9 resolution to ;ee<
t:e 9o>ern8ent 9oin9C it =as no= t:e rida3 before t:e Colu8bus ,a3 =ee;end? !us: :ad
t:reatened to >eto an3 suc: le9islation1 and :e no= 8ade 9ood on :is t:reat1 intonin9 t:at
Ft:e :our of rec;onin9 is at :and?F T:e federal 9o>ern8ent t:ereu<on be9an to s:ut do=n1
eEce<t for ,esert S:ield and so8e ot:er o<erations t:e bureaucrac3 considered essential?
Tourists in *as:in9ton noticed t:at t:e toilets 8aintained b3 t:e National %ar; Ser>ice
=ere s:uttin9 do=n? !us:1 =antin9 to set a 9ood eEa8<le1 decided t:at Sunda3 t:at :e
=ould dri>e bac; fro8 Ca8< ,a>id b3 car" :e 9ot a rude taste of :o= t:e ot:er :alf li>es1
endin9 u< stalled in a t3<ical traffic Ba8 on t:e interstate?
T:e follo=in9 =ee; =as a ti8e of 9reat <olitical :e8orra9in9 for Geor9e !us:? His
<roble8s 9re= out of a clu8s3 series of trial baloons :e floated about =:at ;ind of taE
<ac;a9e :e =ould acce<t? !3 one count1 :e c:an9ed :is 8ind fi>e ti8es in t:ree da3s? irst
ca8e t:e 9o>ern8ent itself? An3 <resident1 and es<eciall3 an a<<aratc:i; li;e !us:1 :as a
:ealt:3 res<ect for =:at t:e *as:in9ton bureaucrac3 8i9:t do to :i8 if it1 li;e t:e
8ercenaries Mac:ia>elli =arned about1 =ere not <aid? !us: accordin9l3 relented and
si9ned a s:ort-ter8 continuin9 resolution to ;ee< t:e <a3c:ec;s flo=in9 and t:e
bureaucrac3 o<en? No= Con9ress8en of bot: <arties be9an to offer a8end8ents on t:e
I$$ billion taE bill t:at =as at t:e :eart of t:e ne= austerit3 <ac;a9e? irst !us: indicated
t:at :e =ould acce<t an increase in inco8e taE rates for t:e 8ost =ealt:3 in eEc:an9e for a
cut in t:e ca<ital 9ains taE? T:en :e indicated t:at :e =ould not? In a <ress conference1 :e
said suc: a deal =ould be Ffine?F T:en a 9rou< of Re<ublican Con9ress8en >isited :i8 to
ur9e :i8 to dro< t:e idea of an3 suc: dealC t:e3 ca8e out declarin9 t:at !us: =as no= in
a9ree8ent =it: t:e8? !ut t:en !us: drifted bac; to=ards t:e tradeoff? Ric:ard ,ar8an1
one of !us:7s bud9et enforcers1 =as as;ed =:at !us: t:ou9:t about t:e taE rates trade off?
FI :a>e no idea =:at *:ite House state8ent =as issued1F said t:e to< nu8ber crunc:er1
Fbut I stand be:ind it 155R?F !3 t:e =ee;end of October 1'-1)1 t:ere =ere at least t:ree
draft taE bills in circulation? E>en :ard-core !us:8en =ere unable to tell t:e le9islators
=:at t:e <resident =anted1 and =:at :e =ould >eto? T:e 8ost de9raded and re>ealin9
8o8ent ca8e =:en !us: =as out Bo99in91 and re<orters as;ed :i8 about :is <osition on
taEes? FRead 83 :i<sK1F s:outed !us:1 <ointin9 to=ards :is <osterior =it: bot: :ands? It
=as not clear =:o :ad scri<ted t:at one1 but t:e 8essa9e =as clear" t:e A8erican <eo<le
=ere in>ited to ;iss !us:7s ass?
It =as one of t:e 8ost astoundin9 9estures b3 a <resident in 8odern ti8es1 and <osed t:e
ine>itable @uestion" :ad !us: 9one totall3 <s3c:oticD
FT:e <ublic is not lau9:in91F co88ented a *:ite House official? Ne=sda31 t:e Ne= (or;
tabloid1 =ent =it: t:e :eadline REA, M( LI%S? T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es re>i>ed t:e label
t:at !us: resented 8ost" for t:e ne=s<a<er of record1 !us: =as Fa <olitical =i8<?F A
senior GO% <olitical consultant noted t:at Ft:e difference is t:at Rea9an :ad <rinci<les and
beliefs? T:is 9u3 :as no rudder?F In t:e o<inion of Ne=s=ee;1 F!us: too; no stand on
<rinci<le and didn7t see8 to ;no= =:at :e =anted????He 8ade inco8<re:ensible Bo;es?
He =as stran9el3 ea9er to <lease e>en t:ose =:o =ere fi9:tin9 :i81 and <o=erless to
<unis: defectors? As in t:e bad old da3s1 :e loo;ed 9oof3?F Gfn +$H
T:e :a99lin9 =ent on into t:e t:ird =ee; of October1 and t:en into t:e fourt:? *ould it last
to Hallo=een1 to <er8it a 8acabre ni9:t of t:e li>in9 dead on t:e Ca<itolD Ne=t Gin9ric:
told ,a>id !rin;le3 on FT:is *ee;F of October $1 t:at 8ost House Re<ublicans =ere
<re<ared to >ote a9ainst an3 <lan to increase taEes1 totall3 disre9ardin9 t:e =is:es of !us:?
Senator ,anfort: of Missouri co8<lained1 FI a8 concerned and a lot of Re<ublicans are
concerned t:at t:is is beco8in9 a <olitical rout?F At t:is <oint t:e ,e8ocrats =anted to
<lace a 1R surtaE on all inco8e o>er )1 8illion1 =:ile t:e GO% fa>ored reducin9 t:e
deductions for t:e ric:? In 3et anot:er fli<-flo<1 !us: :ad conceded on October $5 t:at :e
=ould acce<t an increase in t:e to< inco8e taE rate fro8 $/R to '1R? !3 October $)1 a
deal =as finall3 reac:ed =:ic: could be <assed1 and t:e neEt da3 !us: atte8<ted to <ut t:e
best <ossible face on t:in9s b3 asse8blin9 t:e bruised and bleedin9 Re<ublican
Con9ressional leaders:i<1 includin9 t:e rene9ade Gin9ric:1 for anot:er Rose Garden
cere8on3?
T:e final bud9et <lan set t:e to< inco8e taE rate at '1R1 and increased taEes on 9asoline1
ci9arettes1 airline tic;ets1 increased Medicare <a3roll taEes and <re8iu8s1 =:ile cuttin9
Medicare benefit <a3outs and 9o>ern8ent <a38ents to far8ers? Anot:er <art of t:e
<ac;a9e re<laced t:e Gra88-Rud8an-Hollin9s once a 3ear se@uester t:reat =it: a Ftri<le1
rollin9 se@uesterF =it: ri9id s<endin9 ca<s for eac: of t:e t:ree cate9ories of defense1
forei9n aid1 and discretionar3 do8estic s<endin91 and no transfers <er8itted a8on9 t:ese?
T:e entire a<<aratus =ill re@uire su<er-8aBorities of -5 >otes to c:an9e in t:e future?
Naturall31 t:is <ac;a9e =as of no use =:ate>er in deficit reduction1 9i>en t:e eEistence of
an acceleratin9 econo8ic de<ression? In !us:7s fa8ous Ne= *orld Order s<eec: on
Se<te8ber 111 :e :ad fri9:tened t:e Con9ress =it: t:e <ros<ect of a deficit of I$'$ billion?
In October of 12211 it =as announced t:at t:e deficit for t:e fiscal 3ear endin9 Se<te8ber
'11 12211 t:e one t:at =as su<<osed to s:o= i8<ro>e8ent1 :ad co8e in at I$-/?. billion1
t:e =orst in all :istor3? %redictions for t:e deficit in t:e 3ear be9innin9 on October 11 1221
=ere in eEcess of I'+5 billion1 9uaranteein9 t:at t:e 1221 record =ould not stand lon9?
!us:7s tra>ail of October1 1225 :ad done not:in9 to i8<ro>e t:e <icture?
!us:7s <redica8ent =as t:at t:e Rea9ano8ics of t:e 12/57s 0=:ic: :ad been in force since
t:e <eriod after t:e #enned3 assassination4 :ad <roduced 8ore t:an a de<ression" t:e3 :ad
en9endered t:e national ban;ru<tc3 of t:e United States? T:at ban;ru<tc3 =as no=
la=full3 dis8e8berin9 t:e Rea9an coalition1 t:e coalition =:ic: !us: :ad still been able to
ride to <o=er in 12//? Since !us: refused to re<lace t:e suicidal1 <ost-industrial econo8ic
<olicies of t:e last @uarter centur31 :e =as obli9ed to atte8<t to s8ot:er irre<ressible
<olitical conflicts =it: <olice state 8et:ods1 and =it: =ar :3steria?
!ut in t:e inter>al before :e could start t:e =ar1 !us: =ould <a3 a :ea>3 <olitical <rice?
Accordin9 to t:e Ne=see; <oll1 !us:7s Bob a<<ro>al ratin9 :ad dro<<ed fro8 -.R durin9
t:e Gulf scare of Au9ust to )/R at t:e end of t:e October bud9et battles? T:e $5-<oint free
fall =as a re8inder t:at !us: <ossessed no solid base of su<<ort a8on9 an3 nu8ericall3
si9nificant 9rou< in t:e US electorate? No=1 t:e Carteres@ue !us: found t:at :is o=n <art3
=as turnin9 a9ainst :i8? A s<lit :ad o<ened u< in t:e GO% =:ic: t:reatened t:at <art3 =it:
t:e fate of t:e de9enerate ederalists?
In t:e 8idst of t:e bud9et u<:ea>al !us:1 e>er true to :is fa8il37s racist creed1 :ad
i8<udentl3 >etoed t:e Ci>il Ri9:ts Act of 1225? To 8a;e t:e s38bolis8 <erfect1 :e si9ned
t:e >eto after an a<<earance at t:e T:eodore Roose>elt Conser>ation A=ard cere8onies in
*as:in9ton? !us: =as <la3in9 t:e card of racis8 for 1225 and 122$? FI dee<l3 re9ret
:a>in9 to ta;e t:is action =it: a bill bearin9 suc: a title1F said !us:1 Fes<eciall3 since it
contains <ro>isions t:at I stron9l3 endorse?F !ut :e =as ada8ant t:at t:is bill Fe8<lo3s a
8aAe of :i9:l3 le9alistic lan9ua9e to introduce t:e destructi>e force of @uotas into our
national une8<lo38ent s3ste8?F !us: clai8ed t:at t:is =as a @uota bill1 and since e@ual
o<<ortunit3 =as t:=arted b3 @uotas1 Ft:e >er3 co88itt8ent to Bustice and e@ualit3 t:at is
offered as t:e reason =:3 t:is bill s:ould be si9ned re@uires 8e to >eto it?F An atte8<ted
o>erride fell s:ort b3 one >ote in t:e Senate1 ---')1 e>en t:ou9: Minnesota Re<ublican
Rud3 !osc:=itA1 =:o :ad been a9ainst t:e bill1 s=itc:ed sides to o<<ose !us:7s >eto?
!osc:=itA =as doo8ed to defeat in t:e No>e8ber election in an3 case?
A 8ost dra8atic si9n of t:e re<udiation of !us: e>en b3 t:e Re<ublican <art3 a<<aratus
=as t:e celebrated 8e8orandu8 issued on October 1+ b3 >eteran <olitical o<erati>e Ed
Rollins of t:e National Re<ublican Con9ressional Co88ittee? Rollins :ad been 9i>en a
four-3ear1 8illion dollar contract to :el< t:e GO% =in a 8aBorit3 on t:e Hill? He =as
dedicated to :el<in9 :is Con9ressional clients1 incu8bents and c:allen9ers ali;e1 to 9et
elected? *atc:in9 t:e <olls1 Rollins sa= t:at !us:7s &une $- bro;en <ro8ise =as sure to be
<oison at t:e <olls in earl3 No>e8ber? He sent out a 8e8o t:at 8ade t:e follo=in9 <oints"
T:e 8ood of t:e countr3 :as s:ifted dra8aticall3 in t:e <ast ten da3sC >oters :a>e beco8e
as <essi8istic about t:e direction of t:e countr3 as at an3 ti8e in recent :istor3?
T:e %resident7s a<<ro>alOdisa<<ro>al and Bob <erfor8ance ratin9s :a>e dro<<ed
<reci<itousl3? T:is is no doubt due to t:e lac; of a bud9et resolution and t:e lac; of a clear
Re<ublican <osition on taEes and s<endin9?
Understandin9 t:at se>eral 8e8bers :a>e ne>er ta;en a no taE <led9e1 83 best ad>ice
toda3 is to ur9e 3ou to o<<ose taEes1 s<ecificall3 9as and inco8e taEes? ,o not :esitate to
o<<ose eit:er t:e %resident or <ro<osals bein9 ad>anced in Con9ress? Gfn +'H
!us: a<<ears to :a>e learned of t:e Rollins 8e8o in an N!C ne=s broadcast on October
$)? Accordin9 to one source1 !us: t:en told a 9rou< of GO% Con9ressional leaders t:at
=:ile :e could not control all Re<ublican <olitical consultants1 :e Fdid control Rollins1F and
=anted :i8 fired i88ediatel3? Rollins7s i88ediate boss1 Re<? Gu3 6ander &a9t1 a
Re<ublican =:eel:orse fro8 Mic:i9an1 co8<lained t:at :e :ad co8e out of t:is 8eetin9
=it: !us: Fblac; and blueF fro8 t:e <resident7s <unis:8ent? Gfn +)H T:e ans=er fro8
Rollins =as1 FI don7t <lan to resi9n?F Incredibl31 !us: =as unable to secure t:e ouster of
Rollins1 =:o1 one 8ust conclude1 enBo3ed 8ore su<<ort fro8 ran; and file Re<ublican
Con9ress8en at t:is <oint t:an !us: :i8self? So8e consultants su99ested t:at !us: s:ould
si8<l3 bac; off" FIf t:e No>e8ber - results are as bad as t:e3 a<<ear1 t:e consensus =ill be
t:at Geor9e !us: ble= it1F said one? !us: Fis t:e Geor9e Steinbrenner of <olitics1F said
anot:er <erce<tion-8on9er? FHe Bust booted a=a3 t:e best franc:ise in t:e s<ort?F ,rea8s
of ta;in9 House seats =ere >anis:in9 =it: eac: ne= <ollC t:e GO% no= :o<ed for da8a9e
control 8easures to ;ee< t:e loss to ten seats if t:e3 could?
On t:e ca8<ai9n trail1 !us: =as finall3 recei>in9 treat8ent co88ensurate =it: :is 8erits?
October $' =as a da3 :e =ill ne>er for9et? Geor9e :ad 9otten u< before da=n to 8a;e a
da3 of it on t:e :ustin9s1 onl3 to find t:at :e =as bein9 s:unned as t:e ne= T3<:oid Mar3
of A8erican <olitics?
T:e first sto< =as an earl3-8ornin9 fund raiser in !urlin9ton1 6er8ont1 desi9ned to benefit
Re<? %eter S8it:1 a fres:8an Con9ress8an? S8it: =as su<<osed to 9i>e !us: a rousin9
introduction and t:en bas; in t:e =ar8t: of !us:7s su<<ort? !ut instead1 S8it: astounded
!us: and :is :andlers b3 launc:in9 into a tortured 8onolo9ue on all t:e <oints of
disa9ree8ent t:at di>ided :i8 fro8 !us:? S8it: told of :o= :e :ad been lo3al to !us: on
October +1 and of :o= :is constituents :ad t:en rebelled1 =it: t:e result t:at :e cau9:t
<olitical :ell for :is <ro-!us: >ote? S8it: de8anded t:at !us: no= raise taEes on t:e
=ealt:3? S8it: also 8en8tioned t:e ci>il ri9:ts bill" FM3 s<ecific disa9ree8ents =it: t:is
ad8inistration are a 8atter of record1F S8it: stressed? %oor S8it:" :is <ro-!us: >ote on
October + :ad doo8ed :i8 to defeat in :is close race =it: !ernie Sanders1 t:e for8er
socialist 8a3or of !urlin9ton?
!us: ste=ed1 ra9ed1 and s@uir8ed? He loo;ed around to see if an3one =ould co8e to :is
aid? Sittin9 neEt to !us: =as GO% Senator &a8es M? &effords1 =:o :ad >oted in fa>or of
t:e ci>il ri9:ts bill !us: :ad >etoed? He :ad 8ade an e8otional s<eec: in t:e Senate
la8bastin9 !us: for tr3in9 to <unc: 9iant Floo<:olesF in t:e ci>il ri9:ts of citiAens? &effords
sat starin9 strai9:t a:ead1 doin9 a fair i8itation of !us: at t:e Nas:ua Tele9ra<: debate?
*:en !us: 9ot u<1 :e =as dissociated and ton9ue-tied? He stu8bled t:rou9: :is s<eec:1
i8<ro>isin9 a fe= lines in =:ic: :e <raised t:e inde<endent-8indedness of 6er8onters li;e
S8it:1 but =:ined t:at :e =is:ed it =ould not co8e at :is eE<ense?
!us: t:en asserted t:at
=e :a>e a slu99is: econo83 out t:ere nationall3? T:at7s one of t:e reasons =:3 I fa>or t:is
deficit so 8uc:? Gfn ++H
T:e cro=d =as <uAAledC so8e of t:e8 =ere <er:a<s dri>en to tr3 t:e socialis8 of !ernie
Sanders o>er t:is? T:e 8ental disinte9ration of Geor9e !us: =ent on a<ace?
!us:7s second sto< of t:e da3 =as in Manc:ester1 Ne= Ha8<s:ire? Here :e =as 9reeted b3
:is old friend1 t:e Manc:ester Union Leader1 =it: a front <a9e cartoon of t:e 9ranite- faced
8an in t:e 8ountain sa3in9 FRead His Li<s1 Mr? %resident? Go Ho8e and Ta;e (our TaEes
=it: (ou?F Here t:ere =as no attac; on !us:7s econo8icsC t:e candidate :e =as su<<osed
to be :el<in91 Re<? Robert C? S8it:1 :ad ob>iousl3 concluded t:at an3 fil8 foota9e
s:o=in9 :i8 in t:e sa8e <icture =it: !us: =ould <ose t:e t:reat of disaster1 so :e :ad
si8<l3 sta3ed in *as:in9ton? T:e con9ress8an7s =ife =as t:ere to tell t:e audience t:at :er
:usband :ad sta3ed in *as:in9ton for House >otes :e could not 8issC an a<o<lectic !us:
ferociousl3 c:e=ed on an a<<le before :e rose for <erfunctor3 re8ar;s?
!us:7s t:ird sto< =as in *aterbur31 Connecticut1 =:ere t:e beneficiar3 of :is <resence =as
Gar3 ran;s1 a blac; Re<ublican =:o8 !us: needed as a fi9 leaf for :is >eto of t:e ci>il
ri9:ts bill? ran;s sol>ed t:e T3<:oid Mar3 <roble8 b3 barrin9 t:e ne=s 8edia fro8 t:e
ca8<ai9n e>ent1 so no sound bites associatin9 :i8 =it: !us: could be used a9ainst :i8 b3
:is o<<onent? Later t:ere =as a brief <:oto o<<ortunit3 =it: !us: and ran;s to9et:er?
Surel3 !us: :ad cut a ridiculous fi9ure? !ut :o= 8an3 Ira@is =ould die in &anuar31
ebruar3 and be3ond to assua9e !us:7s :u8iliations of t:is da3D
!us:7s last <re-election ca8<ai9n tri< =ould eli8inate sto<s in Ore9on1 Nebras;a1 Illinois1
and Nort: Carolina1 =:ere Re<ublicans teetered on t:e ed9e of defeat? !us: =as tr3in9 to
cut :is losses1 and :e =as not alone? ,urin9 t:e 8ont:s before t:e election1 !us: :ad s<ent
:ours s=eatin9 under tele>ision li9:ts to ta<e endorse8ent co88ercials for o>er /5 GO%
candidates? One Con9ress8an1 Re<? Alfred A? McCandless of California1 used <ieces of
!us:7s ta<e in a co88ercial desi9ned to :i9:li9:t :is differences =it: !us:? Man3 of t:e
ot:er ta<es =ere ne>er usedC 8an3 of t:ose endorsed <leaded as an eEcuse t:at t:eir
fundraisin9 :ad been ruined b3 !us:7s taE <olic31 so t:e3 ne>er :ad t:e 8one3 to <ut t:e8
on t:e air?
!us: atte8<ted to re9rou< b3 see;in9 ne= de8a9o9ic t:e8es? or t:ose stru99lin9 =it:
econo8ic de<ression :e offered???ter8 li8its for 8e8bers of Con9ress1 in t:e :ands of t:e
GO% a trans<arent atte8<t to flus: out ,e8ocratic incu8bents? Ter8 li8itation1 said !us:1
=as Fan idea =:ose ti8e :as co8e?F FA8erica doesn7t need a liberal House of Lords1F said
!us: in O;la:o8a Cit3? FA8erica needs a Re<ublican Con9ress?F T:e ,e8ocrats Ftrul3
belie>e t:e3 deser>e to be elected fro8 no= until ;in9do8 co8e1F said !us: in Los
An9eles? T:e res<onse =as less t:an o>er=:el8in9? T:en !us: tried to bla8e t:e
de<ression on t:e ,e8ocrats? T:e >enue c:osen =as a I1555 a <late fundraiser for Sen?
%ete *ilson1 =:o =anted to be 9o>ernor of California? T:e Fstron9 8edicineF of t:e defecit
<ac;a9e1 !us: clai8ed1 Fis re@uired because t:e ,e8ocraticall3 controlled Con9ress :as
been on an uncontrolled s<endin9 bin9e for 3ears?F In O;la:o8a Cit31 :e a>erred t:at t:e
,e8ocrats :ad Fc:o;ed t:e econo83F and brou9:t t:e countr3 to t:e >er9e of recession?
He accused Con9ressional liberals of s<e=in9 out t:e Fclass =arfare 9arba9eF t:e3 al=a3s
resurrect at election ti8e? !ut none of t:is :ad an3 bite? Gfn +-H On No>e8ber '1 !us:
reac:ed into :is tal; ba9 and <ulled out &i883 Carter1 t:reatenin9 >oters =it: a return to
t:e F8alaise da3s?F Accordin9 to Ne=see;1 !us: :ad reac@uired t:at FelectrocutedF loo;?
!us: =ent bac; to :is sta<le offerin9" :3sterical1 ra9e-dri>en =ar8on9erin91 =it: an eEtra
di>idend for so8e audiences co8in9 t:rou9: t:e clear racist o>ertones? Once Con9ress :ad
adBourned1 one obser>er noted1 F!us: =as able to s=itc: to :is fa>orite scri<t1 7,es<eratel3
See;in9 Sadda8?7F Gfn +.H !us: 9ri8aced and <outed a9ainst t:e Fbutc:er of !a9:dadF
tr3in9 to loo; li;e a 8ore 9enteel1 An9lo-SaEon Mussolini? Sadda8 =as no= FHitler
re>isited?F Later1 t:ere =ere esti8ates t:at !us:7s eEclusi>e concentration on t:e =ar t:e8e
:ad sa>ed one to t=o senate seats1 and <er:a<s :alf a doAen in t:e House?
!ut !us: ca8e dan9erousl3 close to o>erdoin9 it? In t:e last da3s of October1 :e :ad be9un
a de8a9o9ic effort to =:i< u< :3steria about t:e US citAens interned b3 Ira@? FI :a>e :ad
itF =it: t:e Ira@i :andlin9 of t:e internees1 =as no= !us:7s fa>orite line? *:en !us:
=ra<<ed :i8self in t:e fla91 :e eE<ected t:e ,e8ocrats to ;o=-to=1 but no= t:ere =as
so8e o<<osition? !us: 8et =it: so8e 1+ Con9ressional leaders acti>e in forei9n <olic31
and be9an ra>in9 about t:e F:orrible1 barbarousF conditions of t:e :osta9es? S:ar<
@uestions =ere i88ediatel3 <osed b3 ,e8ocrats1 8an3 of t:e8 facin9 re-election in a fe=
da3s? Accordin9 to one Con9ress8an1 FT:e3 =ere as;in91 in not so 8an3 =ords1 Is t:is
tru8<ed u<D If it isn7t1 :o= co8e =e Bust :a>e started :earin9 about it in t:e 8iddle of t:is
<olitical 8ess t:e <resident is inD It see8s to be co8in9 out of no=:ere? ,ante ascell said
t:e ,e8ocrats :ad told !us:1 FIf t:ere is additional <ro>ocation Gb3 Ira@H1 it better be real
and able to stand u< to <ress scrutin3?F Too bad t:e ,e8ocrats :ad not a<<lied t:at standard
to t:e =:ole tru8<ed-u< Gulf crisis? Gfn +/H
T:e result of t:e No>e8ber - election =as a dee< disa<<oint8ent to Re<ublicansC !us:7s
<art3 lost one senate seat1 2 House seats1 and one 9o>ernors:i<? Not all of t:ese 9ains =ent
to ,e8ocrats1 since dis9runtled >oters 9a>e t=o 9o>ernors:i<s and one House seat to
inde<endents outside of t:e t=o <art3 s3ste8? Most dra8atic =as t:e anti-incu8bent 8ood
a9ainst 9o>ernors1 =:ere econo8ic crisis and taE re>olt :ad been on t:e a9enda all 3ear"
t:e 9o>ernin9 <art31 =:et:er Re<ublican or ,e8ocrat1 =as ousted in 1) of t:e '- state
:ouses t:at =ere contested? or !us: t:ere =ere >er3 s<ecial disa<<oint8ents" :e :ad
ca8<ai9ned >er3 :ard for Cla3ton *illia8s in TeEas and for Go>ernor !ob MartineA in
lorida1 but !us:7s coattails <ro>ed non-eEistent to ne9ati>eC ,e8ocrats =on bot:
9o>ernors:i<s? T:e loss of TeEas and lorida =as a >er3 o8inous t:reat for !us:7s 122$ re-
election ca8<ai9n1 since t:ese =ere t:e t=o indis<ensable ;e3stones of t:e Sout:ern
Strate93? No=1 t:at GO% loc; on t:e Electoral Colle9e 8i9:t be dra=in9 to a close? !ut
unforunatel31 t:at =as for t:e future" !us:7s re<udiation at t:e <olls t:is ti8e around =as
not enou9: to reduce :i8 to an i8<otent la8e duc; =it: no 8andate to =a9e =ar? !us:
=as no= a =ounded beast =:o could1 and =ould1 las: out?
!us: e8er9ed 9ra>el3 da8a9ed" !usiness *ee; de>oted a co>er to a <:oto of !us: and t:e
le9end" FLosin9 Ground" GO% Losses in Con9ress1 state:ouse setbac;s1 and internal <art3
strife are erodin9 Geor9e !us:7s aut:orit3-- and :is abilit3 to lead t:e nation?F FA fe= 8ore
9ood da3s li;e t:at and Re<ublicans =ill 9o t:e =a3 of *:i9s1F =rote t:e 8a9aAine? T:e
>ote =as a F:u8blin9 rebu;e to a barnstor8in9 !us:?F G)2H In t:e =ords of an October '1
:eadline in t:e <ro-re9i8e *as:in9ton Ti8es1 F!us: in 2$D 7,ead Meat17 sa3 s;e<tics?F
#e>in %:illi<s noted t:at econo8ics could <ro>e fatal for !us:" FSince *orld *ar II t:e
GO%7s <attern :as been for econo8ic do=nturns durin9 8idter8 election 3ears" full-
fled9ed recessions in 12+)1 12+/1 12.51 12.)1 and 12/$1 and a se>ere far8-belt and oil-
<atc: slu8< in 12/-? Toda37s econo8ic t:underclouds1 :o=e>er1 are t:e first in 8e8or3 0at
least since t:e <ost-12$2 <eriod4 to <ortend t:eir stor8s for t:e t:ird 3ear of a GO%
<residenc3?F And for !us:1 t:e econo8ic bad ne=s =as to be found e>en in t:e Ne= (or;
Ti8es" F*:at RecessionD It7s a ,e<ression1F <roclai8ed one article? Leonard Sil; 8ade t:e
o<ti8istic case in t:e sa8e <a<er" F*:3 It7s Too Soon to %redict Anot:er Great
,e<ression1F =as :is title? Gfn +2H
!ut =ell before t:e dust :ad settled fro8 t:e election debacle1 !us: :ad resu8ed :is 8arc:
to=ards a :olocaust in t:e Middle East? On t:e da3 after t:e election1 !a;er1 s<ea;in9 in
Mosco=1 launc:ed !us:7s all-out <ress for a UN Securit3 Council resolution le9iti8iAin9
t:e use of ar8ed force a9ainst Ira@ o>er t:e #u=ait @uestion? !us: :ad to <us: :is =ar
t:rou9: bot: t:e US Con9ress and t:e UN <er8anent fi>eC :is esti8ate =as t:at t:e =orld
<o=ers =ould be easier to dra9oon1 and t:at t:e assent of t:e Securit3 Council could t:en
be used to blud9eon t:e Con9ress into ac@uiescence? Gfn -5H
It is i8<ortant to note t:at in s:iftin9 :is <olic3 to=ards a99ressi>e =ar1 !us: =as once
a9ain dancin9 to t:e tune bein9 <i<ed in fro8 London? On *ednesda31 No>e8ber .1 t:e
racist crone T:atc:er1 no= on :er =a3 out as %ri8e Minister1 issued :er 8ost
=ar8on9erin9 state8ent so far on t:e Gulf crisis"
Eit:er GSadda8 HusseinH 9ets out of #u=ait soon or =e and our allies =ill re8o>e :i8 b3
force and :e =ill 9o do=n to defeat =it: all t:e conse@uences? He :as been =arned? Gfn -1H
(et a9ain1 t:e United States =as to be dra=n into a useless and 9enocidal =ar as t:e tail on
t:e !ritis: i8<erial ;ite?
And so1 flauntin9 :is >icious conte8<t for t:e de8ocratic <rocess1 on T:ursda3 No>e8ber
/1 Bust t=o da3s after t:e election1 !us: 8ade =:at an3 serious1 intelli9ent <erson 8ust
:a>e reco9niAed as a declaration of <ree8<ti>e =ar in t:e Gulf"
After consultation =it: #in9 a:d and our ot:er allies I :a>e toda3 directed t:e secretar3 of
defense to increase t:e siAe of US forces co88itted to ,esert S:ield to ensure t:at t:e
coalition :as an ade@uate offensi>e 8ilitar3 o<tion s:ould t:at be necessar3 to ac:ie>e our
co88on 9oals? To=ards t:is end =e =ill continue to dicuss t:e <ossibilit3 of bot:
additional allied force contributions and a<<ro<riate United Nations actions? Ira@7s brutalit31
a99ression1 and >iolations of international la= cannot be allo=ed to succeed?
Gfn -$H
or t:ose =:o :ad e>er belie>ed !us:7s >erbal declarations1 :ere =as an entirel3 ne=
<olic31 ad>anced =it:out t:e sli9:test 8oti>ation? !us: ar9ued t:at t:e current US troo<
stre9nt: of $'51555 =as enou9: to defend Saudi Arabia1 but t:at =as no lon9er 9ood
enou9:? !us:7s onl3 ar9u8ent =as t:at 9radual stran9ulation b3 sanctions 8i9:t ta;e too
lon9? Re<orters <ointed out t:at T:atc:er :ad t:reatened to use 8ilitar3 force t:e da3
before? ,id !us: =ant =arD FI =ould lo>e to see a <eaceful resolution to t:is @uestion1 and
t:at7s =:at I =ant?F So8e of t:e 8ore lucid 8inds :ad no= fi9ured out t:at !us: =as
indeed a <at:olo9ical liar?
or t:e rest of t:e 8ont: of No>e8ber1 a 8odest =a>e of anti-=ar senti8ent =as obser>ed
in t:e United States1 so8e of it co8in9 fro8 ,e8ocrats of t:e stran9ler faction =:o :ad
ne>er =a>ered in t:eir de>otion to e>il? On Sunda31 No>e8ber 11 Sen? Sa8 Nunn
@uestioned !us:7s rus: to =ar? !ut Nunn did not call for a denial of funds to =a9e =ar on
t:e 8odel of t:e Hatfield-McGo>ern a8end8ent =:ic: :ad finall3 tied NiEon7s :ands in
6ietna8? Nunn =as a leader of t:e stran9ler 9rou<1 ur9in9 reliance on t:e sanctions? &a8es
Reston =rote in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 t:at F!us:7s co8<arison of Hussein to Hitler1 a
8ad8an =it: su<erior 8ilitar3 forces in t:e center of industrial Euro<e1 is ridiculous?F
FSa3in9 7M3 %resident1 ri9:t or =ron917 in suc: circu8stances1 is a little li;e sa3in91 783
dri>er1 drun; or sober17 and not 8an3 <assen9ers li;e to 9o t:at far?F Gfn -'H T:e follo=in9
da31 under a :eadline readin9 FTide a9ainst =ar 9ro=s at :o8e1 abroad1F t:e *as:in9ton
Ti8es carried a =arnin9 fro8 Ne= (or; Senator Mo3ni:an" FIf Geor9e !us: =ants :is
<residenc3 to die in t:e Arabian desert1 :e7s 9oin9 at it >er3 steadil3 and as if it =ere a <lan?
He =ill =rec; our 8ilitar31 :e =ill =rec; :is ad8inistration1 and :e7ll s<oil t:e c:ance to
9et a collecti>e securit3 s3ste8 =or;in9? It brea;s t:e :eart?F Sen? #erre3 of O;la:o8a
declared :i8self Fnot con>inced t:is ad8inistration =ill do e>er3t:in9 in its <o=er to a>oid
=ar? And if e>er t:ere =as an a>oidable =ar1 it is t:is one?F
On No>e8ber 1+1 Sen? !ill !radle3 of Ne= &erse3 =arned !us: t:at Fto continue to :old
t:e su<<ort of Con9ress1 G!us:H 8ust sus<end t:e ne=l3 announced buildu< of offensi>e
forces a9ainst Ira@ until :e Bustifies =:3 :e :as do=n9raded t:e <ro8isin9 strate93 of
<atient <ressure? *it:out :earin9 a con>incin9 eE<lanation of t:at c:an9e1 and =it: t:e cost
of O<eration ,esert S:ield no= :eadin9 to=ard I'5 billion1 Con9ress s:ould aut:oriAe no
eE<enditures for an enlar9ed offensi>e o<tion to in>ade #u=ait or Ira@?F Gfn -)H !radle3
:ad to <a3 attention to <ublic o<inionC :e :ad al8ost lost :is seat earlier in t:e 8ont:? On
t:e follo=in9 da31 Gorbac:o>7s s<ecial en>o3 to t:e Middle East1 (e>9en3 %ri8a;o>1 called
for a dela3 in t:e resolution on t:e use of force a9ainst Ira@ to allo= Sadda8 Hussein a
Fface-sa>in9F =a3 out? One =ee; later1 in t:e conteEt of t:e %aris Conference on Securit3
and Coo<eration in Euro<e1 Gorbac:o> directed :is des<erate a<<eal to t:e =orld for food
s:i<8ents to t:e USSR? E>en if t:e #re8lin :ad =is:ed to resist !us:7s =ar dri>e1 t:eir
=ea;ness =as e>ident? T:e So>iet Union1 li;e C:ina1 =ould soon >ote for t:e resolution
t:at =ould Bustif3 !us:7s &anuar3 attac;?
!ut t:e :3<ert:3roid !us: =as un=illin9 to broo; criticis8? In best bull3in9 st3le1 :e ca8e
to a 8eetin9 =it: Con9ressional leaders on No>e8ber 1) =it: a s:eaf of articles fro8 Ira@i
ne=s<a<ers re<ortin91 a8on9 ot:er t:in9s1 Mo3ni:an7s s<eec: of a fe= da3s before? E>en
Re<ublican Ric:ard Lu9ar =as tar9etted b3 !us:7s ire? !us: =:ined t:at suc: state8ents
=ere 9i>in9 Sadda8 reasons to doubt US resol>e? On No>e8ber 1-1 t:e National Council
of C:urc:es conde8ned !us:7s Gulf <olic31 citin9 Frec;less r:etoric1F Fi8<rudent
be:a>ior1F and t:e <reci<itous 8ilitar3 buildu<?
&a8es !a;er1 9ro<in9 for reasons for t:e co8in9 =ar1 t:ou9:t :e :ad found one" FIf 3ou
=ant to su8 it u< in one =ord1 it7s Bobs? !ecause an econo8ic recession1 =orld=ide1 caused
b3 t:e control of one nation1 one dictator1 of t:e *est7s econo8ic lifeline =ill result in t:e
loss of Bobs on t:e <art of A8erican citiAens?F Gfn -+H Man3 citiAens =ere offended b3
!a;er7s <atroniAin9 condescension1 =:ic: =as coordinated =it: !us:7s re8ar;s of t:e sa8e
da3 in =:ic: :e ad8itted t:at t:e countr3 =as in a Fdo=nturn1F and :inted t:at t:e de<t: of
an3 recession =ould de<end on =:et:er or not t:e Gulf crisis turned into a <rolon9ed
standoff? If recession =ere to co8e1 said !us:1 Fit =ill not be dee< and =e =ill co8e out of
it relati>el3 soon- siE 8ont:s at 8ost?F Gfn --H Co88entin9 on =:at reall3 concerned :i81
!us: co88ented1 F:oldin9 <ublic o<inion fore>er is >er3 difficult to do?F !us: =as not
e>en succeedin9 in t:e s:ort ter8" %enns3l>ania ,e8ocratic C:air8an Larr3 (atc: told
re<orters t:at su<<ort for !us:7s Gulf <olic3 =as Fat t:e teeterin9 <oint-- t:e <eo<le are
reall3 beco8in9 s;e<tical?F His Louisiana counter<art1 &a8es &? !rad31 noted t:at !us: F
:as not 9i>en t:e8 ans=ers to t:eir @uestions?F F&obs are not t:e reason =e are t:ere1F :e
added? Gfn -.H
In t:e House of Re<resentati>es1 a 9rou< of )+ House ,e8ocrats =ent to federal court in a
>ain atte8<t to sto< !us: fro8 initatin9 :ostilities1 and Re<? GonAaleA of TeEas1 t:e
:onorable 8a>eric;1 offered a bill of i8<eac:8ent a9ainst !us:?
On No>e8ber 1-1 !us: left on a 8ulti-countr3 blitA of Euro<e and t:e Middle East =:ic:
=as intended to s:ore u< t:e anti-Ira@ coalition until t:e buildu< could be co8<leted and
t:e =ar unleas:ed? In %ra9ue1 !us: =as lioniAed b3 lar9e cro=dsC %resident Ha>el 9a>e
!us: a testi8onial of su<<ort about t:e lessons of Munic: 12'/ and a<<ease8ent t:at !us:
=ould =a>e around all t:rou9: t:e =ar? It =as unfortunate t:at freedo8 fro8 co88unist
t3rann3 for so8e <oliticians see8ed to 8ean t:e freedo8 to lic; !us:7s boots? In S<e3er1
Ger8an31 !us: :ad anot:er a<o<lectic 8o8ent =:en Cat:olic !is:o< Anton Sc:le8bac:
=is:ed !us: success Fbut =it:out =ar and bloods:ed?F !us: sat red- faced li;e a roasted
c:erub? Ger8ans =ere not :a<<3 about !us:7s eEtortion of t:eir countr3 =:en t:e3 needed
8one3 to rebuild t:e ne=l3 freed federal states in t:e eastC Ger8an3 =as no= reunified?
!us: :ad a strained 8eetin9 =it: #o:l1 and1 at t:e CSCE finale in %aris1 a cordial one =it:
Mitterrand1 =it: =:o8 :is ra<<ort =as eEcellent? Here our :ero <ressed Gorbac:o> for a
So>iet i8<ri8atur on :is =ar resolution1 but Gorbac:o> =as still stallin9?
On T:an;s9i>in9 ,a31 !us: and !ar =ere =it: t:e troo<s in Saudi Arabia? Man3 soldiers
told re<orters t:at t:e3 =ere not :a<<3 to be t:ere1 and =ere not in fa>or of =ar? One
troo<er as;ed !us:1 F*:3 not 8a;e a deal =it: Sadda8 Hussein1 Mr? %residentDF =:ile
!us: 9a99ed on :is c:ic;en a la ;in9 Meal Read3 to Eat 0MRE4? l3in9 =est=ard t:e neEt
da31 !us: sto<<ed in Gene>a for a 8eetin9 =it: HafeA Assad of S3ria1 a true >illain and
butc:er =:o :ad1 durin9 t:e 8ont: of October1 ta;en ad>anta9e of :is deal =it: !us: to
finis: off Gen? Aoun7s inde<endent Lebanese state? !us:7s 8eetin9 =it: Assad lasted for
t:ree :ours? Assad :ad <ro>ided .1+55 S3rian troo<s for t:e coalition attac; force in Saudi
Arabia1 =:ic: :e <ro8ised to increase to $51555? FMr? Assad is lined u< =it: us =it: a
co88itt8ent to force1F said !us:? FT:e3 are on t:e front line1 or =ill be1 standin9 u< to t:is
a99ression?F
Manic :3steria at t:e to< of a bureaucratic a<<aratus =ill s=iftl3 infect t:e lo=er ec:elons
as =ell1 and t:is =as illustrated b3 t:e 8is:a<s of !us:7s tra>ellin9 entoura9e1 =:ic:
clas:ed =it: S=iss securit3 officers =:ile enterin9 and lea>in9 Gene>a Air<ort? A ne=
factor eEacerbatin9 !us:7s 8ental instabilit3 durin9 t:is tri< =as t:e i88inent fall of :is
An9lo-SaEon S>en9ali1 Mar9aret T:atc:er1 =:o =as about to be du8<ed as <ri8e 8inister1
<ri8aril3 because s:e :ad beco8e <ersona non 9rata a8on9 t:e leaders of =estern Euro<e
in an era in =:ic: !ritain7s future sur>i>al de<ended on <arasitiAin9 t:e =ealt: of t:e
continent? T:e S=iss :a>e so8e of t:e 8ost le>el-:eaded and eE<ert air<ort <rotocol
<ersonnel in t:e =orld1 but !us:7s retinue =as deter8ined to run a8o;? !us: and itA=ater
=anted t:e <ress cor< free to run around t:e air<ort to 9et t:e 8ost dra8atic s:ots and
sound bites of !us:7s e<ic entr3 into one of t:e centers of =orld di<lo8ac3? *:en !us:
landed1 t:e F<:oto do9sF =anted to 9at:er under t:e =in9 of !us:7s <lane1 but t:e S=iss
8o>ed t:e8 out of t:e area? At t:e de<arture1 t:e <ress cor<s =ent bon;ers1 and 8an3 of
t:e8 :ad to be <:3sicall3 restrained b3 t:e S=iss officers =:en t:e3 atte8<ted to brea;
t:rou9: a cro=d-control line? itA=ater co8<lained t:at State ,e<art8ent <rotocol c:ief
&ose<: 6? Reed 0t:e scion of t:e &u<iter Island 8a9nate4 :ad :ad a 8ac:ine 9un s:o>ed into
:is sto8ac:1 and t:at Sununu :ad been F>erball3 abusedF durin9 t:e altercation? !ut
itA=ater =as an acco8<lis:ed <re>aricator" FI 8ust sa3 I :a>e ne>er seen t:at ;ind of
brutal and >icious treat8ent b3 a securit3 force in t:e last 15 3ears? It7s stran9e? It7s
su<<osedl3 a <eace-lo>in9 nation but t:e3 9a>e us t:e 8ost >icious treat8ent I7>e e>er
seen?F T:ierr3 Ma9nin described t:e actions of so8e US re<orters as Fde<lorableF and
Finad8issable?F Ma9nin said t:ere :ad been Fa ro= and :eated =ords1 but t:is =as to
enforce securit3 8easures???ta;en in accord =it: t:e A8erican securit3 ser>ices?F He denied
t:at an3 sub8ac:ine 9un =as e>er <ointed at Reed? Gfn -/H Ma9nin said t:e Gene>a <olice
=ould not a<olo9iAe1 and later it =as indeed t:e US =:ic: bac;ed do=n?
On No>e8ber '51 UN Securit3 Council1 no= reduced to a discredited tool of t:e An9lo-
A8ericans1 >oted for a resolution aut:oriAin9 t:e use of force a9ainst Ira@? T:is <iece of
infa83 =as labelled resolution -)/ and <assed =it: t=el>e assentin9 >otes a9ainst t:e no
>otes of Cuba and (e8en1 =it: t:e %eo<le7s Re<ublic of C:ina abstainin9? 0International
Burists later <ointed out t:at accordin9 to t:e teEt of t:e UN C:arter1 =:ic: re@uires t:e
<ositi>e >otes of all fi>e <er8anent 8e8bers to a<<ro>e substanti>e resolutions1 t:e
resolution :ad not <assed1 and t:at in actin9 on it t:e UN :ad entered a <:ase of anarc:3
and la=lessness?4 Ira@ =as 9i>en ). da3s to lea>e #u=ait1 and t:is ulti8atu8 =as to eE<ire
on &anuar3 1+? !us: clearl3 :o<ed t:at t:is resolution could be used to silence :is
Con9ressional critics?
!ut in t:e 8eanti8e1 !us:7s <at: to =ar =as beset =it: troubles on t:e do8estic front? T:e
9:oulis: Sco=croft and ot:er !us: s<o;es8en :ad been atte8<tin9 to =:i< u< =ar
senti8ent =it: =ildl3 eEa99erated re<orts about Ira@7s nuclear <re<arationsC t:ese accounts1
li;e t:e later alle9ed findin9s of FUN ins<ectorF ,a>id #a31 failed to distin9uis: bet=een
<eaceful and 8ilitar3 uses of nuclear ener93C t:e na8e of t:is 9a8e =as tec:nolo9ical
a<art:eid? T:is ca8<ai9n :ad e>o;ed 8uc: s;e<ticis8" F!us:7s Ato8ic Red Herrin9F =as
t:e title of one o<-ed in t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es?
Anti-=ar senti8ent no= cr3stalliAed around t:e :earin9s bein9 :eld b3 Sa8 Nunn7s Senate
Ar8ed Ser>ices Co88ittee? T=o for8er c:air8en of t:e &oint C:iefs of Staff1 Ad8iral
*illia8 &? Cro=e and General ,a>id C? &ones1 ur9ed a <olic3 of continued reliance on t:e
sanctions? T:e3 =ere soon Boined b3 for8er Secretar3 of ,efense &a8es R? Sc:lesin9er1
Gen? *illia8 Odo81 and ot:er fi9ures of <ast re9i8es? !us:7s <rinci<al su<<ort ca8e fro8
t:e croa;in9 >oice of Henr3 #issin9er1 =:o =as for =ar as soon as <racticable? T:ese =ere
t:e da3s =:en #in9 a:d flirted briefl3 =it: t:e idea of a ne9otiated settle8ent1 before :e
=as re8inded b3 t:e State ,e<art8ent t:at :e ruled an occu<ied countr3? FOnce A9ain"
*:at7s t:e Rus:DF as;ed t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of No>e8ber $2? !us: =anted t:e Con9ress
to <ass a resolution 9i>in9 :i8 a blan; c:ec; to =a9e =ar1 but :e :esitated to set off a
debate t:at 8i9:t 9o on all t:e =a3 to &anuar3 1+ and be3ond1 and in =:ic: :e ris;ed bein9
beaten? After all1 !us: =as still refusin9 to ne9otiate?
No=1 on rida31 No>e8ber '51 !us: eEecuted t:e c3nical tactic t:at =ould ulti8atel3
<aral3Ae :is cra>en do8estic o<<osition and clear t:e =a3 to =ar" :e 8ade a fa;e offer of
ne9otiations =it: Ira@"
Ho=e>er1 to 9o t:e eEtra 8ile for <eace1 I =ill issue an in>itation to orei9n Minister Tari@
AAiA to co8e to *as:in9ton at a 8utuall3 con>enient ti8e durin9 t:e latter <art of t:e =ee;
of ,ece8ber 15t: to 8eet =it: 8e? And I7ll in>ite a8bassadors of se>eral of our coalition
<artners in t:e 9ulf to Boin 8e in t:at 8eetin9?
In addition1 I a8 as;in9 Secretar3 &i8 !a;er to 9o to !a9:dad to see Sadda8 Hussein1 and
I =ill su99est to Ira@7s <resident t:at :e recei>e t:e secretar3 of state at a 8utuall3
con>enient ti8e bet=een ,ece8ber 1+ and &anuar3 1+ of neEt 3ear? Gfn .5H It =as all a
fiendis: lie1 e>en do=n to t:e offer of ti8es and >enues for t:e tal;s? *:en Ira@ res<onded
=it: <ro<osals for t:e sc:edule of 8eetin9s1 !us: =elc:ed and rene9ed? Ira@ released t:e
US internees1 but !us: still =anted =ar? F*e7>e 9ot to continue to ;ee< t:e <ressure on1F
=as :is reaction? T:en ca8e a full 8ont: of useless :a99lin91 =:ic: =as eEactl3 =:at !us:
=anted? As :is teEt :ad <ointed out1 :e =as not interested in real ne9otiation an3=a3C t:e
UN resolutions :ad alread3 resol>ed e>er3t:in9? T:e real <ur<ose of t:is 9a8bit =as to
su<<ress t:e do8estic o<<osition1 since ne9otiations =ere alle9edl3 no= on9oin9?
T:e 8ost i8<ortant o<<osition to a &anuar3 1+ =ar accordin9 to t:e deadline railroaded
t:rou9: t:e UN b3 !us: ca8e fro8 t:e US Ar831 t:e ser>ice least ent:ralled b3 t:e idea of
a needless =ar? ,urin9 a >isit b3 %o=ell and C:ene3 to Saudi Arabia1 Lieut? Gen? Cal>in A?
H? *aller1 t:e second in co88and of US forces in t:e Gulf1 re8ar;ed t:at t:ere =as a
Fdistinct <ossibilit3 t:at e>er3 unit =ill not be full3 co8bat-read3 until so8e ti8e after
ebruar3 11F or <er:a<s as late as 8id-ebruar3?F FIf t:e o=ner as;s 8e if I78 read3 to 9o1
I7d tell :i8 FNo1 I78 not read3 to do t:e Bob17F *aller told t:e <ress? It =as understood t:at
*aller =as actin9 as s<o;es8an for a broad stratu8 of senior officers? T:e !us: *:ite
House =as once a9ain infuriated? FT:is is not t:e 8essa9e =e =ere tr3in9 to send no=1F
said one to< !us:8an? Gfn .1H *aller and t:e ot:er acti>e dut3 officers =ould :encefort:
re8ain silent?
!us:7s buildu< =ent on ineEorabl3 t:rou9: t:e C:rist8as :olida3s? In t:e first =ee; of t:e
Ne= (ear1 !us: offered a 8eetin9 of !a;er and Tari@ AAiA1 t:e Ira@i forei9n 8inister1 in
Gene>a? His 9round rules 8ade t:e 8eetin9 <ointless e>en before it :a<<ened" FNo
ne9otiations1 no co8<ro8ises1 no atte8<ts at face-sa>in9 and no re=ards for a99ression?F
Gfn .$H !us: =as s:o=in9 8ore of :is :and no=C t:e buildu< =as a<<roac:in9 =:at :e1 if
not t:e 9enerals1 t:ou9:t enou9: to start bo8bin9 Ira@?
T:e Tari@ AAiA-!a;er tal;s in Gene>a =ent on for siE :ours on &anuar3 151 =it: no result?
!a;er =as an Al Ca<one in stri<ed <antsC Tari@ AAiA eE<ressed :i8self =it: 9reat di9nit3?
Tari@ AAiA :ad 8ade clear t:at since Israel =as in realit3 an inte9ral <art of !us:7s Gulf
coalition1 it could not be eEe8<t fro8 retaliation if Ira@ =ere to co8e under attac;? or
!us:1 =:en 8illions of li>es =ere at sta;e1 t:e issue of 9reatest 8o8ent =as a letter full of
t:reats =:ic: Tari@ AAiA :ad read1 but refused to acce<t1 and :ad left l3in9 on t:e table in
Gene>a? 0In t:is letter1 =:ic: =as later released1 !us: =as re>ealed as a 8e9alo8aniac =:o
=arned Sadda8 F=e stand toda3 at t:e brin; of =ar bet=een Ira@ and t:e =orld1F as if !us:
=ere t:e c:ief eEecuti>e of t:e entire <lanet?4 Here =as a ne= focus for !us:7s a<o<lectic
ra9e" :e :ad been insulted b3 t:is ArabK *:at about t:at letter1 t:e re<orters as;ed? A surfeit
of t:3roEin coursed t:rou9: !us:7s >eins"
Secretar3 !a;er also re<orted to 8e t:at t:e Ira@i forei9n 8inister reBected 83 letter to
Sadda8 Hussein1 refused to carr3 t:is letter and 9i>e it to t:e <resident of Ira@? T:e Ira@i
A8bassador :ere in *as:in9ton did t:e sa8e t:in9? T:is is but one 8ore eEa8<le t:at t:e
Ira@i 9o>ern8ent is not interested in direct co88unications desi9ned to settle t:e %ersian
Gulf situation?
!ut t:is =as a -t:is =as a - a total stiff-ar8? T:is is a total rebuff?
T:e letter =as not rudeC t:e letter =as direct? And t:e letter did eEactl3 =:at I t:in; is
necessar3 at t:is sta9e? !ut to refuse to e>en <ass a letter alon9 see8s to 8e to be Bust one
8ore 8anifestation of t:e stone=allin9 t:at :as ta;en <lace? Gfn .'H
T:e 9ods =ere lau9:in9?
T:e United Nations Securit3 Council resolution1 =it: its a<<roac:in9 artificial deadline
=:ic: !us: :ad de8anded1 <lus t:e failure of t:e !a;er-Tari@ AAiA 8eetin91 on &anuar3 2
beca8e t:e tools of t:e *:ite House in obtainin9 a Con9ressional resolution for =ar? !us:
=as careful to stress :is >ie= t:at :e could =a9e =ar =it:out t:e Con9ress1 but t:at :e =as
8a9nani8ousl3 lettin9 t:e8 eE<ress t:eir su<<ort for :i8 b3 a<<ro>in9 suc: a 8otion? On
t:is sa8e da31 t:e #re8lin des<atc:ed troo< contin9ents to se>en So>iet re<ublics =:ere
nationalist 8o>e8ents =ere 9ainin9 9round?
T:e Con9ressional debate <ro>ided 8an3 elo@uent <leas1 9enerall3 fro8 ,e8ocrats1 for
dela3in9 8ilitar3 action in order to sa>e A8ericans fro8 useless slau9:ter? !ut t:ese <leas
=ere al8ost al=a3s >itiated b3 a failure to reco9niAe t:e e@ual clai8 to :u8anit3 of t:e
Ira@i <o<ulationC t:e ,e8ocrats =:o ur9ed continued reliance on sanctions =ere in effect
callin9 for an e@ual or 9reater 9enocide <rolon9ed o>er ti8e? One eEce<tion =as Senator
Mar; Hatfield of Ore9on1 =:o >oted a9ainst t:e !us: =ar resolution and t:e ,e8ocrats7
sanctions resolution on t:e 9rounds t:at :e o<<osed t:e entire 8ilitar3 de<lo38ent in t:e
Middle EastC Hatfield ar9ued for a <eaceful settle8ent usin9 di<lo8ac3 alone? T:is
Re<ublican defection in t:e na8e of :i9: <rinci<le 8a3 :a>e attracted t:e darts of !us:7s
>indicti>enessC in Ma3 a re<ort on Hatfield7s <ersonal finances a<<earin9 in t:e Ca<itol Hill
=ee;l3 Roll Call alle9ed t:at a for8er Con9ress8an and a California business8an :ad
for9i>en I1''1555 in loans to Hatfield o>er an /-3ear <eriod? T:is infor8ation =as
so8e:o= lea;ed fro8 Senate records? Gfn .)H T:e ob>ious intent of t:is stor3 =as to 8a;e
it loo; as if t:e loan for9i>eness :ad been used to bu3 influence? Hatfield7s actions =ere not
in >iolation of senate rules at t:e ti8e t:ese loans =ere for9i>en?
!us:7s =ar resolution <assed t:e Senate b3 t:e narro= 8ar9in of +$-).C Sen? Cranston1 =:o
=as absent because of illness1 =ould :a>e co8e to t:e senate and >oted a9ainst t:e =ar if
t:is =ould :a>e c:an9ed t:e outco8e? T:is >ote reflects a dee< a8bi>alence in t:e rulin9
elite about !us:7s bellicose line1 =:ic: =as not as <o<ular in US rulin9 circles as it =as in
London? !us:7s 8ar9in of >ictor3 =as <ro>ided b3 a 9rou< of sout:ern !us: ,e8ocrats
0Gore1 Gra:a81 !reauE1 Robb1 S:elb34? In t:e House1 a si8ilar !us: =ar resolution <assed
b3 $+5 to 1/'? Man3 Con9ress8en fro8 blue-collar districts bein9 <ounded b3 t:e
econo8ic de<ression reflected t:e disillusion8ent of t:eir constituents b3 >otin9 a9ainst
!us: and t:e =ar? !ut t:e resistance =as not enou9:?
,es<ite t:e eEtre8el3 narro= 8andate :e :ad eEtorted fro8 t:e Con9ress1 !us: no=
a<<eared in a 9loatin9 <ress conference" :e :ad :is blan; c:ec; for =ar and 9enocide? No=
!us: =as careful to create <reteEts for attac;in9 Ira@1 e>en if Sadda8 =ere to order :is
forces out of #u=ait? !us: noted t:at Fit =ould be1 at t:is date1 I =ould sa3 i8<ossible to
co8<l3 full3 =it: t:e United Nations resolutions1F and :e F=ould still =orr3 about it1
because it 8i9:t not be in full co8<liance?F Gfn .+H UN resolution $)$1 callin9 for Israel to
=it:dra= fro8 t:e territories occu<ied in t:e 12-. =ar1 :ad been flouted for al8ost a
@uarter centur31 and t:e nation of Lebanon :ad Bust been snuffed out b3 !us:7s friend
Assad1 but all of t:is <aled into total irrele>ance in co8<arison to t:e need to destro3 Ira@?
T:e 8ad do9 of =ar =as no= unleas:ed on t:e =orld? Later1 in earl3 &une1 !us: =ould
edif3 t:e Sout:ern !a<tist Con>ention =it: a tearful and con>ulsi>e account of :is lon9
ni9:t in Ca8< ,a>id as :e <re<ared to 9i>e t:e order to attac;? !us:7s stor31 @uite fantastic
for a c:ief eEecuti>e =:o :ad <ursued :is Fs<lendid little =arF =it: 8ono8aniac fur3 since
Au9ust '1 is a reflection of t:e Goebbels-li;e c3nicis8 of t:e *:ite House =ords8it:s and
<ro<a9anda tec:nicians to =:o8 it 8a3 be safel3 attributed? For 8e1 <ra3er :as al=a3s
been i8<ortant but @uite <ersonal1F !us: told t:e !a<tists? F(ou ;no= us E<isco<alians?F
And1 li;e a lot of <eo<le1 I :a>e =orried a little but about s:eddin9 tears in <ublic1 or t:e
8ention of it? !ut as !arbara and I <ra3ed at Ca8< ,a>id before t:e air =ar be9an1 =e
=ere t:in;in9 about t:ose 3oun9 8en and =o8en o>erseas? And t:e tears started do=n t:e
c:ee;s1 and our 8inister s8iled bac;1 and I no lon9er =orried :o= it loo;ed to ot:ers? Gfn
.-H
In deli>erin9 t:is fanciful account1 !us: bro;e into tears once a9ain1 a be:a>ior =:ic:
s:o=ed 8ore about :is unresol>ed1 and b3 t:at ti8e <ublic1 t:r3oid difficulties1 t:an it did
about :is @ual8s in =a9in9 =ar? An interestin9 @uestion in>ol>es t:e identit3 of t:e
8inister 8entioned b3 !us:? In order to dra<e :is 9enocidal =ar <olic3 =it: t:e 8antle of
C:ristian 8oralit31 !us: =as at <ains to ;ee< <astors and clerics at :is side durin9 t:e
de>elo<8ent of t:e Gulf crisis? !ut a serious <roble8 e8er9ed in t:is re9ard =:en1 in late
October1 t:e <residin9 bis:o< of t:e E<isco<al C:urc:1 t:e Most Re>erend Ed8ond L?
!ro=nin91 raised <ublic @uestions about t:e 8oralit3 of 9oin9 to =ar =it: Ira@? Since !us:
re9arded t:e %rotestant funda8entalists of t:e !ible !elt as t:e indis<ensable constituenc3
for :is >indicti>e line1 :e and :is :andlers =ere con>inced t:at it =ould be foll3 to 9o on
t:e =ar<at: =it:out reli9ious co>er? T:is =as <ro>ided b3 callin9 in !ill3 Gra:a81 t:e
Met:odist e>an9elist based in Minnea<olis1 Minnesota?
,urin9 t:e NiEon Ad8inistration1 !ill3 Gra:a8 :ad beco8e t:e >irtual c:a<lain of t:e
re9i8e? NiEon li;ed to or9aniAe <ra3er ser>ices inside t:e *:ite House1 and !ill3 Gra:a8
=as often called in to officiate at t:ese? Gra:a8 =as also an old friend of t:e !us: fa8il3C
Bust after !us: :ad recei>ed t:e GO% >ice <residential no8ination in 12/51 Gra:a8 :ad
>isited =it: Geor9e and !arbara at #ennebun;<ort for a ca8<ai9n <:oto o<<ortunit3? Gfn
..H
,urin9 t:e 12/57s1 Gra:a8 :ad run crusades in t:e So>iet bloc1 so8et:in9 t:at is :ard to do
=it:out intelli9ence connections? In Ma31 12/$1 :e :ad created a furore =it: re8ar;s t:at
:e :ad seen no e>idence of reli9ious re<ression in t:e USSR? FI a8 not a co88unist and
:a>e not Boined t:e Co88unist <art3 and =as ne>er as;ed to Boin t:e Co88unist %art31F
Gra:a8 :ad told re<orters u<on :is arri>al in Ne= (or;? Gfn ./H
No=1 durin9 t:e =ee; t:at !us: unleas:ed =ar and 9enocide1 Gra:a8 beca8e a fiEture in
t:e *:ite House1 =:ere :e =as !us:7s o>erni9:t :ouse9uest? FGeor9e !us: :as t:e :i9:est
8oral standards of al8ost an3one I ;no=1F Gra:a8 told re<orters? F!us: is t:e best friend I
:a>e in t:e =orld outside 83 i88ediate staff?F So8e noted t:at Gra:a8 :ad often
abounded =it: fulso8e <raise for <residents1 includin9 CarterC <o=er and 9odliness1 for
Gra:a81 =ent to9et:er? T:e line :e recited se>eral da3s later at t:e National %ra3er
!rea;fast =as standard !us: boiler <late" FT:ere co8e ti8es in :istor3 =:en nations :a>e
to stand a9ainst so8e 8onstrous e>il1 li;e NaAis8?F On &anuar3 $/1 !us: =ould <roclai8 a
>irtual crusade a9ainst Arab Ira@" accordin9 to !us:1 :is =ar :ad Fe>er3t:in9 to do =it:
=:at reli9ion e8bodies1 9ood >ersus e>il1 ri9:t >ersus =ron91 :u8an di9nit3 and freedo8
>ersus t3rann3 and o<<ression? *e =ill <re>ail because of t:e su<<ort of t:e A8erican
<eo<le1 ar8ed =it: a trust in God?F Gfn .2H
!ut surel3 all =as not s<iritual t:at =ee;end in Ca8< ,a>id? One si9n is t:at irst Lad3
!arbara !us: ca8e bac; =it: a bro;en le9? *:at :ad :a<<enedD A fe= =ee;s earlier1
Geor9e and !ar :ad 9ranted a Boint inter>ie= to t=o fa=nin9 and s3co<:antic re<orters
fro8 %eo<le =ee;l3? ,urin9 t:is inter>ie=1 !us: =as as;ed1 FMr? %resident1 t:is is an
understandabl3 tou9: <eriod? Ho= do 3ou deal =it: t:e stressDF !us: ans=ered" F*ell1 I
:a>e t:is do9 na8ed Ran9er and t:is =ife na8ed !arbara and a cou<le of 9randc:ildren?F
At t:is <oint1 !arbara !us: bro;e in to sa3 FT:ou9:t 3ou =ere 9onna sa31 7I ;ic; t:e do91
;ic; t:e =ife?7F Gfn /5H Had !arbara !us: suffered t:e fate of a battered =o8an durin9 t:at
<re-=ar =ee;end in Ca8< ,a>idD T:e official stor3 =as t:at s:e :ad slid do=n an ic3
slo<e on a saucer sled and :it a tree1 <roducin9 a Fnon-dis<laced fracture of t:e fibula bone
in t:e left le9?F Accordin9 to Mrs? !us:7s <ress secretar31 Anna %ereA1 Geor9e :ad 3elled
F!ail outK !ail outKF as Mrs? !us: accelerated to=ard t:e tree1 but s:e :ad not :eeded :is
ad>ice? T:e incident :ad alle9edl3 occurred durin9 a sleddin9 <art3 after c:urc: on Sunda31
&anuar3 1'1 in t:e <resence four of t:e !us:7s 9randc:ildren 0a9es -1)1)1 and 141 and !us:
lo3alist Arnold Sc:=arAene99er1 t:e c:air8an of t:e %resident7s Council on %:3scial
itness? !us:7s dau9:ter ,orot:3 Le!lond and :is dau9:ter in la= Mar9aret1 8a3 :a>e
been <resent or nearb31 as 8a3 Sc:=arAene99er7s =ife Maria S:ri>er of N!C1 and :er
infant dau9:ter? !ut onl3 t:e irst Lad37s <ress secretar3 s<o;e in <ublic of t:e incident1
=:ic: :as t:erefore re8ained so8e=:at obscure? *:en t:e <residential <art3 returned b3
:elico<ter to t:e *:ite House t:at e>enin91 Mrs? !us: =as carried indoors in a =:eelc:air?
Gfn /1H
On t:at sa8e da31 So>iet troo<s actin9 in t:e na8e of a self-st3led FNational Sal>ation
Co88itteeF 8assacred 8ore t:an a doAen Lit:uanian <atriots? !us:7s res<onse =as in t:e
8ildest and 8ost cra>en of ter8s1 sa3in9 t:at t:ere =as Fno Bustification for t:e use of
force1F but ta;in9 absolutel3 no ste<s to brin9 t:at 8essa9e :o8e to Mosco=C t:e Ne=
*orld Order =as eE<osed once a9ain as t:e la= of t:e stron9 o>er t:e =ea;?
Accordin9 to t:e official account1 !us: si9ned t:e National Securit3 ,irecti>e orderin9 t:e
attac; a9ainst Ira@ at in t:e *:ite House O>al Office at 15"'5 AM on Tuesda3 8ornin91
&anuar3 1+1 1221? On *ednesda3 8ornin9 in *as:in9ton1 =:en it =as earl3 e>enin9 in
!a9:dad1 !us: ordered Sco=croft to call C:ene3 =it: a furt:er instruction to i8<le8ent
t:e attac; <lan? T:e US air attac; on Ira@ accordin9l3 too; <lace bet=een - and . %M on
*ednesda31 &anuar3 1-? T:e bo8bs be9an to fall durin9 t:e first ni9:t in !a9:dad after t:e
eE<iration of !us:7s deadline? Gfn /$H *it:in $) :ours1 Ira@ retaliated =it: Scud 8issles
a9ainst Israel and a9ainst US bases in Saudi Arabia? One da3 after t:at1 !us: described t:e
Scud attac;s as F<urel3 an act of terror?F !us:7s 8ental :ealt: :ad not 9otten an3 better
durin9 t:e first da3s of t:e =arC :e s:o=ed si9ns of clinical :3steria1 t:e refusal to
reco9niAe ob>ious facts? ,urin9 t:is <ress conference1 :e =as as;ed"
L" *:3 is it t:at an3 8o>e1 or???8o>e for <eace is considered an end run at t:e *:ite
House t:ese da3sD
!us:" *ell1 3ou ob>iousl3???=:at =as t:e @uestionD End runD
L" (es? T:at is considered an end run1 t:at <eo<le t:at still =ant to find a <eaceful solution
see8 to be runnin9 into a bric; =all?
!us:" O:1 eEcuse 8e? T:e =orld is united1 I t:in;1 in seein9 t:at t:ese United Nations
resolutions are fulfilled G???H
!us: =as sensiti>e1 as :e al=a3s =as1 to an3 :int t:at t:e conflict =as =:at it see8ed to be1
a =ar of t:e =est a9ainst t:e Arabs? In a lon9 8onolo9ue1 :e clai8ed t:at F=e =ant to be
t:e :ealers1 =e =ant to do =:at =e can to facilitate =:at I 8i9:t o<ti8isticall3 call a ne=
=orld order? !ut t:e ne= =orld order s:ould1 s:ould :a>e a conciliator3 co8<onent to it?F
E>en &ordan1 =:ic: =as t:reatened =it: dis8e8ber8ent o>er t:e s:ort run 8i9:t
Fcontinue to be a tre8endousl3 i8<ortant countr3 in t:is ne= =orld order1F !us: clai8ed?
Gfn /'H !us: =as buo3ed b3 t:e <oll re<orts alle9in9 t:at :is =ar =as no= su<<orted b3
.-R of t:e US <o<ulation?
,a3 after da31 Ira@ 8ilitar3 and abo>e all ci>ilian tar9ets =ere subBected to a :ail of bo8bs?
T:e center<iece of !us:7s <ersonal self-Busitification re8ained t:e e@uation Sadda8XHitler?
F=as it 8oral for us in 12'2 to not sto< Hitler fro8 9oin9 into %olandDF !us: as;ed a 9rou<
of Re<ublican officials? One <art3 =or;er described !us: as Fa 8an obsessed and
<ossessed b3 :is 8issionF in t:e Gulf =ar? ,urin9 t:ose da3s1 !us: =as <re<arin9 :is State
of t:e Union address? At a <ress conference to introduce :is ne= secretar3 of a9riculture1
GO% Illinois Con9ress8an Ed=ard Madi9an1 !us: 8ade <u9nacious state8ents t:at :e
=as <roceedin9 =it: business as usual des<ite t:e =ar? F*e are not 9oin9 to screec:
e>er3t:in9 to a :alt in ter8s of our do8estic a9enda? *e7re not 9oin9 to screec: e>er3t:in9
to a :alt in ter8s of t:e recreational acti>ities???and I a8 not 9oin9 to screec: 83 life to a
:alt out of so8e fear about Sadda8 Hussein1F said !us:? After 8a;in9 t:ese re8ar;s1 :e
introduced Madi9an as :is ne= secretar3 of education? T:e re<orters loo;ed so <er<leEed
t:at !us: realiAed :is 9affe and corrected :i8selfC Madi9an =ould be :is ne= Fsecretar3 of
a9riculture1F :e said? Gfn /)H In *:ite House briefin9 sessions to <re<are t:e do8estic
<olic3 sections of t:e State of t:e Union address1 !us: =as described as Ffran;l31 boredCF
F3ou could al8ost see :is 8ind =anderin9 to t:e Gulf?F
T:ere are indications t:at after a =ee; to ten da3s of bo8bin91 !us: =as sur<rised and
disa<<ointed t:at all Ira@i resistance :ad not alread3 colla<sed? T:is is =:at so8e of :is
ad>isors =ere ru8ored in *as:in9ton to :a>e <ro8ised :i8?
T:e 1221 State of t:e Union =as su<<osed to be t:e a<ot:eosis of !us: as a =arrior
e8<eror? One of :is t:e8es =as t:e FneEt A8erican centur31F borro=ed fro8 Sti8son and
Luce? T:e a<ot:eosis =as so8e=:at di88ed b3 t:e econo8ic difficulties t:e Gulf =as :ad
done not:in9 to assua9e? !us: <ortra3ed t:ese <roble8s as a 8ere ri<<le in Ft:e lar9est
<eaceti8e econo8ic eE<ansion in :istor3?F F*e =ill soon 9et t:is recession be:ind us1F
!us: <ro8ised? He conBured u< Ft:e lon9-:eld <ro8ise of a ne= =orld order- - =:ere
brutalit3 =ill 9o unre=arded1 and a99ression =ill 8eet collecti>e resistance?F He ur9ed t:is
countr3 to ta;e u< Ft:e burden of leaders:i<?F or 8an31 t:e reference =as clear"
Ta;e u< t:e *:ite Man7s burden-- (e dare not stoo< to less Nor call too loud on reedo8
To clo;e 3our =eariness1
:ad =ritten Rud3ard #i<lin9 in 1/22 as <art of a !ritis: ca8<ai9n to con>ince t:e United
States to set u< a colonial ad8inistration in t:e %:illi<ines? 0As t:e O8a:a *orld Herald
:ad noted in t:at far-off ti8e1 FIn ot:er =ords1 Mr? #i<lin9 =ould :a>e Uncle Sa8 ta;e u<
&o:n !ull7s business?F T:e racist Bin9o do99erel of i8<erialis8 cau9:t !us:7s 8ood
<recisel3?
After t:e =ar1 it =ould be s:o=n t:at t:e US bo8bers :ad concentrated t:eir fire on t:e
ci>ilian infrastructure of Ira@1 c:oosin9 tar9ets of no i88ediate 8ilitar3 rele>ance? T:e
bo8bin9 =as concentrated on s3ste8s <ro>idin9 <otable =ater to cities1 electrical
9eneratin9 facilities1 brid9es1 :i9:=a3s1 and ot:er trans<ortation infrastructure? T:is =as
c3nicall3 called t:e Fbo8b no=1 die laterF strate931 since t:e 9oal of t:e bo8bin9 =as to
destro3 ci>ilian infrastructure in order to lo=er t:e relati>e <otential <o<ulation densit3 of
t:e countr3 belo= t:e le>el of t:e Ira@i <o<ulation1 t:us <roducin9 an astrono8ical rise in
infant 8ortalit31 <la9ues1 and <estilence? It =as1 in s:ort1 a <o<ulation =ar? It =as a
co=ardl31 des<icable =a3 to fi9:t?
!us: :ad ordered all t:is1 but :e lied co8<ulsi>el3 about it? After ' =ee;s of bo8bin91 :e
told a <ress conference t:at :is bo8bers =ere 9oin9 to Fun<recedented len9t:s to a>oid
da8a9e to ci>lians and :ol3 <laces? *e do not see; Ira@7s destruction1 nor do =e see; to
<unis: t:e Ira@i <eo<le for t:e decisions and <olicies of t:eir leaders? In addition1 =e are
doin9 e>er3t:in9 <ossible and =it: 9reat success to 8ini8iAe collateral da8a9e????F Gfn /+H
T:e air =ar =as desi9ned to 9ut t:e econo8ic infrastructure of Ira@C an additional obBecti>e
=as to ;ill at least 1551555 8e8bers of t:e Ira@i ar8ed forces?
T:is could onl3 be acco8<lis:ed b3 stor8in9 t:e Ira@i <ositions of t:e 9round1 and t:is is
=:at !us: =as deter8ined to do? %ublis:ed accounts su99ested t:at t:e ori9inal eEecuti>e
order t:at started t:e =ar also contained instructions for a land battle to follo= eEtensi>e
bo8bin9? T:is 8eant t:at all <eace feelers 8ust be >i9orousl3 rebuffed1 on t:e 8odel of
=:at Ac:eson and Sti8son :ad done to &a<an durin9 &ul3 of 12)+?
In t:ose da3s1 anti-=ar <rotesters :ad ca8<ed out in Lafa3ette %ar;1 across %enns3l>ania
A>enue fro8 t:e *:ite House? T:e3 :ad been t:ere since ,ece8ber 1'? !us: :ad referred
once to Ft:ose da8ned dru8sF and :o= t:e3 =ere ;ee<in9 :i8 a=a;e at ni9:t? At :is <ress
conference of ebruar3 -1 !us: told re<orters t:at t:e dru88ers :ad been re8o>ed1 not
because :e :ad ordered it1 but because t:e3 =ere disturbin9 t:e 9uests at t:e <os: Ha3-
Ada8s Hotel on t:e ot:er side of t:e <ar;? T:ere =as a la= on decibels1 :e eE<lained"
And lo1 <eo<le =ent fort: =it: decibel count auditors? And t:e3 found t:e 8an 9ot u< to -
t:is dru88er1 incessant dru88ers1 9ot o>er -51 and t:e3 =ere 8o>ed out of t:ere1 and I
:o<e t:e3 sta3 out of t:ere because I don7t =ant t:e <eo<le in t:e :otel to not :a>e a 9ood
ni9:t7s slee<? T:e dru8s :a>e ceased1 oddl3 enou9:?
!ut Bust as !us: =as s<ea;in91 re<orters could :ear t:e t:u8<in9 resu8e in t:e <ar;
outside? T:e dru88ers1 8uc: to !us:7s c:a9rin1 =ere at it a9ain? Soon Lafa3ette %ar; =as
fenced in b3 t:e !us:8en?
On ebruar3 1+1 Radio !a9:dad offered ne9otiations leadin9 to t:e =it:dra=l of Ira@i
forces fro8 #u=ait? !us:1 in tande8 =it: t:e ne= !ritis: <ri8e Minister1 &o:n MaBor1
reBected t:is o>erture =it: <arellel r:etoric? or !us:1 Sadda87s <eace bid =as Fa cruel
:oaECF for MaBor1 it =as Fa bo9us s:a8?F T:e #re8lin1 see;in9 to sa>e face1 found t:e
<ro<osal Fencoura9in9?F Ira@ =as no= <ullin9 ;e3 8ilitar3 units out of #u=ait1 and !us:
Bud9ed t:at t:e 8o8ent =as ri<e to call for an insurrection and 8ilitar3 cou< a9ainst
Sadda8 Hussein and t:e !aat: %art3 9o>ern8ent? FT:ere7s anot:er =a3 for t:e bloods:ed
to sto<1 and t:at is for t:e Ira@i 8ilitar3 and t:e Ira@i <eo<le to ta;e 8atters into t:eir o=n
:ands1 to force Sadda8 Hussein1 t:e dictator1 to ste< aside?F Gfn /-H *it: t:is call1 !us:
tri99ered t:e si8ultaneous u<risin9s of t:e <ro-Iranian S:iites in Ira@7s sout:ern <ro>inces1
and of t:e #urds in t:e nort:1 8an3 of =:o8 no= foolis:l3 concluded t:at US 8ilitar3
assistance =ould be fort:co8in9? It =as a c3nical <lo31 since !us: can be seen in retros<ect
to :a>e :ad no intention =:ate>er of bac;in9 u< t:ese rebellions? ,urin9 t:e 8ont: of
Marc:1 tens of t:ousand of additional casualties and untold :u8an 8iser3 =ould be t:e
sole results of t:ese insurrections1 =:ic: led to t:e 8ass eEodus of t:e :a<less and
=retc:ed #urds into Iran and Tur;e3?
T:e So>iets =ere still see;in9 to sa>e :alf a face fro8 a 8assacre =:ic: t:e3 :ad aided and
abettedC di<lo8ac3 =ould also :el< ta;e t:e 8ind of t:e =orld off t:e !altic bloods:ed of
t:e So>iet s<ecial forces? ,urin9 t:e =ee; after Sadda8 Hussein7s trial balloon for a <ullout
fro8 #u=ait1 (e>9en3 %ri8a;o> atte8<ted to asse8ble a cease- fire? %ri8a;o>7s efforts
=ere brus:ed aside =it: sin9le-e8<ire arro9ance b3 !us:1 =:o s<o;e off t:e cuff at a
<:oto o<<ortunit3" F6er3 candidl3???=:ile eE<ressin9 a<<reciation for :is sendin9 it to us1 it
falls =ell s:ort of =:at =ould be re@uired? As far as I a8 concerned1 t:ere are no
ne9otiations? T:e 9oals :a>e been set out? T:ere =ill be no concessions?F %ri8a;o> :ad
issued a call t:at Ft:e slau9:ter 8ust be sto<<ed? I a8 not sa3in9 t:at t:e =ar =as Bustified
before1 but its continuation cannot no= be Bustified fro8 an3 <oint of >ie=? A <eo<le is
<eris:in9?F orei9n Minister !ess8ertn3;: co8<lained t:at Ft:e <lan =as addressed to t:e
Ira@i leaders:i<1 so G!us:H reBected t:e <lan =:ic: did not belon9 to :i8?F Gfn /.H
,i<lo8aticall31 t:e once 8i9:t3 So>iet Union :ad ceased to eEistC t:e colla<se of t:e
So>iet state :ad been accelerated b3 its secondin9 of t:e An9lo- A8erican desi9ns in t:e
Gulf1 and t:e o<inions of t:e #re8lin no= counted for not:in9?
%ri8a;o> and Tari@ AAiA t:en <roceeded to transfor8 t:e ori9inal So>iet /-<oint <lan into a
8ore de8andin9 --<oint <lan1 includin9 so8e of t:e de8ands of t:e An9lo- A8ericans on
t:e ti8etable of =it:dra=al and ot:er issues? !us:7s ans=er to t:at1 on t:e 8ornin9 of
rida31 ebruar3 $$1 =as a $)-:our ulti8atu8 to Ira@ to be9in an Fi88ediate and
unconditional =it:dra=al fro8 #u=aitF or face an i88ediate attac; b3 coalition land
forces? Man3 Ira@i units =ere no= alread3 in retreatC t:e essence of t:e US de8ands =as to
8a;e Ira@ acce<t a <ullout so ra<id t:at all e@ui<8ent and su<<lies 8ust be left be:ind? It is
clear t:at1 e>en if Ira@ :ad acce<ted !us:7s ter8s1 :e =ould :a>e found reasons to continue
t:e air bo8bard8ent? ,urin9 t:e follo=in9 da3s1 t:e <rinci<al acti>it3 of US <lanes =as to
bo8b colu8ns of Ira@i forces lea>in9 #u=ait and retreatin9 to=ards t:e nort:1 to=ards
Ira@1 in eEact co8<liance =it: t:e UN resolutions? !ut !us: no= =anted to fulfill :is @uota
of 1551555 dead Ira@i soldiers? ,urin9 t:e e>enin9 of Saturda31 ebruar3 $'1 !us: s<o;e
fro8 t:e *:ite House announcin9 an order to Gen? Sc:=arA;o<f to Fuse all forces1
includin9 9round forces1 to eBect t:e Ira@i ar83 fro8 #u=ait?F Gfn //H It e8er9ed in
retros<ect t:at 8an3 Ira@i 8ilitar3 units :ad left #u=ait =ee;s before t:e final land battle?
*ell-infor8ed obser>ers t:ou9:t t:at t:e Ira@i Re<ublican Guard :ad been reduced to less
t:an t:ree functionin9 co8bat di>isions b3 !us:7s air and 9round assaults1 but it s:ortl3
beca8e clear t:at t:ere =ere at least fi>e Re<ublican Guard di>isions in t:e field at
so8et:in9 a<<roac:in9 full stren9t:? inall31 on ebruar3 $.1 after )1 da3s of =ar1 !us:
ordered a cease-fire? FOur 8ilitar3 obBecti>es are 8et1F <roclai8ed !us:? Gfn /2H
!ecause all re<orts on O<eration ,esert S:ield and O<eration ,esert Stor8 =ere co>ered
b3 t:e strictest 8ilitar3 censors:i<1 and because 8ost ne=s or9aniAations of t:e US and t:e
ot:er coalition states =ere 8ore t:an =illin9 to o<erate under t:ese conditions1 8ost of t:e
details of t:ese o<erations are still in t:e real8 of An9lo-A8erican 8ind =ar?
T:e coalition air fleets :ad carried out so8e 1$51555 sorties a9ainst Ira@? If eac: sortie :ad
clai8ed but a sin9le Ira@i life1 t:en 1$51555 Ira@is :ad <eris:ed? In realit31 total Ira@i
casualties of ;illed1 =ounded1 and 8issin91 <lus t:e ci>ilian losses fro8 fa8ine1 disease1
and <estilence 8ust :a>e been in t:e nei9:bor:ood of +551555 b3 t:e end of 1221?
In earl3 Marc:1 !us: addressed a s<ecial session of t:e Con9ress on =:at :e c:ose to call
t:e end of t:e =ar? T:is ti8e it =as !us:7s <ersonal a<ot:eosisC :e =as fre@uentl3
interru<ted b3 8anic a<<lause? !us:7s 8ind =ar :ad succeeded? Resistance to t:e =ar :ad
been dri>en >irtuall3 under9roundC bloodt:irst3 racis8 ruled 8ost <ublic discourse for a
ti8e? It =as one of t:e 8ost =retc:ed 8o8ents of t:e A8erican s<irit? !us:1 =:o =as
consciousl3 <re<arin9 ne= =ars1 =as careful not to <ro8ise <eace" FE>en t:e ne= =orld
order cannot 9uarantee an era of <er<etual <eace?F !us: no= turned :is attention to Ft:e
do8estic front1F =:ere :e =as @uic; to 8a;e clear t:at t:e ne= =orld order be9ins at
:o8e" :is 8ain <ro<osal =as t:e ad8inistration7s o8nibus cri8e bill? One of t:e 8ain
features of t:is 8onstrous le9islation =as an un<recedented eE<ansion in t:e use of t:e
deat: <enalt3 for a lon9 list of federal cri8es? !us: :ad enBo3ed 9i>in9 international
ulti8ata so 8uc: t:at :e decided to tr3 one on t:e Con9ress" FIf our forces could =in t:e
9round =ar in 155 :ours1 t:en surel3 t:e Con9ress can <ass t:is le9islation in 155 da3s? Let
t:at be a <ro8ise =e 8a;e toni9:t to t:e A8erican <eo<le?F Gfn 25H !rin9 t:e ;illin9 bac;
:o8e1 said !us: in effect?
Man3 co88entators1 es<eciall3 !us:7s o=n allies in t:e neoconser>ati>e <ro-Jionist ca8<1
=ere 9reatl3 disa<<ointed t:at !us: =as ter8inatin9 t:e :ostilities =it:out li@uidatin9
Sadda8 Hussein1 and =it:out 9uaranteein9 t:e <artition of Ira@? !us: =as restrained b3 a
series of considerations? urt:er <enetration into Ira@ =ould :a>e necessitated t:e lon9-
ter8 occu<ation of lar9e cities1 eE<osin9 t:e occu<iers to t:e dan9ers t:at t:e US Marines
:ad faced in !eirut in 12/$? If !us: =ere deter8ined to =i<e out t:e 9o>ern8ent of Ira@1
t:en :e =ould :a>e to <ro>ide an occu<ation 9o>ern8ent1 or else let t:e countr3 colla<se
into ci>il =ar and <artition? One of t:e bi9 =inners in an3 <artition =ould surel3 be IranC
t:e 8ulla: re9i8e =ould use its S:iite or9aniAations in sout:ern Ira@ to car>e off a lar9e
<iece of Ira@i territor31 <lacin9 Iran in an eEcellent <osition to t:reaten bot: Saudi Arabia
and #u=ait earl3 in t:e <ost=ar <eriod? T:is =ould :a>e caused 8uc: dis8a3 in t:e Saudi
ro3al fa8il3? Arab <ublic o<inion =as infla8ed to suc: a de9ree t:at 8ost Arab
9o>ern8ents =ould not :a>e been able to <artici<ate in t:e destruction of t:e Ira@i !aat:
%art31 since t:is =as an obBecti>e t:at =as clearl3 not co>ered b3 t:e UN resolutions? !ased
on t:ese and ot:er considerations1 !us: a<<ears to :a>e 8ade a c:aracteristic sna< decision
to end t:e =ar? !us: ended t:e =ar =it: a clai8 t:at t:e US casualt3 list for t:e entire
o<eration stood at $$' ;illedC but1 in ;ee<in9 =it: t:e 8ind =ar censors:i< t:at :ad cloa;ed
all t:e <roceedin9s1 no casualt3 list =as e>er <ublis:ed? T:e true nu8ber of t:ose ;illed is
t:erefore not ;no=n1 and is li;el3 to be 8uc: :i9:er t:an t:at clai8ed b3 !us:?
A <art of sout:ern Ira@ =as occu<ied b3 t:e US and ot:er coalition forces? On Marc: 1)1
!us: 8et =it: Mitterrand on t:e renc: island of Martini@ue and t:ere =as so8e fallin9
out on @uestions of t:e future ne= =orld order Farc:itectureF in t:e Middle East? On Marc:
1-1 !us: 8et =it: !ritis: %ri8e Minister MaBor on !er8uda? !us:7s <ublic line =as t:at
t:ere could be no nor8aliAation of relations =it: Ira@ as lon9 as Sadda8 Hussein re8ained
in <o=er? Since t:e da3s of t:e Treat3 of Se>res at t:e end of *orld *ar I1 London :ad
been to3in9 =it: t:e idea of an inde<endent #urdis: state in eastern Anatolia? T:e !ritis:
=ere also anEious to use t:e after8at: of t:e =ar in order to establis: <recedents in
international la= to under8ine t:e so>erei9nt3 of inde<endent nations1 and to create et:nic
encla>es s:ort of a co8<lete <artition of Ira@? !ritis:1 Israeli1 and US assets :ad co8bined
to <ro>o;e a lar9e-scale #urdis: u<risin9 in nort:ern Ira@1 and t:is <roduced a ci>il =ar in
t:e countr3? !ut t:e Re<ublican Guard1 =:ic: :ad alle9edl3 been destro3ed b3 t:e
coalition1 and t:e Ira@i ar831 =ere still ca<able of defendin9 t:e !aat: %art3 9o>ern8ent
a9ainst t:ese c:allen9es1 a factor =:ic: doubtless also cooled !us:7s ent:usias8 for furt:er
inter>ention?
,urin9 t:e latter :alf of Marc:1 calls =ere 8ade for t:e creation of a #urdis: encla>e in
nort:ern Ira@ under t:e <rotection of t:e coalition? On A<ril $1 t:e State ,e<art8ent
restated t:e !us: ad8inistration line of non-inter>ention and F:ands offF Ira@i internal
affairs1 and !us: :i8self re<eated t:is line on A<ril '? !ut !ritis: <ressure =as about to
create an eEtraordinar3 re>ersal1 =:ic: s:o=ed t:e =orld t:at e>en after t:e de<arture of
T:atc:er1 and =:ile :e =as alle9edl3 at t:e :ei9:t of :is 9lor31 !us: =as still ta;in9 orders
fro8 London? On A<ril +1 !us: 3ielded <artiall3 to t:e cla8or to inter>ene in fa>or of t:e
#urds1 =:o :ad no= been 8ilitaril3 defeated b3 t:e Ira@i ar83 and =ere see;in9 refu9e in
Iran and in t:e Tur;is: 8ountains of sout:east Anatolia? On A<ril .1 US <lanes be9an air
dro<s of su<<lies into t:ese Tur;is: and Ira@i areas? T:en1 on A<ril /1 MaBor re<eated :is
de8and for Fsafe AoneF encla>es for t:e #urds to be created and 9uaranteed b3 t:e coalition
in territor3 car>ed out of nort:ern Ira@? It =as a clear interference in Ira@i internal affairs1
and a clear >iolation of international la=1 but t:e !ritis: =ere bac;ed u< b3 t:e c:o<lo9ic
t:eoriAin9 of renc: orei9n Minister Roland ,u8as1 =:o ad>anced t:e t:eor3 of t:e
F:u8anitarian inter>entionF as a fi9-leaf for t:e s=ee<in9 <o=er of =ealt:3 i8<erialists to
tra8<le on t:e =ea; and t:e star>in9 in t:e future?
!us: =as :aunted b3 t:e s<ectre of 9ettin9 bo99ed do=n in endless 9uerilla =arfare in t:e
8ountains of nort:ern Ira@1 Bust as t:e So>iets :ad in Af9:anistan? On A<ril 1'1 !us: told
an audience of $1+55 at MaE=ell Air orce !ase *ar Colle9e in Mont9o8er31 Alaba8a"
Internal conflicts :a>e been ra9in9 in Ira@ for 8an3 3ears1 and =e7re :el<in9 out1 and =e7re
9oin9 to continue to :el< t:ese refu9ees? !ut I do not =ant one sin9le soldier or air8an
s:o>ed into a ci>il =ar in Ira@ t:at7s been 9oin9 on for a9es? And I78 not 9oin9 to :a>e t:at?
FSadda87s continued sa>a9er3 :as <laced :is re9i8e outside t:e international order1F said
!us:? !ut F=e =ill not interfere in Ira@7s ci>il =ar? T:e Ira@i <eo<le 8ust decide t:eir o=n
<olitical future?F Gfn 21H
!ut t:e !ritis: <ressure =as unrelentin9C t:is =as a c:ance to re=rite international la= and
to deal a crus:in9 blo= to <re>ious conce<ts of so>erei9nt3? !us: finall3 :ar;ened to :is
8aster7s >oice? On A<ril 1-1 :e announced t:e total re>ersal of :is o=n <olic3"
???I :a>e directed t:e US 8ilitar3 to be9in i88ediatel3 to establis: se>eral enca8<8ents in
nort:ern Ira@ =:ere relief su<<lies for t:ese refu9ees =ill be 8ade a>ailable in lar9e
@uantities and distributed in an orderl3 =a3?
A8on9 t:ose :e said :e :ad consulted1 !us: 8entioned MaBor? !ut =:at about !us:7s
<re>ious >e:e8ent <led9es ne>er to ta;e suc: a ste<D One ti8id >oice in t:e <ress
conference >entured to as;"
L" ,o 3ou feel certain enou9: of t:eir safet3 t:at 3ou feel t:is is not inconsistent =it: 3our
earlier state8ents about not <uttin9 one US soldier7s life on t:e lineD !us:" (es1 I do? I
t:in; t:is is entirel3 different1 and I t:in; it7s a-- I Bust feel it7s =:at7s needed in ter8s of
:el<in9 t:ese <eo<le? And so so8e 8a3 inter<ret it t:at =a3C I don7t? I t:in; it7s <urel3
:u8anitarian1 and I t:in; re<resentations :a>e been 8ade as recentl3 as toda3 t:at t:e37d
be-- 3ou ;no=1 t:at t:ese <eo<le =ould be safe? So I :o<e it <ro>es t:at =a3? Gfn 2$H
T:is decision created an An9lo-A8erican encla>e in nort:ern Ira@ t:at eE<anded durin9 a
<eriod of se>eral =ee;s before stabiliAin9? US forces left Ira@i territor3 b3 &ul3 1+1 but
so8e of t:e8 sta3ed be:ind as <art of a >er3 o8inous ra<id de<lo38ent force Bointl3
created b3 t:e US1 t:e U#1 rance1 Ital31 !el9iu81 and t:e Net:erlands and based in
sout:east Tur;e3? T:is =as called O<eration %oised Ha88er 0in !ritis: <arlance1 S=ord of
,a8ocles41 and =as alle9edl3 stationed to <rotect t:e #urds fro8 future attac;s b3
Sadda8? Man3 obser>ers noted t:at t:is force =as o<ti8all3 <ositioned to 9o nort: and east
as =ell as sout: and =est1 8eanin9 t:at t:e %oised Ha88er force :ad to be re9arded as <re-
<ositioned for a <ossible 8o>e into t:e sout:ern1 Isla8ic belt of t:e cru8blin9 So>iet
e8<ire?
On A<ril 1- and A<ril $21 Ira@1 :a>in9 co8<lied =it: 8ost of t:e cease-fire conditions
i8<osed b3 !us: t:rou9: t:e UN Securit3 Council1 re@uested t:at t:e econo8ic e8bar9o
i8<osed in earl3 Au9ust1 1225 be finall3 lifted so as to <er8it t:e countr3 to bu3 food1
8edicine1 and ot:er basic 9oods on t:e =orld 8ar;et1 and to sell oil in order to <a3 for
t:e8? !ut !us:7s co88itt8ent to 9enocide =as trul3 i8<lacable? !us: first obstructed t:e
Ira@i re@uests =it: a debate on t:e conditions for t:e <a38ent of Ira@i re<arations and t:e
countr37s international financial debt1 and t:en stated on Ma3 $5" FAt t:is Buncture1 83
>ie= is =e don7t =ant to lift t:e sanctions as lon9 as GSadda8 HusseinH is in <o=er?F In t:e
Con9ress1 Re<? Ti8 %enn3 of Minneosta and Re<? Henr3 GonAaleA of TeEas offered
resolutions to relaE t:e sanctions or to end t:e8 entirel31 but t:e !us: 8ac:ine bloc;ed
e>er3 8o>e in t:at direction? Here !us: ris;ed isolation in t:e court of =orld <ublic
o<inion? On &ul3 1$1 t:e A9a #:an returned fro8 a >isit to Ira@ to <ro<ose t:at t:e
sanctions be lifted? T:e li>es of :undreds of t:ousands of Ira@i c:ildren =ere in dan9er
because of t:e lac; of clean =ater1 food1 8edicine1 and basic :ealt: ser>icesC durin9 t:e
su88er of 12211 infant 8ortalit3 in Ira@ rose al8ost )55R o>er t:e <re-=ar <eriod?
T:e s<rin9 of 1221 brou9:t a <olitical si9nal t:at =as >er3 o8inous for !us:7s future? T:is
bad o8en for Geor9e ca8e in t:e for8 of a Ne= (or; Ti8es o<-ed =ritten b3 *illia8 G?
H3land1 t:e =ell-;no=n #issin9er clone ser>in9 as editor for t:e 8a9aAine orei9n Affairs1
t:e @uarterl3 or9an of t:e Ne= (or; Council on orei9n Relations1 and one of t:e fla9s:i<
<ublications of t:e Eastern An9lo<:ile Liberal Establis:8ent? T:e article =as entitled
F,o=n9rade orei9n %olic31F and a<<eared on Ma3 $51 1221? H3land7s t:esis =as t:at FT:e
United States :as ne>er been less t:reatened b3 forei9n forces t:an it is toda3? !ut t:e
unfortunate corollar3 is t:at ne>er since t:e Great ,e<ression :as t:e t:reat to do8estic
=ell-bein9 been 9reater?F H3land de8anded t:at !us: <a3 8ore attention to do8estic
<olic31 and :is <ro<osals for US 8ilitar3 disen9a9e8ent abroad =ere radical enou9: to
raise t:e e3ebro=s of t:e London inancial Ti8es1C =:ic: called attention to H3land7s
catalo9ue of !us:7s Fdisastrous do8estic a9enda" cri8e1 dru9s1 education1 urban crisis1
federal bud9et deficits and a constant s@ueeAe on t:e 8iddle class1 t:e bac;bone of our
de8ocrac3?F
*:at H3land7s bac;ers :ad in 8ind as re8edies for t:ese <roble8s boiled do=n to 8odern
>ersions of t:e Mussolini fascist cor<orate state? H3land7s litan3 t:at !us: :ad to <a3 8ore
attention to do8estic crises and es<eciall3 t:e battered US econo83 soon beca8e t:e stoc;
r:etoric of ,e8ocratic <residential candidates de8andin9 a transition fro8 !us:7s
>oluntar3 cor<oratis8 0t:e Ft:ousand <oints of li9:tF4 to t:e co8<ulsor3 cor<oratis8 of
Gen? Hu9: &o:nson7s National Reco>er3 Ad8inistration1 =it: an econo83 or9aniAed into
obli9ator31 state-controlled cartels to reduce =a9es and cut <roduction? T:is =as t:e realit3
t:at lur;ed be:ind t:e edif3in9 r:etoric about <o>ert31 Boblessness1 and t:e decline of t:e
8iddle class <ur>e3ed b3 t:e official ,e8ocratic <residential contenders =:o finall3
e8er9ed b3 t:e end of 1221? !ut for !us:1 t:e H3land article =as a clear indication t:at
*all Street =as beco8in9 disenc:anted =it: :is <olicies?
On a nu8ber of occasions1 !us: t:reatened to rene= t:e air =ar a9ainst Ira@? One t:reat of
air stri;es ca8e bet=een &ul3 $+ and &ul3 $/1 usin9 t:e issue of alle9ed Ira@i conceal8ent
of nuclear <ro9ra8s? T:en1 in =:at a8ounted to an earl3 ca8<ai9n fora3 into a nu8ber of
=estern states1 !us: 8ade ne= t:reats bet=een Se<te8ber 1/ and Se<te8ber $51 includin9
an enra9ed 8onolo9ue at t:e Grand Can3on in t:e co8<an3 of t:e 9:oulis: Sco=croft?
!us: =as deter8ined to eE<loit t:e 8o8entu8 9ained durin9 t:e >iolence and eEtortion of
t:e Gulf crisis to furt:er t:e cause of An9lo-A8erican econo8ic =ar and trade =ar a9ainst
Ger8an31 &a<an1 t:e de>elo<in9 countries1 and t:e So>iet bloc? In 8id-ebruar31 in t:e
8idst of t:e Gulf =ar1 !us:7s resident :ar<ie at t:e Trade Re<resentati>e7s Office1 Carla
Hills1 :ad >irtuall3 declared =ar a9ainst t:e =estern Euro<ean Airbus consortiu81 accusin9
t:is 9rou< of fir8s of <rotectionis81 subsidies1 and >iolations of eEisitin9 GATT
re9ulations? On &une $.1 12251 !us: :ad announced :is FEnter<rise for t:e A8ericasF in
effect a <lan for a free trade Aone stretc:in9 fro8 t:e Nort: %ole to Tierra del ue9o1 all to
be subBected to unbridled lootin9 b3 t:e US dollar? At t:at ti8e !us: :ad stated t:at Ft:e
US stands read3 to enter into free trade a9ree8ents =it: ot:er 8ar;ets in Latin A8erica
and t:e Caribbean??? and t:e first ste< in t:is <rocess is a trade a9ree8ent =it: MeEico?F
,urin9 t:e Gulf buildu<1 !us: :ad 8et =it: MeEican %resident Carlos Salinas de Gortari in
Salinas7s :o8e to=n of A9uale9uas in nort:ern MeEico? T:e leadin9 ite8 on t:e a9enda
=as t:e *all Street de8and for a US-MeEico free trade a9ree8ent =:ic:1 to9et:er =it: t:e
eEisitin9 US-Canada free trade arran9e8ent1 =ould a8ount to a Nort: A8erican ree
Trade A9ree8ent 0NATA4? T:e ne9otiation of t:is deal =ould be9in durin9 1221? T:e
essence of NATA =as a =:oll3 dere9ulated free trade Aone in =:ic: re8ainin9 factories
and ot:er businesses in t:e United States =ould 8o>e t:eir o<erations to MeEico in order to
ta;e ad>anta9e of an a>era9e :ourl3 =a9e of 2/ cents an :our as a9ainst I11 an :our in US
8anufacturin9? T:e le9al 8ini8u8 =a9e in MeEico =as t:e e@ui>alent of +2 cents an :our?
It =as a <lan for runa=a3 s:o<s on an un<recedented scaleC t:e MeEican s=eat s:o<s or
F8a@uiladorasF =ere so brutal in t:eir eE<loitati>e <ractices as to constitute an FAusc:=itA
belo= t:e border?F Salinas >isited *as:in9ton on A<ril .1 12211 and !us: once a9ain called
for free trade =it: MeEico" FM3 ad8inistration is co88itted totall3 to t:e free trade
a9ree8ent =it: MeEico and Canada1F said !us:? FIt is <riorit3 for t:e United States1 t:e US
9o>ern8ent?F
T:en t:ere =as t:e Uru9ua3 round of t:e General A9ree8ent on Tariffs and Trade? T:e
9oal of t:e !us:8en in in t:e GATT tal;s =as to <ress for=ard to=ards =:at !us: called
F9lobal free tradeCF all nations =ere to be coerced into 9i>in9 u< t:eir in:erent so>erei9n
ri9:ts to inter>ene in fa>or of t:eir o=n far8ers1 industrialists1 and ot:er <roducers? An
i8<ortant as<ect of t:is t:rust =as t:e An9lo-A8erican de8and t:at t:e Euro<ean
Co88unit3 dis8antle its s3ste8 of <a38ents to far8ers? In October1 at t:e UN1 !us:
=ould <ress for t:e co8<letion of GATT" FT:e Uru9ua3 Round offers :o<e to de>elo<in9
nations? I cannot stress enou9:???Histor3 s:o=s t:at <rotectionis8 can destro3 =ealt:
=it:in countries and <oison relations bet=een t:e8?
!us: de8anded fro8 t:e US Con9ress t:e abilit3 to ne9otiate bot: GATT and NATA on a
Ffast trac;F basis? T:is 8eant t:at !us: =anted to be able to ne9otiate >ital international
trade a9ree8ents1 and t:en sub8it t:e8 to Con9ress on an all-or-not:in91 ta;e-it-or-lea>e-it
basis? T:e Con9ress could 8a;e no a8end8ents nor add state8ents of clarificationC suc:
rubber-sta8<in9 =ould under8ine t:e ri9:t of t:e senate to <ro>ide ad>ice and consent in
treaties? T:ere =as considerable resistance in Con9ress to t:e fast trac; for NATA and
GATT1 and t:is =as bac;ed u< b3 t:e ran; and file of t:e AL- CIO trade unions1 =:o did
not =is: to see t:eir Bobs eE<orted? !ut t:e c:ances for sto<<in9 t:e fast trac; in t:e
su88er of 1221 =ere ruined b3 t:e defection of Missouri Con9ress8an Ric:ard Ge<:ardt1
=:ose ties to or9aniAed labor =ere stron91 but =:o ne>ert:less ca8e out in fa>or of t:e fast
trac; on Ma3 2? Ge<:ardt :ad clas:ed =it: !us: durin9 12/21 =:en !us: =as recorded in
t:e con9ressional <ress 9aller3 as co8<lainin9 FI tell 3ou1 I78 dis<leased =it: Ge<:ardt1 t:e
=a3 :e 8ade it so reall3 ;ind of <ersonal?F !ut durin9 12251 Ge<:ardt :ad settled into t:e
!us: ,e8ocrat 8ould1 eEce<t for so8e o<<osition to !us:7s =ar <olic3 in t:e Gulf? !3
12211 Ge<:ardt =as in !us:7s <oc;et? T:e fast trac; cleared Con9ress on Ma3 $'?
!us: sou9:t to eEtend t:e Aone of Ffree tradeF lootin9 e>er sout:=ard? In 8id-&une1 t:e
!raAilian %resident Collor de Mello ca8e to t:e *:ite House1 =:ere !us: 9reeted :i8 as
F83 ;ind of 9u3?F Collor1 li;e Salinas1 =as anEious to dissol>e national so>erei9nt3 into a
Ffree 8ar;et?F T:e discussion re>ol>ed around reducin9 trade barriers bet=een t:e future
NATA and t:e Sout:ern Co88on Mar;et of !raAil1 Ar9entina1 %ara9ua31 and Uru9ua3?
Collor also <led9ed to <reser>e t:e A8aAon rain forest1 a de8and t:at =as beco8in9 t:e
focus of t:e UN7s FEco 72$F conference set to ta;e <lace in !raAil? S:ortl3 after t:is1 !us:
=ould :old a Rose Garden cere8on3 to celebrate t:e triu8<:ant <ro9ress of :is Enter<rise
for t:e A8ericas free trade stea8roller since its ince<tion one 3ear before?
Continuin9 >iolence =as t:e sta<le of t:e Ne= *orld Order? Elections in India =ere
sc:eduled for late Ma31 and t:e li;el3 >ictor =as RaBi> Gand:i1 =:ose 8ot:er :ad been
assassinated b3 An9lo-A8erican intelli9ence in 12/)? RaBi> Gand:i1 durin9 :is ti8e in t:e
o<<osition1 :ad eE<erienced a re8ar;able <rocess of <ersonal 8aturation? ,urin9 t:e Gulf
crisis and t:e =ar a9ainst Ira@1 :e :ad used :is <osition as c:ief of t:e o<<osition to force
t:e =ea; C:andra S:a;ar 9o>ern8ent to reBect a US de8and for landin9 ri9:ts for US
8ilitar3 aircraft transferrin9 =ar 8aterial fro8 t:e %:ili<<ines to=ard Saudi Arabia? If re-
elected <ri8e 8inister of India1 RaBi> Gand:i =ould >er3 li;el3 :a>e assu8ed a <osition of
leaders:i< a8on9 =orld forces deter8ined to resist t:e An9lo-A8erican Ne= *orld OrderC
:e also =ould :a>e offered t:e best :o<e of frustratin9 London7s 9a8bit of a ne= Indo-
%a;istani =ar accordin9 to t:e 9a8e <lan in =:ic: !us: :ad <artici<ated bac; in 12.5? T:e
An9lo-A8erican 8edia did not conceal t:eir >eno8ous :atred of RaBi>? He =as
assassinated =:ile ca8<ai9nin9 on Ma3 $11 and :is deat: =as =idel3 attributed in India to
t:e CIA?
!us:7s a<<roac: to sabota9in9 and containin9 continental Euro<e includin9 doin9
e>er3t:in9 <ossible to create a ne= =ar on t:e !al;an flan; of t:at continent? T:is =as
done as o<enl3 as <ossible1 t:rou9: a >isit to !el9rade b3 &a8es !a;er? !a;er 8et =it: t:e
<residents of t:e t=o (u9osla> federal re<ublics =:ic: :ad been see;in9 eit:er a loose
confederation or else t:eir o=n outri9:t inde<endence1 Milan #ucan of Slo>enia and ranBo
TudB8an of Croatia? !a;er =arned bot: t:at t:e3 =ould 9et no US reco9nition and no US
econo8ic aid if t:e3 seceded fro8 t:e (u9osla> federation? F*e ca8e to (u9osla>ia
because of our concern about t:e crisis and about t:e dan9ers of a disinte9ration of t:is
countr3? T:e concerns t:at =e ca8e to (u9osla>ia =it: :a>e not been alla3ed b3 t:e
8eetin9s =e :ad toda3? *e t:in; t:at t:e situation is >er3 serious1F said !a;er? T:e brea;u<
of (u9osla>ia =ould :a>e F>er3 tra9ic conse@uences?F !a;er added a >er3 o8inousl3" F*e
=orr31 fran;l31 about :istor3 re<eatin9 itself?F !a;er =as tal;in9 about SaraBe>o and :o=
t:e conflict of Serbia =it: Austria-Hun9ar3 :ad detonated a 9eneral =ar and de>astated
Euro<e? !a;er :ad a s<ecial 8eetin9 =it: t:e Serbian fascist stron98an1 Slobodan
Milose>ic1 in =:ic: !a;er encoura9ed t:e Serbian 8ilitar3 to su<<ress an3 rebellion =it:
8ilitar3 8eans? T:e federal ar83 assaults on Slo>enia1 and t:en on Croatia1 can be dated
fro8 t:ese eEc:an9es1 =:ic: succeeded in creatin9 t:e first =ar and t:e first bo8bin9 of
ci>ilians in central Euro<e since 12)+? Inter>ie=s durin9 t:is sa8e ti8e fra8e b3
Undersecretar3 of State La=rence Ea9lebur9er1 t:e #issin9er Associates >eteran =:o :ad
been on t:e board of t:e US i8<orter of (u9o auto8obiles1 and on t:e board of a (u9osla>
ban; in>ol>ed in dru9 8one3 launderin91 left no doubt of US intent" in Ea9lebur9er7s
babblin91 e>er3 ot:er =ord =as Fci>il =ar?F
US bro;era9e :ouses =aEed elo@uent o>er :o= t:e inci<ient (u9osla> ci>il =ar =ould
<re>ent in>est8ent in 8ost countries of central Euro<e1 and =ould ruin t:e econo8ic
:interland of united Ger8an3? (u9osla>ia :ad been ra>a9ed b3 t:e conditionalities of t:e
IM durin9 t:e 12/57s1 and it =as t:is re9i8e t:at !us: =as i8<osin9 in %oland1 and =:ic:
:e =anted to eEtend to t:e rest of eastern Euro<e and t:e re<ublics e8er9in9 fro8 t:e
USSR?
Gorbac:o> :ad been in>ited to t:e Grou< of Se>en su88it in London as a result of
<ressure fro8 t:e continental Euro<eans =:ic: !us: and MaBor :ad been unable to
=it:stand? !ut all t:at Gorbac:o> could brin9 :o8e fro8 t:is 8eetin9 =as t:e <ro8ise of
Ftec:nical assistanceF fro8 t:e IM1 8eanin9 t:e ad>ice of &effre3 Sac:s of Har>ard1 an
inco8<etent c:arlatan =:o :ad <resided o>er t:e ruin of %oland? On t:e last t=o da3s of
&ul31 !us: =ent to Mosco= for a su88it =it: Gorbac:o> t:at centered on t:e si9nin9 of a
treat3 on reducin9 strate9ic ar8a8ents? Erst=:ile condo8iniu8 <artners Gorbac:o> and
%ri8a;o> <ressed for econo8ic assistance and in>est8ents1 but all t:at !us: =as =illin9 to
offer =as a >a9ue co88itt8ent to for=ard to Con9ress t:e trade treat3 of 12251 =:ic:
=ould <ro>ide1 if a<<ro>ed1 for t:e eEtension of t:e Most a>ored Nation treat8ent to
Mosco=? So>iet blac; beret s<ecial forces units deliberatel3 8assacred siE Lit:uanian
border 9uards as !us: =as arri>in91 but !us: 8aintained a <ose of studied disinterest in t:e
freedo8 of t:e !altics? And not onl3 of t:e !altics" after t:e sessions =it: Gorbac:o> =ere
o>er1 !us: =ent to #ie>1 t:e ca<ital of t:e U;raine1 =:ere :e reBected a <ri>ate 8eetin9
=it: I>an ,rac:1 t:e leader of t:e Ru;:1 t:e 8ain o<<osition 8o>e8ent? In t:e U;rainian
ca<ital on Au9ust 11 FC:ic;en #ie>F !us: 8ade :is infa8ous s<eec: in =:ic: :e =arned
about t:e dan9ers in:erent in nationalis8?
!us:7s #ie> s<eec: stands out in retros<ect as co8<ellin9 e>idence of :is relentless
o<<osition to antico88unist and antiso>iet 8o>e8ents in t:e 8oribund So>iet e8<ire1 and
of :is relentless desire to do e>il? T3<icall31 !us: @uoted :is idol1 T:eodore Roose>elt" FTo
be <atroniAed is as offensi>e as to be insulted? No one of us cares <er8anentl3 to :a>e
so8eone else conscientiousl3 stri>in9 to do :i8 9ood? *:at- =e =ant to =or; =it: t:at
so8eone else for t:e 9ood of bot: of us?F T:en !us: 9ot to t:e :eart of t:e 8atter1 :is
die:ard su<<ort for Gorbac:o> and t:e i8<erial edifice erected b3 Lenin and Stalin" F So8e
<eo<le :a>e ur9ed t:e United States to c:oose bet=een su<<ortin9 %resident Gorbac:o>
and su<<ortin9 inde<endence-8inded leaders t:rou9:out t:e USSR? I consider t:is a false
c:oice?F And t:en1 t:e cro=nin9 insult to t:e U;rainians1 =:o :ad been denied t:eir
nation:ood for centuries" F???freedo8 is not t:e sa8e as inde<endence? A8ericans =ill not
su<<ort t:ose =:o see; in order to re<lace a far-off t3rann3 =it: a local des<otis8? T:e3
=ill not aid t:ose =:o <ro8ote a suicidal nationalis8 based u<on et:nic :atred?F Gfn 2'H It
=as an insult t:e U;rainians and ot:er freedo8 fi9:ters =ill not soon for9et1 and it :ad t:e
benefit of o<enin9 t:e e3es of 8ore t:an a fe= as to =:at ;ind of bird t:is !us: reall3 =as?
A9ain !us:7s <olic3 =as a reci<e for destabiliAation1 star>ation1 and =ar" :e encoura9ed t:e
#re8lin to crac; do=n1 but offered no econo8ic coo<eration1 insistin9 instead on IM
su<er-austerit3? ,urin9 t:e t:ird =ee; after !us: :ad left Mosco=1 t:e aborti>e <utsc: of
t:e Grou< of / too; <lace? In t:e =a;e of t:e failed <utsc:1 !us: =as one of t:e last =orld
leaders to announce t:e restoration of di<lo8atic relations =it: t:e !altic states t:rou9: t:e
sendin9 of an a8bassadorC !us: :ad dela3ed for t:ree additional da3s in res<onse to an
eE<licit re@uest fro8 Gorbac:o>? !3 t:e ti8e !us: :ad acce<ted !altic freedo81 it =as
Se<te8ber $? !us: clun9 to Gorbac:o> lon9 after t:e latter :ad in fact ceased to eEist?
Gorbac:o> =as 9one b3 t:e end of 12211 and t:e alternati>e reBected b3 !us: in #ie>
turned out to :a>e been t:e real one?
So>iet <olic3 led t:e a9enda =:en MaBor >isited !us: at #ennebun;<ort at t:e end of
Au9ust? T:e t=o An9lo-SaEon c:a8<ions <ro<osed to offer t:e for8er USSR re<ublics
F<ractical :el< in con>ertin9 t:eir econo83 into one t:at =or;s1F as MaBor <ut it? T:is
translated into acceleratin9 t:e Fs<ecial associationF of t:e So>iet Union 0andOor its
successor states4 =it: t:e IM1 F=it: a >ie= to full 8e8bers:i< in due course for t:ose
=:o @ualif3F b3 >irtue of t:eir ado<tion of t:e disastrous %olis: 8odel? !us: ur9ed
A8ericans to =ait Funtil t:e dust settlesF and until Ft:ere are 8ore cards on t:e table?F FI
9ot incidentall3 turned in for bein9 test31F co8<lained !us: about co88ent on :is <re>ious
re8ar;s stressin9 indifference to <ersonnel c:an9es in Mosco=? FAnd I78 =onderin9 =:at
=e7re 9oin9 to do for an encore neEt Au9ust1 &o:n1F added !us:1 Fbecause last 3ear1 as 3ou
;no=1 it =as t:e Gulf?F Gfn 2)H
!ut for Geor9e !us:1 t:e essence of t:e <ost=ar 8ont:s of 1221 =as a succession of
<ersonal triu8<:s1 a succession =:ic: :e :o<ed to eEtend all t:e =a3 to t:e 122$ election?
In 8id-Ma31 Lueen EliAabet: II >isited *as:in9ton in t:e conteEt of a tour of se>eral
A8erican cities? In an e>ent =:ic: 8ar;ed a ne= ste< in t:e 8oral de9enerac3 of t:e
United States1 EliAabet: Mountbatten-*indsor1 lineal descendant of t:e :ated Geor9e III of
Hanno>er1 beca8e t:e first 8onarc: of t:e United #in9do8 e>er to address a Boint session
of t:e Con9ress? EliAabet: s<o;e =it: t:e c3nical :3<ocris3 =:ic: is t:e :all8ar; of
An9lo-A8erican <ro<a9anda? S:e <ortra3ed !ritain and t:e United States as united b3 t:e
reBection of Mao7s old dictu8 t:at <olitical <o=er F9ro=s out of t:e barrel of a 9un?F S:e
alle9ed t:at t:e s<ontaneous reaction of bot: !ritain and t:e United States to t:e #u=ait
crisis =as t:e sa8e1 t:at it re<resented Fan outra9e to be re>ersed1 bot: for t:e <eo<le of
#u=ait and for t:e sa;e of t:e <rinci<le t:at na;ed a99ression s:ould not <re>ail?F FOur
>ie=s =ere identical and so =ere our res<onses1F said EliAabet:1 <a3in9 tribute to !us:?
S:e also see8ed to :int at o<en-ended co88itt8ents in t:e Gulf =it: :er line t:at
Funfortunatel31 eE<erience s:o=s t:at 9reat enter<rises seldo8 end =it: a tid3 and
satisfactor3 flouris:?F One =:o <reser>ed :is :onor b3 bo3cottin9 t:is session =as
Con9ress8an Gus Sa>a9e1 =:o called EliAabet: Ft:e Lueen of colonialis81F <residin9 o>er
an eE<loited e8<ire in t:e t:ird =orld? !us: bas;ed in t:e <raise directed to t:e leader of
t:e free =orld1 and for :is <art raised a fe= e3ebro=s b3 callin9 !ritain Ft:e 8ot:er
countr3?F !us:7s enBo38ent =as 8arred b3 t:e eE:austion brou9:t on b3 :is t:3roid
<roble8s? And not e>er3one a<<reciated EliAabet:" one *as:in9ton %ost =riter stirred u<
t:e An9lo<:iles b3 describin9 :er as Ft:is fust3 cartoon1 t:is u<:olstered relic in =:ite
9lo>es1 t:is cor9i-button defender of an ill-;e<t fait:?F Gfn 2+H
In earl3 &une1 t:ere =as t:e triu8<: accorded to General Sc:=arA;o<f for t:e Gulf =ar?
!us: >ie=ed t:e <arade and aircraft fl3o>er fro8 a re>ie=in9 stand set u< in front of t:e
*:ite House1 and 8et Sc:=arA;o<f <ersonall3 =:en :e arri>ed? In t:e =a;e of t:e =ar1
said !us:1 Ft:ere is a ne= and =onderful feelin9 in A8erica?F In t:e Ro8an triu8<:s1 t:e
>ictorious 9eneral =as cro=ned =it: ba3 lea>es1 and dressed in a <ur<le to9a e8bossed
=it: 9olden stars? He also recei>ed t:e ser>ices of a sla>e =:o <ersistentl3 re8inded :i8
t:at :e =as 8ortal1 and t:at all 9lor3 =as fleetin9? !us: =ould :a>e benefitted fro8 t:e
ser>ices of suc: a sla>e on t:at &une /? Gfn 2-H
T:e :i9: tide of !us:7s 8e9alo8ania as t:e e8<eror of t:e ne= =orld order =as <er:a<s
reac:ed at t:e United Nations in Se<te8ber? It =as an elaboration of t:e <re>ious 3ear7s
oration on t:e Ne= *orld Order? irst1 !us: 8ade clear =:at t:e de>elo<in9 sector could
eE<ect in t:e <ost=ar =orld" FT:e =orld :as learned t:at free 8ar;ets <ro>ide le>els of
<ros<erit31 9ro=t:1 and :a<<iness t:at centrall3 <lanned econo8ies can ne>er offer???Here
in t:e c:a8ber =e :ear about Nort:-Sout: <roble8s? !ut free and o<en trade1 includin9
unfettered access to 8ar;ets and credit1 offer de>elo<in9 countries t:e 8eans of self-
sufficienc3 and econo8ic di9nit3? If t:e Uru9ua3 round s:ould fail1 a ne= =a>e of
<rotectionis8 could destro3 our :o<es for a better future?F
!us: t:en clai8ed credit1 if not for t:e end of :istor31 t:en for a re>i>al of :istor3 in t:e
areas =:ic: :ad been do8inated b3 co88unis8? FCo88unis8 :eld :istor3 ca<ti>e for
3ears????T:is re>i>al of :istor3 us:ers in a ne= era tee8in9 =it: o<<ortunities and
<erils????Histor37s re>i>al enables <eo<le to <ursue t:eir natural instincts for enter<rise?
Co88unis8 froAe t:at <ro9ress until its failures beca8e too 8uc: for e>en its defenders to
bear?F
!us: t:en turned to t:e =ar of t:e coalition a9ainst Ira@ =:ic: :e celebrated as a Ft:ird
:istorical brea;t:rou9:" international coo<eration1F a F8easured1 <rinci<led1 deliberate and
coura9eous res<onse to Sadda8 Hussein1F and1 8ost o8inousl31 Fa 8odel for t:e collecti>e
settle8ent of dis<utes?F FAnd it is t:e United States >ie= t:at =e 8ust ;ee< t:e United
Nations sanctions in <lace as lon9 as GSadda8 HusseinH re8ains in <o=er?F FT:is is not to
sa3-- and let 8e be clear on t:is one-- t:at =e s:ould <unis: t:e Ira@i <eo<le?F
!us: de8anded t:at t:e General Asse8bl3 ta;e bac; its resolution e@uatin9 Jionis8 =it:
racis8? !us:7s a<<roac: to Israel =as al=a3s balanced1 al=a3s =it:in t:e bounds of t:e
#nessetC t:is concession balanced :is <roddin9 of S:a8ir to co8e to a <eace conference
=:ic: !us: =anted to :old in late October?
!us:7s <eroration re>erted to t:e t:e8e of t:e Sin9le E8<ire1 t:e An9lo-SaEon Ne= *orld
Order"
inall31 3ou 8a3 =onder about A8erica7s role in t:e ne= =orld t:at I :a>e described? Let
8e assure 3ou1 t:e United States :as no intention of stri>in9 for a %aE A8ericana?
Ho=e>er1 =e =ill re8ain en9a9ed? *e =ill not retreat and <ull bac; into isolationis8? *e
=ill offer friends:i< and leaders:i<? And in s:ort1 =e see; a %aE Uni>ersalis built u<on
s:ared res<onsibilities and as<irations?F Gfn 2.H
T:e e8<eror of t:e ne= =orld order :ad s<o;enC no=1 =oe to t:e >an@uis:edK
NOTES"
1? Suetonius1 T:e Li>es of t:e T=el>e Casears 0Ne= (or;" Modern Librar31 12'141 <? $+/?
$? Suetonius1 <? 1.$?
'? F!us: is O<ti8istic After Tal;s =it: Gorbac:o>1F *as:in9ton %ost1Y Marc: 1)1 12/+?
)? !ob *ood=ard1 T:e Co88anders1 <? +)-++?
+? F!us: ,is8isses Gorbac:o> Co8<laint1F *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril /1 12/2?
-? FRea9an Is Concerned About !us:7s Indecision1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 -1 12/2?
.? F!us: Rebu;es Critics of Ar8s %olic31F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 121 12/2?
/? F!us: Hails 7,ra8atic7 ,ecision1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 151 12/2?
2? F!us:" T:e Secret %residenc31F Ne=s=ee;1 &anuar3 11 1225?
15? F!erlin and !us:7s E8otional *all1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1)1 12/2?
11? FTeEt of %resident !us:7s Address1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber $'1 12/2?
1$? %eo<le1 A<ril 21 1225?
1'? See FTrac;in9 T:3roid %roble8s1F *as:in9ton Ti8es1 Ma3 $21 1221? T:is article1 anEious to <re>ent
t:e reader fro8 associatin9 t:e broccoli outburst =it: t:e 8ental and t:r3oid <roble8s of t:e s<rin9 of
12251 :astens to add" FT:ere is no e>idence t:at lac; of broccoli causes Gra>es disease?F Gra>es disease
=as t:e official *:ite House lable for !us:7s t:3roid 8alad31 =:ic: 8edical <rofessionals =it:out <olitical
aEes to 9rind :a>e tended to classif3 as !asedo=7s disease?
1)? FTranscri<t of !us:-Gorbac:o> Ne=s Conference1F *as:in9ton %ost1Y &une )1 1225?
1+? &i8 Hoa9land1 FT:e ,eal !e:ind t:e Su88it1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &une +1 1225?
1-? See FMars:all Sa3s He Ne>er Heard of !us:7s No8inee1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 $.1 1225C FMars:all
Sla8s Ga>el on Souter1F *as:in9ton Ti8es1 &ul3 $.1 1225? At about t:e sa8e ti8e t:at Mars:all @uit1 Re<?
*illia8 Gra3 of %:iladel<:ia1 t:e ,e8ocratic MaBorit3 *:i<1 announced :is resi9nation fro8 t:e House to
beco8e t:e <resident of t:e United Ne9ro Colle9e und? Gra3 :ad been under :ea>3 <olice state attac;
fro8 t:e !I1 and =as :ounded fro8 office? *it:in a fe= =ee;s1 !us: :ad dis<osed of t:e to<-ran;in9
blac; officials of bot: t:e le9islati>e and Budicial branc:es of 9o>ern8ent?
1.? Hobart Ro=en1 FA Near-,e<ression1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 151 1221?
1/? F!us: O<ens ,oor to TaE-Hi;e Tal;s1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 /1 1225?
12? Alan ried8an1 FT:e Neil !us: !ailout1F 6anit3 air1 October1 1225?
$5? F!us: ,efends itA=ater in SNL in9er-%ointin91F *as:in9ton %ost1 &une $11 1225? !us: >etoed H?R?
..51 t:e a8il3 and Medical Lea>e !ill1 =:ic: =ould :a>e re@uired e8<lo3ers =it: +5 or 8ore e8<lo3ees
to <ro>ide t:eir =or;ers =it: u< to 1$ =ee;s of un<aidY1 Bob-<rotected lea>e eac: 3ear to care for a ne=
c:ild or a seriousl3 ill c:ild1 <arent1 or s<ouse1 or to use as F8edical lea>eF if an e<lo3ee is seriousl3 ill?
T:e 8easure onl3 re@uired t:e e8<lo3er to continue :ealt: benefits =:ile t:e e8<lo3ee =as on lea>e? T:e
House failed to o>erride t:e >eto b3 a $'$ to 12+ >ote on &ul3 $'1 1225?
$1? F%resident Tal;s About a a8il3 Matter1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 1$1 1225?
$$? FT:e Sil>er oE S<ea;s Her Mind1F %eo<le *ee;l31 Au9ust1 1225?
$'? At last re<ort1 Neil !us: =as at lar9e in Houston1 TeEas1 =:ere :e :ad ta;en a Bob as a Fne= business
directorF =it: TransMedia Co88unications? T:is co8<an3 is a subsidiar3 of %ri8e Net=or;1 a ,en>er-
based fir8 =:ic: is o=ned b3 !ill ,aniels1 a friend of t:e !us: fa8il3? Accordin9 to infor8ed sources1
Neil !us:7s ne= Bob =as secured =it: t:e :el< of &o:n McMullen1 a 8inorit3 s:are:older in %ri8e
Net=or; and o=ner of t:e Houston Astros baseball tea8? Neil =as lod9in9 at t:e Houstonian Hotel1
=:ic: is also fat:er Geor9e7s >otin9 address? Accordin9 to <ress accounts1 Neil !us: =as still :o<in9 to
sell :is :o8e in ,en>er for about I+551555? See t:e Houston C:ronicle1 &ul3 1.1 1221? To :el< defra3
Neil7s le9al
eE<enses1 a fund :as been establis:ed =it: t:e :el< of for8er O:io ,e8ocratic Con9ress8an and S;ull
and !ones 8e8ber T:o8as L? FLudF As:le31 <resident of t:e Association of !an; Holdin9 Co8<anies? a
lobb3in9 9rou<? In A<ril1 1221 federal re9ulators ended t:eir 1)-8ont: in@uir3 into Neil !us: b3 directin9
:i8 to refrain fro8 future conflicts of interest in :is in>ol>e8ent =it: federall3 insured financial
institutions? T:is =as t:e 8ildest sanction in t:e official arsenal? In Ma31 12211 t:e ,IC a9reed to settle
t:eir ne9li9ence suit =it: Neil !us: and t:e ot:er Sil>erado fi9ures for I)2?+ 8illion? See t:e Ne= (or;
Ti8es1 &une 21 1221?
$)? *ebster G? Tar<le31 FIs !us: Courtin9 a Middle East =ar and ne= oil crisisDF1 EEecuti>e Intelli9ence
Re>ie=1 Marc: '11 12/2? In earl3 Au9ust1 12/21 after t:e <ro-Iranian Or9aniAation of t:e O<<ressed of t:e
Eart: :ad announced t:e its eEecution of US Marine Lt? Col? *illia8 R? Hi99ins1 !us: did <ost a
battles:i< and a carrier to t:e eastern Mediterranean1 and a carrier in t:e nort:ern Arabian Sea1 t:us
t:reatenin9 bot: Iran and S3ria1 =:ose forces =ent on alert in t:e !e;aa 6alle3 and els=e:ere?
$+? FSto< !us:7s Rus: to *orld *ar III1F Ne= ederalist1 ebruar3 111 1221?
$-? FAd8inistration Atte8<ts to !lunt Israeli Criticis81F *as:in9ton %ost1 Marc: -1 1225?
$.? For !us:1 Life on t:e Run Catc:es U<1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 -1 1225?
$/? !us:7s Gulf Crisis" T:e !e9innin9 of *orld *ar IIID1 EIR S<ecial Re<ort 0*as:in9ton1 Se<te8ber
122541 <<? $.-$/?
$2? !on *ood=ard1 T:e Co88anders 0Ne= (or;1 122141 <? <? $5+-$5-?
'5? Nora !oustan3 and %atric; E? T3ler1 FIra@ Masses Troo<s at #u=ait !order1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &ul3 $)1
1225? See also Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &ul3 $)1 1225?
'1? FUS %ursues ,i<lo8atic Solution in %ersian Gulf Crisis1 *arns Ira@17 &ul3 $+1 1225?
'$? !us:7s Gulf Crisis" T:e !e9innin9 of *orld *ar III D 0*as:in9ton" EEecuti>e Intelli9ence Re>ie=1
122541 <<? $/-$2?
''? *ood=ard1 Co88anders1 <? $1/?
')? *ood=ard1 Co88anders1 <? $$)-$$2?
'+? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust '1 1225?
'-? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 1225?
'.? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust )1 1225?
'/? *ood=ard1 Co88anders1 <? $+'?
'2? *ood=ard1 Co88anders1 <? $+)?
)5? See Maureen ,o=d1 FT:e Guns of Au9ust Ma;e a ,er>is: !us: *:irl E>en aster1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1
Au9ust .1 12251 and FT:e Lon9est *ee;" Ho= %resident ,ecided to ,ra= t:e Line1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1
Au9ust 21 1225?
)1? F,ecision Ca8e Saturda3 at Ca8< ,a>id1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 1225?
)$? FTranscri<t of Ne=s Conference Rea8ar;s b3 !us: on Ira@ Crisis1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust -1 1225?
)'? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 1225?
))? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust .1 1225?
)+? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust 21 1225?
)-? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust 21 1225?
).? F!us:7s Tal; of a 7Ne= *orld Order"7 orei9n %olic3 Tool or Mere Slo9anDF1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3
$-1 1221?
)/? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust $/1 1225?
)2? F!us:" Out of T:ese Troubled Ti8es??? a Ne= *orld Order1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 1$1 1225O
+5? Eleanor Clift1 FT:e 7CarteriAation7 of !us:1 Ne=s=ee;1 October $$1 1225?
+1? acts on ile1 12251 <<? .)5-.)1?
+$? See Ne=s=ee;1 October $$1 12251 <? $5 ff?
+'? *as:in9ton %ost1 October $+1 1225?
+)? F!us: See;s irin9 of %art3 Official1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October $-1 1225?
++? FCandidates S<urn !us:7s E8brace1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October $)1 1225?
+-? FOn *est Coast1 %resident Rails A9ainst ,e8ocrats1F and F!us: Sa3s ,e8ocrats 7C:o;ed t:e
Econo8317F *as:in9ton %ost1 October $. and October '51 1225?
+.? #e>in %:illi<s1 FT:e !us: !lue<rint !o8bs1F Ne=s=ee;1 No>e8ber 121 1225?
+/? F!us: is S:ar<l3 Luestioned !3 La=8a;ers on Gulf %olic31F *as:in9ton %ost1 October '11 1225?
+2? !usiness =ee;1 No>e8ber 121 12251
-5? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>e8ber $2 and No>e8ber 111 1225?
-1? *as:in9ton Ti8es1 No>e8ber /1 1225?
-$? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 21 1225?
-'? &a8es Reston1 FToo Earl3 for !us: to ,ial 2111F Ne= (or; Ti8es1Y No>e8ber 1$1 1225?
-)? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>e8ber 1+1 1225?
-+? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 No>e8ber 1-1 1225?Y
--? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1-1 1225?
-.? FSu<<ort for Gulf %olic3 Seen 7At Teeterin9 %oint17F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 121 1225?
-/? FCitin9 Gene>a Incidents1 US *ill %rotest to S=iss1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber $+1 1225?
.5? *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber 11 1225?
.1? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 ,ece8ber $51 1225?
.$? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 )1 1221?
.'? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 151 1221?
.)? FLoans to Sen? Hatfield or9i>en1 Records S:o=1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 151 1221?
.+? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 1'1 1221?
.-? FS:eddin9s Tears1 !us: Tells !a<tists of %ra3in9 as Gulf *ar Neared1F Ne= (or; Ti8es &une -1 1221?
..? See <:oto1 *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust )1 12/5?
./? F!ill3 Gra:a8" 7I A8 Not a Co88unist17F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 $51 12/$?
.2? F!us: and Sadda87s Hol3 *ar of *ords1F *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 '1 1221?
/5? %eo<le1 ,ece8ber1 12251 <? +'?
/1? First Lad3 !rea;s Her Le9 *:ile Sleddin91F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 1)1 1221?
/$? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 &anuar3 1/1 1221?
/'? *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 121 1221?
/)? F,escribin9 Moral ,ebate1 !us: S<ellbinds Audience1F *as:in9ton %ost1 &anuar3 $-1 1221?
/+? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 -1 1221?
/-? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 1-1 1221?
/.? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 $51 1221?
//? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 $)1 1221?
/2? *as:in9ton %ost1 ebruar3 $/1 1221?
25? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Marc: .1 1221?
21? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 A<ril 1)1 1221?
2$? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 A<ril 1.1 1221?
2'? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Au9ust $1 1221?
2)? *as:in9ton %ost1 Au9ust '51 1221?
2+? *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 1. and Ma3 $+1 1221?
2-? *as:in9ton %ost1 &une 21 1221?
2.? acts on ile1 Se<te8ber 1221?
C:a<ter -MM6- TH(ROI, STORM
Caesar non su<er 9ra88aticos
0T:e e8<eror cannot def3 t:e 9ra88arians?4
--Marcus %o8<onius Marcellus to Tiberius
*:en s<ea;in9 in :is ca<acit3 as an ideolo9ue1 Geor9e !us: :as al=a3s eE<ressed a 9reat
ad8iration for T:eodore Roose>elt? *:en !us: 8o>ed into t:e O>al Office1 :e re8o>ed
t:e <ortrait of Cal>in Coolid9e <laced t:ere b3 Rea9an and re<laced it =it: a li;eness of t:e
Rou9: Rider? !us:7s references to :is de>otion to T:eodore Roose>elt are stre=n across :is
<ublic career1 and es<eciall3 :is *:ite House 3ears? T:e3 ca8e t:ic; and fast durin9 t:e
<eriod of t:e %ana8a in>asion1 but =ere also <ro8inent durin9 t:e Gulf crisis? Here is one
fro8 late No>e8ber1 1225"
Certainl3 I 9et ins<iration fro8 Tedd3 Roose>elt? Actuall3 t:ere7s a <arallel1 not an eEact
<arallel ob>iousl31 bet=een San &uan Hill and #u=ait Cit3? I7>e Bust been readin9 an
interestin9 treatise on Tedd3 Roose>eltC :is con>iction and :is deter8ination and :is
leaders:i< ins<ire 8e? All of t:ose t:in9s ins<ire %residents1 I t:in;? Gfn 1H
!us:7s endorse8ent for Tedd3 Roose>elt is an endorse8ent for a =orld outloo; and for a
<olic3 orientation? Inse<arabl3 fro8 t:at1 it is also a state8ent of affinit3 for a certain for8
of <s3c:o<at:olo93 t:at is associated =it: Tedd3?
As one of t:e aut:ors :as s:o=n Gfn $H1 Roose>elt7s 8aternal uncle =as Ca<tain &a8es ,?
!ulloc:1 t:e :ead of t:e Confederate intelli9ence ser>ices in Euro<e and t:e outfitter of t:e
infa8ous Confederate raiders Alaba8a1 S:enandoa:1 and ot:ers? T:eodore Roose>elt7s
ele>ation to t:e <residenc3 re<resented a <ersonal union bet=een t:e Ne= (or;-!oston
<atrician financiers =it: t:e secessionist sla>e:olders? irst and fore8ost1 Tedd3 Roose>elt
=as a <olitical ste=ard of t:e Mor9an interests =:ic: do8inated *all Street? *e see t:at
Tedd3 Roose>elt7s net=or;s s:ared so8e essential features =it: t:ose of Geor9e !us:? In
8an3 =a3s1 t:ese are t:e sa8e net=or;s?
In outloo; and <olic31 T:eodore Roose>elt =as t:e <resident =:o ele>ated t:e solidarit3 of
t:e =:ite race1 and es<eciall3 of its alle9ed FAn9lo-SaEonF co8<onent1 abo>e t:e ideas of
t:e A8erican Re>olution? T:e ar9u8ent =as t:at s:ared Fblood1F lan9ua9e1 culture1 and t:e
ot:er bonds a8on9 t:e FEn9lis:- s<ea;in9 <eo<lesF =ere far 8ore i8<ortant t:an t:e
A8erican S3ste8 of ran;lin1 *as:in9ton1 Ha8ilton1 Henr3 Cla31 and Lincoln? Roose>elt
8ar;ed t:e end of t:e s:ar< ani8osit3 to=ards t:e !ritis: cro=n =:ic: :ad been left in
A8erican <ublic life in t:e =a;e of !ritis: su<<ort for t:e Confederac3 durin9 t:e Ci>il
*ar? Roose>elt directed a =a>e of race :atred a9ainst C:inese and ot:er 3ello=- s;inned
orientalsC a9ainst Latin A8ericans and <eo<les of Mediterranean ori9inC a9ainst Ger8ansC
and a9ainst blac; and bro=n s;inned <eo<le in 9eneral?
Tedd3 Roose>elt =as of course a 8ilitant i8<erialist and e8<ire- builder? T:e FRoose>elt
corollar3F to t:e Monroe ,octrine is no corollar31 but rat:er a total re>ersal of t:e ori9inal
anti- colonialist intent of Monroe and :is Secretar3 of State1 &o:n Luinc3 Ada8s? Tedd3
Roose>elt7s clai8 to eEercise international <olice <o=ers o>er debtor nations launc:ed a
ne= i8<erialis81 t:is ti8e based in t:e United States?
Tedd3 Roose>elt =as a dedicated Malt:usian =:o did e>er3t:in9 :e could to abort t:e
econo8ic de>elo<8ent of t:e United States =est of t:e Mississi<<i? T:is Malt:usian
en>iron8entalis8 li>es on in t:e ad8inistration of t:e Fen>iron8ental <resident?F In order
to enforce :is alien <olicies1 Tedd3 Roose>elt =as in t:e >an9uard of t:e creation of a US
do8estic <olice state? He 9ot :is start b3 leadin9 <olice-state attac;s on t:e Ne= (or;
Ta88an3 ,e8ocratic 8ac:ine as Ne= (or; Cit3 %olice Co88issioner1 and later carried
:is assault to ot:er constituenc3 9rou<in9s1 t:e ;ind !us: re>iles toda3 as s<ecial interests?
Roose>elt founded t:e center<iece of t:e US do8estic <olice state a<<aratus1 t:e ederal
!ureau of In>esti9ation1 and 8ade C:arles !ona<arte1 a relation of t:e renc: i8<erial
:ouse1 t:e first !I director? Roose>elt7s <ro9ra8 of Ftrust-bustin91F 0=:ic: =i<ed out
industrial forces o<<osed to t:e Mor9an interests4 and :is conser>ationis8 led to t:e
creation of a =:ole series of re9ulator3 a9encies1 =:ic: are busil3 stran9lin9 US econo8ic
acti>it3 toda3?
On a dee<er le>el" if London :ad not been able to count on t:e United States as a future
all31 it is doubtful t:at t:e !ritis: 9o>ern8ent =ould :a>e encoura9ed Russia and rance to
9o to =ar =it: Austria-Hun9ar3 and Ger8an3 in 121)? *it:out t:e s:ort-ter8 certaint3 of
US inter>ention on t:e !ritis: side1 t:e !ols:e>i; re>olution =ould :a>e been far less
li;el3? T:eodore Roose>elt7s role as t:e first o>ertl3 and eEtra>a9antl3 An9lo<:ile US
<resident after t:e Ci>il *ar t:us :el<ed to <a>e t:e =a3 for so8e of t:e 9reatest disasters
of t:e t=entiet: centur3?
Abo>e and be3ond all <olic3 and strate9ic issues1 !us: is attracted b3 t:e <s3c:olo9ical
Gestalt of T:eodore Roose>elt? Tedd3 Roose>elt suffered fro8 a >er3 li8ited attention
s<an? He =as >ain1 self-centered1 unstable and tended to=ards eE:ibitionis8? T:e 8ost
concise su88ar3 of Tedd37s <at:olo93 can be found in a letter b3 Sir Cecil S<rin9-Rice of
t:e !ritis: orei9n Office1 certainl3 one of t:e 8ost i8<ortant influences on Roose>elt7s
lifeC so8e =ould call :i8 Tedd37s !ritis: controller? *:en anot:er !ritis: di<lo8at1
6alentine C:irol1 co8<lained about Tedd37s =anderin9 focus and inter8ittent attention
s<an1 S<rin9-Rice re<lied"
If 3ou too; an i8<etuous s8all bo3 on to a beac: stre=n =it: a 9reat 8an3 eEcitin9
<ebbles1 3ou =ould not eE<ect :i8 to re8ain interested for lon9 in one <ebble? (ou 8ust
al=a3s re8e8ber t:at t:e %resident is about siE? Gfn 'H
T:is restless and distracted inabilit3 to concentrate1 t:is inca<acit3 for t:e <rolon9ed
conte8<lation and eEa8ination of issues and <roble8s1 is one of t:e factors t:at 8ade
Tedd3 Roose>elt t:e <s3c:olo9ical =rec; t:at :e =as? Tedd3 could not t:in;C t:e
<s3c:olo9ical bac;9round noise =as far too loud? Instead1 :e =as dri>en to underta;e :is
le9endar3 :untin9 eE<loits of ;illin9 >ast @uantities of birds and ani8als1 :is <rodi9ious
feats of <:3sical eEercise and1 later1 :is :ollo= 8artial <osturin9 as a FRou9: Rider?F
T:e <olar o<<osite to T:eodore Roose>elt on all of t:ese <oints of =orld outloo; and
literar3 eE<ression is Abra:a8 Lincoln? !us: =as often <aid li< ser>ice to Lincoln as a
9reat <resident1 and e>en or9aniAed a lecture in t:e *:ite House about t:e contributions of
t:e Ci>il *ar <resident? !ut t:ere :a>e also been a fe= un9uarded 8o8ents in =:ic: !us:
:as re>ealed :is instincti>e :atred for Lincoln? In 8id-12251 !us: attended a <erfor8ance
at ord7s T:eatre1 =:ic: is still used for dra8atic <roductions and ot:er e>ents in
do=nto=n *as:in9ton? At t:e end of t:e e>enin9 !us: =as as;ed b3 a corres<ondent if :e
:ad enBo3ed :is e>enin9? !us: re8ar;ed t:at =:ereas Lincoln :ad onl3 been able to enBo3
t:e first act of t:e <la3 :e :ad seen at ord7s :e1 !us:1 :ad been able to enBo3 t:e entire
e>enin9? T:is @ui< =as re<orted in t:e !ritis: <ress?
!us:7s affinit3 for Tedd3 Roose>elt is based 8ost <rofoundl3 on t:e s:ared co9niti>e
i8<air8ent of t:ese t=o <olitical fi9ures? In t:e case of !us:1 t:e inabilit3 to t:in; is
eE<ressed 8ost de8onstrabl3 in t:e inco:erence of >erbal eE<ression? T:an;s in <art to
,ana Car>e31 =:o :as so8e insi9:t into t:is side of !us:7s c:aracter1 t:e F!us:s<ea;F
issue :as been on t:e table at least since 12/.-//? !ut !us: :as been s<e=in9 out 9arbled
>erbia9e for a >er3 lon9 ti8e? T:e follo=in9 sa8<le =as recorded b3 EliAabet: ,re= in
ebruar31 12/51 durin9 a ride fro8 *orcester1 Massc:usetts to !oston? Ms? ,re=
co88ented t:at !us: see8ed to enBo3 ca8<ai9nin9? !us: re<lied in <art"
I do? Isn7t t:at a=fulD I reall3 enBo3 it1 and I sa3 7a=ful7 onl3 because I78 Bust be9innin9 to
=onder =:at t:e :ell7s :a<<enin9 to 8e1 3ou ;no=1 but I reall3 do enBo3 it? I lo>ed 9oin9
t:rou9: t:at cafeteria1 ;iddin9 =it: t:e8 and learnin9 stuff and sittin9 and c:attin9 and
tr3in9 to be res<onsi>e to t:e <erson and 3et :a>e a concern for =:at concerns t:e8? I
8ean it =:en I sa3 I78 better? I7ll be better1 8ore sensiti>e1 stron9er1 fro8 t:in9s li;e t:at?
And t:ere is t:e s8ell of t:e 9rease<aint and t:at ot:er cra<C t:ere7s so8e of t:at? I 8ean1
t:is is >er3 different toda3? T:ere =as a ti8e nobod37d stand out in e>en :ot =eat:er to see
8e? I =as all alone four 8ont:s a9o1 and :ere <eo<le are =aitin9? And t:ere7s a certain
for=ard adrenaline t:at eEists toda3? Ho<efull31 t:ere =ill be 8ore of t:e8? Ma3be not"
8a3be I7ll be lous3 and t:e37ll 9o a=a31 but t:at7s <art of t:e fun of it? %art of it is t:e
<rocess itself? It7s a 9ood <rocess? Gfn )H
T:e leadin9 feature of t:is sa8<le is !us:7s total lac; of ri9orC :is <ersonal idio8 is
inca<able of eE<ressin9 causalit3 or <recision? Alread3 t:e subBect-obBect relations are
blurred1 antecedents are a real8 of an3t:in9 9oes1 and >erbal action :as d=indled to
insi9nificance? Underneat: t:e a>id and ent:usiastic <ersona is a 8ind t:at is <etulant1
bored1 and blase7 about e>er3t:in9 t:at does not touc: t:e interests of t:e e9o? T:e result is
an i8<ression of o>er=:el8in91 undifferentiated banalit3? One is re8inded of a narrati>e
>oice li;e t:e follo=in9"
If 3ou reall3 =ant to :ear about it1 t:e first t:in9 3ou7ll <robabl3 =ant to ;no= is =:ere I
=as born1 and =:at 83 lous3 c:ild:ood =as li;e1 and :o= 83 <arents =ere occu<ied and
all before t:e3 :ad 8e1 and all t:at ,a>id Co<<erfield ;ind of cra<1 but I don7t feel li;e
9oin9 into it1 if 3ou =ant to ;no= t:e trut:? In t:e first <lace1 t:at stuff bores 8e1 and in t:e
second <lace1 83 <arents =ould :a>e about t=o :e8orr:a9es a<iece if I told an3t:in9
<ersonal about t:e8? T:e37re @uite touc:3 about an3t:in9 li;e t:at1 es<eciall3 83 fat:er? Gfn
+H
T:e Holden Caulfield of &?,? Salin9er7s T:e Catc:er in t:e R3e in:abited t:e =orld t:at
also belon9ed to Geor9e !us:1 t:e =orld of t:e nort:east <re< sc:ools of t:e 12)57s? A<art
fro8 t:e ob>ious <arallels bet=een Geor9e and Holden1 t:ere is t:e interestin9 @uestion of
=:et:er !us: 8i9:t :a>e a closer relation to t:is literar3 <ersona9e? In t:e course of t:e
errant Holden Caulfield7s ti8e in Ne= (or; Cit31 :e ta;es a 9irlfriend to a 8atinee t:eatre
<erfor8anceC durin9 t:e inter8ission t:e 9irlfriend1 na8ed Sall31 s<ots Fso8e Ber; s:e
;ne= on t:e ot:er side of t:e lobb3? So8e 9u3 in one of t:ose >er3 dar; 9re3 flannel suits
and one of t:ose c:ec;ered >ests? Strictl3 I>3 Lea9ue? !i9 deal?F Holden recounts t:e later
con>ersation bet=een Sall3 and :er friend" F(ou s:ould7>e seen :i8 =:en old Sall3 as;ed
:i8 :o= :e li;ed t:e <la3? He =as t:e ;ind of a <:on3 t:at :a>e to 9i>e t:e8sel>es roo8
=:en t:e3 ans=er so8ebod37s @uestion? He ste<<ed bac;1 and ste<<ed ri9:t on t:e lad37s
foot be:ind :i8? He <robabl3 bro;e e>er3 toe in :er bod3? He said t:e <la3 itself =as no
8aster<iece1 but t:at t:e Lunts1 of course1 =ere absolute an9els? An9els? or C:rissa;e?
An9els? T:at ;illed 8e? T:en :e and Sall3 started tal;in9 about a lot of <eo<le t:e3 bot:
;ne=? It =as t:e <:oniest con>ersation 3ou e>er :eard in 3our life?F FT:e =orst <art =as1
t:e Ber; :ad one of t:ose >er3 <:on31 I>3 Lea9ue >oices1 one of t:ose >er3 tired1 snobb3
>oices? He sounded Bust li;e a 9irl? He didn7t :esitate to :orn in on 83 date1 t:e bastard? I
e>en t:ou9:t for a 8inute t:at :e =as 9oin9 to 9et in t:e 9odda8 cab =it: us =:en t:e
s:o= =as o>er1 because :e =al;ed about t=o bloc;s =it: us1 but :e said :e :ad to 8eet a
bunc: of <:onies for coc;tails1 :e said? I could see t:e8 all sittin9 around in so8e bar1 =it:
t:eir 9odda8 c:ec;ered >ests1 criticiAin9 s:o=s and boo;s and =o8en in t:ose tired1
snobb3 >oices? T:e3 ;ill 8e1 t:ose 9u3s?F
*:o =as Sall37s friendD FHis na8e =as Geor9e so8et:in9 - I don7t e>en re8e8ber- and :e
=ent to Ando>er? !i91 bi9 deal?F *:o =as t:e F<:on3 Ando>er bastardF =:o so
eEas<erated Holden CaulfieldD Can t:is be a >er3 earl3 ca8eo a<<earance of Geor9e
Herbert *al;er !us:D &?,? Salin9er is not ;no=n for 9i>in9 inter>ie=s1 but Geor9e !us:1
!i9 Man on t:e Ando>er ca8<us1 =ould :a>e been a fi9ure of so8e note under t:e cloc; in
t:e !ilt8ore durin9 t:e earl3 12)57s1 =:ic: see8s to be t:e e<oc: in =:ic: t:is e<isode is
set?
!us:7s de>otion to racist 9enetic deter8inis8 recalls a sli9:tl3 earlier fi9ure of t:e Eastern
Liberal Establis:8ent in literatureC t:is is t:e A8or3 !laine of ? Scott itA9erald7s T:is
Side of %aradise? or t:e e9otist A8or3 !laine1 =:ose 8otto =as FI ;no= 83self1 but t:at
is all1F and =:o called out to an arc:- traitor and arc:->illain FGood-b31 Aaron !urr1 3ou
and I ;ne= stran9e corners of life1F =as also a belie>er in t:e su<eriorit3 of =:ites and
blondes? As A8or3 tells one of :is colle9e friends"
*e too; t:e 3ear-boo;s for t:e last ten 3ears and loo;ed at t:e <ictures of t:e senior
council? I ;no= 3ou don7t t:in; 8uc: of t:at au9ust bod31 but it does re<resent success :ere
in a 9eneral =a3? *ell1 I su<<ose onl3 about t:rit3-fi>e <er cent of e>er3 class :ere are
blonds1 are reall3 li9:t--3et t=o-t:irds of e>er3 senior council are li9:t? *e loo;ed at
<ictures of ten 3ears of t:e81 8ind 3ouC t:at 8eans t:at out of e>er3 fifteen li9:t-:aired
8en in t:e senior class one is on t:e senior council1 and of t:e dar;-:aired 8en it7s onl3 one
in fift3? Gfn -H
T:e ot:er fi9ure fro8 ? Scott itA9erald =:o s:ares traits =it: !us: is Nic; Carra=a31 t:e
recent (ale 9raduate =:o is t:e narrator of T:e Great Gatbs3? Nic; Carra=a3 =as
fascinated b3 &a3 Gatbs3 and ot:er deniAens of t:e de8i-8onde of or9aniAed cri8e1
recallin9 Geor9e !us:7s lon9 <ersonal friends:i< =it: ,on Arono= and ot:ers of t:e Me3er
Lans;3 8ilieu in lorida?
Ot:er as<ects of !us:7s outloo; and 8ode of eE<ression can be traced bac; to ,in; Sto>er
at (ale1 a series of bo37s no>els b3 O=en &o:nson =:ic: be9an co8in9 out after t:e irst
*orld *ar1 Bust after t:e Harri8an brot:ers1 %rescott !us:1 and Neil Mallon :ad 9raduated?
,in; Sto>er =as a <re<<3 fro8 La=rence>ille =:o tal;ed about de8ocrac3 and e@ualit3
durin9 :is first t:ree 3ears at (ale? He al=a3s :el<ed old ladies and did t:e ri9:t t:in9?
*:en Ta< ,a3 rolled around1 ,in; Sto>er =as ta<<ed b3 S;ull and !ones? #e3 ele8ents of
!us:7s <ublic 8as;1 or <ersona1 corres<ond to t:e co88unit3-ser>ice oriented do-9ooder
,in; Sto>er1 an earl3 addition to t:e t:ousand <oints of li9:t?
!us:7s lan9ua9e is t:e 8irror of :is <ersonalit31 and it 8erits 8ore t:an cursor3
eEa8ination? T:e 8ost outstandin9 @ualit3 of !us:s<ea; is first of all its 9arbled
inco:erence and lost s3ntaE? In one of :is debates =it: ,u;a;is on Se<te8ber $+1 12//1
!us: co88ented on t:e nu8ber of t:e :o8eless =:o are 8entall3 ill" !ut-- and I-- loo;1
8ental-- t:at =as a little o>erstated-- I7d sa3 about '5 <ercent? Gfn .H So8e 8a3 clai8 t:at
t:e 8ost dissociated utterances b3 !us: are not :is o=n res<onsibilit31 but result rat:er
fro8 !us:7s atte8<t to re9ur9itate t:e contents of >erbal briefin9s and briefin9 boo;s? T:is
assertion :as a s<ecious credibilit3? In :3<er-<re<ared a<<earances li;e t:e debate =it:
,u;a;is1 !us: does :a>e a tendenc3 to s<out lines t:at 8iE u< <:rases and one-liners t:at
:e :as drilled? In an ans=er on defense <olic3 durin9 t:e sa8e debate =it: ,u;a;is1 !us:
stated" F*e are 9oin9 to 8a;e so8e c:an9es and so8e tou9: c:oices before =e 9o to t:e
de<lo38ent on t:e Mid9et8an 8issle1 or on t:e Minute8an1 =:ate>er it is? *e7re 9oin9 to
:a>e to- - t:e MM? *e7re 9oin9 to :a>e to do t:at?F And t:en :e added" FIt7s C:rist8as?F
And t:en1 as t:e audience lau9:ed1 F*ouldn7t it be nice to be t:e ice8an so 3ou ne>er 8a;e
a 8ista;eDF T:e reference to C:rist8as =as intended to be self- ironicC on Se<te8ber .1
12//1 !us: :ad announced t:at it =as %earl Harbor ,a3C no=1 on Se<te8ber $+1 :e =as
announcin9 t:at it =as C:rist8as?
!ut 9arbled inco:erence is so 8uc: a sta<le of !us:7s s<o;en discourse t:at it cannot be
attributed solel3 to t:e <ressure of :is :andlersC it is a life-lon9 :abit =:ic: :as beco8e
8ore accentuated durin9 t:e 3ears of :is <residenc3? In ebruar3 12//1 !us: told
<ros<ecti>e >oters in t:e Ne= Ha8<s:ire <ri8ar3"
I :a>e a tendenc3 to a>oid on and on and on1 elo@uent <leas? I don7t tal; 8uc:1 but I
belie>e1 8a3be not articulate 8uc:1 but I feel? Gfn /H
*as !us: =orried about not bein9 an eEcitin9 candidateD FC:aris8a s:ortD Needin9 a
c:aris8a trans<lantD Not 8uc:1F =as :is reBoinder? A :i9: sc:ool student of #noE>ille1
Tennessee =anted to ;no= if :is <resident =ould see; ideas fro8 forei9n countries to
i8<ro>e education? !us:7s ri<oste"
*ell1 I78 9oin9 to ;ic; t:at one ri9:t into t:e end Aone of t:e Secretar3 of Education?
!ut1 3es1 =e :a>e all-- :e tra>els a 9ood deal1 9oes abroad? *e :a>e a lot of <eo<le in t:e
de<art8ent t:at does t:at? *e7re :a>in9 an international-- t:is is not as 8uc: education as
dealin9 =it: t:e en>iron8ent--a bi9 international conference co8in9 u<? And =e 9et it all
t:e ti8e--eEc:an9es of ideas? !ut I t:in; =e7>e 9ot-- =e set out t:ere-- and I =ant to 9i>e
credit to 3our Go>ernor Mc*:erter and to 3our for8er Go>ernor La8ar AleEander-- =e7>e
9otten 9reat ideas for a national 9oals <ro9ra8 fro8--in t:is countr3 -- fro8 t:e 9o>ernors
=:o =ere res<ondin9 to1 8a3be1 t:e <rinci<al of 3our :i9: sc:ool1 for :ea>en7s sa;e? Gfn 2H
In a s<eec: to 9raduatin9 colle9e seniors1 !us: described t:e >isit of t:e ne= CAec:oslo>a;
%resident1 6acla> Ha>el1 to t:e *:ite House in earl3 1225"
And t:e loo; on :is face1 as t:e 8an =:o =as in Bail an d3in91 or li>in9 -- =:ate>er-- for
freedo81 stood out t:ere1 :o<in9 a9ainst :o<e for freedo8? Gfn 15H
!us: once ad8itted t:at :e :ad difficult3 ;ee<in9 t:e 8ost ele8entar3 sense of direction in
:is 8ental lifeC :e told a 9rou< of sc:ool c:ildren1 FI read so 8uc: so8eti8es I start to read
bac;=ards1 =:ic: is not >er3 9ood?F Gfn 11H
!us: is a bureaucrat and ad8inistrator at :eart1 =it: all t:e sinister o>ertones t:ese :a>e
ri9:tl3 ac@uired durin9 t:e t=entiet: centur3? His discourse is :i9:l3 bureaucratic1 and is
fa8ous for bein9 so? !us:7s obsessions =it: Ft:in9sF1 as in t:e notorious F>ision t:in91F
reflects t:e essence of Aristotelian bureaucratic catalo9uin9? *e sa= t:e Fad>ersar3 t:in9F
bac; in 12.-C since t:en =e :a>e seen t:e FSu<er Tuesda3 t:in91F Ft:e >ice <residential
t:in91F and a nostal9ic 9lance at Ft:is drillin9 t:in91F in reference to !us:7s FeE<erience in
offs:ore drillin9?F Gfn 1$H *:en !us: tal;ed b3 tele<:one =it: t:e astronauts of t:e s<ace
s:uttle Atlantis1 :e as;ed1 FHo= =as t:e actual de<lo38ent t:in9DF So8eti8es t:is can
e>en occur in t:e <lural1 as in t:is reference to :is do9 Millie7s <u<<ies" F#ids Bust lo>e
t:ose little fuAA3 t:in9s?F !us:7s lan9ua9e is also <e<<ered =it: t:e acron38s of t:e inside-
t:e-belt=a3 *as:in9ton functionar3? FM3 allied collea9ues and I s:ould a9ree to ta;e u<
t:ese ideas at t:e C?S?C?E? su88it t:is fall1 to be :eld around t:e si9nin9 of t:e C??E?
treat31F !us: said on one occasion? T:ose =:o do not ;no= =:at GATT1 S%Rs1 G-.1 Start1
Coco81 OTS1 and C:a<ter 6II 8ean are 9oin9 to :a>e a :ard ti8e follo=in9 !us:s<ea;?
Gfn 1'H And li;e all bureaucrats1 !us: lo>es t:e <assi>e >oice? His stoc; re<l3 on Iran-
contra =as1 FMista;es =ere 8ade?F *:o 8ade t:e8D !us:7s ans=er1 =:ic: :e alle9es is
borro=ed fro8 (o9i !erra1 =as F,on7t 8a;e t:e =ron9 8ista;es?F
6er3 often !us:7s <ronounce8ents are desi9ned for self-defense a9ainst :is detractors? In
t:e s<rin9 of 12//1 !us: =as as;ed :is reaction to Garr3 Trudeau7s ,oonesbur3 co8ic
stri<1 and to t:e <olitical satire of ,ana Car>e3 of Saturda3 Ni9:t Li>e? !us: ans=ered"
I used to 9et tense about t:at? M3 8ot:er still does? S:e7s /.? S:e doesn7t li;e it =:en
<eo<le sa3 untrue and u9l3 t:in9s about :er little bo3? Ha>in9 said t:at1 it doesn7t bot:er 8e
an3 8ore? (ou ;no= =:31 because =e too; a tre8endous <oundin91 not Bust fro8 elitists
li;e ,oonesbur31 co8in9 out of t:e elite of t:e elite1 but untrue alle9ations1 and 3ou ;no= I
don7t =orr3 about it an38ore1 because t:e A8erican <eo<le don7t belie>e all t:is stuff? So
I78 sa3in91 =:3 s:ould I be all u<ti9:tD Gfn 1)H Alt:ou9: :e li;es to su99ests t:at it is :is
o<<onents =:o are t:e real elitist1 so8eti8es !us: :as to defend :is o=n <atrician social
bac;9round a9ainst criticis8? *:en !us: =as ca8<ai9nin9 in Ne= &erse3 before t:e 12//
<ri8ar31 :e =as as;ed if t:e <atrician 9o>ernor of t:at state1 To8 #ean1 :ad a bac;9round
so si8ilar to !us:7s t:at :e could not be considered as !us:7s >ice <residential runnin9
8ate? !us:7s re<l3"
,id t:e3 as; To8 #ean =:en :e =as a 9reat success in business1 a 9reat success in
9o>ern8ent1 did t:e3 as; =:ere :e =ent to sc:ool or =:at :is bac;9round =asD ,id t:e3
sa31 7To81 3ou can7t be a >er3 9ood 9o>ernor because 3ou =eren7t born in a lo9 cabin in t:e
8iddle of Ne=ar;7D No1 t:e3 didn7t as; t:at???? So I don7t =orr3 about fittin9 into so8e ;ind
of 8old? It7s =:at 3ou feel1 =:at 3ou belie>e1 =:at ;ind of eE<erience 3ou7>e :ad?F Gfn 1+H
Man3 ti8es t:e <ur<ose of !us:7s re8ar;s is to e>ade @uestions? He often refused to tal;
about :is role in Iran-contra" FI for9ot to tell 3ou1 I don7t tal; about =:at I told t:e
<resident1F =as a fa>orite line? *:o =ould be :is runnin9 8ateD FI for9ot to tell 3ou1 I78
not in t:e s<eculation business?F *ould :e <ur9e t:e Rea9anitesD FI for9ot to tell 3ou1 =e7re
9oin9 to :a>e =:olesale c:an9e?F Gfn 1-H
!us: :as called :i8self Fa restrained ;ind of 9u3?F He :as often denied :a>in9 Fa rancor in
t:ereF a9ainst :is o<<osition1 but :is ra9e states :a>e beco8e increasin9l3 difficult to
control o>er t:e 3ears? He =as unable to control :is te8<er =:en defendin9 :is ;o=-to= to
,en9 Miao-<in9 durin9 12/2C after a rantin9 defense of :is C:ina <olic3 :e t:an;ed t:e
<ress for t:eir @uestions1 sa3in9" FSo1 I78 9lad 3ou as;ed it because t:en I >ented a s<leen
:ere?F Gfn 1.H !us:7s ra9e e<isodes :a>e often been associated =it: <ublic criticis8?
Co88entin9 once a9ain on t:e ,oonesbur3 co8ic stri<1 !us: once confessed" Four 3ears
a9o I7d 9o ballistic =:en I read so8e of t:is stuff? !ut :e31 let :i8 do :is t:in91 and I7ll do
8ine?F F!allisticF for !us: refers to a ra9e fit =:ic: 8i9:t cause :i8 to c:e= on t:e *:ite
House car<etsC t:is is a not infre@uent e>ent? or lesser tantru8s !us: :as coined anot:er
eE<ression1 Fse8i-ballistic1F as in an off:and re8ar; durin9 t:e 12// ca8<ai9n about :is
feelin9s =:en 9i>en s<eec: drafts =:ic: :e finds unsuitable" FE>er3bod3 on t:is air<lane
=ill :a>e seen 8e se8i-ballistic =:en <eo<le :and 8e t:in9s t:at I78 si8<l3 not 9oin9 to
sa3?F
Anot:er feelin9 state =:ic:1 Bud9in9 fro8 t:e e>idence of :is state8ents1 is 8eanin9ful for
!us: is t:e state of bein9 Ffrantic?F ,urin9 t:e 12// ca8<ai9n1 !us: =as as;ed about :is
tendenc3 to assail ,u;a;is? !us: re<liedF
I don7t feel frantic? I don7t feel under an3 ti8e constraints? T:ere is a little bit of c:olesterol
rise1 t:e frustration le>el 9oin9 u<? So I78 9ettin9 a little bit 8ore co8bati>e? Gfn 1/H
,urin9 12/21 !us: still faced 9rillin9 about Iran-contra fro8 a re<orter? F(ou7re burnin9 u<
ti8e? T:e 8eter is runnin9 t:rou9: t:e sand on 3ou1 and I a8 no= filibusterin91F taunted
!us:? Gfn 12H !us:7s <attern of uncontrollable ra9e states beca8e =orse durin9 12251 in t:e
inter=ar <eriod bet=een %ana8a and Ira@? ,urin9 ebruar3 12251 !us: ca8e under fire for
du<licit31 l3in9 to t:e <ress1 and eEcessi>e secret di<lo8ac3? After a ni9:t7s slee< on Air
orce One on t:e =a3 to an anti-dru9 su88it in Colo8bia1 !us: ca8e out of :is @uarters
to confront t:e tra>ellin9 <ress cor<s in a =a3 t:at t:e *as:in9ton %ost corres<ondent
found Fbot: test3 and teasin9?F !us:1 >isibl3 furious1 announced Fa =:ole ne=
relations:i<F =it: re<orters? Fro8 no= on it7s 9onna be a little different? I t:in; =e :a>e
too 8an3 <ress conferences1F ranted !us:? FIt7s not 9ood? It7s o>ereE<osure to t:e t:in9?F
Had :e not sle<t =ellD1 as;ed one re<orter? !us: re<lied1
I can7t 9o into t:e details of t:at? !ecause so8eone =ill t:in; it7s too 8uc: slee<1 so8eone
=ill t:in; it7s too little? I7ll 9i>e 3ou a little insi9:t into t:at? I :ad a >er3 9ood ni9:t7s slee<?
And I7>e ne>er-- if I felt better it7d be a fra8e-u<? T:ere7s so8et:in9 3ou can use?
!us: =as incensed because :e :ad denied t:at t:ere =as about to be a four-<o=er
conference on t:e future of Ger8an31 and suc: a conference =as announced t:e neEt da3?
!us: :ad been 8isleadin9 about :is <lans for t:e Malta su88it =it: Gorbac:o>1 and :e
:ad ;e<t secret t:e 8ission of Sco=croft and Ea9lebur9er to !eiBin9 on &ul3 )1 12/2?
6arious <ress accounts :ad noted t:ese discre<ancies1 and !us: =as no= :a>in9 a fit?
*ould :e be si9nin9 a Boint co88uni@ue at t:e dru9 su88it =it: Colo8bia1 %eru and
!oli>iaD
I :ate to be secreti>e1 sa3 not:in9 of dece<ti>e? !ut I78 not 9oin9 to tell 3ou t:at? *ould :e
discuss <ossible US 8ilitar3 interdiction of dru9 traffic;in9D I78 not 9oin9 to discuss =:at
I78 9onna brin9 u<? *ould t:e dru9 su88it brin9 an3 sur<rise <ro<osalsD I78 not 9onna
discuss =:et:er t:ere are an3 sur<rises or not? T:is is a ne= t:in9? A ne= a<<roac:? E>en if
I don7t discuss it? I78 not 9oin9 to discuss it?
*ould t:e Colo8bian 9o>ern8ent no= abandon its <olic3 of eEtraditin9 dru9 traffic;ersD
!us:" I :a>e no co88ent =:atsoe>er on t:at? L" ,id 3ou ;no= about itD !us:" I :a>e no
co88ents on =:et:er I ;ne= about it? L" Is it trueD !us:" I can7t co88ent on =:et:er it7s
true or not?
L" ,id =e turn 3ou into t:isD
!us:" (es? *:en I told 3ou???t:at I didn7t t:in; t:ere =ould be a deal Gon t:e four-<o=er
conference on Ger8an3H1 and t:en t:e3 s:ortl3 8ade a deal1 and I78 :it for decie>in9 3ou?
So fro8 no= on it7s 9oin9 to be a little different?
*ould :e sc:edule a su88it =it: Gorbac:o> for &une1 1225D !us: a9ain refused to
ans=er1 F!ecause I78 not 9onna be burned for :oldin9 out or doin9 so8et:in9 dece<ti>e?F
Later t:e sa8e afternoon1 Marlin itA=ater1 t:e to< *:ite House s<in doctor1 atte8<ted to
inter<ret =:at :ad been an infantile fit of ra9e b3 assurin9 t:e re<orters" FHe =as Bust
;iddin9? He =as :a>in9 fun?F Gfn $5H In retros<ect1 it is also clear t:at !us:7s t:3roid =as
also on t:e =ar<at:?
Later t:e sa8e s<rin91 !us: =ent se8i-ballistic =:en re<orters declined to Boin :i8 for
Bo99in9 at ."1+ AM in Colu8bia1 Sout: Carolina? T:e *:ite House re<orters all 9ot a
=a;e-u< call at . AM callin9 on t:e8 to Boin !us: for Bo99in9 in 1+ 8inutesC usuall3 t:e
re<orters =atc: !us: fro8 t:e sidelines1 but t:is ti8e :e =as 8a9nani8ousl3 in>itin9 t:e8
to co8e runnin9 =it: :i8? T:ere =ere no >olunteers? !us: t:en bullied Rita !ea8is: of
Associated %ress into runnin9 =it: :i81 1' la<s around a football field for a total of $+
8inutes? !ut e>en after t:at eEertion1 !us: =as still full of fur3? He <roceeded to launc: a
diatribe at t:e <ress cor<s"
T:e rest of 3ou laA3 9u3s1 9et out t:ere and run? A fit A8erica is a fine A8erica? A fit
A8erica is a stron9 A8erica? A fit A8erica s:ould include <:oto do9s G!us:s<ea; for
<:oto9ra<:ersH as =ell as <rint re<orters =:o slo>enl3 sit bac; in t:e 9randstands =:ile
so8e of us are out runnin9?
!us: t:en attac;ed t:e Fboo8 8en1F =:o :old 8icro<:ones on lon9 <oles to <ic; u< !us:7s
re8ar;s? Not lon9 before1 a boo8 8an :ad accidentall3 dro<<ed a 8icro<:one on a table in
t:e O>al Office1 and !us: :ad a<o<lecticall3 co8<lained of ruined anti@uesC :ad it been t:e
T:eodore Roose>elt des;D !us: railed t:at if t:e boo8 8en eEercised 8ore1 t:e3 =ould
:a>e 8ore Fstren9t: in t:e forear8s to ;ee< t:ese 8icro<:ones u< in t:e air?F One re<orter
res<onded to t:e tirade" FI do not 9et <aid to <la3 =it: t:e <resident =:en :e feels li;e
<la3in9?F Gfn $1H
*:en on >acation1 !us: :as al=a3s 8aintained a frenetic1 :3<er;inetic <ace? After =innin9
t:e 12// election1 !us: re<aired to ,elra3 !eac:1 lorida1 to ca>ort =it: :is <lutocrat
friend *illia8 Sta8<s arris: III? ,es<ite t:e eE:austin9 ri9ors of t:e ca8<ai9n1 !us:
Fs<ent t:e bul; of :is da3 eEercisin9 and restin9" a @uarter-8ile s=i81 a $5-8inute run1 and
a na<?F He ca8e bac; fro8 a t=o-8ile run in an Fu<beat1 al8ost 9idd3 8ood?F Gfn $$H
!us:7s :3<er;inetic antics at #ennebun;<ort durin9 Se<te8ber1 12/2 =ere described as
follo=s b3 a first-:and obser>er"
It =as Bust an a>era9e da3 on %resident !us:7s >acation?
Hun9erin9 to catc: a bluefis:1 :e <ac;ed u< :is s<eedboat idelit3 and :eaded out to sea?
!ut =:en :e re8e8bered t:at :e :ad for9otten irst Lad3 !arbara !us:1 :e turned t:e boat
around and accidentall3 ran o>er a board1 =:ic: bro;e a <ro<eller?
Undeterred b3 :is disabled boat1 t:e <resident too; :is <art3 to t:e :orses:oe <it1 =:ere
t:e3 tossed se>eral 9a8es for about )+ 8inutes as Mr? !us: eEclai8ed1 FMr? S8oot: does
it a9ainF =it: eac: rin9er? !ut soon t:at 9ot old1 and it =as ti8e to :ead to t:e 9olf course
for 1/ :oles?
T:is is %resident !us:1 a 8an of nearl3 8anic 8o>e8ent? All durin9 :is >acation1 t:e last
t:in9 :e did =as relaE? He7s u< at t:e crac; of da=n for Bo99in91 out on t:e tennis courts1
teein9 off for 9olf1 <itc:in9 :orses:oes1 fis:in91 s=i88in91 entertainin9 friends?
!us:1 in su81 Fcan7t sit stillFC :e e>en acce<ted a dare fro8 :is 9randc:ildren and do>e off a
stone <ier into t:e Atlantic Ocean1 =:ic: is ;e<t cold alon9 t:e Maine coast b3 t:e fri9id
Labrador current? Gfn $'H
Geor9e Herbert *al;er :ad refor8ed t:e rules of 9olf1 eli8inatin9 t:e st38ieC Geor9e !us:
transfor8ed t:e 9a8e into a 8anic eEercise called Fs<eed 9olf1F =:ose obBect is to
co8<lete 1/ :oles in t:e briefest <ossible inter>al of ti8e? Accordin9 to one Bournalist =:o
atte8<ted to 8atc: !us:7s record of 1 :our '. 8inutes for a t:reeso8e1 as co8<ared =it:
al8ost four :ours for leisurel3 9olfers? S<eed 9olf 8a3 not be for e>er3one1
but it is %resident !us:7s 9a8e1 :o=e>er? He calls it cart <olo? !us: :as ta;en a leisurel3
9a8e and turned it into =:at one re<orter called a forced 8arc:-- on =:eels? FHe barel3
9ets out of t:e cart1 =:ac;s it1 and :e7s 9one1F sa3s S<i;e He8in=a31 !us:7s lon9ti8e
friend and fre@uent <la3in9 <artner? Ot:ers :a>e dubbed it aerobic 9olf1 or 9olf in t:e fast
lane? F,o 3ou ;no= =:o t:e =inner is in s<eed 9olfDF a %ortland1 Maine doctor as;ed 8e?
FT:e first one in t:e :ole?F Gfn $)H
,urin9 t:e su88er of 12/21 F!us: re>ealed :i8self to be a <la3ful 3et relentless
eE:ibitionist1F =rote anot:er co88entator? FHe =as fore>er restless and rarel3 alone?F Out
on t:e 9olf course1 :e called for silence" FAll ri9:t1 t:e cro=d is :us:ed? T:e3 sense t:at
Mr? S8oot: is bac;?F Later1 =:en it ca8e ti8e to <la3 tennis1 !us: ordered a <ress aide to
round u< t:e <:oto do9s and re<orters to Fco8e see =:at Mr? S8oot: is li;e on t:e courts?F
Gfn $+H or Ne=s=ee;1 !us:7s routine =as a F<entat:lon?F
!us:7s desire for frenetic 8o>e8ent1 see;in9 in s<ace =:at :as been lost in ti8e1 carries
o>er into :is notorious <enc:ant for forei9n tra>el? !3 &ul31 12211 :e :ad lo99ed ''21$+.
8iles on Air orce One1 and >isited '$ countries1 :a>in9 sur<assed in less t:an '5 8ont:s
t:e <re>ious record set b3 NiEon bet=een 12-2 and 12.)? Gfn $-H
!us: :as a :istor3 of <s3c:oso8atic illness? ,urin9 t:e 12+57s1 =:en :e =as in :is earl3
t:irties1 :e :ad been1 accordin9 to :is o=n account1 a Fc:ronic =orrier?F One 8ornin9
durin9 a F:ectic business tri< to LondonF !us: :ad fainted in :is :otel roo81 and =as
unable to 9et to :is feet? A :otel doctor t:ou9:t :e :ad food <oisonin9? !us: sa3s :e later
sou9:t treat8ent fro8 ,r? Lillo Crain at t:e TeEas Medical Center? ,r? Crain told !us: t:at
:e :ad a bleedin9 ulcer? FGeor9e1 3ou7re a classic ulcer t3<e1F !us: sa3s :e =as told b3 ,r?
Crain? FA 3oun9 business8an =it: onl3 one s<eed1 all-out? (ou tr3 to do too 8uc: and 3ou
=orr3 too 8uc:?F !us: sa3s :e eE<ressed doubt t:ere =as an3 c:ance :e could c:an9e :is
=a3s? T:e doctor re<lied1 FT:ere7d better be1 or 3ou =on7t be around in ten 3ears1 8a3be
fi>e?F ,r? Crain added" FIf 3ou =ant to ;ee< t:is fro8 :a<<enin9 a9ain1 it7s u< to 3ou?F Gfn
$.H !us: clai8s :e =or;ed at Fc:annelin9 83 ener9iesF1 and Fne>er suffered a rela<se?F
After !us:7s Ma3 151 12/2 *:ite House <:3sical eEa8ination1 a c3st =as found on t:e
t:ird fin9er of !us:7s ri9:t :andC t:is =as sur9icall3 re8o>ed in October1 12/21 and
<ronounced beni9n? T:is =as alle9edl3 !us:7s onl3 <roble8? On A<ril 1$1 12251 *:ite
House <:3sician ,r? !urton Lee announced t:at !us: Fis in trul3 eEcellent :ealt:?F FHe
continues to ;ee< eEtre8el3 fit t:rou9: >i9orous <:3sical acti>it3?F !us: =as dia9nosed
=it: Fearl3 9lauco8aF in :is left e3e1 a condition t:at =as treated =it: !eta9en e3e dro<s?
M-ra3s of !us:7s :i<s and bac; confir8ed t:e <resence of a F8ild de9enerati>e
osteoart:ritis1F =:ic: alle9edl3 :ad been disco>ered b3 <re>ious eEa8inations? Gfn $H On
Marc: $.1 12211 !us: =as 9i>en anot:er routine <:3sical1 and t:e *:ite House doctors
0and s<in doctors4 announced once a9ain t:at t:eir c:ar9e =as in FeEcellent :ealt:?F
On Ma3 )1 12211 !us: deli>ered an address at t:e co88ence8ent eEercises of t:e
Uni>ersit3 of Mic:i9an at Ann Arbor? T:is ca8<us :ad been t:e site of t:e first anti-=ar
teac: in of t:e 6ietna8 e<oc:1 in 12-+1 and t:e Ann Arbor ca8<us :ad been t:e scene of
si9nificant anti-=ar acti>it3 durin9 !us:7s Gulf ad>enture? Toda3 !ar =as also <resent? His
ne= s<eec: =riter Ton3 Sno=1 t:e for8er editorial <a9e editor of t:e Moonie *as:in9ton
Ti8es :ad contributed to a s<eec: attac;in9 t:e ca8<us in@uisition called F<olitical
correctness?F T:e scene =as t:e ca>ernous Mic:i9an Stadiu8 sout: of t:e 8ain ca8<us1 a
lar9er >ersion of t:e Circus MaEi8us in Ro8e? !us: =as loo;in9 for a =ed9e issue for t:e
122$ ca8<ai9n1 and t:e ca8<us dictators of t:e <oliticall3 correct =ere a bi9 tar9et? T:ere
=ere :ec;lers =it: si9ns denouncin9 !us:1 so :e launc:ed into :is teEt =it: >i9or"
Alt:ou9: t:e 8o>e8ent arises fro8 t:e laudable desire to s=ee< a=a3 t:e debris of racis8
and seEis8 and :atred1 it re<laces old <reBudice =it: ne= ones? It declares certain to<ics
off-li8its1 certain eE<ressions off-li8its1 e>en certain 9estures off- li8its???In t:eir o=n
Or=ellian =a31 crusades t:at de8and correct be:a>ior crus: di>ersit3 in t:e na8e of
di>ersit3?
At t:is <oint t:e :ec;lers ca8e to life =it: loud c:ants of F!us: lies?F Since t:e be9innin9
of t:e Gulf crisis1 !us: :ad been confronted b3 :ostile de8onstrators? *e ;no= fro8 :is
12-+ debate =it: Ronnie ,u99er :o= 8uc: :e =as u<set b3 suc: FeEtre8ists?F T:e c:ants
;e<t 9oin9 as t:e infuriated !us: stru99led to be :eard?
T:e <o=er to create also rests on ot:er freedo8s1 es<eciall3 t:e freedo8 -- and I t:in;
about t:at ri9:t no= -- to s<ea; one7s 8ind? I :ad t:is =ritten into t:e s<eec:1 and I didn7t
e>en ;no= if t:ese 9u3s =ere 9oin9 to be :ere?
T:e de8onstrators ;e<t u< t:e c:orus of F!us: lies?F !us:7s te8<erature =as risin9 fro8
se8i-ballistic to ballistic? He told t:e students to
???fi9:t bac; a9ainst t:e borin9 <olitics of di>ision and derision? Let7s trust our friends and
collea9ues to res<ond to reason????And I re8ind 83self a lot of t:is" *e 8ust con@uer t:e
te8<tation to assi9n bad 8oti>es to <eo<le =:o disa9ree =it: us? Gfn $2H
After t:is s<eec:1 !us: fle= to Andre=s Air orce base and t:ence b3 :elico<ter to Ca8<
,a>id? ,urin9 t:is <eriod1 !us:7s *:ite House c:ief of staff1 &o:n Sununu1 :ad beco8e t:e
tar9et of <ublic criticis8 because of :is fre@uent use of 8ilitar3 aircraft for =ee;end
>acations and s;iin9 tri<s? !o3 Gra3 :ad co8e for=ard as t:e enforcer of *:ite House
tra>el re9ulations a9ainst Sununu1 =:ose 8otto =as re<ortedl3 Ffl3 free or die?F T:ere =ere
also 8o>es afoot to re-o<en t:e 12/5 October sur<rise in>esti9ation1 al=a3s a <oint of
i88ense >ulnerabilit3 for !us:? He :ad been forced to den3 once a9ain on Ma3 ' t:at :e
:ad en9a9ed in secret dealin9s =it: t:e #:o8eini re9i8e to dela3 t:e release of t:e US
:osta9es in Te:eran?
Sli9:tl3 after '"'5 %M1 !us: 9at:ered :is retinue of Secret Ser>ice a9ents and announced
t:at it =as ti8e to 9o Bo99in9? After about '5 8inutes1 :e be9an co8<lainin9 of fati9ue and
s:ortness of breat:? He t:en <roceeded to t:e Ca8< ,a>id infir8ar31 =:ere Mic:ael Nas:1
one of :is resident tea8 of doctors1 deter8ined t:at !us: =as eE<eriencin9 atrial
fibrillation1 an irre9ularit3 of t:e :eartbeat? Nas: reco88ended t:at !us: 9o to !et:esda
Medical Center for treat8ent? !us: arri>ed at !et:esda at - %M?
T:e ne=s t:at !us: :ad entered t:e :os<ital at !et:esda =as flas:ed b3 =ire ser>ices
around t:e <lanet? !us: =as eE:ibitin9 a fast1 irre9ular :eart r:3t:8? T:e :eart =as
=or;in9 less efficientl31 <roducin9 a tendenc3 for s:ortness of breat:1 li9:t- :eadedness1
and e>en faintin9? So8eti8es atrial fibrillation is associated =it: a :eart attac;1 or =it:
da8a9e to a :eart >al>e? T:e first ste< in !us:7s treat8ent =as t:e atte8<t to slo= t:e :eart
rate and to restore t:e nor8al r:3t:8? After an :our of tests1 doctors 9a>e !us: di9oEin1 a
dru9 used to restore t:e usual :eart r:3t:8? *:en t:e di9oEin <ro>ed unable to do t:e Bob
alone1 !us:7s <:3sicians be9an to ad8inister anot:er :eart 8edication1 <rocaina8ide?
T:ou9: doctors clai8ed t:at !us: s:o=ed Fso8e indications of a <ositi>e res<onseF to t:is
t:era<31 !us:7s :eart irre9ularit3 =as resistant to t:e 8edicines and <ersisted t:rou9:
Sunda31 Ma3 +? ,octors also be9an to ad8inister an anticoa9ultant dru91 Cou8adin1 in
addition to as<irin? !us: =as t:us bein9 ;e<t 9oin9 =it: four different 8edications?
At t:is <oint1 !us:7s 8edical tea8 =as forced to conte8<late resortin9 to
electrocardio>ersion1 a <rocedure in =:ic: an electric s:oc; is ad8inistered to t:e :eart1
8o8entaril3 sto<<in9 t:e :eart and resettin9 its r:3t:8? T:is <ros<ect =as enou9: to create
a crisis of t:e entire re9i8e1 since electrocardio>ersion =ould :a>e re@uired !us: to
under9o 9eneral anest:esia1 =:ic: in turn =ould :a>e 8andated t:e transfer of <residential
<o=ers to 6ice %resident ,an Lua3le? !ac; in 12/+1 =e :a>e seen t:at !us: =as t:e
beneficiar3 of suc: a transfer =:en Rea9an under=ent sur9er3 for colon cancer?
T:e transfer =ould :a>e been acco8<lis:ed under Section III of t:e T=ent3-ift:
A8end8ent of t:e Constitution1 =:ic: states t:at
*:ene>er t:e %resident trans8its to t:e %resident <ro te8<ore of t:e Senate and t:e
S<ea;er of t:e House of Re<resentati>es :is =ritten declaration t:at :e is unable to
disc:ar9e t:e <o=ers and duties of :is office1 and until :e trans8its to t:e8 a =ritten
declaration to t:e contrar31 suc: <o=ers and duties s:all be disc:ar9ed b3 t:e 6ice
%resident as Actin9 %resident?
T:e s<ecter of Actin9 %resident ,an Lua3le brou9:t fort: a =a>e of <ublic eE<ressions of
consternation and dis8a3? Accordin9 to a *as:in9ton %ost-A!C <ublic o<inion <oll
<ublis:ed Ma3 .1 +.R of t:ose res<ondin9 said t:at in t:eir o<inion Lua3le =as not
@ualified to ta;e o>er as Actin9 %resident? In t:e ni9:t bet=een Sunda3 Ma3 + and Monda3
Ma3 -1 !us: =as still eE<eriencin9 s<oradic e<isodes of an irre9ular :eartbeat? !ut on t:e
8ornin9 of Monda31 Ma3 - :is doctors suddenl3 <ronounced :i8 fit to return to t:e O>al
Office1 =:ere :e =as seated at :is des; b3 2"'5 AM1 and resu8ed =:at =as described as
:is nor8al =or; sc:edule? T:e doctors conceded onl3 t:at t:e3 :ad as;ed !us: to curtail
:is usual frenetic sc:edule of recreational s<orts?
!us: returned to =or; =ired =it: a <ortable :eart 8onitor? T:is =as a de>ice about t:e siAe
of a tele<:one <a9er1 =it: =:ite =ires leadin9 to <atc:es on :is c:est =:ic: 8easured t:e
rate of :is :eartbeat? !us: stated t:at :e =as F!ac; to nor8al and t:e sa8e old 8e?F He
declined to s:o= off :is :eart 8onitor =it: t:e @ui< F,o 3ou t:in; I78 L3ndon &o:nsonDF
L!& :ad <ulled u< :is s:irt to s:o= re<orters a scar on :is sto8ac: after a 9all bladder
o<eration? Gfn '5H
On Ma3 .1 !us:7s c:ief attendin9 <:3sician1 ,r? !urton Lee1 9a>e a briefin9 at !et:esda in
=:ic: :e disclosed t:at !us:7s bout =it: atrial fibrillation :ad been caused b3 an o>eracti>e
t:3roid 9land? Lee assured t:e <ress t:at t:e <roble8 :ad been an o>eracti>e t:r3oid
secretin9 too 8uc: of t:e :or8ore t:3roEin1 =:ic: :el<s to re9ulate t:e bod37s 8etabolic
rate? T:is :or8one 9oes into t:e circulator3 s3ste81 and t:us can disturb t:e <ro<er
functionin9 of t:e :eart? Lo=er t:e rate of <roduction of t:3roid :or8one1 and e>er3t:in9
=ould return to nor8al1 =as t:e 8essa9e? Lee said t:at !us: =ould under9o a t:3roid scan
and ot:er tests to :el< deter8ine t:e a<<ro<riate treat8ent? Contradictin9 earlier state8ents
b3 itA=ater t:at t:ere :ad been no recent dan9er si9nals re9ardin9 !us:7s :ealt:1 Lee no=
re>ealed t:at !us: :ad eE<erienced a s8all =ei9:t loss and e<isodes of unusual fati9ue
durin9 Bo99in9 o>er t:e <re>ious fe= =ee;s? T:e =ei9:t loss :ad been of ei9:t or nine
<ounds durin9 t:e 8ont: before !us: =as :os<italiAed? !us: :ad been tired enou9: to
co8<lain1 FGee =:iA1 I 8ust be 9ettin9 old1F on earlier Bo99in9s runs? Gfn '1H So8e of
!us:7s s38<to8s a<<ear to :a>e e8er9ed in ebruar31 durin9 t:e ti8e of t:e Ira@ =ar? Lee
clai8ed t:at !us: :ad ne>er under9one tests of :is t:3roid functions because :e :ad s:o=n
no s38<to8s of t:3roid disturbance-- a <atent absurdit3? Accordin9 to !urton Lee1 t:e first
indication of a t:3roid disturbance ca8e on Monda3 8ornin91 =:en a blood test s:o=ed
t:at t:e le>el of t:3roid :or8one in !us:7s blood =as abo>e nor8al? T:ese results =ere
t:en confir8ed =it: re<eated blood tests?
T:e official *:ite House line =as t:at t:is =as 9ood ne=s1 since t:3roid disorders =ere
easil3 treated? itA=ater recounted t:at FT:e %resident =as o>erBo3ed? It 8eans t:e <roble8
=as not a <roble8 =it: :is :eart and t:at it is >irtuall3 155 <ercent treatable?F !urton Lee
c:i8ed in =it: :is o<inion t:at bioc:e8ical :3<ert:3roidis8 is Feasil3 treatable?F
On Ma3 21 !us:7s doctors announced t:at :e =as sufferin9 fro8 =:at t:e3 c:ose to call
Gra>es7 disease1 a condition in =:ic: t:e t:3roid 9land beco8es enlar9ed and <roduces
eEcessi>e le>els of :or8one in res<onse to Ffalse 8essa9esF fro8 ot:er <arts of t:e bod3
about :o= 8uc: of t:e :or8one is needed? Gra>es7 disease is a disorder of t:e i88une
s3ste8 in =:ic: t:e bod3 <roduces an antibod3 =:ic: F8i8icsF t:e :or8one t:at usuall3
tells t:e t:3roid :o= 8uc: t:3roEin to <roduce? One decisi>e test =as said to :a>e in>ol>ed
!us:7s s=allo=in9 of a s8all dose of radioacti>e iodine1 follo=ed b3 obser>ation =it: a
de>ice rese8blin9 a 9ei9er counter to obtain an i8a9e of t:e t:3roid? T:is t:3roid scan
re>ealed a 9land t:at =as enlar9ed1 and absorbin9 iodine at faster t:an t:e nor8al rate?
,urin9 t:is <ress conference1 !us:7s 8edical tea8 also conceded t:at !us: :ad
eE<erienced a rene=ed bout of atrial fibrillation in t:e for8 of a Frat:er brief e<isodeF
durin9 t:e ni9:t of Tuesda31 Ma3 /?
,urin9 t:is <ress conference1 !urton Lee once a9ain re<eated t:e stor3 t:at !us:7s t:3roid
:ad ne>er been tested durin9 :is <re>ious annual or ot:er c:ec;u<s? He offered t:e esti8ate
t:at !us:7s t:3roid condition :ad de>elo<ed after :is last 8edical c:ec;u<1 =:ic: :ad been
conducted on Marc: $.1 1221? Accordin9 to ,r? #ennet: !ur8an1a t:3roid s<ecialist at
*alter Reed Ar83 Medical Center =:o :ad been assi9ned to !us:7s case1 t:e issue of
=:et:er t:3roid tests s:ould be a <art of routine <:3sical eEa8ination =as contro>ersial?
!ur8an added t:at :is <ersonal o<inion =as t:at suc: tests =ere not cost-effecti>eK %ress
re<orts reflected sur<rise on t:e <art of outside eE<erts about t:is alle9ed ne9lect of t:3roid
testin9? Also Boinin9 in t:is <ress conference =as ,r? !ruce #? Llo3d1 t:e c:ief of
cardiolo93 at !et:esda Medical Center?
!us:7s doctors announced t:at :e :ad in9ested a dose of radioacti>e iodine on t:e 8ornin9
of Ma3 2? !us: dran; t:is iodine at !et:esda? One t:3roid eE<ert1 ,r? !ruce ,? *eintraub
of t:e National Institutes of Healt:1 told t:e *as:in9ton %ost t:at as a result of t:is t:3roid
coc;tail1 =:ic: =as desi9ned to destro3 a lar9e <art of !us:7s t:3roid1 t:e <ublic 8i9:t
:encefort: see Fa slo=er and less frenetic Geor9e !us:?F Gfn '$H As a result of t:e
radioacti>e coc;tail1 !us: =as F8ildl3 radioacti>eF for a fe= da3s1 and =as told to refrain
fro8 :u99in9 :is 9randc:ildren for t:eir <rotection?
So8e eE<erts called attention to t:e alle9edl3 biAarre ano8al3 t:at !arbara !us: :ad been
dia9nosed as sufferin9 fro8 Gra>es7 disease in &anuar31 12251 in t:e i88ediate =a;e of t:e
%ana8a crisis? One of t:e antibodies associated =it: Gra>es7 disease tri99ers abnor8al
de<osits of fat be:ind t:e e3es1 leadin9 to t:e bul9in9 e3es t:at are associated in t:e <o<ular
8ind =it: :3<ert:3roid disorders? or so8e ti8e after s:e =as dia9nosed1 Mrs? !us:
suffered fro8 disturbances in :er >ision? In addition1 durin9 t:e su88er of 12251 t:e fa8il3
do9 Millie1 a s<rin9er s<aniel1 =as found to :a>e contracted lu<us1 anot:er autoi88une
disease? Millie =as treated =it: t:e steroid dru9 <rednisone1 and a<<arentl3 reco>ered?
inall31 it turned out t:at !us:7s son Mar>in1 a resident of AleEandria1 6ir9inia1 =as also
afflicted b3 an autoi88une disorder1 t:is ti8e re9ional enteritis?
As =ill s:ortl3 beco8e clear1 t:ere =ould :a>e been 9ood reason to in>esti9ate !us:7s
fre@uent e<isodes of a<o<lectic ra9e as a causal factor in t:e autoi88une disorders of :is
i88ediate fa8il3 circle? T:e 8ost li;el3 eE<lanation for t:e afflictions of Millie and
!arbara is t:at t:e3 =ere bot: dri>en frantic b3 Geor9e7s obsessi>e and ra9e-filled outbursts
in t:e *:ite House fa8il3 @uarters? T:is 8a3 :a>e included >arious for8s of 8ental and
e>en <:3sical abuse? T:e e8otional trau8a of li>in9 =it: Geor9e =ould be 8ore t:an
enou9: to <roduce autoi88une <roble8s in t:ose around :i8? %er:a<s in an atte8<t to
distract attention fro8 t:is :i9:l3 <lausible <at: of in>esti9ation1 Maril3n Lua3le =as sent
for=ard to tell CNN of a <lan to test t:e =ater at t:e >ice <resident7s residence at t:e Na>al
Obser>ator31 =:ere Geor9e and !arbara :ad li>ed for ei9:t 3ears before 8o>in9 to t:e
*:ite House? Mrs? Lua3le told t:e 8edia t:at !us:7s *:ite House <:3sicians :ad Fordered
all sorts of testsF on t:e =ater in t:e >ice <resident7s residence1 =:ic: is o>er a centur3 old?
FOb>iousl3 t:ere is a little bit of concern1F said Mrs? Lua3le? FIt see8s a little bit 8uc: of a
coincidence? I don7t =orr3 o>er8uc: about it1 but I t:in; it7s so8et:in9 t:at does bear
loo;in9 into?F Mrs? Lua3le added t:at s:e :o<ed t:e results of t:e tests Frelie>e a lot of
<eo<le7s 8inds-- definitel31 I :o<e t:e3 relie>e 8ine?F
*:at Maril3n Lua3le =as referrin9 to =as <art of a <ro9ra8 to test t:e =ater at t:e *:ite
House1 t:e Na>al Obser>ator31 Ca8< ,a>id1 and #ennebun;<ort? Sanitar3 en9ineers =ere
said to be loo;in9 for concentrations of iodine and lit:iu81 t=o c:e8icals =:ic: :ad been
lin;ed to t:3roid disorders? !us:7s doctors later said t:at t:e3 :ad ordered t:e tests in t:e
:o<es of unco>erin9 clues to t:e re8ar;able coincidence of t:ree autoi88une disorders in
t:e !us: :ouse:old1 includin9 t:e do9 Millie? !us:7s <ose =as one of studied s;e<ticis8"
F(ou7re ;iddin91F :e told re<orters? FI78 not 9oin9 to lose confidence in t:e =ater at t:e
*:ite House until =e ;no= a little 8ore about t:is1F !us: said? In an3 case1 t:e =ater at
t:e *:ite House Ftasted fine to 8e?F Gfn ''H
,urin9 t:e >isit of Lueen EliAabet: II of t:e United #in9do81 !us: described :i8self as
Fdead tiredF on one occasion durin9 t:e >isit? ,urin9 a Ma3 $5 <ress conference =it:
C:ancellor Hel8ut #o:l of Ger8an31 !us: s<o;e =it: a ras<3 >oice1 and :is attention
see8ed to =ander? *:en as;ed about :is <oor <erfor8ance =it: #o:l1 !us: conceded t:at
:e :ad eE<erienced Fslo=in9 do=n on t:e 8ental <rocesses?F On 8ore t:an one occasion1
:e see8ed to lose :is train of t:ou9:t durin9 ans=ers to t:e @uestions of t:e Bournalists?
T:e ras<3 >oice =as still noticeable in a <ress conference on Ma3 $1? On t:at sa8e da31 t:e
*:ite House announced t:e results of =:at =as billed as !us:7s first co8<lete c:ec;u<
since t:e da3 :e s=allo=ed radioacti>e iodine? T:e *:ite House said t:at !us: :ad lost a
total of 1' <ounds since t:e onset of t:e crisis1 but :ad 8ana9ed to 9ain bac; a <ound and a
:alf? Tests s:o=ed t:at !us:7s t:3roid functions =ere no= in t:e lo=-nor8al ran9e1 it =as
furt:er alle9ed? ,octors tried to eE<lain a=a3 !us:7s fati9ue b3 sa3in9 t:at it reflected t:e
bod37s adBust8ent to a t:3roid 9land =:ic: =as o>eracti>e less t:an t=o =ee;s before1 but
:ad no= <ossibl3 beco8e underacti>e as a result of t:e radioacti>e iodine t:era<31 =:ic:
:ad destro3ed 8an3 t:3roEin-<roducin9 cells? !3 t:is <oint1 !us: =as still ta;in9 di9oEin1
<rocaina8ide1 Cou8adin1 as<irin1 and non- radioacti>e iodine dro<s? T:ese last1 it =as said1
=ere desi9ned to reduce t:e a8ounts of t:3roEin enterin9 t:e bloodstrea8? Gfn ')H
!us: =as in #ennebun;<ort for Me8orial ,a31 and t:e *:ite House <ro<a9anda 8ac:ine
=as c:urnin9 out t:e line =as t:at :e =as no= =ell on :is =a3 to co8<lete reco>er3? FI78
slee<in9 8uc: better and I reall3 do feel 9ood and I =is: I :ad about four 8ore da3s :ere1F
!us: told t:e <ress? F!een ta;in9 a little slee< after lunc: :ere1 =:ic: is 9ood? !een
slee<in9 >er3 =ell?F ,urin9 t:is =ee;end1 !us: tried fis:in9 at nine of :is fa>orite
locations? On Sunda31 Ma3 $-1 !us: <la3ed a total of $. :oles of 9olf? Re<orters found t:at
:e =as bac; to :is old =a3s as :e Fcircled t:e 9olf course li;e a 8an on a 8err3-9o-round?F
*:en :e F<assed t:e 1/t: :ole once a9ain on t:is >acation1 :e eEuberantl3 flun9 a 9olf club
at :is cart and loo;ed :orrified =:en it nearl3 :it one of :is Secret Ser>ice 9uards?F
Accordin9 to <ress re<orts1 !us: =as still sufferin9 fro8 dr3ness of 8out:? He :ad reduced
:is inta;e of caffeine1 and of alco:ol? On Monda31 Ma3 $.1 !us: tra>eled to Ne= Ha>en to
s<ea; at t:e (ale co88ence8ent1 and lost t:ree <ounds due to t:e ri9ors of t:e tri<? On
Tuesda31 after :e :ad returned to #ennebun;<ort1 :e told re<orters" F(esterda3 I 9ot a little
tired at t:e end of t:e da31 and toda3 I feel fine? (ou :a>e to <ace 3ourself a little?F Gfn '+H
!us:7s s<eec: at t:e (ale co88ence8ent =as de>oted to a <u9nacious defense of :is C:ina
<olic31 t:e <olic3 of t:e ;o=-to= to t:e butc:ers of !eiBin9? In t:e =ords of one obser>er"
FGeor9e !us:7s address to t:e (ale 9raduatin9 class =as 8ore li;e a tantru8 t:an a s<eec:?
In it1 :e =as defiant about rene=in9 8ost-fa>ored- nation tradin9 status for t:e C:inese1
and crus:in9l3 condescendin9 to t:e o<<osition :e faces? G???H T:e resolute co88ander-in-
c:ief sounded li;e t:e @uerulous candidate of 3esterda3? He can do =:at :e =ants1 tal; out
of bot: sides of :is 8out: and sta9e a <ree8<ti>e stri;e on critics =:o sa3 :is <osition is
i88oral?F Gfn '-H
On *ednesda31 Ma3 $21 !us: <ro<osed a freeAe on t:e <urc:ase and <roduction of surface-
to-surface 8issles in t:e Middle East? On t:is da3 !us: =as a9ain out on t:e 9olf course1
and @uestions about :is :ealt: =ere raised once a9ain b3 :is 9:astl3 <ersonal a<<earance1
=:ic: =as best con>e3ed b3 a <:oto9ra<: a<<earin9 on t:e front <a9e of t:e London
inancial Ti8es of T:ursda31 Ma3 '5?
After t:e be9innin9 of &une1 references to !us:7s atrial fibrillation and t:3roid crisis
beco8e eEceedin9l3 rare1 a tribute to t:e <o=er of t:e !ro=n !rot:ers1 Harri8anOS;ull and
!ones net=or;s? On Se<te8ber +1 !urton Lee announced t:at :e :ad :alted !us:7s dail3
doses of <rocaina8ide and di9oEin s:ortl3 after t:e 8iddle of Au9ust? !ut !us: continued
to ta;e dail3 doses of cou8adin to <re>ent blood clots1 8edication to re<lace lost t:3roid
:or8ore <roduction1 and as<irin e>er3 ot:er da31 also to <re>ent blood clots? T:is
announce8ent ca8e at t:e end of !us:7s $2 da3 >acation in #ennebun;<ort? T:e *:ite
House s<in =as t:at !us: Fa<<ears to :a>e o>erco8e =ei9:t loss and fati9ue associated
=it: t:e t:3roid condition1 called Gra>es7 disease1 and treat8ent for it?F Gfn '.H T:en1 in
8id-Se<te8ber1 !us: under=ent a t=o-:our 8edical eEa8ination desi9ned to <ro>ide a
F8edical sta8< of a<<ro>alF for !us:7s :ealt: as :e <re<ared to run for re- election in 122$?
FI 9otta <ro>e I78 =ell1F said !us: as :e =ent in for t:e c:ec;u<? Accordin9 to ,r? !ur8an1
Ft:e <resident :as been restored to :is nor8al >i9orous state of 9ood :ealt:?F Lee said t:at
all tests :ad s:o=ed !us:7s :eart functions to be nor8alC :e also clai8ed t:at t:ere :ad
been no recurrence of atrial fibrillation after Ma3? !us: :ad co88ented in Au9ust t:at t:e
onl3 t:in9 t:at could ;ee< :i8 fro8 runnin9 for a second ter8 =ould be a :ealt: <roble8?
He no= described :is o=n condition as F155 <ercent? %erfect bill of :ealt:?F Gfn '/H And
t:at1 as far as t:e re9i8e =as concerned1 =as t:at?
,es<ite t:e clai8s of ,r? Lee t:at <olitical considerations <la3ed no role in :is treat8ent1 it
is clear t:at all state8ents b3 *:ite House <:3sicians about !us:7s <:3sical and 8ental
:ealt: 8ust be re9arded =it: t:e 9reatest s;e<ticis8C suc: <ronounce8ents are li;el3 to be
as reliable as t:e censored =ar bulletins of O<eration ,esert Stor8? *as t:ere still a
<roble8 =it: !us:7s :ealt:1 includin9 :is 8ental :ealt:D T:e ans=er is an e8<:atic 3es1 a
3es buttressed b3 t:e obser>ation of continued <aroE3s8s of obsessi>e ra9e on t:e <art of
!us:1 =:o :as not cal8ed do=n at all? !us: re8ains on an e8otional roller-coaster1
co8<lete =it: t:e sna< decisions so t3<ical of t:e :3<ert:3roid <ersonalit3? In s:ort1 !us:7s
t:3roid and 8ental disorders :a>e t:e 8ost de>astatin9 i8<lications for :is abilit3 to
9o>ern?
T:e first @uestion re9ards t:e nature and e>en t:e na8e of !us:7s 8alad3? Accordin9 to a
leadin9 !alti8ore <s3c:iatrist =:o could not be described as <oliticall3 :ostile to !us:1 it
is clear t:at t:e 8an in t:e *:ite House is sufferin9 fro8 t:e full-fled9ed s38<to8s of
!asedo=7s disease? T:e difference bet=een Gra>es7 disease and !asedo=7s is 8ore t:an a
tec:nical @uibble" t:e ter8 Gra>es7 disease as used in t:e En9lis:-s<ea;in9 =orld is
8isleadin9 in t:at it <la3s do=n t:e s38<to8s of 8ental disturbance =:ic: are 8ore
eE<licitl3 associated =it: !asedo=7s disease? Accordin9 to t:is s<ecialist1 it is <ointless to
test t:e =ater in t:e *:ite House1 t:e Na>al Obser>ator31 #ennebun;<ort1 and Ca8<
,a>id1 since it is =ell establis:ed t:at !asedo=7s disease is e8otionall3 tri99ered? An
e8otional u<:ea>al1 <s3c:ic s:oc;1 or ot:er 8ental trau8a sti8ulates t:e 8aster endocrine
9land of t:e bod31 t:e <ituitar3 9land1 into an o>er<roduction of its :or8one1 =:ic: in turn
<ro>o;es an o>eracti>it3 of t:e t:3roid1 s<eedin9 u< o>erall 8etabolis8 and furt:er
eEacerbatin9 t:e ner>ous and e8otional crisis? T:is <attern of o>ersti8ulation of t:e 8ind1
t:e <ituitar31 t:e t:3roid1 t:e 8ind1 and so fort: beco8es a >icious1 self- feedin9 c3cle1
=:ic: can be life t:reatenin9 if it is not effecti>el3 treated?
Accordin9 to t:is !alti8ore eE<ert1 t:e fact t:at !us: :as eE<erienced a <attern of atrial
fibrillation is cause for concern not so 8uc: because of =:at it <ortends for !us:7s :eart1
but rat:er because it s:o=s t:at !us:7s case of !asedo=7s disease is alread3 =ell ad>anced1
=it: a si9nificant eEcess of t:3roid :or8one? T:e o>er<roduction of t:3roid :or8one can
t:eoreticall3 be brou9:t under control t:rou9: t:e ad8inistration of radioacti>e iodine1 but
t:is does not 8ean t:at t:e disease itself is eas3 to treat or to brin9 under control =it: an3
finalit3? %recisel3 because !asedo=7s disease is e8otionall3 tri99ered1 a sudden increase in
e8otional stress can result in a rene=al of erratic be:a>ior?
T:e 9ood ne=s1 in t:e >ie= of t:is eE<ert1 is t:at <atients sufferin9 fro8 !asedo=7s disease
do not :a>e to be <laced into a 8ental institution? T:eir s38<to8s can be 8ana9ed1
alt:ou9: t:e3 =ill continue to :a>e t:eir u<s and do=ns? !ut suc: 8ana9e8ent re@uires a
stress-free en>iron8ent? T:e i8<lications for !us:7s furt:er tenure in t:e *:ite House are
ob>ious enou9:" t:e ederal Aeronautics Ad8inistration =ill not 9rant a <ilot7s license of
an3 ;ind to a <erson =:o :as been dia9nosed =it: !asedo=7s disease?
T:e !alti8ore s<ecialist also <ointed out t:at alt:ou9: sa8<les of !us:7s blood1 ta;en b3
:is *:ite House doctors and froAen o>er a <eriod of 8ont:s and 3ears1 8i9:t be tested for
t:3roid :or8one in order to ans=er t:e all-i8<ortant @uestion of =:en !us:7s case of
!asedo=7s disease actuall3 be9an1 t:ese findin9s 8i9:t be fra98entar3 because of t:e
si9nificant da3-to-da3 >ariations in t:e le>el of t:3roid :or8one? If a sa8<le :ad been
ta;en after !us: :eard t:e ne=s t:at Ira@i orei9n Minister Tari@ AAiA :ad declined to
acce<t !us:7s t:reatenin9 letter :anded to :i8 b3 Secretar3 of State !a;er1 !us:7s le>el of
t:3roid :or8one t:at da3 8i9:t :a>e been :i9: enou9: to =arrant i88ediate
:os<italiAation?
In t:e o<inion of t:is eE<ert1 t:ese <oints all re<resent standard1 =ell-;no=n 8edical
doctrine =:ic: is not subBect to an3 contro>ers3 a8on9 <:3sicians and s<ecialists? !us:7s
*:ite House 8edical tea8 8ust t:erefore be ;eenl3 a=are of all of t:e8?
Accordin9 to a California <rofessor of radiolo931 :3<ert:3roidis8 is traditionall3
associated =it: <atients =:o are irritable1 restless1 o>eracti>e1 and e8otionall3 labile? T:e3
often lac; t:e abilit3 to concentrate1 and :a>e s38<to8s of anEiet3? T:e3 also eE:ibit
i8<ulsi>e be:a>ior? In addition1 t:ere are outri9:t <s3c:iatric disorders =:ic: are
associated =it: :3<ert:3roidis8? T:is <rofessor <ointed to !us:7s decision to initiate
:ostilities a9ainst Ira@1 in =:ic: :e reBected t:e ad>ice of ei9:t out of nine secretaries of
defense1 t:ree for8er c:air8en of t:e Boint c:iefs of staff1 and ot:er <ro8inent eE<erts in
order to =a9e =ar? Could t:is ;ind of decision-8a;in9 <rocess be associated =it: !us:7s
:3<ert:3roidis8D In t:is s<ecialist7s o<inion it is difficult to sa31 because of t:e difficult3 of
deter8inin9 =it: <recision =:en !us:7s :3<ert:3roid condition be9an? !us:7s c:oice of
,an Lua3le as a runnin9 8ate 8i9:t also fit into t:is t3<e of <attern?
T:is California <rofessor noted t:at t:ere eEists a literature on :3<ert:3roid <atients =:o
:a>e de>elo<ed sc:iAo<:renia? SiEt3 <er cent of <atients =it: :3<ert:3roidis8 s:o=
intellectual i8<air8ent of so8e de9ree? *:at =ill !us: be li;e if and =:en :e beco8es
eut:3roidD T:e California <rofessor re9arded t:is as a fascinatin9 @uestion to follo=?
Accordin9 to a 6eneAuelan endocrinolo9ist1 :3<ert:3roidis8 8ust be re9arded as a <s3c:o-
so8atic illness c:aracteriAed b3 obsessi>e states? *:en t:e <atient is unable to consu88ate
:is or :er obsession1 t:en cardiac arr:3t:8ia results? *:en t:is :a<<ens1 t:e condition of
t:e <atient deteriorates? T:is 8ec:anis8 stron9l3 su99ests t:at suc: t:3roid <atients be
dis@ualified for <osts t:at in>ol>e stress and =ei9:t3 res<onsibilities? Accordin9 to t:is
eE<ert1 it =ould be difficult for !us: to re8ain in office until &anuar31 122'1 and it =ould
be 8adness for :i8 to atte8<t a second ter8? T:is s<ecialist :as a bac;9round of researc:
in t:e <s3c:olo9ical causes of t:3roid disordersC one for8 of t:e etiolo93 of
:3<ert:3roidis8 :e :as studied in>ol>es t:e tendenc3 of 3oun9 c:ildren =:ose <arents
:a>e died to de>elo< t:3roid <roble8s as a result of 9rief and berea>e8ent?
T:e @uestion of t:e influence of !us:7s :3<ert:3roid condition on :is decison-8a;in91
es<eciall3 :is ra9eful and obsessi>e decisions to 9o to =ar in %ana8a and t:e Gulf1 could
not be a>oided e>en b3 t:e <ro-re9i8e <ress? A Ne= (or; Ti8es article b3 ,r? La=rence #?
Alt8an1 M,1 <osed t:e @uestion1 Fdoes an o>eracti>e t:3roid 9land affect 8ood and
Bud98entDF Accordin9 to t:is <iece1 eE<erts inter>ie=ed ad8itted t:at t:e3 :ad F=ondered
about a t:eoretical lin; bet=een G!us:7sH Gra>es7 disease and :is <residential decisions?
Most eE<erts belie>e t:at <eo<le =it: :3<ert:3roidis8 do not 8a;e decisions as =ell as
t:e3 =ould nor8all3?F FAn i8<ortant @uestion1F =rote Alt8an1 Fis =:en Mr?
!us:7s case of Gra>es7 disease be9an?F One =a3 to s:ed li9:t on t:is @uestion =ould be to
test stored blood sa8<les t:at !us:7s doctors =ould routinel3 ;ee<? !ut t:e Secret Ser>ice
:as a <olic3 of destro3in9 all suc: s<eci8ens for securit3 reasonsK Accordin9 to ,r? Andre
6an Herle of UCLA1 a8on9 <atients sufferin9 fro8 :3<ert:3roidis81 Fso8e are not
disturbed at allC ot:ers are bas;et cases?F Alt8an elaborates t:at
<eo<le =it: :3<ert:3roid conditions can eE:ibit unc:aracteristic be:a>ior li;e s:o=in9
s:ortened attention s<ans1 8a;in9 sna< decisions1 be:a>in9 freneticall31 and tirin9 8ore
easil3 t:an usual? %eo<le :a>e been ;no=n to ineE<licabl3 9et 8arried or di>orced =:en
suc: i8<ortant decisions are out of c:aracter? Students =it: o>eracti>e t:3roids 8a3 be so
Bitter3 t:at t:e3 cannot sit t:rou9: class or t:e3 do <oorl3 on eEa8inations?
T:e =orst for8 of :3<ert:3roidis81 ;no=n as t:3roid stor81 can be c:arctariAed b3 fe>er1
8ar;ed =ea;ness1 8uscle-=astin9 and <s3c:osis? Mr? !us:7s doctors :a>e described :is
case as 8ild1 and ne>er near t:3roid stor8?
Accordin9 to ,r? %eter C? *:3bro=1 :ead of t:e de<art8ent of <s3c:iatr3 at t:e Uni>ersit3
of %enns3l>ania1 8ild de<ression can be an initial s38<to8 of :3<ert:3roid disorder?
%eo<le =it: o>eracti>e t:3roid 9lands Fdon7t <erfor8 @uite so =ell1F in :is >ie=? FT:e3 feel1
for reasons t:e3 cannot eE<lain1 a little a9itated1 a little <reoccu<ied =it: t:e8sel>es1
Bu8<3? T:eir concentration is a little off?F Accordin9 to Alt8an1 Fso8e eE<erts :a>e raised
t:e <ossibilit3 t:at Mr? !us: could :a>e :ad a 8ildl3 o>eracti>e t:3roid in t:e 12//
%residential ca8<ai9n1 or e>en earlier?F An3 nor8al 8edical c:ec;u< ad8inistered b3 a
<ri>ate doctor =ould :a>e detected !us:7s t:3roid ail8ent t:rou9: a I$5 blood test t:at is
done auto8aticall3 unless it is s<ecificall3 ruled out b3 t:e <:3sician in ad>ance? Gfn '2H
T:ese >ie=s =ere su<<le8ented b3 a <iece in t:e *as:in9ton %ost b3 Abi9ail Trafford1 t:e
editor of t:at ne=s<a<er7s =ee;l3 :ealt: su<<le8ent1 =:o =as :erself a >icti8 of Gra>es7
disease? Ms? Trafford =arned :er readers of Ft:e bad ne=s" It is difficult to li>e =it: and
adBust to Gra>es7s disease? *:at7s 8issin9 in all t:e u<beat <ress releases fro8 t:e *:ite
House is t:e <o=erful e8otional i8<act t:e disease :as on 8an3 <atients and t:e effects of
:3<ert:3roidis8 on 8ood1 be:a>ior1 and Bud98ent? And =:ile Gra>es7 is1 indeed1 curable1 it
can ta;e 8ont:s1 so8eti8es 3ears1 for <eo<le to 9et t:eir t:3roid function bac; to nor8al?F
&os:ua L? Co:en1 assistant <rofessor of 8edicine at Geor9e *as:in9ton Uni>ersit31 told
Ms? Trafford t:at FGra>es7 disease stri;es on a <s3c:olo9ical basis and it stri;es a
<o<ulation t:at is not used to t:e conce<t of bein9 sic;?F Accordin9 to *as:in9ton
endocrinolo9ist &a8es N? Ra8e31 FT:ere7s no @uestion t:at t:e e8otions are se>erel3 out of
=:ac;?F Terr3 Ta3lor1 actin9 c:ief of endocrinolo93 at Geor9eto=n Uni>ersit3 Medical
Center described Gra>es7 <atients" FE8otionall31 t:e3 can be feelin9 >er3 9ood and t:en
>er3 bad? T:ere are a lot of u<s and do=ns????T:e3 cr3 at T6 ads?FFIt ta;es se>eral :alf-li>es
to 9et t:e t:3roid le>el in t:e blood do=n?F T:erefore so8e <atients ta;e t:ree 8ont:s to
feel li;e Ft:eir old sel>es1F and so8e ta;e a 3ear? Ms? Trafford recalls t:at on Au9ust 151
12251 durin9 t:e first =ee;1 of t:e Gulf crisis1 =:en !us: left for :is su88er >acation in
Maine1 :e =as :eard to sa3"
Life 9oes on? Gotta ;ee< 8o>in9? Can7t sta3 in one <lace all t:e ti8e? Gfn )5H
Accordin9 to t:e TeEtboo; of Medical-Sur9ical Nursin9 b3 Lillian S:oltis !runner and
,oris S8it: Suddart:1 :3<ert:3roidis8 F8a3 a<<ear after an e8otional s:oc;1 ner>ous
strain1 or an infection -- but t:e eEact si9nificance of t:ese relations:i<s is not understood?F
Accordin9 to t:ese aut:ors1 F<atients =it: =ell-de>elo<ed :3<ert:3roidis8 eE:ibit a
c:aracterstic 9rou< of s38<to8s and si9ns? T:eir <resentin9 s38<to8 is often ner>ousness?
T:e3 are e8otionall3 :3<ereEcitableC t:eir state of 8ind is a<t to be irritable and
a<<re:ensi>eC t:e3 cannot sit @uietl3C t:e3 suffer fro8 <al<itationC and t:eir <ulse is
abnor8all3 ra<id at rest as =ell as on eEertion?F T:e disease F8a3 <ro9ress relentlessl31 t:e
untreated <atient beco8in9 e8aciated1 intensel3 ner>ous1 delirious -- e>en disoriented --
and t:e :eart e>entuall3 7racin9 itself to deat:?7F T:ese aut:ors also <oint out t:at Fno
treat8ent for :3<ert:3roidis8 :as been disco>ered t:at co8bats its basic cause1F e>en
t:ou9: a nu8ber of for8s of treat8ent are a>ailable? *it:in t:e conteEt of treat8ent1 t:e
follo=in9 Fo>er>ie= of nursin9 8ana9e8entF is reco88ended"
T:e obBecti>es of nursin9 care are to assist t:e <atient in o>erco8in9 :is s38<to8s and to
:el< :i8 return to a eut:3roid condition? T:e nurse 8aintains a cal8 8anner and
understands t:at 8uc: of :is ner>ousness and anEiet3 is be3ond :is control? Acti>ities to
lessen t:e irritabilit3 of t:e ner>ous s3ste8 8a3 include t:e follo=in9" <rotectin9 t:e
<atient fro8 stressful eE<eriences1 suc: as u<settin9 >isitors or t:e <resence of anno3in9 or
>er3 ill <atientsC <ro>idin9 a cool and uncluttered en>iron8entC and encoura9in9 t:e <atient
to enBo3 <leasant 8usic1 li9:t tele>ision entertain8ent1 and interestin9 and relaEin9
:obbies? Gfn )1H
T:is is :ardl3 a descri<tion of t:e *:ite House situation roo8?
,urin9 t:e course of t:is debate1 ne=s<a<ers <rinted su88aries of substances =:ic: are
t:ou9:t to :a>e an influence on t:3roid acti>it3? T:ese included 9er8s suc: as 3ersinia
enterocolitica1 certain t3<es of retro>irus1 lit:iu81 iodine1 and t:e so-called 9oitro9ens? T:is
last cate9or3 includes c:e8icals found in >e9etables suc: as broccoli and cabba9e?
T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es of Ma3 12 carried t=o letters to t:e editor on t:is subBect? One1 fro8
%rofessor ran;lin M? Loe=1 ,ean of t:e Tufts Uni>ersit3 6eterinar3 Sc:ool1 recalled t:at
>e9etables of t:e brassica fa8il31 suc: as brussel s<routs1 ;ale1 and broccoli contain
substances t:at 8a3 :el< to <re>ent Gra>es7 disease? T:e ot:er letter re<orted t:at t:e
<o<ular 9uide1 %rescri<tion for Nutritional Healin91 reco88ends <lent3 of broccoli to
9uard a9ainst t:e dan9ers of t:e o>eracti>e t:3roid? All of t:is once a9ain <osed t:e
@uestion of !us:7s outbursts about broccoli1 =:ic: 8a3 :a>e been ur9ed on :is b3
<:3sicians see;in9 a =a3 to 8iti9ate so8e of :is s38<to8s?
*as O<eration ,esert Stor8 reall3 O<eration T:3roid Stor8D On Ma3 $51 one of t:e 8ost
fanatical su<<orters of =ar a9ainst Ira@ :ad atte8<ted to <re-e8<t t:e discussion of t:e role
of :3<ert:3roid 8ental instabilit3 in !us:7s 8ilitar3 decisions? T:is =as *illia8 Safire1
=:o =rote"
NeEt1 =it: 8ore sinister intent1 =e can eE<ect t:is @uestion" To =:at eEtent =as t:e
%resident7s unc:aracteristicall3 acti>ist 8indset after t:e Ira@i in>asion affected b3 a
:3<ert:3roid conditionD *as :e :3<er last Au9ust $D ,id t:e o>eracti>e 9land affect :is
decision to launc: t:e air =ar or t:e 9round =ar earl3 t:is 3earD Gfn )'H
!us: :i8self :ad been as;ed to co88ent about t:is <ossibilit3? He re<lied t:at an3 idea
t:at :is =ar8on9erin9 in t:e Gulf :ad been facilitated b3 :is t:r3oid disorder =as FBust
<lain1 old- fas:ioned 8alar;e3?F !efore lea>in9 on a >isit to St? %aul1 Minnesota1 !us:
<rotested t:at :is :ealt: =as fine? FI78 not =ar31 3ou ;no=1 =onderin9 =:at :a<<ens neEt1F
:e said? It 8a;es 8e :a<<3 e>er3t:in97s o;a3? T:e3 dia9nosed it ri9:t1 treated it ri9:t1 and
t:ere7s not:in9 8ore serious to it?F &ust after :e :ad boarded Air orce One at Andre=s Air
orce !ase for :is tri< to t:e T=in Cities1 !us: called re<orters to9et:er and declared" FI
Bust =ant to sa3 e>er3t:in97s fine?F As;ed about an3 side effects of t:e fi>e 8edicines :e
=as t:en ta;in91 !us: ans=ered t:at :is 8edication Faffects 83 tu883? !ut it doesn7t
affect 83 =illin9ness and ea9erness to 9et to t:e office?F In an a<<arent allusion to
Lincoln7s celebrated co88ent on t:e alle9ed alco:olis8 of Gen?
Grant1 !us: e>en su99ested t:at :is t:r3oid eEcess 8a3 :a>e been an ad>anta9e" FT:ere7s a
9reat 8an =:o su99ested1 7If t:at7s 3our <roble81 t:en 9et 8ore t:3roid <roble8s because it
=ent >er3 =ell1 indeed?7F Gfn ))H
,urin9 &une1 t:ere =ere :ints fro8 !us: and :is retinue t:at :e 8i9:t not run for <resident
a9ain in 122$? T:is =as lar9el3 a c3nical <ublic relations <lo31 atte8<tin9 to 9enerate a
stor3 =:en it =as clear t:at !us: =as 8ono8aniacall3 obsessed =it: :oldin9 onto <o=er
as lon9 :is :e could and b3 an3 8eans? On a >isit to Los An9eles1 !us: alluded to t:is
@uestion1 and tried to <ortra3 :i8self as a 8an =:ose sense of dut3 to t:e >oters =ould
onl3 allo= :i8 to consider re-election if :e =ere in <erfect condition? *ould :e run a9ainD
FI :a>en7t decided? It7s too earl3? ,on7t <us: 8e?F T:ere =as t:e test3 note a9ain? An3
reasons =:3 :e 8i9:t notD FCan7t reall3 t:in; of a reason eEce<t1 certainl31 :ealt:?F
I7d o=e it to t:e A8erican <eo<le to sa31 7He31 I78 u< for t:e Bob for four 8ore 3ears?7 I
t:in; G83H :ealt:7s in 9ood enou9: s:a<e to certif31 but I =ant to ta;e a loo; at it later on? I
can7t tell 3ou I feel <erfect 3et1 but I78 9ettin9 t:ere????I =ant to 9et off all t:is 8edicine? Gfn
)+H I78 absolutel3 con>inced on t:at one -- if 3ou :ad to as; 8e on t:at one toda3 -- I t:in;
:ealt:7s in 9ood enou9: s:a<e to certif31 7(ea:?7 !ut I =ant to ta;e a loo; at it later on? I
don7t ;no=? I7>e 9ot a stron9-=illed =ife? O:1 s:e7s stron9? T:e Sil>er oE1 bo3?
It =ouldn7t be decided runnin9 fro8 a battle? T:e fact if t:ere7s a battle1 and t:ere =ill be1
t:at =ould 8a;e 8e inclined to sa3 I78 9oin9 to be a candidate? Gfn )-H
As <art of t:is sa8e dece<tion nu8ber1 !arbara !us: also floated a trial balloon t:at
Geor9e 8i9:t renounce t:e second :alf of :is birt:ri9:t? S<ea;in9 of t:e <eriod 122'-
122.1 Mrs? !us: told a re<orter1 FI =ouldn7t 8ind if :e 9a>e Gt:ose 3earsH to 8e? I =ouldn7t
8ind if :e didn7t1 I =ould not be terribl3 disa<<ointed if :e didn7t run?F In t:e course of t:is
inter>ie=1 Mrs? !us: also re>ealed t:at Geor9e1 des<ite :is :3<ert:3roid treat8ent1 =as still
8anic enou9: to =ant to <la3 9olf at t:e crac; of da=n" FSo8eti8es :e sa3s to 8e at + in
t:e 8ornin91 FIf 3ou <la3ed 9olf =e could 9o out and <la3 ri9:t no=?7F Mrs? !us: ad8itted
t:at s:e =as no= ta;in9 9olf lessonsC FI =ant to be =it: Geor9e1F s:e eE<lained? Gfn ).H
!ut siE =ee;s later1 durin9 t:e course of t:e Mosco= su88it1 Mrs? !us: rose abo>e :er
<ersonal concerns to loo; :istorical necessit3 strai9:t in t:e e3e" FI reall3 t:in; :e :as to
run a9ain1 :onestl3?F And =:3 =as t:atD For t:e countr37s sa;e? I t:in; :e7s 9ot a lot left to
do1 and I t:in; :e :as to? No=1 I don7t =ant t:at to be a <ublic announce8ent?F Ho= about
lin9erin9 doubts on !us:7s <:3sical conditionD FHe is =ell? And 3ou ;no= 83t:s 9et
started1 and =e7>e 9ot to sto< it? T:e <resident is >er3 =ell? He Bo99ed on Sunda3 and
<la3ed 1/ :oles of 9olf? %lus =e :ad a lar9e 9rou< for dinner? T:e <resident is 9reat?F
Re<eatin9 t:is line for A!C and N!C tele>ision1 Mrs? !us: denied t:at s:e =ould tr3 to
tal; Geor9e out of a bid for a second ter8? S:e su99ested t:at suc: ideas =ere lar9el3 t:e
creation of t:e <ress1 a sli9:tl3 disin9enuous <osture? Gfn )/H
As for t:e burnin9 issue of ,an Lua3le7s <recious bodil3 fluids1 t:e tests ordered in Ma3
re>ealed t:at t:ere =as so8e lead in t:e old <i<es at t:e Na>al Obser>ator3? Maril3n
Lua3le s:ared t:is >ital intelli9ence =it: a 9rou< of Re<ublican fat cats at a fundraiser in
Orlando1 lorida? F*e7>e 9otten so8e re<orts bac; t:at =eren7t real :eartenin91F said
Maril3n? F*e :ad :i9:er lead Gle>elsH t:an =:at =as su<<osed to be t:ere in so8e of t:e
different s<i9ots1 but it =asn7t all o>er t:e :ouse? *e =ant to :a>e it redone because it didn7t
8a;e an3 sense?F !ut eE<erts 8aintained t:at t:ere is no connection bet=een lead and
Gra>es7 disease? Gfn )2H Of course1 lead-lined 9oblets and ot:er drin;in9 >essels used b3 t:e
=ealt:3 durin9 t:e Ro8an E8<ire :a>e so8eti8es been cited as a factor in t:e notable
8ental instabilit3 of 8an3 e8<erors?
In earl3 Au9ust1 !us: 8et =it: a 9rou< of <erce<tion <i8<s and ot:er <olitical ad>isers at
:is Ca8< ,a>id retreat? %ollster !ob Teeter =as t:ere1 alon9 =it: Robert Mosbac:er1 =:o
=as on t:e inside trac; to c:air t:e ca8<ai9n? Also <resent =ere !rad31 Lua3le1 Sununu1
*illia8 #ristol of Lua3le7s staff1 and 8edia eE<ert Ro9er Ailes? A fe= da3s earlier1 !us:
:ad stated t:at Fonl3 a :ealt: <roble8F 8i9:t 8a;e :i8 dro< out1 but FI don7t :a>e one
ri9:t no=? On t:e sa8e da31 !urton Lee :ad certified !us: as bein9 Fin eEcellent :ealt:?F
Gfn +5H !3 late October1 t:e !us:8en =ere alread3 :oldin9 I1555-a- <late fundraisin9
dinners1 co8<lete =it: !us:1 Lua3le1 Mosbac:er1 and ot:er :ea>ies of t:e re9i8e? !us:
=as runnin91 =it: a >en9eance?
Co8<arin9 t:e e>idence adduced :ere so far about t:e etiolo93 and s38<to8s of
!asedo=7s disease =it: !us:7s <attern of acti>it3 in 12//-12211 t:ree 9eneral conclusions
are su99ested"
1? Since 12/.-// at t:e latest1 Geor9e !us: :as eE:ibited a 8ar;ed tendenc3 to=ards
obsessi>e ra9e states1 often eE<ressed b3 co8<ulsi>e <ublic dis<la3s of eEtre8e an9er and
lac; of self- control? T:ese obsessi>e ra9e states and t:e @uasi-<s3c:otic i8<ulses be:ind
t:e8 8a3 be re9arded as t:e <robable <s3c:olo9ical tri99er for !asedo=7s disease1 a
<s3c:oso8atic1 autoi88une disorder?
$? T:ere is 8uc: e>idence t:at i8<ortant decisions1 includin9 8ost notabl3 !us:7s
decisions 8ilitaril3 to attac; %ana8a and Ira@1 =ere substantiall3 facilitated b3 t:ese
obsessi>e ra9e states?
'? T:ere are indications t:at !us:7s inabilit3 to ;ill or ca<ture Sadda8 Hussein1 co8bined
=it: :is inabilit3 to destro3 t:e !aat: <art3 9o>ern8ent of Ira@1 frustrated of one of !us:7s
obsessi>e co8<ulsions and 8a3 t:us :a>e contributed to a :3<ert:r3oid crisis and t:e
e8er9ence of atrial fibrillation in earl3 Ma3 of 1221? Alternati>el31 t:e accu8ulated
tensions of t:e Gulf crisis1 <ossibl3 in so8e co8bination =it: ot:er e>ents1 8a3 :a>e been
sufficient to <reci<itate !us:7s :os<italiAation?
T:e @uestion t:at re8ains to be considered is =:et:er !us: can be considered cured of t:e
8ental and <:3siolo9ical disorders in>ol>ed =it: :is :3<ert:3roid crisis? T:e ans=er is t:at
!us: de8onstrabl3 continues to eE:ibit t:ose s38<to8s of ra9e1 irritabilit31 uncontrollable
outbursts1 co8<ulsi>e and frenetic acti>it31 and i8<ulsi>e decisions =:ic: =e 8ust
conclude =ere <art of t:e tri99er for !asedo=7s disease in t:e first <lace? ,urin9 t:e first
siE 8ont:s after !us: dran; :is coc;tail of radioacti>e iodine1 and :e did not beco8e an3
8ore tran@uil? His a9enda :as re8ained <ac;ed1 and :is s<orts calendar frenetic? He still
tends to 8a;e un<redictable sna< decisions? He :ad often lost control of :is e8otions in
<ublic1 8ost often t:rou9: ra9e1 but also t:rou9: =ee<in9 and ot:er for8s of affecti>e
u<:ea>al?
&une +" !us: addressed t:e annual 8eetin9 of t:e Sout:ern !a<tist Con>ention in Atlanta1
Geor9ia1 and recounted :is tearful Ca8< ,a>id decision to launc: =ar in t:e Gulf? FAnd
t:e tears started to roll do=n t:e c:ee;s1 and our 8inister s8iled bac;1 and I no lon9er
=orried :o= it loo;ed to ot:ers1F !us: told t:e !a<tists? As >ie=ed b3 Andre= Rosent:al
of t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es1 t:e scene <roceeded as follo=s"
At t:at 8o8ent1 Mr? !us:7s >oice bro;e1 and tears filled :is e3es? He brus:ed at t:e8 =it:
a fin9er? T:en :e turned to one of t:e ca8eras near t:e lectern1 flas:ed one of t:e
incon9ruous 9rins t:at often a<<ear in :is 8o8ents of e8otional disco8fort1 and <ointed to
:is c:ee;? FHere =e 9o1F :e said?
Mr? !us: confessed to re<orters after=ard t:at :e felt a little e8barrassed b3 :is dis<la3 of
e8otion before t:e dele9ates? FI do t:at in c:urc:1F :e said? FMa3be in <ublic it7s a ;ind of a
first1 or 8a3be a t:ird?F Gfn +1H Accordin9 to ot:er accounts1 !us:7s F>oice crac;ed1F and :e
F9re= :us;3 and c:o;ed?F &une 1-" !us: >isited Los An9eles to attend a <art3 t:ro=n b3
Malibu <roducer &err3 *eintraub1 =:o :as been res<onsible for suc: fil8s as FT:e #arate
#idF and FM3 Ste<8ot:er is an Alien?F !us: also <la3ed 9olf =it: Ronald Rea9an1
outdri>in9 and out<uttin9 t:e a9in9 for8er <resident? One <ress account su99ests t:at !us:
8aintained :is :3<er:t3roid <ace"
A<art fro8 <la3in9 9olf1 Mr? !us: continued :is usual 8ad das: of recreation? T:is
8ornin91 :e =as in suc: a :urr3 to 9et to a tennis 9a8e t:at :is 8otorcade roared off
=it:out :is <ersonal aide1 :is <ersonal <:3sician1 and1 8ore i8<ortant1 t:e 8ilitar3 officer
=:o carries codes for launc:in9 nuclear 8issles? Unner>ed b3 t:is o8ission1 *:ite House
aides :urriedl3 rounded u< trans<ortation and s<ed t:e officer to t:e tennis courts?
,urin9 t:is tri<1 !us: also eE<erienced a ra9e outburst set off b3 a re<orter7s reference to
t:e 12// Ne=s=ee; co>er t:at eE<lored Ft:e =i8< factor?F T:is set !us: off as follo=s"
(ou7re tal;in9 to t:e =i8<? (ou7re tal;in9 to t:e 9u3 t:at :ad a co>er of a national
8a9aAine t:at I7ll ne>er for9i>e1 <ut t:at label on 8e? Gfn +$H
&ul3 11-1$" On &ul3 111 !us: recei>ed a >isit fro8 &a<anese %ri8e Minister Tos:i;i #aifu
at #ennebun;<ort? He =as as;ed about senate :earin9s on :is no8ination of Robert Gates
to be :ead of t:e CIA? 0*it: an3t:in9 but a rubbersta8< Con9ress1 t:e Gates no8ination
=ould :a>e :ad to be seen as a 9ratuitous <ro>ocation? Gates :ad been u< to :is nec; in
Iran-contra and t:e co>eru< t:ereof1 and :ad =it:dra=n durin9 a <re>ious atte8<t to
occu<3 t:e sa8e office? No= !us: =as stirrin9 u< t:e Iran-contra affair once a9ain?
*as:in9ton ru8or :ad it t:at !us:7s first c:oice for t:e <ost :ad been ,on Gre991 and t:at
!us:7s :andlers :ad eEa:usted t:eir ener9ies in <ersuadin9 !us: to renounce t:is e>en
bi99er <ro>ocation? *:en !us: :ad been forced to dro< Gre991 :e :ad insisted on Gates?
Obsessions and :3<ert:3roidis8 :ad been at =or; in all t:is? No= !us: =as as;ed about
Gates" =as :is stor3 credible t:at :e ;ne= not:in9 of ille9al funds transfer =:en t:ose
abo>e and belo= :i8 in t:e c:ain of co88and ;ne= all about itD !us:7s first co88ent =as
8oderate in tone"
,oesn7t stretc: 83 credibilit3 because I belie>e fir8l3 in !ob Gates7s =ord? And :e7s a 8an
of total :onor1 and :e s:ould be confir8ed as ,irector of Central Intelli9ence? And =:en
3ou :a>e be:ind-doors1 closed-door alle9ations t:at nobod3 reall3 ;no=s an3t:in9 about1
I78 not sure =:ere t:e fairness ele8ent co8es in on t:at one1 &i8?
T:e neEt da31 &ul3 1$1 !us: en9a9ed in a @uestion and ans=er session =it: re<orters? !us:
=as dressed in s<ortin9 to9s1 but toda3 :e =as out of control? His first i8<ulse =as to
esca<e fro8 t:e re<orters"
He31 listen? I7>e 9ot to 9o no=? Hea>3 recreation co8in9 u< before =e 9o abroad1 so I7>e
9ot to ;ee< 9oin9?
He fou9:t off so8e @uestions about Clarence T:o8as alle9edl3 s8o;in9 8ariBuana1
co88entin9 t:at t:is =as not dis@ualif3in9? T:en1 t:ere =as a 8ention of Gates"
L" Has Gates told 3ou about-
T:at touc:ed !us:7s obsession of t:e da3? Gates :ad been accused of co8<licit3 in Iran-
contra 9un-runnin9 and dru9 runnin9C but !us: :i8self :ad once a9ain co8e under attac;
for :is role in t:e October sur<rise cons<irac3 to dela3 t:e release of US :osta9es :eld in
Te:eran? Se>eral da3s before1 t:e for8er director of Central A8erican affairs for t:e CIA1
Alan iers1 :ad ad8itted l3in9 to Con9ress? S<ecial <rosecutor La=rence *als: =as
continuin9 :is in>esti9ation1 and it =as no= clear t:at t:e Senate =ould not >ote on t:e
Gates no8ination until t:e autu8n? At t:is <oint !us: bro;e in1 and =it: a contorted face
launc:ed into an inter8inable enra9ed 8onolo9ue1 an9ril3 brus:in9 aside interru<tions?
T:e <assa9es are =ort: re<roducin9 :ere in detail because of t:e insi9:t t:e3 afford into t:e
=or;in9s of a tor8ented 8ind"
!us:" Let 8e sa3 so8et:in9 on t:e Gates 8atter? *:at are =e co8in9 to :ereD (ou7re
tal;in9 to so8ebod3 =:o :ad to <ro>e :is innocence --8e--on t:e basis of ru8or? It =as
alle9ed b3 <eo<le t:at =e =eren7t sure =:o t:e3 =ere1 t:at I =as in %aris at so8e deal to
;ee< A8ericans in ca<ti>it3? T:at7s =:at t:e alle9ation =as a9ainst 8e? And I78 sa3in9 to
83self1 =:o7s 8a;in9 t:ese alle9ationsD *:at7s t:e e>idenceD *:at :a>e =e co8e to
=:ere a 8an :as to <ro>e :is innocence a9ainst so8e fluid1 8o>able c:ar9eD
And no= I78 t:in;in9 about !ob Gates? And I78 sa3in9" *:at is t:is all aboutD Isn7t t:e
<eo<le t:at 8i9:t be accusin9 :i8 of so8et:in9 --s:ouldn7t it be t:eir res<onsibilit3 under
t:e A8erican s3ste8 of fair<la3D I :a>e full confidence in :i8? !ut =:at is t:is s3ste8
=:ere =e :ear so8e lea; in so8e ne=s<a<er t:at be:ind closed doors so8ebod3 :as said
so8et:in91 and t:us a lot of <eo<le run for co>erD
I :a>e confidence in Gates? And if so8ebod3 =ants to accuse :i8 of so8et:in91 t:e Senate
is absolutel3 ri9:t in 9ettin9 t:at deter8ination 8ade and as;in9 for t:e e>idence1 but t:e3
ou9:t not to :a>e it obscured b3 so8e testi8on3 t:at7s been 9oin9 on for four 3ears? T:e3
ou9:t not to acce<t a ru8or? T:e3 ou9:t not to <anic and run li;e a co>e3 of @uail because
so8ebod3 :as 8ade an alle9ation a9ainst a 8an =:ose =or; I trust and =:o1 as I
understand it1 :asn7t been fin9ered b3 =:at7s co8in9 out of t:is <rocess?
And so1 I78 9lad t:is :as co8e u< a9ain because I t:in; =:at =e7re entitled to in t:is
countr3 is fair<la31 innocence until 9uilt3? And 3es1 t:e Senate :as an obli9ation1 but let7s
call t:ese =itnesses t:at are su<<osed to ;no= so8et:in9 bad? Isn7t !ob Gates entitled to
t:atD I 8ean1 =:3 let t:e8 run for co>er and sa3 let7s :an9 it out all o>er neEt su88erD
No=1 if Gates =ants to do t:at1 t:at7s fine? !ut if so8ebod3 as;ed 8e about it1 I7d sa31 :e31
9et t:e 8en u< t:ere t:at are 8a;in9 t:ese --
L" *e don7t understand--
!us:" EEcuse 8e -- 9et t:e 8en u< t:ere t:at are 8a;in9 t:ese alle9ations? Isn7t t:at t:e
A8erican s3ste8 of BusticeD *:at is it =:en =e :ear so8et:in9 lea;ed to a ne=s<a<er and
=e all run for co>er because =e7re -- not 8e1 because I ;no= !ob Gates and I :a>e total
confidence in t:e 8an7s inte9rit3 and :onor? And if t:e Senate =ants -- and t:e Senate1 I
t:in;1 no= o=es it to :i8 to <ro8<tl3 call :is accusers or t:ose =:o t:e3 t:in; - - =:o =e
understand fro8 ne=s<a<er articles are su<<osedl3 8a;in9 accusations a9ainst :i8? And
don7t let t:e8 sta3 under co>er1 F=ell1 =e can7t do t:at because =e :a>e t:is ot:er on9oin9
testi8on3F or so8e be:ind- closed-doors1 =:at do t:e3 call t:ese -- indict8ent <roceedin9s
9oin9 on? T:at7s not t:e A8erican =a3?
*e sent t:is no8ination u< so8e ti8e a9o? And if e>er3bod37s 9oin9 to 9et flustered and
<anic because of so8e alle9ation b3 so8e -- =:ere =e don7t e>en ;no= t:at t:e <erson is
accusin9 :i8 of an3t:in9 -- all I78 sa3in9 is fair<la3? T:e A8erican --
L" ,o 3ou t:in;--
!us:" Ma3 I finis:D T:e A8erican <eo<le understand fair<la3? And I Bust :o<e t:e Senate
=ill ;ee< t:is in 8ind? I :a>e no ar9u8ent =it: Senator !oren1 Senator Mur;o=s;i
=antin9 to 9et to t:e botto8 of it? !ut t:is idea t:at it =ill be ser>ed b3 lea>in9 it out all
su88er -- 3ou ;no= and I ;no= t:ere =ill be @uestions e>er3 sin9le da3 -- =:at about t:is
alle9ationD *:at about t:atD All I78 sa3in9 is1 fro8 e>er3t:in9 I7>e seen1 3es1 let7s 9et to t:e
botto8 of it1 but lets7 brin9 for=ard t:ese <eo<le t:at are su<<osedl3 fin9erin9 :i8? Let7s
brin9 for=ard and let t:e8 stand t:ere under oat: before t:e Senate1 as I t:in; t:e Senate
intends to do? !ut =:3 =aitD *:3 not -- t:is no8ination :as been t:ere a lon9 ti8e1 and
no= =e7re :earin9 t:at t:ere7s so8e <rocess 9oin9 on be:ind-closed-doors so8e<lace b3
so8e =itness =:o :asn7t fin9ered Gates1 but t:at7s enou9: to :old t:is u<?
If !ob Gates =ants to :old it u<1 fine? If :e sa3s to 8e =e =ant to dela3 it1 fine? !ut ot:er
t:an t:at1 let t:e A8erican s3ste8 of fair<la3 =or;? Let innocence until <ro>en 9uilt3 be
t:e 9uideline :ere? And let <ro8<tness-- =e need a 9ood-- a ne= ,irector to follo= on an
eEcellent ,irector1 and =e need it soon1 to run t:is intelli9ence co88unit3?
So1 t:at7s 83 <osition? And I78 9lad1 &i81 t:at 3ou raised it a9ain because I reall3 feel
stron9l3 about t:is? I Bust don7t t:in; it7s t:e A8erican =a3 to brin9 a 9ood 8an do=n b3
ru8or and insinuation? T:at7s not t:e s3ste8?
After se>eral 8ore @uestions and ans=ers on Gates1 t:ere =as a @uestion on a 8o>e afoot
in t:e House to launc: t:e first for8al in>esti9ation of t:e October sur<rise affair1 includin9
!us:7s role? *as it a fis:in9 eE<editionD !us:" *ell1 I =ouldn7t accuse t:e S<ea;er of t:at?
T:e 8an --:e7s anot:er one t:at7s-- too 8uc: inte9rit3 to be in t:at 8ode? I t:in; :e7s in a
difficult <osition? !ut let7s see t:e e>idence1 brin9 it fort:? If t:e37re still c:ar9in9 t:at I =as
in %aris on october $5t:1 if it7s t:at ;ind of case1 fine? !ut t:e e>idence is --=:at :a<<ened--
3ou ;no=1 :ere7s a 9ood case? All t:is ru8or1 can7t @uite <in it do=n1 but as 6ice %resident1
t:e %resident -- no= %resident - - =as su<<osed to :a>e been in %aris in t:e 8ont: of
October1 s<ecificall3 on October $5t:? *:o7s accusin9 8eD *ell1 nobod37s reall3 accusin9
3ou of it1 but e>er3 <a<er7s 9ot it?
*e co8e fort: =it: e>idence =:ic: includes al8ost 8inute-b3- 8inute certification as to
=:ere I =as1 and t:en t:e3 sa31 =ell1 8a3be t:at7s laid to rest1 but so8ebod3 else is
su<<osed to :a>e been so8e<lace else? Ma3be t:e =a3 to la3 it to rest is t:rou9: =:at
ole37s tal;in9 about? And if :e decides t:at1 loo;1 :e7ll :a>e full coo<eration fro8 8e?
Ho= lon9 can 3ou ;ee< den3in9 3our ;no=led9e or in>ol>e8ent on so8et:in9 t:at didn7t
:a<<en1 as far as I ;no=D !ut 8a3be :e7s 9ot so8e ot:er e>idence? !ut it Bust see8s a little
=ierd t:at it ;ee<s 9oin9? (ou s:oot do=n one t:in91 and so8ebod3 else raises anot:er?
L" Are 3ou certain t:at Case3 :ad no dealin9s t:at could be inter<reted --
!us:" I :a>e no ;no=led9e of =:at Case3 can do1 or did do? T:e 8an7s dead? Let7s :a>e
so8e 8ore inter>ie=s =it: a dead 8an? (ou ;no= =:at I 8eanD Get itD 0Lau9:ter4?
L" I t:in; so? 0Lau9:ter4
L" Mr? %resident1 to clear --
!us:" He31 I7>e 9ot to 9o fis:in91 it7s 8uc: 8ore i8<ortant t:an doin9 t:is? (es1 HelenD No?
L" Mr? %resident1 to clear t:e air and 9et e>er3t:in9 out in t:e o<en1 could 3ou order t:e
release of t:e CIA tele<:one con>ersationsD
!us:" I78 lea>in9 all t:is in t:e :ands of t:e le9al aut:orities and I a8 not 9oin9 to
inter>ene in a court <roceedin9? I a8 not a la=3er? I don7t =ant to :a>e so8e $$-3ear old
<rosecutor Bu8< u< and sa3 t:at t:e %resident :as -- 0Lau9:ter4-- frustrated t:e <rocess
:ere? I don7t ;no= enou9: about t:at? (ou7>e 9ot 9ood la=3ers t:at do? I don7t ;no= enou9:
about sc:edulin9 or :o= e>idence before 9rand Buries =or;1 and I78 disinclined to learn?
!ut I do ;no= a little so8et:in9 about fair<la3? And all I78 tr3in9 to sa3 is1 let7s re>ert to
t:at standard? Let7s use t:at as t:e 9uide :ere and not 9et cau9:t u< in so8e ni99lin91 le9al
<oint?
I78 seein9 a 8an7s c:aracter 9ettin9 da8a9ed1 Bust as I feel 8ine =as c:allen9ed =:en t:e3
said1 :e31 <ro>e 3our innocence? (ou7re 9uilt3 until innocent? %ro>e 3ou =eren7t in %aris on
-- =:ate>er t:e :ell it =as -- October $5t:? And :ere :e =ent to t:e front 3ard at 15"$$? He
=as at t:e so-and-so e8bass3 at 15"$.? He =as so and so? And finall31 =ell1 t:at one Bust
fades into t:e sunset and alon9 co8es a bunc: of ot:er alle9ations b3 unna8ed <eo<le t:at
3ou can7t find and can7t <ut 3our -- li;e reac:in9 out and touc:in9 a :andful of =:i<<ed
crea81 3ou can7t 9et a:old of it? I don7t =ant to --I7>e been t:rou9: a little bit-- but I don7t
=ant to see !ob Gates1 a 8an of :onor and inte9rit31 9o t:rou9: it an38ore? T:at7s all I78
tr3in9 to sa3?
T:an; 3ou? Ha>e a neat da3? Gfn +'H
&ul3 $5" !us: =as on a forei9n tri< t:at included a 8eetin9 =it: Mitterrand in Ra8bouillet1
near %aris1 t:e G-. 8eetin9 in London1 and a tri< to Tur;e3 and Greece? Accordin9 to <ress
accounts1 :e =as eEa8ined e>er3 da3 b3 !urton Lee? As one Bournalist tra>ellin9 =it:
!us:7s <art3 tells it1 FTo=ard t:e end of t:e tri<1 G!us:H loo;ed tired? Last Saturda3 G&ul3
$5H1 :e could not recall t:e details of a s<eec: :e =as to 9i>e in t=o da3s? 7It7s a s<eec: in
t:e Rose Garden to so8e s<ecial 9rou<17 :e told a ne=s conference? 7,on7t as; 8e an3
8ore?7F
On Sunda31 ta;in9 @uestions fro8 re<orters =:ile <osin9 for <:oto9ra<:s =it: Sule38an
,e8irel1 leader of a Tur;is: o<<osition <art31 !us: testil3 obBected to t:e tone of an
A8erican radio re<orter7s @uestion? FNo=1 =ait a 8inute1F !us: said? (ou don7t as; in t:at
toneC Bust as; t:e @uestion?F Gfn +)H
&ul3 $'" At a *:ite House 8eetin9 =it: GO% leaders1 e>en t:e Ne= (or; Ti8es could not
i9nore !us:7s Fa<<arent irritationF on t:e Gates issue1 a leadin9 !us: obsession? !us: =as
still furious about Gates bein9 left to t=ist in t:e =ind all su88er? FI t:in; t:e 8an
deser>es to be confir8ed1 and I7>e seen not:in9 ot:er t:an innuendo and re<orts t:at :e
8ust :a>e ;no=n t:is or so8et:in9? I don7t =ant to 9et started? GUnderstandable1 after :is
<re>ious nonsto< ra9e 8onolo9ue?H I told t:e cabinet 3esterda3 :o= stron9l3 I feel about
t:is and so I =ill stand b3 t:is 8an?F Gfn +-H
Au9ust $" One da3 after returnin9 to *as:in9ton fro8 t:e Mosco= su88it1 !us: 9a>e a
ne=s conference in t:e Rose Garden t:at =as :ea>il3 colored b3 obsessi>e ra9e1 as can be
seen fro8 a front-<a9e <:oto9ra<: in t:e neEt da37s *as:in9ton %ost1 =:ic: s:o=s :i8
snarlin9 and 9esticulatin9? !us:7s 8ain t:e8e =as an attac; on t:e Con9ress1 Fa Con9ress
t:at is frustratin9l3 ne9ati>e on e>er3t:in9?F FI78 9ettin9 fired u< t:in;in9 about it1 !us:
said? He t:en launc:ed into a tirade"
*e7>e 9ot eEcellent <ro9ra8s1 and t:e onl3 =a3 =:en t:e ot:er <art3 controls t:e Con9ress
is to defeat so8e of t:eir lous3 ideas and t:en ;ee< sa3in9 to t:e A8erican <eo<le1 7Ha>e
3our con9ress8an tr3 t:e <resident7s ideas? *e need 8ore farsi9:ted <eo<le li;e 8e in
Con9ress?
So <lease1 A8erican <eo<le1 -- let 8e loo; o>er t:is =a3 -- <lease1 do not listen to t:e
c:ar9es b3 frantic ,e8ocrats =:o are tr3in9 to sa3 =e don7t :a>e a do8estic <olic3 =:en
=e :a>e a 9ood one? Gi>e it a c:ance? Let t:e <resident7s <ro9ra8s co8e u<1 and let7s :a>e
so8e su<<ort for =:at :e =as elected to do?
Accordin9 to !us:1 t:e ,e8ocrats Fsee8 to :a>e a concerted <olic3???to tear do=n t:e
<resident?F As;ed about <ossible ,e8ocratic <residential candidates 8eetin9 =it: t:e
=ido= of :is fa8il3 benefactor1 !us: res<onded =it: 8uted an9er1 FT:ese fello=s =:o are
>er3 nice1 >er3 <leasant -- all 9o do=n to %a8ela Harri8an7s far8 do=n :ere1 t:e bastion of
de8ocrac31 and co8e bac; and tell 8e t:at =e don7t :a>e a do8estic <ro9ra8? C78on?
Li9:ten u< out t:ere?F After t:e lon9 diatribes1 it =as <er:a<s not sur<risin9 t:at so8eone
as;ed !us: :o= :e =as feelin9? FRi9:t no=1 I feel li;e a 8illion buc;s1F :e re<lied? !ut :e
=as ada8ant t:at it =as ti8e for :is >acation" FI78 :istor3???It7s 9oin9 to be a >acation? I
t:in; I7>e earned it1 li;e a lot of A8ericans1 and I78 loo;in9 for=ard to it? And it =ill not be
denied?F Gfn ++H
Au9ust 1)" !us:7s ra9e <rofile =as once 8ore on dis<la3 as :e called for an eEtension of
t:e federal deat: <enalt3 in a %ittsbur9: s<eec: t:at =as also full of racist o>ertones?
Addressin9 t:e National Con>ention of t:e raternal Order of %olice1 !us: ranted t:at Ft:e
ti8e :as co8e to s:o= less co8<assion for t:e arc:itects of cri8e and 8ore co8<assion
for its >icti8s? Our citiAens =ant and deser>e to feel safe?F F*e 8ust re8e8ber t:at t:e
first obli9ation of a <enal s3ste8 is to <unis: t:ose =:o brea; our la=s????(ou can7t turn bad
<eo<le into saints?F !us: =anted courts to be able to use e>idence t:at :ad been seiAed
ille9all3" FT:ere7s no reason -- none at all-- t:at 9ood <olice officers s:ould be <enaliAed
and cri8inals freed because a Bud9e or a la=3er bun9led a searc: =arrant?F &ournalists
noted t:at t:e s<eec: and t:e settin9 =ere t3<ical of t:e standard ca8<ai9n e>ent of 12//1
=:ic: =as often a <olice 9rou< endorsin9 !us:1 courtes3 of t:e CIA Office of Securit3? T:e
<:oto of !us: in t:e *as:in9ton %ost is eE<ressi>e of !us:7s an9er =:en 8a;in9 t:e
s<eec:? Gfn +.H
Au9ust $1" T:e So>iet <utsc: =as a tr3in9 ti8e for !us:1 =:o sta;ed a 9reat deal on :is
deal =it: Gorbac:o>? A re8ar;able flare- u< b3 !us: ca8e in res<onse to t:e o<inion
eE<ressed b3 J>iad Ga8sa;:urdia1 t:e <resident of t:e Re<ublic of Geor9ia1 t:at
Gorbac:o> =as <art of t:e cons<irac3 be:ind t:e cou<? !us:1 as;ed for a reaction1 =as
incensed"
!us:" --sa3 to :i8 :e needs to 9et a little =or; done on t:e ;ind of state8ents :e7s 8a;in9?
I 8ean t:at7s ridiculous? T:ere7s a 8an =:o :as been also s=i88in9 a9ainst t:e tide1 it
see8s to 8e1 a little bit? And I don7t =ant to 9o o>erboard on t:is1 but :e ou9:t to 9et =it: it
and understand =:at7s :a<<enin9 around t:e =orld?
L" Are 3ou sa3in9 t:at--
!us:" To su99est t:at %resident Gorbac:o> =ould <lot to <ut t:e <eo<le of t:e So>iet
Union t:rou9: t:is ;ind of trau8a and t:e rest of t:e =orld t:rou9: it Bust 8a;es absolutel3
no sense at all? No=1 I :a>en7t :eard :i8 sa3 t:at1 so I =ant to :ed9e it? (ou7>e told 8e :e
said itC I :a>en7t :eard it? So1 I7>e 9ot to be >er3 careful I don7t react to so8et:in9 t:at 8a3
not be true? I learned t:at one a lon9 ti8e a9o?
Here =e can see t:at !us: <ulled :i8self to9et:er Bust enou9: to lea>e :i8self an esca<e
:atc: after :e :ad blo=n :is to<?
Se<te8ber 11" In a <:oto o<<ortunit3 =it: Con9ress8en in =:ic: :e =as as;ed about :is
de8and t:at t:e Con9ress <ost<one a >ote on loan 9uarantees for Israel until &anuar31 122$1
so as to <er8it a Middle East <eace conference to ta;e <lace in t:e 8eanti8e1 !us: s:o=ed
flareu<s of ra9e? !us:7s <lo3 =as =idel3 t:ou9:t to be <art of t:e <re<aration of an Israeli
Fbrea;a=a3 all3F scenario1 in =:ic: Israel1 def3in9 t:e =is:es of *as:in9ton1 =ould =a9e
=ar a9ainst &ordan1 8ass-de<ort t:e %alestinians1 and <ossibl3 attac; ot:er Arab states?
!us: :ad been accused of anti-se8itis8 b3 a 8inorit3 8e8ber of t:e Israeli cabinet? *as
:e 9oin9 to lose a confrontation =it: t:e for8idable Jionist lobb3D T:is issue =as !us:7s
obsession of t:e 8o8entC :is re<l3 =as test3 and full of >eiled t:reats" F*ell1 I don7t ;no=
=:at 3ou 8ean b3 lose on it? *:at I78 for is t:e <eace <rocess to be successful1 and =e7re
=or;in9 dili9entl3 for t:at? G???H And so1 =:at I78 su99estin9 is a si8<le dela3 :ere1 in 83
>ie= and in t:e >ie= of all of us in t:e ad8inistration1 is t:e best =a3 to set t:e <ro<er tone
for t:ese tal;s to start? And I feel >er3 stron9l3 about it?
So1 it7s not a @uestion of =innin9 or losin9 in 83 >ie=? Stron9-=illed <eo<le loo; at t:ese
8atters differentl3? M3 >ie= is t:at a dela3 is in t:e interest1 and I78 9oin9 to fi9:t for it?
And I t:in; t:e A8erican <eo<le =ill bac; 8e on it if =e ta;e t:e case to t:e <eo<le? !ut
=:at =e7re reall3 tr3in9 to do is =or; it out =it:out 9ettin9 into a lot of confrontation?F *as
a confrontation not alread3 ta;in9 <lace D !us: ans=ered1 =it: :is ra9e @uotient risin9" FI
can ta;e @uite a fe= <unc:es? *e7re tal;in9 about =or;in9 :ar8oniousl3 to9et:er in t:e
s<irit of coo<eration? And I7>e seen co88ents fro8 abroad t:at I didn7t <articularl3
a<<reciate? !ut =e7re t:e United States of A8erica1 and =e :a>e a leaders:i< role around
t:e =orld t:at :as to be fulfilled? And I78 callin9 t:e s:ots in t:is @uestion in t:e =a3 t:at I
t:in; is best? And I7>e 9ot so8e sellin9 to do =it: certain Me8bers of Con9ress1 and t:at7s
understandable to 8e? So1 =e7ll see :o= it co8es out? !ut I78 not a<<roac:in9 t:is in t:e
s<irit of confrontation if t:at7s t:e @uestion? (ou :a>en7t seen an3 real contro>ersial
state8ents co8in9 out of :ere u< till no=?F
Se<te8ber 1$" At a <ress conference1 t:e issue of t:e Israeli loan 9uarantee <ost<one8ent
=as once a9ain t:e central t:e8e? !us: =as in a controlled ra9e state durin9 :is o<enin9
state8ent1 and =ent ballistic durin9 t:e @uestionin9? A @uestioner noted t:at !us: sounded
F>er3 tou9:F on insistin9 on t:e dela3? !us:"
I Bust sound <rinci<led? I a8 con>inced t:at t:is debate =ould be counter<roducti>e to
<eace? And I o=e it to t:e Me8ber of Con9ress to sa3 it as forcefull3 as I can? I7>e =orn out
of t:e tele<:one in t:ere and one ear1 and I78 9oin9 to 8o>e to t:e ot:er ear and ;ee< on it?
!ecause t:is is1 <eace is >ital :ere1 and =e7>e =or;ed too :ard to :a>e t:at re@uest of 8ine
denied? And I t:in; t:e A8erican <eo<le =ill su<<ort 8e? T:e3 ;no= =e su<<ort Israel?
I7>e Bust detailed so8e of =:at =e7>e done? So1 t:ere s:ould be no @uestion about t:at? I a8
9i>in9 t:e Con9ress -- and I did it =it: t:e leaders toda31 :a>in9 an o<<ortunit3 :ere1 t:an;
3ou1 to do it :ere- - to 9i>e 83 best Bud98ent? And I78 u< a9ainst so8e <o=erful <olitical
forces1 but I o=e it to t:e A8erican <eo<le to tell t:e8 :o= stron9l3 I feel about t:e
deferral?
L" Are t:ose <o=erful <olitical forces un9rateful for =:at 3ou7>e done so far on a <eace
<rocessD And =:3 doesn7t t:e <eace ar9u8ent sell =it: t:e8D !us:" I t:in; it =ill sell1 but
it7s ta;en a little ti8e? And =e7re u< a9ainst a >er3 stron9 and effecti>e1 so8eti8es1 9rou<s
t:at 9o u< to t:e Hill? I :eard toda3 t:ere =as so8et:in9 li;e a t:ousand lobb3ists on t:e
Hill =or;in9 t:e ot:er side of t:e @uestion? *e7>e 9ot one lonel3 little 9u3 do=n :ere doin9
it? Ho=e>er1 I li;e t:is foru8 better too?
T:is last <assa9e =as suffused =it: a<o<lectic fur3? In t:e neEt @uestion1 !us: =as as;ed if
a colu8nist =as ri9:t in co88entin9 on !us:7s stance1 FIt7s 3our obsession?F !us: denied
it1 but it =as clear to all t:at :e =as bot: enra9ed and obsessed? G+$ bisH
Later !us: and :is :andlers concluded t:at :e :ad o>erdone it1 es<eciall3 in :is attac; on
t:e 11555 Jionist lobb3ists1 and sent a letter to t:e :eads of se>eral &e=is: or9aniAations
re<eatin9 :is de8and for t:e dela31 but also sa3in9 t:at :e =as FconcernedF lest :is
Se<te8ber 15 co88ents 8i9:t :a>e Fcaused a<<re:ensionF in t:e &e=is: co88unit3C
!us: reassured t:e8 t:at :e Fne>er 8eant to be <eBorati>e in an3 sense?F In a ne=s anal3sis
<ublis:ed / da3s later1 a *as:in9ton %ost obser>er found t:at !us:7s Fardor is fueled b3 :is
an9er1F and @uoted an unna8ed official t:at for !us: t:e issue of &e=is: settle8ents in t:e
occu<ied territories =as Fa >isceral t:in9?F Gfn +/H
Se<te8ber 1/" In a de8a9o9ic <:oto o<<ortunit3 at t:e Grand Can3on1 !us: a9ain
t:reatened to rene= t:e bo8bin9 of Ira@? In re8ar;s t:at recalled :is <s3c:otic ra9es
a9ainst Sadda8 Hussein durin9 t:e Gulf crisis1 !us: ra>ed t:at :e =as Ffed u<F =it:
Sadda8? !us: said t:at Sadda8 F8a3 be testin9 and <robin9F :is resol>e1 Fbut :e ;no=s
better t:an to ta;e on t:e United States of A8erica?F FI t:in; t:e 8an =ill see t:at =e are
>er3 serious about t:is1 and :e =ill do =:at :e s:ould :a>e done in t:e first <lace" disclose
and co8<l3?F
October 11" Ho<in9 t:at <ublic attention =as fiEed on t:e Senate testi8on3 of Anita Hill1
!us: >etoed a bill to eEtend une8<lo38ent <a38ents to 8ore t:an $ 8illion A8ericans
=:ose Bobless benefits :ad run out? !us: :ad <re<ared t:is >eto =it: a furious outburst
a9ainst suc: an eEtension? At a I1555-a-<late Re<ublican fundraisin9 dinner in Ne=
!runs=ic;1 Ne= &erse31 !us: :ad las:ed out an9ril3 at a Con9ress =:ic: =as Fdoin9
not:in9 but 9ri<in9 -- refusin9 to consider t:e ne= ideas and sendin9 8e a bunc: of
9arba9e I =ill not si9n? I7ll continue to >eto t:e bad stuff until =e 9et 9ood bills?F !us:7s
ar9u8ent =as t:at t:e <rolon9ed une8<lo38ent benefits =ere not needed because t:e
recession =as o>er an3=a3? He stressed :is res<onsibilit3 not to brea; t:e October1 1225
bud9et a9ree8ent1 =:ic: b3 t:at ti8e =as <roducin9 a bud9et deficit officiall3 ad8itted to
be o>er I1 billion <er da3? Later1 as t:e eEistence of t:e de<ression be9an to <enetrate t:e
<ublic consciousness1 !us: :ad to bac;trac; on t:is tirade? Gfn -1H
October $)" Atte8<tin9 to focus <ublic an9er on Con9ress in t:e =a;e of t:e Clarence
T:o8as :earin9s1 !us: attac;ed t:e la=8a;ers as Fa <ri>ile9ed class of rulers?F F*:en
Con9ress eEe8<ts itself fro8 t:e >er3 la=s it =rites for ot:ers1 it stri;es at its o=n
re<utation and s:atters <ublic confidence in 9o>ern8ent1F :e said? T:is =as a trans<arent
bid to increase <olice-state attac;s on t:e Con9ress b3 subBectin9 t:e le9islati>e branc: to
t:e o>ersi9:t of la= enforce8ent a9encies =:ic: are <art of t:e eEecuti>e1 a fa>orite !us:
obsession? !us: de8anded a s<ecial <rosecutor to in>esti9ate t:e lea;s of !I infor8ation
durin9 t:e T:o8as :earin9s1 and said t:at !I re<orts =ould :encefort: onl3 be s:o=n1 not
9i>en to t:e Hill? As !us: read t:rou9: :is tirade1 :is face t=isted and ti9:tened into a
8as; of ra9e and :ate? At one <oint1 <er:a<s in res<onse to si9nals fro8 :is :andlers1 :e
<aused and a<olo9iAed to t:e audience for 9ettin9 so =or;ed u<1 but t:e issue 8eant a lot to
:i8? Gfn -$H
October '5" Co88entin9 on !us:7s sur<risin9 acce<tance of a co8<ro8ise ci>il ri9:ts bill1
E>ans and No>a; re<ort t:at F!us:7s ca<itulation on racial @uotas :as a9ain c:illed
conser>ati>e Re<ublicans still sufferin9 fro8 t:e 3ear-old =ound of :is taE retreat?F T:e
colu8nists @uote ,e8ocratic Re<? 6in *eber sa3in9 t:at FIt7s a si9n t:at t:eir reactions in
ti8es of crisis are not 9ood?F Gfn -'H or 8ont:s1 !us: :ad sou9:t to attac; t:is le9islation
as a @uota bill1 and it =as clear t:at :e =as <re<arin9 to use t:is as a =a3 to inBect racis8
into :is 122$ ca8<ai9n? Indeed1 t:e racis8O@uota issue =as =idel3 seen as one of t:e fe=
do8estic =ed9e issues !us: could use for :is ca8<ai9n" :is <lan =as to tell t:e =:ite
8iddle class t:at t:eir econo8ic deci8ation =as t:e fault of blac;s and ot:er 8inorities
benefittin9 fro8 affir8ati>e action <ro9ra8s? T:en1 in t:e =a;e of t:e T:o8as :earin9s1 :e
acce<ted a co8<ro8ise and lost t:e issue? *as t:is an i8<ulsi>e1 :3<ert:3roid decisionD
October '1" !us: :eld t:e first official e>ent of :is re-election ca8<ai9n on Hallo=eenC it
=as a I1555-a-<late fundraiser at t:e S:eraton Astrodo8e in Houston? !us: offered an irate
defense of :is tenure in t:e <residenc3? !ut t:e audience of /55 GO% fat cats 9a>e !us:
onl3 a te<id res<onse? In t:e =ords of EliAabet: Ra31 a local Re<ublican candidate for
district Bud9e1 FI t:ou9:t t:e dinner =as >er3 subdued? Half=a3 into G!us:7sH s<eec:1
<eo<le =ere still not cla<<in9 at so8e of t:e traditional ti8es1 and I t:ou9:t to 83self1 7T:is
is a >er3 odd cro=d?7F FIt =asn7t a <e< rall31F a9reed :er :usband1 a Houston business
consultant? T:e :eart of !us:7s :i9:l3 <i@ued <erfor8ance =as in t:ese lines"
An3one =:o sa3s =e s:ould retreat into an isolationistic cocoon is li>in9 in t:e last centur31
=:en =e s:ould be focused on t:e neEt centur3 and t:e li>es our c:ildren =ill lead? And
t:e3 s:ould ;no= A8erica7s destin3 :as al=a3s been to lead? And if I :a>e an3t:in9 to do
=it: it1 lead =e =ill???I78 not 9oin9 to let liberal ,e8ocratic car<in9 ;ee< 8e fro8 leadin9?
*:en !us: said Fcar<in91F :e see8ed to s<it and :iss at t:e sa8e ti8e? T:en1 =it: :is bile
and andrenaline buildin9 to a crescendo of ra9e1 !us: recalled t:e Gulf =ar and :o= far
Sc:=arA;o<f =ould :a>e 9otten if Con9ress :ad been in co88and? FT:an; God I didn7t
:a>e to listen to t:ese car<ers tellin9 8e :o= to run t:at =ar1F !us: eE<loded in a
<aroE3s8 of fur3? T:e i8<lication =as also clear" to c:ec;8ate Con9ress1 9o to =ar?
It =as durin9 t:is tri< to TeEas t:at !us: be9an s<outin9 :is fa>orite antic3clical line1 t:at it
=as a 9reat ti8e to bu3 a :ouse and to bu3 a car? Man3 <eo<le across A8erica t:ou9:t t:at
t:e3 =ere :a>in9 enou9: trouble bu3in9 9roceries?
!us:7s outburst t:is ti8e reflected t:e risin9 tide of <ublic a=areness of t:e econo8ic
de<ression1 and de8ands t:at :e c:an9e :is <olic3? Senator Mitc:ell :ad assailed !us: =it:
unusual ener931 notin9 t:at F%resident !us:7s record for econo8ic 9ro=t: and Bob creation
is =orse t:an for an3 ot:er <resident since Herbert Hoo>er? ,urin9 !us:7s <residenc31 our
countr3 :as 9ro=n at a slo=er rate1 =it: fe=er Bobs created t:an durin9 an3 ot:er
<residenc3 in t:e <ast -5 3ears?F T:at :urt? Secretar3 !rad3 =as later sent out to co8<lain
t:at :e could not Funderstand =:3 it is a function of leaders:i< to tr3 and re8ind t:e <eo<le
in t:is countr3 of t:e recession and Herbert Hoo>er?F Gfn -)H !rad3 =as afraid e>en of t:e
=ord1 Fde<ression?F Earlier t:e sa8e da3 !us: :ad ta;en <art in a F>irtual <olitical bra=lF
in t:e cabinet roo8 o>er t:e i8<act of t:e de<ression on <olitics1 =it: <redictions of t:e
defeat of !us:7s candidate1 ad8inistrati>e fascist Ric:ard T:ornbur9:1 in t:e all-i8<ortant
%enns3l>ania senate race? !us:7s res<onse :ad been <ri8aril3 one of recri8ination1 Bud9in9
fro8 <ublis:ed accounts" :e eEcoriated Re<ublican con9ressional leaders for not toein9 :is
line in t:e October1 1225 bud9et battles? !us: told t:ese leaders t:at :e did not t:in; :e
could de<end on Con9ressional Re<ublicans >otin9 =it: :i8 if an econo8ic <ac;a9e also
contained ne= taEes? T:e 8eetin9 :ad been tense and acri8onious? Gfn -+H
A co88ent in Ne=s=ee; noted t:at Fat a Houston fund-raisin9 ban@uet last =ee;1 t:e
<resident sounded do=nri9:t <etulant discussin9 t:e econo831 as if :e7d been forced to eat
broccoli for dinner?F Gfn --H
No>e8ber $" !us:7s <s3c:olo9ical stabilit3 =as furt:er i8<acted b3 t:e de>astation of :is
:o8e at *al;er7s %oint1 in #ennebun;<ort1 Maine1 b3 a se>ere Atlantic stor8? !ecause :e
=as under fire for re<resentin9 onl3 t:e =ealt:31 :e fle= to Maine on a s8all eEecuti>e Bet1
t:e 8ilitar3 e@ui>alent of a Gru88an Gulfstrea81 rat:er t:an usin9 Air orce One1 a
!oein9 .).? T:e furniture and so8e =alls on t:e 9round floor =ere destro3ed1 and t:ere
=as a considerable loss of fa8il3 8e8orabilia? !us: found a <:oto9ra<: of fat:er %rescott
in a s=a8<3 area se>eral :undred feet fro8 t:e :ouse? FIt7s de>astatin9?F FI can7t belie>e it1F
said !us:? FA lot of t:is G=asH stuff t:at 3ou =ould call dear1 not >aluable1 but t:in9s =e
bou9:t in C:ina or different tri<s? It7s <ersonal? (ou7ll see 7e8 floatin9 around out :ere?F
!us: also referred 83sticall3 to t:e i8<ortance of rebuildin9 and ;ee<in9 a :o8e b3 t:e
ocean" F*e7ll be :ere? It 8eans so8et:in9 to us?
It7s our fa8il3 stren9t:1 bein9 t:is close to t:e ocean? *e7ll fi9ure it out?F !us:=atc:ers
sensed t:at !us:7s 8ental instabilit3 could onl3 be eEacerbated b3 t:is trau8a? Gfn -.H !us:
once a9ain loo;ed 9:astl3 on t:is outin91 and about as old as #in9 Canute?
No>e8ber +" T:is =as election da31 and eEit <olls in t:e late afternoon s:o=ed a decisi>e
defeat of T:ornbur9: in %enns3l>ania1 reflectin9 risin9 <o<ular resent8ent of t:e !us:
re9i8e? T:e neEt da31 !us: =as sc:eduled to de<art for a NATO 8eetin9 and Ro8e and
t:en for a 8eetin9 =it: t:e leaders of t:e Euro<ean Co88unit3 in T:e Ha9ue? !ut1
abru<tl3 and in ti8e for t:e e>enin9 ne=s <ro9ra8s1 !us: announced t:at :e =as
cancellin9 a later 15-da3 tri< t:at =as sc:eduled to :a>e ta;en :i8 to &a<an1 Sout: #orea1
Sin9a<ore1 and Australia? T:e rationale offered for t:is re>ersal =as t:at !us: =anted to
sta3 in *as:in9ton until t:e end of No>e8ber and =or; on 9ettin9 :is Fdo8estic le9islati>e
<ac;a9eF t:rou9: Con9ress? T:is eE<lanation =as incon9ruous for at least t=o reasons"
first1 t:e Con9ressional leaders:i< clearl3 :o<ed to adBourn and 9o :o8e for T:an;s9i>in9
recess b3 t:e ti8e t:at !us:7s sc:eduled tri< to t:e Orient =as to :a>e be9un? Secondl31
!us: :ad no do8estic le9islati>e <ac;a9e?
So8e of !us:7s closest associates =ere dis8a3ed b3 :is ra<id colla<se under <ressure? FIt
8a;es it loo; li;e t:e ,e8ocrats :a>e us on t:e total run1F one senior ad8inistration
official told t:e *as:in9ton %ost? FT:is is ridiculous? *e loo; li;e =e7re runnin9 around
li;e c:ic;ens =it: our :eads cut off1F said a GO% official =it: close ties to t:e *:ite
House? T:e i8<ression =as t:at !us: :ad <anic;ed =:en :e beca8e a=are t:at t:e
,e8ocratic National Co88ittee :ad <roduced a t-s:irt celebratin9 !us:7s FAn3=:ere but
A8erica Tour1F listin9 tri<s co8<leted and <lanned durin9 1221? !us:1 =:o =as =atc:in9
:is o=n su<<ort and <o<ularit3 decline ineEorabl3 in t:e <olls1 :ad a<<arentl3 been
sta8<eded b3 t:e defeat of T:ornbur9: and =anted to <ro<itiate <ublic o<inion b3 sta3in9
:o8e? It loo;ed >er3 8uc: li;e a :3<ert:3roid decision?
T:is i8<ression =as 8a9nified b3 t:e c:aotic =a3 t:at !us:7s cancellation beca8e ;no=n?
Accordin9 to t:e *as:in9ton %ost Ft:e s:oc; of !us:7s decision =as intensified in
*as:in9ton and Asia b3 t:e 8anner of its re>elation? A *:ite House official in>ol>ed in
tri< <lannin9 said :e :eard of t:e <ost<one8ent late Tuesda3 after a :i9:-le>el 8eetin9 and
Bust 8inutes before learnin9 t:at N!C Ne=s :ad obtained t:e stor31 =:ic: =as broadcast
on its e>enin9 ne=s <ro9ra8? Se>eral Asian e8bassies in *as:in9ton :eard t:e ne=s fro8
t:e <ress re<orts before recei>in9 official =ord fro8 t:e *:ite House?F On t:e =a3 to
Ro8e t:e neEt da31 !us: =as :eard to co8<lain about =:at :e <er:a<s considered a lea;"
F(ou 9ot t:e 8essa9e ooAed out of t:e *:ite House before =e :ad a c:ance to <ro<erl3
notif3 t:e <arties1F :e berated t:e <ress on board Air orce One? F(ou 9u3s are too 9ood?F
Gfn -/H
So8eti8e durin9 October1 !us: :ad discussed =it: :is :andlers t:e <ossibilit3 of
cancellin9 t:e Asia tri< =:ile si8ultaneousl3 <ro<osin9 a set of 8easures alle9edl3
desi9ned to i8<ro>e econo8ic conditions1 and c:allen9in9 t:e Con9ress to sta3 in to=n
lon9 enou9: to <ass t:is <ac;a9e? !ut !us: :ad been unable to asse8ble an3 suc: set of
8easures? One GO% official co8<lained t:at !us:7s announce8ent late on election da31
1221 =as Fa cancellation =it:out a <ur<ose? T:is is nuts?F Gfn -2H T:is Asian tri<1 featurin9
a sto<o>er in &a<an1 =as later re-sc:eduled to start on ,ece8ber '5 and to eEtend t:rou9:
t:e first =ee; of t:e Ne= (ear? It =as durin9 t:is tri< t:at !us: >o8ited and colla<sed to
t:e floor durin9 a state dinner =it: &a<anese %ri8e Minister Mi3aAa=a?
No>e8ber -" On t:e 8ornin9 after t:e election1 !us: :ad announced a -")5 AM <ress
conference in order to <ut on a de8a9o9ic s:o= of concern for t:e <li9:t of t:ose born on
t:e =ron9 side of t:e trac;s before Bettin9 off to a NATO su88it in Ro8e? He ad8itted t:at
:e =as Fde<ressedF o>er t:e defeat of T:ornbur9: because t:e latter =as suc: a 9ood 8an?
He la8el3 tried to eE<lain :is decision to re8ain in *as:in9ton at t:e end of t:e 8ont: as
based on :is eE<erience t:at Fall ;inds of craA3 t:in9s can :a<<en =it: t:is cro=d t:at
controls t:e Senate and House?F !ut !us: :ad anot:er bi9 fli<-flo< to offer" alt:ou9: :e
still denied t:e eEistence of a Frecession1F :e =as no= concerned about F<eo<le t:at are
:urtin91F and for t:ese :e =as =illin9 to F9o t:e eEtra 8ile?F He =as no= see;in9 a
co8<ro8ise bill to eEtend une8<lo38ent benefits? *it:in a =ee;1 a co8<ro8ise :ad been
reac:ed =it: 8ost of t:e concessions co8in9 fro8 !us:1 on t:e 8odel of t:e ci>il ri9:ts
bill? *as it anot:er i8<usli>e1 :3<ert:3roid 8o8entD Gfn .5H
No>e8ber ." ,urin9 :is address to t:e NATO su88it of 1- :eads of state and :eads of
9o>ern8ent1 !us: de<arted fro8 :is <re<ared teEt and inserted t:e follo=in9 sentence off
t:e cuff into :is re8ar;s"
If1 83 friends1 3our ulti8ate ai8 is to <ro>ide inde<endentl3 for 3our o=n defense1 t:e ti8e
to tell us is toda3?
T:is =as in 8an3 res<ects t:e 8ost astoundin9 t:reat e>er 8ade b3 an A8erican <resident
to t:e leaders of t:e Nort: Atlantic Alliance1 =:ic: :ad al=a3s been considered1 since
12)21 as t:e cornerstone of US forei9n <olic3? !us: no= called t:e Atlantic %act into
@uestion1 a<<arentl3 in a fit of ra9e? %ress re<orts s<o;e of Fclouds of sus<icionF se<aratin9
!us: fro8 rance and Ger8an3C t:e State ,e<art8ent and t:e !ritis: =ere ;no=n to be
:3sterical about <lans to eE<and t:e eEisitin9 ranco-Ger8an bri9ade into a lar9er unit? US
officials told one re<orter t:at !us: :ad beco8e FeEas<eratedF b3 t:e !3Aantine tactics of
Tonton Mitterrand1 ;no=n in %aris as FLe lorentinF in a 8is9uided tribute to Mac:ia>elli?
T:ese frictions a<<arentl3 :ad contributed to !us:7s outburst? &a8es !a;er and ot:er s<in
doctors tried to <la3 do=n t:e i8<ortance of t:is s:oc;in9 e<isode? Gfn .1H
No>e8ber /" At a <ress conference in Ro8e1 !us: turned in 3et anot:er furious tantru8?
T:e basic issues =ere t:at :is tra>el obsession :ad been denied1 and t:at :e did not =ant to
broo; increasin9 criticis8? !us: Fco8<lained bitterl3F t:at :e :ad been forced to abandon
:is <riAed tri< to Asia o=in9 to Fso8e car<in9 b3 <eo<le t:at don7t understandF :is
a=eso8e res<onsibilities as =orld leader? !us: an9ril3 8aintained t:at to be Fdri>en a=a3F
fro8 an Asia tri< Fb3 <eo<le :oldin9 u< sill3 T-s:irts is ridiculous?F As one Bournalist sa=
t:e scene1 F!us:1 :is >oice risin9 and e3elids narro=in91 tal;ed at len9t: about a <resident7s
res<onsibilities in forei9n <olic3 and t:e i8<ortance of &a<an to A8erican Bobs? His
<assionate res<onse contained an undercurrent of re9ret t:at :e a<<ro>ed t:e cancellation
t:at so8e Re<ublicans said t:is =ee; =as <reci<itous and too reacti>e to t:e ,e8ocrats?F
Had callin9 off t:e tri< so8e:o= interfered =it: !us:7s <lans for unleas:in9 t:e neEt =arD
!us: re>erted to :is fa>orite t:e8e of :is =ar leaders:i<" FIf I :ad :ad to listen to ad>iceF
of Con9ressional ,e8ocrats Fto do so8et:in9 about t:e %ersian Gulf1 =e7d :a>e still been
sittin9 t:ere in t:e United States1 fat1 du8b1 and :a<<31 =it: Sadda8 Hussein 8a3be in
Saudi Arabia?F !us: also continued to den3 t:e de<ression" FI78 not <re<ared to sa3 =e7re
in recession?F or :i81 an alle9ed 9ro=t: rate of $?)R Fis not recession? It does not fit t:e
definition of recession?F Gfn .$H
No>e8ber 1$" !us:7s countenance =as once 8ore a 8as; of ra9e1 >eno81 and :atred as :e
stu8bled t:rou9: anot:er I1555-a-<late Re<ublican fundraisin9 dinner in Man:attan? He
a<<eared t:in and dra=n? T:e ta;e for !us:7s ca8<ai9n =as esti8ated at I$?$ 8illion1 but
<ress re<orts indicated t:at !us:7s enra9ed 8onolo9ue F<ro8<ted little a<<lause or
ent:usias8 as t:e <resident 8o>ed fro8 one to<ic to anot:er1 rarel3 de>otin9 8ore t:an a
fe= seconds to an3 t:e8e?F !us:7s deli>er3 =as :altin9 and confused1 =it: si9ns of e>ident
dissociation and a truncated attention s<an? T:e essence of t:e s<eec: =as a <aranoid1 self-
ri9:teous defense a9ainst critics na8ed and unna8ed? !us: labelled :is tor8entors as
Fta=dr31F F<:on31F and Fsecond- 9uessers?F He <ounded t:e lectern as :e ranted1 FI78 not
9oin9 to be t:e Ba>elin-catc:er for t:e liberals in Con9ress an38ore?F FI a8 not 9oin9 to
a<olo9iAe for one 8inute t:at I de>ote to ad>ancin9 our econo8ic <rinci<les aborad or
=or;in9 for =orld <eace1F <ostured t:e <resident of t=o =ars and countin9?
No>e8ber 1$" !us:1 s<ea;in9 in Ne= (or; and fu8blin9 for bits of de8a9o93 on t:e
econo8ic situation1 eE<ressed a >a9ue desire to see lo=er interest rates for credit card
:olders? Man3 obser>ers sa3 t:at t:e t=o sentences on t:is to<ic uttered b3 !us: t:at da3
:ad been inter<olated b3 c:ief of staff SununuC Sununu later accused !us: of :a>in9 ad-
libbed t:e <ronounce8ent on :is o=n initiati>e? One da3 later1 t:e Senate o>er=:el8in9l3
a<<ro>ed a bill to ca< credit card interest rates? *it: t:is1 t:e secondar3 8ar;et in credit
card debt colla<sed1 t:reatenin9 to blo= off t:e co>eru< of t:e ban;ru<tc3 of t:e lar9est US
ban;s? On rida31 No>e8ber 1+1 t:e ,o= &ones Industrial A>era9e lost )R of its >alue
=it:in a fe= :ours1 t:e bi99est colla<se since October 1'1 12/2? !us:1 runnin9 for co>er1
:astil3 des<atc:ed Treasur3 Secretar3 !rad3 to denounce t:e interest ca< as F=ac;3?F It
=as 3et anot:er i8<ulsi>e >olte-face b3 t:e erratic and unstable !us:?
No>e8ber $5" *it: !us: sc:eduled to si9n a ci>il ri9:ts bill containin9 <ro>isions =:ic:
!us: :ad sti98atiAed as @uotas and s=orn :e =ould resist to t:e deat:1 t:e *:ite House
circulated a directi>e to federal a9encies 8andatin9 t:e ter8ination of all :irin9 <olicies
desi9ned to fa>or 8inorit3 9rou<s or =o8en? !us: :ad not =anted an3 ci>il ri9:ts bill to
be <assed1 <referrin9 to ;ee< t:e race issue in :is @ui>er for t:e 122$ election1 but :e :ad
been inti8idated b3 t:e t:reat t:at Sen? ,anfort: and ot:er Re<ublicans =ould su<<ort a
,e8ocrat-s<onsored bill1 lea>in9 !us: <ainfull3 isolated? T:at :ad alread3 been an
i8<ulsi>e decision?
No= !us:7s atte8<ted slei9:t of :and1 si9nin9 a bill and si8ultaneousl3 re8o>in9 t:e
:irin9 <olicies1 caused a furore? FT:e <resident =ould :a>e to lose :is 8ind to 8a;e t:is
state8ent1F said #err3 Scanlon1 a la=3er for t:e NAAC% Le9al ,efense and Educational
und? *it:in :ours1 t:e offendin9 directi>e :ad been =it:dra=n1 and bla8ed eEclusi>el3
on !o3 Gra31 t:e *:ite House resident racist =:o :ad indeed drafted t:e directi>e1 but on
instructions fro8 !us:? It =as 3et anot:er eEa8<le of an i8<ulsi>e sna< decision 8ade b3
!us: under <ressure? Intri9uin9l31 No>e8ber $5 =as also t:e da3 t:at !us: <ersonall3
<ronounced t:e 8uc:-tabooed =ord" F,E%RESSION?F FI don7t =ant to e8<:asiAe Bust t:e
bad t:in9s1 to tal; us into a de<ression1F :e :ad told so8e tele>ision stations o=ned b3
N!C? It =as a land8ar;" <residents :ad 8ade t:at =ord taboo for 8an3 decades? Gfn .'H
To=ards t:e end of No>e8ber1 t:e <endulu8 of !us:7s un<redictabilit3 :ad s=in9 bac;"
t:e Asia tri< =as bein9 resc:eduled for about a 8ont: later t:an ori9inall3 <lanned? !3
no=1 t:e 8edia =ere :ar<in9 on t:e e>ident Fdisarra3F in t:e *:ite House1 but none
see8ed to recall t:e t:3roid e<isode of t:e s<rin9ti8e1 nor t:e <s3c:o<at:olo9ical tri99er
for t:e t:3roid condition?
So8eti8e durin9 No>e8ber1 Bust about t:e ti8e :is a<<ro>al ratin9s =ere about to 9o
belo= +5R1 !us: a<<arentl3 recei>ed ur9ent ad>ice to 8oderate :is F8ad do9F <ublic
<rofile in fa>or of a 8ore conciliator3 and affable <osture? T:is occurred durin9 t:e sa8e
8ont:? 5:ate>er t:e details t:at led to t:e reno>ation of :is i8a9e1 :e no= be9an to eE:ibit
concern for t:e >icti8s of t:e !us: de<ression =:o1 accordin9 to :is litan31 :e no=
understood =ere F:urtin9?F He be9an s8ilin9 8ore1 and :issin9 so8e=:at less? %:oto
o<<ortunities be9an to de<ict :i8 fraterniAin9 =it: t:e co88on <eo<le?
!ut t:at <ost<oned ar East tri< continued to loo8 as !us:7s ne8esis? !ecause of :is desire
to be seen doin9 so8et:in9 to i8<ro>e t:e lot of t:e co88an 8an1 !us:7s :andlers
re<ac;a9ed t:is tri< as a crusade to o<en forei9n 8ar;ets to US eE<orts1 t:us :el<in9 to
defend A8erican Bobs? !us: accordin9l3 too; alon9 t:e =idel3 discredited to< eEecuti>es
of GM1 ord1 and C:r3sler to s38boliAe :is co88itt8ent to t:e 8oribund US auto
industr3? T:ese fi9ures functioned li;e a Gree; c:orus of ne9ati>e s<in1 <ointin9 u< !us:7s
8isad>entures and failures? T:e 8ost outs<o;en of t:e !i9 T:ree bosses =as <redictabl3
C:r3sler7s Lee Iacocca1 of =:o8 one re<orter said t:at :e =ould <robabl3 co8<lain if t:e
sun ca8e u<?
!us: dis<la3ed decided 8ental instabilit3 durin9 t:is tri<? In Canberra1 Australia1 :e
flas:ed a =ell-;no=n obscene 9esture to a 9rou< of far8ers =:o =ere <rotestin9 :is Ffree
tradeF far8 <olicies? !us: told a lunc:eon cruise in S3dne3 :arbor1 FI78 a 8an t:at ;no=s
e>er3 :and 9esture 3ou7>e e>er seen-- and I :a>en7t learned a ne= one since I7>e been :ere?F
As t:e *as:in9ton %ost re<orted1 F,o=n :ere1 :oldin9 u< t:e first t=o fin9ers to for8 a
F6F =it: t:e bac; of t:e :and to=ard t:e subBect is t:e sa8e as :oldin9 u< t:e 8iddle
fin9er in t:e United States? And t:at7s Bust =:at !us: did fro8 :is li8ousine to a 9rou< of
<rotesters as :is 8otorcade <assed t:rou9: Canberra 3esterda31 a<<arentl3 not ;no=in9 its
si9nificance? Or 8a3be :e did?F Gfn .)H One is re8inded of Nelson Roc;efeller7s antics on
at least one occasion?
T:en ca8e !us:7s >isit to &a<an1 cro=ned b3 :is seiAure at a state dinner in t:e official
residence of %ri8e Minister Mi3aAa=a? !us: :ad >o8ited at least once before t:e dinner? FI
9ot a <re>ie= in t:e recei>in9 line? I turned to t:e <ri8e 8inister and said1 7*ould 3ou
<lease eEcuse 8e17 and I rus:ed into t:e 8en7s roo8 t:ere? And I t:ou9:t t:at :ad ta;en care
of it1 but bac; I ca8e? It :adn7t been :alted? It =as Bust t:e be9innin9?F Gfn .+H Accordin9 to
Treasur3 Secretar3 !rad31 !us: :ad been ur9ed to s;i< t:e state dinner alto9et:er b3 :is
<ersonal <:3sician1 ,r? !urton Lee1 but !us: :ad reBected t:is ad>ice out of :and1 sa3in9
t:at :is absence =ould Fdisru<tF t:e <roceedin9s? Gfn .-H After t:e >o8itin9 and faintin9
scene =as o>er1 !us: =as as;ed if :e intended to slo= do=n? FNo<e1F !us: retorted? It7s
Bust a $)-:our flu?F Gfn ..H T:e trut: about !us:7s colla<se in To;3o :as 3et to be toldC but
it =as clear t:at !us: :ad learned not:in91 and =as still deter8ined to i8<ose :is =ill on
t:e uni>erse? !us:7s first efforts at ca8<ai9n orator3 after :is return fro8 &a<an indicated
t:at ra9e =as once a9ain =innin9 t:e u<<er :and1 =:ic: =as not a 9ood si9n for !us:7s
abilit3 to function on t:e ca8<ai9n trail?
In t:e li9:t of t:e e>idence re>ie=ed :ere1 it is e>ident t:at !us:7s 8ar;ed tendenc3
to=ards ra9e e<isodes1 <ublic fits of an9er1 and obsessi>e fiEations :as not subsided?
Indeed1 !us:7s uncontrollable te8<er tantru8s :a>e been if an3t:in9 8ore se>ere durin9
October and No>e8ber1 12211 as :is <residenc3 be9an to buc;le under t:e strain of t:e
econo8ic de<ression !us: =as unable and un=illin9 to o>erco8e? *e 8ust t:erefore
conclude t:at t:e treat8ent recei>ed b3 !us: for :is t:3roid condition durin9 Ma31 1221
and t:e successi>e 8ont:s :as not re8edied t:e 8ental and co9niti>e disturbances =:ic:
=ere at t:e root of !us:7s <s3c:oso8atic affliction1 !asedo=7s disease? T:is 8eans t:at
!us:7s :ealt:1 and 8ost es<eciall3 :is 8ental :ealt:1 8ust be considered a decisi>e issue
for t:e 122$ <residential ca8<ai9n? CitiAens 8ust accordin9l3 set aside *:ite House
<ro<a9anda state8ents and carefull3 consider t:e ad>isabilit3 of returnin9 to t:e *:ite
House an indi>idual =:o :as de8onstrabl3 eE<erienced <s3c:otic e<isodes durin9 :is
tenure in t:e *:ite House1 and =:o :as <resented no con>incin9 e>idence of re8ission?
NOTES"
1? FTou9: and Tender Tal;1F %eo<le *ee;l31 ,ece8ber 1.1 12251 <? +$?
$? Anton C:ait;in1 Treason in A8erica1 0Ne= (or;1 12/+41 <? ).- ff?
'? Cited in C:ait;in1 <? )./?
)? EliAabet: ,re=1 %ortrait of an Election1 0Ne= (or;1 12/141 <? 15-?
+? &?,? Salin9er1 T:e Catc:er in t:e R3e1 0Ne= (or;" !anta81 12/-41 <? 1?
-? ? Scott itA9erald1 T:is Side of %aradise1 Ne= (or;" Scribners1 12-541 <? 1$/?
.? Mar3 McGror31 FT:e !abblin9 !us:1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber $21 12//?
/? Mar3 McGror31 loc? cit?
2? Maureen ,o=d1 FT:e Lan9ua9e T:in91F T:e Ne= (or; Ti8es Ma9aAine1 &ul3 $21 1225?
15? Maureen ,o=d1 loc? cit?
11? Maureen ,o=d1 loc? cit?
1$? ,a>id Hoff8an1 FReadin9 !us:7s Li<s1F *as:in9ton %ost1 ,ece8ber )1 12//?
1'? Maureen ,o=d1 o<? cit?
1)? ,a>id Hoff8an1 o<? cit?
1+? ,a>id Hoff8an1 loc? cit?
1-? ,a>id Hoff8an1 loc? cit?
1.? Maureen ,o=d1 o<? cit?
1/? ,a>id Hoff8an1 o<? cit?
12? Maureen ,o=d1 o<? cit?
$5? F!us: to Ne=s Media" Mu87s Goin9 to !e t:e *ord1F *as:in9ton %ost1Y ebruar3 1-1 1225?
$1? F!us: Tells 7Slo>enl37 %ress to S:a<e U<1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 1'1 1225?
$$? FTransitionin9 in lorida1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber 1$1 12//?
$'? Gil #lein1 F!us: Not Man to Sit Still1F Media General Ne=s<a<ers for t:e S:er8an1 TeEas ,e8ocrat1
Se<te8ber .1 12/2?
$)? ,an !alA1 FT:e 1/-Hole ,ri>e to %la3 on %ar *it: t:e %resident1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<t? '1 1225?
$+? ,a>id Hoff8an1 FSee Ho= He %la3s1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber '1 12/2?
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$/? F!us: Has 7Earl3 Glauco8a7 In Left E3e1 Tests ,isclose1F *as:in9ton %ost1 A<ril 1'1 1225?
$2? F%resident Assails Silencin9 of Un<o<ular 6ie=<oints1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 +1 1221?
'5? F!us: ,ia9nosis" T:3roid Ail8ent1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 /1 1221?
'1? FT:e %at: to ,ia9nosis of t:e %resident7s Ail8ent1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 111 1221?
'$? *as:in9ton %ost1 Ma3 151 1221?
''? Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 $21 1221?
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'-? Mar3 McGror31 FC:ina and an I8<erial %resident1F *as:in9ton %ost1Y Ma3 '51 1221?
'.? *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber -1 1221?
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'2? La=rence #? Alt8an1 M,1 F%resident7s T:3roid" Luestions of Mood1F Ne= (or; Ti8es1 Ma3 $11 1221?
)5? Abi9ail Trafford1 FMe1 !us: and Gra>es7 ,isease1F *as:in9ton %ost1Y Ma3 $11 1221?
)1? Lillian S:oltis !runner and ,oris S8it: Suddart:1 YTeEtboo; of Medical-Sur9ical Nursin9
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+2? F!us: Tries to Ease Loan Crisis1F *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber $51 1221?
-5? *as:in9ton %ost1 Se<te8ber 121 1221?
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-$? F!us: Launc:es Stri;e at Con9ress1F *as:in9ton %ost1 October $+1 1221?
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-2? F!us: Cancels %acific Tri<1F *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber -1 1221?
.5? *as:in9ton %ost1 No>e8ber .1 1221?
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