Balikpapan, 14 December 2013

Definition and Objective

Rock Mechanics
Fracture Mechanics
Shale
Sand
Pay Zone
Pay
Length
Width
Height
Stress ()
Strain ()
Youngs Modulus (E)
Poissons Ratio ()
Overburden Stress
Pore Pressure
Minimum Horizontal Stress
Homogeneous: Smallest element has same
physical properties as body as a
whole
Isotropic: Elastic Properties independent
of direction
Elastic: Deformations induced in body by
external forces disappear
completely upon removal of these
forces
Original
Length
Compressed
Sample
Length
L
1
L
2
L
Strain =
Change in Length
Original Length
=
L
2
L
1
L
1
=
L
L
Strain
Stress
= F/A
= L/L

E =

~ Applied Stress
~ Strain Change
Youngs Modulus Fracture Width
Youngs Modulus Fracture Width
Youngs Modulus Strain Fracture Width

axial
L
L
=
r
r
lateral

=
L
Final
D
Final
L
Initial
D
Initial
D
Length
Force

=
lateral
axial
.1
.5 .3
5000 psi
Poissons Ratio Frac Width
Poissons Ratio Fracture Width
Poissons Ratio Fracture Width
Material Young's Modulus (Psi) Poisson's Ratio
Unconsolidated sands 1,450 - 14,500 ~0.45
Sandstone 14,500 - 4,340,000 0.0 - 0.45
Clay 8,700 - 21,800 ~0.40
Shale 58,000 - 10,000,000 0.0 - 0.30
High Porosity Chalk 72,500 - 725,000 0.05 - 0.35
Low Porosity Chalk 725,000 - 4,350,000 0.05 - 0.30
Basalt 7,250,000 - 14,500,000 0.2 - 0.3
Granite 725,000 - 12,300,000 0.3 - 0.4
Marble 725,000 - 13,000,000 0.0 - 0.3
Ice 1,160,000 0.35
Steel 29,000,000 0.28
Source: Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, Elsevier, 1992
)

fluid
( ) 05195 . 0 * ) 1 (
fluid rock z
+ =
Density of the Rock (lb/g)
Porosity

rock
Density of formation fluid (lb/g)
Range of Values ( Range of Values ( Range of Values ( Range of Values ( ) )) ) 0.0 to 1.0 0.0 to 1.0 0.0 to 1.0 0.0 to 1.0
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks 0.65 to 0.9 0.65 to 0.9 0.65 to 0.9 0.65 to 0.9
Unconsolidated Rocks Unconsolidated Rocks Unconsolidated Rocks Unconsolidated Rocks 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Incompressible Material Incompressible Material Incompressible Material Incompressible Material 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
r
P +

=
() = Total Stress (Psi)
() = Effective Stress (Psi)
() = Biots Constant
(P
r
)= Pore Pressure (Psi)
F
F
Grains
Pore Spaces
Total Stress
Externally applied
force divided by
area.
Effective Stress
The stress carried by
the grains or rock
matrix
The absolute horizontal Stress is affected
also by:
Pore pressure
Tectonic component
() = Total Stress (Psi) ()= Effective Stress (Psi)
() = Biots Constant (P
r
)= Pore Pressure (Psi)
(
tec
)=Tectonic Strain (E) = Young Modulus (Psi)
+ +

=
tec r h h
P
( )
v h

1
r v v
P =

The amount of effective Horizontal Stress is defined as:

But:
So:
( )
r v h
P

1
( ) ) * (
1
min
E p p
Tect r r v h

+ +

=
() = Poisson Ratio
(
v
) = Overburden Stress (Psi)
() = Biots Constant
(P
r
) = Pore Pressure (Psi)
(
Tect
) = Tectonic Strain
() = Young Modulus (Psi)
Whats your concern.?? Whats your concern.?? Whats your concern.?? Whats your concern.??