Digital Signal Processing

Dr. Wanod Kumar

Assistant Professor
email: wanod.kumar@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Lecture-9
Basics of Filters
1
Agenda
2
Conditions for Distortion less Transmission
Ideal Filters
Basic Types of Filtering
Summary
Li Tan, DSP Fundamentals and Applications
Dr M A Unar DSP Slides
Conditions for Distortion less Transmission
3
Transmission is said to be distortion less if the input
and output have identical wave shapes within a
multiplicative constant.

A delayed output that retains the input waveform is
also considered distortion less.

Thus in distortion-less transmission, the input ()
and output () satisfy the condition:
= (1)
where is the delay time and is a constant.
Conditions for Distortion less Transmission (2)
4
Computing the Fourier Transform of (1) we obtain
=

(2)

Hence, frequency response becomes
=

(3)

The magnitude and phase response of (3) is given by

= and = = 2

These are plotted in the figure on next slide.
Conditions for Distortion less Transmission (3)
5





A physical transmission system may have amplitude and
phase responses such as those shown below:




Amplitude response
Phase response






Amplitude response
Phase response




Ideal Filters
6
Filter: A very general term denoting any
system whose output is a specified function
of its input.
Frequency Selective Filters: Low-Pass, High-
Pass, Band-Pass, Band-Stop

Ideal Filters
7
Ideal Low-Pass Filter: An ideal low-pass filter passes all
signal components having frequency less than

radian per
second with no distortion and completely attenuates signal
components having frequencies greater than

radian per
second.

Ideal Filters (2)
8
Ideal High-Pass Filter: An ideal High-Pass filter passes all
signal components greater than

radian per second with no

distortion and completely attenuates signal components having
frequencies less than

radian per second.

Ideal Filters (3)
9
Ideal Band pass Filter: An ideal Band stop filter passes all
signal components having frequencies in a band of centered
at the frequency
0
with no distortion and completely
attenuates signal components having frequencies outside this
band.

0

0





Ideal Filters (4)
10
Ideal Band stop Filter: An ideal Band stop filter is defined in
the following figure:







Basic Types of Filtering
11
The basic filter types can be classified into four
categories: lowpass, highpass, bandpass, and
bandstop.
Each of them finds a specific application in
digital signal processing.
In general, the filter is designed based on the
specifications primarily for the passband,
stopband, and transition band of the filter
frequency response.
Basic Types of Filtering (2)
12
The filter passband is the frequency range with
the amplitude gain of the filter response being
approximately unity.
The filter stopband is defined as the frequency
range over which the filter magnitude response
is attenuated to eliminate the input signal whose
frequency components are within that range.
The transition band denotes the frequency range
between the passband and stopband.
Basic Types of Filtering (3)
13
The design specifications of the lowpass filter are illustrated in
following figure, where the low frequency components are
passed through the filter while the high-frequency components
are attenuated.
Figure: Magnitude response of the normalized lowpass filter
Basic Types of Filtering (4)
14

and

are the passband cutoff

frequency and the stopband cutoff
frequency, respectively.

is the design parameter to specify the

ripple (fluctuation) of the frequency
response in the passband.

specifies the ripple of the frequency

response in the stopband.
Basic Types of Filtering (5)
15
The highpass filter keeps high-frequency components and
rejects low-frequency components. The magnitude frequency
response for the highpass filter is demonstrated in following
figure.
Figure: Magnitude response of the normalized highpass filter
Basic Types of Filtering (6)
16
The bandpass filter attenuates both low- and high-frequency
components while keeping the middle frequency components,
as shown in following figure.
Figure: Magnitude response of the normalized bandpass filter
Basic Types of Filtering (7)
17
As illustrated in figure (on previous slide),

and

are the lower passband cutoff frequency and

lower stopband cutoff frequency, respectively.

and

are the upper passband cutoff

frequency and upper stopband cutoff frequency,
respectively.

is the design parameter to specify the ripple of

the frequency response in the passband.

specifies the ripple of the frequency response in

the stopband.
Basic Types of Filtering (8)
18
The bandstop (band reject or notch) filter shown in following
figure rejects the middle-frequency components and accepts
both the low- and the high-frequency components.
Figure: Magnitude response of the normalized bandstop filter
19
Thank you