The Internet

Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow

by Erik Bosrup
Nv3b 1998
Jakobsbers !ymnasium "pe#ia$isation %ro&e#t
'omputer 'ommuni#ation
The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
Preface
)hen I started with this pro&e#t my aim was to $earn about T'%*I% and how the Internet works in
enera$+ ,n#e I ot into the hue amount o- in-ormation that e.ists about Internet I dis#overed that I
wasn/t rea$$y interested in the te#hni#a$ terms and e.a#t$y how everythin works+ Instead I de#ided to
write a te.t that most$y anyone with s$iht #omputer and Internet e.perien#e #ou$d read and
understand most o-+
)hi$e oin throuh the in-ormation I a$so -ound papers about new standards and pro&e#ts that I saw
re$evant to the -uture deve$opment o- the Internet+ This made up my pro&e#t 0uestion, how wi$$ the
Internet hand$e the -uture1 ,r perhaps how wi$$ the -uture hand$e Internet1 To e.p$ain the #omin
eneration Internet one must know how the Internet on#e started, how it works today, who #ontro$s it
and many other thins+ This mat#hed my interest in -indin out how the Internet works with my p$ans
to e.amine the nets -uture+ 2$$ o- these thins make up one bi mi. o- in-ormation, it/s not too
detai$ed, many thins are $e-t out+ 3y oa$ was to et a enera$ -ee$in -or what the Internet is and
what it wi$$ be+
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Table of contents
PREFACE 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 5
Universal Resource Locator....................................................................................................................5
2pp$i#ation %roto#o$++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5
6ost++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5
7omain+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5
Top 8eve$ 7omain+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5
Domain Name System..............................................................................................................................6
Transmission Control Protocol...............................................................................................................6
Transport proto#o$ $ayer++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9
Internet Protocol......................................................................................................................................7
:outin+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;
"ubnets+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;
Ethernet....................................................................................................................................................7
%hysi#a$ proto#o$ $ayer+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8
2ddress :eso$ution %roto#o$++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++8
Puttin it all toether...............................................................................................................................!
Past the "asics...........................................................................................................................................#
I'3%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9
<7%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9
%orts+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9
INTERNET HISTORY AN ORGANISATION !"
Da$n o% internet$or&in......................................................................................................................'(
Controllin the Internet........................................................................................................................''
Internet 2r#hite#ture Board+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11
IET= and I:T=++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11
:e0uest -or 'omments+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11
INTERNET#S F$T$RE !!
Ne)t eneration Internet.......................................................................................................................''
"e#urity++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++14
3u$ti#ast and >ua$ity o- "ervi#e+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++14
Neihbour 7is#overy+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++13
=orwardin+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++13
Transition................................................................................................................................................'*
9bone++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1?
Ne$ +omain names................................................................................................................................',
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
-uture connections.................................................................................................................................',
=i.ed #onne#tions++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++15
3obi$e #onne#tions++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++15
)ire$ess Internet++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++19
CONCL$SION !%
LIST OF REFERENCES !&
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Internet Tec'nolo()
Internet is not one bi network+ 2s the name #$aims it is inter@net, thus a network #onne#tin
networks+ This is important to know as it is the base o- the Internet -oundation+ )hen you $oon to
your $o#a$ Internet provider, you #onne#t to their network, whi#h is #onne#ted to many others+ This is
the strenth o- Internet, i- one network ma$-un#tions, the other #an -un#tion norma$$y without it+
Universal Resource Locator
3ost peop$e use the Internet mere$y -or World Wide Web browsin and e@mai$+ To e.p$ain how the
Internet works we wi$$ start by usin a samp$e #onne#tion between a browser and a server+ There are
many ways to -ind an URL to visit, they #an be -ound in maaAines, newspapers, they #an be
bookmarked or they #an be embedded in other do#uments as $inks+ 6owever they a$$ #onsist o- the
same ma&or parts+ 8ets $ook at an <:8 and sort out what/s what in it+ )e wi$$ work with
httpB**www+internet+#om, it/s a site -or and about the Internet+ The easiest way to understand <:8s is
to sp$it them up into part, $ike thisB
proto#o$B**host+domain+t$d
.//lication Protocol
Today everyone knows that a te.t startin with www is a )or$d )ide )eb address, this is not
#omp$ete$y true+ 2#tua$$y it is the http:// part o- the <:8 that spe#i-ies that we want to #onne#t to the
part o- the server that hand$es the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol a$thouh i- we try to #onne#t to an
address startin with the www pre-i. our so-tware assumes it to be http+ The http proto#o$ is the
Internet standard -or e.#hanin HTML -i$es between #$ients and servers+ 6T38 or HyperText
Markup Language is the $anuae used to $ayout paes so they may #ontain te.t, pi#tures, mu$timedia
and Java amon e$se+ In this #ase we are a#tin as a #$ient sin#e we are re0uestin a do#ument -rom
someone e$se+ ,ther than http there is a$so a se#ure en#rypted version o- http, #a$$ed ecure
HyperText Transfer Protocol Chttps://D and the !ile Transfer Protocol Cftp://D amon many others+ "o
the -irst part o- the <:8, the proto#o$ te$$s our so-tware how we want to #onne#t to the server and
what kind o- rep$y we are e.pe#tin+
0ost
Ne.t #omes the host+ 2 host is a #omputer that is #onne#ted to the Internet+ )hen you use your
modem to #onne#t to your $o#a$ "P C"nternet er#ice Pro#iderD or L$% you wi$$ a$so be#ome a host+
6owever on$y #ertain #omputers have hostnames that works in an <:8+ I- you #onne#t throuh an I"%
you wi$$ not et one that #an be used in <:8s+
Domain
"in#e the #ommuni#ation between hosts is based on "P C"nternet ProtocolD addresses and the
#omputers themse$ves don/t know where on the net an <:8 is to be -ound, they #an on$y say EI want
to ta$k to host 13F+94+114+99G+ =or this reason we have do&ains+ 2 domain is a way -or us humans to
remember a $o#ation on the Internet+ The #omputer must trans$ate the domain into a number in order
to make #onta#t to the host+
To/ Level Domain
The top'le#el do&ains a$so e.ist to make it easier -or us humans to -ind our way on the Internet+ The
tld/s are provided so that domains #an be sorted into #ateories and #ountries+ 'ountrywise they are
sorted a-ter a two@$etter #ountry #ode standardised by I",+ The #ateory domains in#$ude top $eve$
domains $ike +#om -or #ommer#ia$ usae and +edu -or edu#ation+
+arpa 2:%2 spe#i-i# domains
+#om 'ommer#ia$ oranisations
+edu Edu#ationa$ institutions
+ov <nited "tates overnment aen#ies
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+int Internationa$ oranisations
+mi$ <nited "tates mi$itary
+net Network providers
+or Non@pro-it oranisations
+adHAw 'ountry spe#i-i# domains
7omains #an be most$y anythin, di--erent T87 reistrars Cthe oranisation that manaes the reistryD
have di--erent ru$es -or reisterin domains and as $on as you -o$$ow their ru$es and domain names
ru$es -ound in :=' 954, 1F35, 1143, you are -ree to use your imaination+ C3ore on :='/s $ater on+D
Domain Name System
Be#ause the hosts on$y #an -ind ea#h other by I% address in the same way that <" 3ai$ needs Aip
#odes to -ind the #orre#t re#eiver, there must be a system to #onvert our easy to remember <:8s to
address that the #omputer #an use+ This system is #a$$ed the (o&ain %a&e yste& C(%D+ In the ear$y
days o- the Internet there weren/t many hosts on the net so every #omputer #onne#ted had its own -i$e
with a$$ the domains and their #orrespondin addresses+ Today however with mi$$ions o- hosts
#onne#ted this system wou$dn/t be very e--i#ient+ )hen we want to -ind our host, www+internet+#om,
we #onta#t a #omputer that we do know the I% address o-+ This server is #a$$ed our root dns server+ )e
ask this server where we #an -ind in-ormation about +#om domains+ The dns server then ives us a $ist
o- +#om domain name servers+ ,ur #omputer now se$e#ts one o- these servers, #onta#ts it and asks it
about internet+#om+ Just as with the root server we et a $ist o- servers hand$in that domain+ This is
how it #ontinues unti$ we know the I% address o- www+internet+#om+ In enera$ the Internet so-tware
is EsmartG and remembers #ommon servers, and #an that way skip one or two o- the domain name
servers, makin the #ommuni#ation -aster and $ess trans-ers ne#essary+ Now our #omputer so-tware is
ready to make the a#tua$ #onne#tion to the host+
Transmission Control Protocol
The #ommuni#ation over the Internet is made up o- layers+ This way many di--erent types o-
#omputers #an ta$k to ea#h other by varyin methods+ 2nother -eature o- it is that every pie#e o-
so-tware doesn/t have to Ere@invent the whee$G, -or e.amp$e, when we use %etscape %a#igator in
Windo)s*+ to #onne#t to www+internet+#om, it wi$$ use a pie#e o- so-tware bui$t@in to )indows95
#a$$ed Winsock+ )inso#k wi$$ then hand$e the #ommuni#ation su#h as send and re#eivin data and
$ookin up domains throuh the domain name system+ ,ur browser wi$$ &ust te$$ it what to do and it
wi$$ do it+ ,- #ourse it/s not on$y browsers that use )inso#k, most$y a$$ )indows95 Internet so-tware
su#h as e@mai$ #$ients, -tp #$ients and newsreaders use it+ The same way that )indows95 has )inso#k
most other operatin systems have somethin simi$ar that has the e0uiva$ent -eatures+
)e/ve been over the app$i#ation proto#o$ $ayer, it was the proto#o$ that des#ribed how two
app$i#ations ta$k to ea#h other, $ike how the 6yperTe.t Trans-er %roto#o$ trans-ers the htm$
do#uments used to $ayout webpaes+
Trans/ort /rotocol layer
<sua$$y when Internet #ommuni#ation is dis#ussed peop$e ta$k about T,P/"P and how a$$ the
in-ormation over the Internet is trans-erred over it+ This is not #omp$ete$y true, a$thouh most
in-ormation oes by T,P CTrans&ission ,ontrol ProtocolD there are others+ The app$i#ations that are
#ommuni#atin de#ide whi#h transport proto#o$ they are oin to use based on the standard that is set
-or the data that is to be trans-erred+ 2pp$i#ations $ike browsers and -i$e trans-er #$ients use T'% whi$e
trans-ers that need more speed, $ike audio and video streamin, at the #ost o- re$iabi$ity use U(P
CUser (atagra& ProtocolD+
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)hen app$i#ations ta$k to ea#h other over the Internet, $ike when you $ook at someone/s homepae,
they do they do not take part in the a#tua$ sendin and re#eivin+ This is where the transport protocol
layer #omes in+ The app$i#ation te$$s the transport proto#o$ what to send and where to send it and then
in the #ase o- T'% it is up to the transport proto#o$ to make sure that everythin ets sent and that
everythin arrives in the same state that it was sent+ 2nd i- anythin oes wron it is a$so the
transport proto#o$ $ayer that hand$es it by re@sendin+ The transport $ayer a$so sp$its that data into
sma$$er pie#es, i- you want to send someone a two@meabyte -i$e, it #an/t a$$ be sent at on#e, so the
transport proto#o$ $ayer sp$its it into sma$$er #hunks+
Internet Protocol
The "nternet Protocol C"PD $ayer ets the datagra&s Cthe parts o- a -i$e that has been sp$it upD -rom
T'% Cor whatever transport proto#o$ that is bein usedD and adds some o- its own in-ormation and
does the a#tua$ $oi#a$ trans-er over the Internet+ "imp$i-ied this #an be des#ribed as i- T'% makes
sure everythin oes throuh, whi$e I% a#tua$$y makes it happen+
I% on$y does the $oi#a$ trans-er, this miht sound weird but it isn/t+ "in#e Internet spans over many
di--erent types o- networks su#h as -thernet and Token Ring whi#h a$$ have their own way o-
#ommuni#atin there is a need -or a $ayer that #an work on top o- them a$$+ The Internet #onsists o-
many networks #onne#ted to ea#h other, some networks miht have #onne#tions to many other
networks whi$e others on$y have one route out to the rest o- the Internet+ It is the Internet proto#o$/s
&ob to -ind out how to move the data between the di--erent networks+
Routin
=indin out how to move this data between networks is #a$$ed routing+ )here two networks are
#onne#ted to ea#h other there is a router or a gate)ay, these are used to move data between the two
networks+ "o what I% has to do is to #he#k i- the taret #omputer is in the same network and i- so, &ust
send it away+ I- not it must -ind out to whi#h route it shou$d take+ =or this it uses a routin tab$e, in it
there is a $ist o- I% addresses and to what ateway they shou$d be sent+ I- there isn/t an entry -or the
taret I%, it is sent to the default route+ The de-au$t route is the ateway that is most $ike$y to be the
#orre#t one+ )hen it knows where to send the dataram, it does so and it/s that networks
responsibi$ity to et the in-ormation to the #orre#t #omputer or onwards to another network+
Su"nets
Networks on the Internet are #a$$ed subnets, a subnet #an a$so have it/s own subnets+ 2 $are
university #an -or e.amp$e be a subnet o- the Internet and have subnets -or ea#h -a#u$ty+ The purpose
o- makin sma$$ networks it to stop one ma$-un#tionin hardware devi#e -rom stoppin the entire
network+ This is a part o- the overa$$ Internet stratey, there shou$d a$ways be a way out+ I- on
#onne#tion oes down there is a$ways another+ )hen I% de#ides i- a host is $o#ated within the #urrent
subnet it $ooks at the I% address and ana$yses it+
2$$ the #omputers #onne#ted to the Internet must have its own I%, and be#ause networks have di--erent
siAe, i+e+ number o- hosts, there are di--erent net)ork classes+ The system is #onstru#ted in su#h a way
that '$ass 2 networks may have many subnets and hosts, whi$e '$ass B networks -ewer, and the #$ass
system ranes down to sma$$er and sma$$er #$asses ea#h with -ewer hosts+ 2$$ the networks #onne#ted
have been assined one or two network ranes -rom a #entra$ authority in whi#h they #an de#ide what
#omputer ets what number+ 2 #ompany that re0uests I amount o- I%/s miht not have the need -or
an entire '$ass B network #an then be assined two or three '$ass ' networks+ The point o- not
ivin out more I%/s than ne#essary is due be#ause the Internet is startin to run $ow on I%/s+
Ethernet
Ethernet is a very popu$ar and wide$y spread type o- 8o#a$ 2rea Network+ The most #ommon -orm o-
Ethernet is #a$$ed 1FBaseT, whi#h denotes the ma.imum transmission speed o- 1F 3bps usin #opper
twisted #ab$es+ :e#ent enhan#ements o- Ethernet bumps the speed to a ma.imum o- 1FF 3bps, this
system is #a$$ed 1FFBaseT+
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Physical /rotocol layer
Ethernet is the physi#a$ network+ 6ere we have #omputers a#tua$$y #onne#ted to ea#h other by #ab$es
and wires+ "in#e I% was made to trave$ over many kinds o- networks, it has it/s own addressin
system, the I% numbers+ 2t the physical layer o- the network, I% addresses do not mean anythin,
Ethernet and a$$ the other networks have their own way o- -indin the #orre#t hosts+
)hen Ethernet was desined one o- the oa$s was to make sure that two #omputers #ou$d not share
the same address+ Be#ause o- this every Ethernet net)ork interface card C%",D so$d has it/s uni0ue
Ethernet address #onsistin o- ?8 bits Ca bit is either F or 1D, a$$ the Ethernet manu-a#turers has to
reister with a #entra$ authority that is monitorin this+
.++ress Resolution Protocol
Ethernet works in the same way as a bi party line, what one says, everyone hears+ But &ust $ike you
do not $isten to what everyone says on a party $ine, your Ethernet system wi$$ on$y $istens to data
dire#ted to it+ To -ind the #orrespondin Ethernet address -or an I% address Cas they have nothin in
#ommonD, your system wi$$ send out a broadcast to whi#h a$$ the systems on the $o#a$ network wi$$
$isten, askin i- anyone is assined to that I%+ This system is #a$$ed the $ddress Resolution Protocol,
#ommon$y #a$$ed $RP+ )hen the system that has that I% hears your re0uest -or its Ethernet address, it
wi$$ rep$y and the two #omputers #an now ta$k to ea#h other+ It wou$d be very bad -or the network
per-orman#e i- this had to be done every time two #omputers try to make a #onne#tion, be#ause when
it/s done a$$ other #ommuni#ation is ha$ted+ Instead your system wi$$ save the in-ormation it knows
about other hosts in memory -or some time to speed thins up+
Putting it all together
You probab$y noti#ed that there are many proto#o$s needed -or Internet #ommuni#ation and it/s not
a$ways easy to understand how they work toether+ )e wi$$ take a sma$$ e.amp$e as a summary and
show what ea#h proto#o$ wi$$ do+
)e wi$$ aain use our browser e.amp$e, $ets say that you have re0uested a sma$$ te.t do#ument -rom
www+internet+#om and the server sends it over to you Cmy#omputer+network+seD+ =irst o- a$$ the server
wi$$ add in-ormation about what is sent in the 6yperTe.t Trans-er %roto#o$, dis#ussed ear$ier+ This
wi$$ te$$ your app$i#ation what data the pa#ket is #ontainin+ Ne.t T'% wi$$ take a$$ that in-ormation
and add it/s own headers to it and send it a$$ down to the I% $eve$+ I% wi$$ a$so add it/s own headers, as
ea#h proto#o$ $ayer on$y understands its surroundin neihbours+ Ethernet wi$$ not understand T'%
headers and 6TT% wi$$ not understand I% headers+ The I% $ayer wi$$ now -ound out how the pa#ket is
to be sent, and it/s most $ike$y throuh Ethernet so it passes it down to Ethernet+ ,n#e the Ethernet
pa#kae rea#hes my#omputer+network+se, Ethernet wi$$ remove its headers and send it ba#k up to I%+
I% wi$$ the do the same and ive the in-ormation to T'%+ 2s you #an read -rom its name,
Transmission 'ontro$ %roto#o$, T'% #he#k the in-ormation so it hasn/t ot #orrupt whi$e trans-erred,
i- so it asks the server to send it aain+ I- it/s a$$ riht it wi$$ remove its headers and ive the
in-ormation to you browsin so-tware that removes the 6TT% headers and you #an now see the te.t
-i$e in your browserJ
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Past the basics
Internet/s smart $ayerin system miht make it seem as i- it is easy -or the di--erent $ayers to per-orm
its a#tions+ =or users and most app$i#ation deve$opers it/s both easy to use and deve$op Internet
so-tware as most o- the te#hni#a$ parts o- it is bui$t@into modu$es that #an be easi$y adapted in many
prorammin and app$i#ation environments+ Behind a$$ o- this it isn/t su#h a simp$e matter+ 2s we
dis#ussed ear$ier $are -i$es have to be sp$it into sma$$er pie#es so it #an trans-erred easi$y+ This wasn/t
#omp$ete$y true+ 2$most everythin that is trans-erred must be sp$it, or frag&ented+ Every physi#a$
network type has it/s own $imit on how bi pa#kaes it a##epts and i- a $arer one arrives it must then
hand$e the sp$ittin and re@assemb$y, that on pa#kaes that miht a$ready be sp$it+ "endin out too
$are pa#kets #an then o- #ourse make Internet trans-ers s$ower as hardware on other p$a#es must
work, besides the in#reased tra--i# vo$ume this enerates+
IC1P
Internet has many other proto#o$s than the ones we have dis#ussed here so -ar+ ",MP or "nternet
,ontrol Message Protocol wou$d probab$y be des#ribed as Internet/s error reportin proto#o$+ I- a
pa#ket o- data takes too $on to de$iver, an I'3% messae wi$$ be sent to the sender te$$in what
happened+ 2$so i- a system tries to trans-er some data to a network outside the $o#a$ one throuh the
de-au$t router and that router has been to$d there is a better way to the taret, the sour#e wi$$ re#eive a
rep$y statin so+ The Internet 'ontro$ 3essae %roto#o$ rea$$y is what its name says, a messae
proto#o$ -or reportin errors, it doesn/t -ind errors itse$-+
UDP
)e ta$ked about <7%, <ser 7ataram %roto#o$ be-ore and we said it was $ess re$iab$e and -aster+ It is
$ess re$iab$e be#ause its headers are sma$$er and it has -ewer -eatures to veri-y that the in-ormation
trans-erred is #orre#t+ )hi$e T'% is what is #a$$ed a connection protocol, in other words both
#omputers ta$kin respond to ea#h other data so they both know i- everythin worked, <7% is
connectionless+ This means that in -or e.amp$e an audio stream -rom a $ive radio show is sent to the
$istener &ust $ike in rea$ broad#ast radio+ :eady or not, we/re transmittin now+ It/s basi#a$$y up to the
$istener to make sure he/s ready to re#eive+ This o- #ourse means $oss, some data wi$$ not rea#h the
$istener and that is what makes is $ess re$iab$e but -aster+ <7% itse$- doesn/t have any error #he#kin
but the app$i#ation usin the proto#o$ may, it is however then easier to use T'% that has it bui$t@in+
Ports
)hen T'% re#eives data -rom I%, it does not dire#t$y know how it shou$d be sent to the app$i#ation
$ayer+ 3any Internet app$i#ations miht be runnin so there must be a way to -ind out what
app$i#ation wants what+ This is done by usin ports+ )hen we #onne#t with our browser to
www+internet+#om, our so-tware knows we want to #onne#t to the 6TT% part o- the server sin#e we
are usin the wor$d@wide web Cit #an a$so be spe#i-ied by typin httpB**www+internet+#omB8FD+ To
make sure the server knows we/re re0uestin an 6TT% do#ument we add the standardised port 8F to
our re0uest+ )ith the re0uest we a$so add the port we want the server to #ommuni#ate with us
throuh, this #an be any -ree port+ This way the two #omputers T'% so-tware #an et the data sorted
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
out #orre#t$y+ 7i--erent types o- trans-erred data uses di--erent ports that are standardised to make sure
there are no #$ashes+
Internet '*stor) an+ or(an*sat*on
Dawn of internetworing
The roundwork -or Internet was #reated as ear$y as in 195;+ That year <"": $aun#hed the -irst
sate$$ite, "putnik+ To estab$ish $ead in mi$itary s#ien#e and te#hno$oy the <" 7epartment o- 7e-en#e
-ormed the $d#anced Research Pro.ects $gency, #ommon$y known as $RP$+ 8ater in the 9F/s,
2:%2 started to study networks and how it #ou$d be used to spread in-ormation+ In 1999 the -irst -ew
networks were #onne#ted+ The -irst system to send e@mai$ a#ross a distributed network was deve$oped
19;1 by :ay Tom$inson and the te$net Ca$$owin users to $oin on remote #omputersD spe#i-i#ations
arrived one year $ater+ The -irst dra-ts -or a networked #a$$ed Ethernet were #reated in K;3 and a year
$ater there was a detai$ed des#ription o- the Transmission 'ontro$ %roto#o$+ The Usenet newsroups
were #reated in 19;9 and in 1984 7epartment o- 7e-en#e de#$ared T'%*I% to be standard+ 2t this time
the number o- hosts #onne#ted was very $ow, in 198? it broke the 1FFF boundary+ Three years $ater
that number had #haned to 1FFFF, but we are sti$$ -ar -rom the Internet e.p$osion+
3ost o- this a$$ happened be-ore #omputers were wide$y spread, IB3 re$eased its -irst %', based on
Inte$/s 8F88 pro#essor in 1981+ The %entium pro#essor -ami$y that #urrent$y is bein phased out
arrived in 199?+ The users #onne#ted to the Internet at this time were resear#hers and students,
#onne#ted by university networks+
2 worm that in-e#ted #omputers on the Internet with a proram that took up system resour#es C$ike
memoryD #reated a need -or some sort o- team that wou$d try to -ind so$utions to make su#h issues $ess
danerous+ The team was #a$$ed ,o&puter -&ergency Rescue Tea& C,-RTD+ They work by writin
advisories and reports on how to avoid prob$ems+
)hat most peop$e tend to de-ine the Internet as, is the web+ The )or$d@)ide )eb standard was
#reated in 1991 by ,-R% and the prede#essor to Nets#ape Naviator, Mosaic saw $iht two years
$ater+ 'ommon peop$e started to et Internet a##ess in 199?@95, it/s around those years the numbers o-
hosts, domains and networks started to in#rease rapid$y+ Yet on$y a sma$$ amount o- the earth/s
popu$ation is #onne#ted+
The so@#a$$ed browser war between 3i#roso-t/s Internet E.p$orer and Nets#ape/s Naviator started in
1999 when the two #ompanies re$eased their 3+F browsers+ )hen this is bein written there sti$$ isn/t a
winner but Nets#ape has been -or#ed to make its browser -ree C3i#roso-t/s has a$ways beenD, in#$udin
the sour#e #ode+ %erhaps the <" Justi#e 7epartment wi$$ prevent 3i#roso-t -rom ivin its browser
away, perhaps they wi$$ sp$it the #ompany into pie#es+ 2t $east it shows the -uture importan#e o- the
Internet when 3i#roso-t embeds its browser into the #ore o- its operatin system+
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
Controlling the Internet
)hen we $ook into how the Internet is #ontro$$ed today, we have to have in mind that when 2:%2
#reated the network -or more than 45 years ao, they did not intend it to be used the way it is used
now, nor did they e.pe#t this amount o- users+ The manain oranisations have been #reated a$on
the way and there are no e.a#t &urdisti#tions on who #ontro$s what+
Internet .rchitecture 2oar+
The "nternet $rchitecture /oard, or "$/, is on top o- the heira#hy+ They review the Internet
standards, oversee the other roups, and a#t to #onserve #ontro$ over Internet as an internationa$
network+ Their probab$y most important ro$e is to identi-y $on term opportunities and how they
shou$d be hand$ed+
IET- an+ IRT-
2$most dire#t$y under the I2B we have the "nternet -ngineering Task !orce and the "nternet
Research Task !orce+ The "-T! hand$es a$$ the #urrent proto#o$ standards and promotes -urther
deve$opment+ IET= a$so hand$es operation and manaement o- the Internet+ The "RT! is more o- the
Internet/s -uture department+ They take #are o- a$$ the -uture prob$ems o- the Internet and how they
are to be hand$ed+ 2mon their work is how the net shou$d hand$es bi$$ions o- hosts, -aster
#onne#tions and wire$ess Internet+ =or this they have to $ook at new proto#o$s and how they #an be
in#orporated into the #urrent system without ma&or servi#e interruptions+
Re3uest %or Comments
,n the Internet anyone #an propose a standard+ By writin a te.t that -o$$ows #ertain uide$ines new
-eatures and standard #an be proposed to the "-T! User er#ices Working 0roup -or review+ I- it is
approved it wi$$ be assined a uni0ue number and it wi$$ be added to the Re1uest for ,o&&ents CR!,D
database+ The -irst :=' was pub$ished in 2pri$ 1999, then as a way to do#ument the network+ Today
there are thousands o- :='/s datin -rom the beinnin o- internetworkin to present day, many have
been outdated by newer ones a$on the way+ The :='/s provide a reat potentia$ -or the Internet to
#ontinue its deve$opment as new te#hno$oies #an be presented 0ui#k$y and then et standardised+
Internet#s F,t,re
Ne!t generation Internet
The #urrent version o- the Internet %roto#o$ is version -our+ 2bbreviated it is known as "P#2+ )hen it
was #reated the amount o- #omputers #onne#ted to the Internet was not e.pe#ted to be as hih at it is+
The addressin system, the I% addresses #onsist o- -our o#tets o- numbers ranin -rom Aero to 455
Ce.amp$eB 13F+4??+198+39D+ In te#hni#a$ terms this is 34@bits, a bit #an be either nu$$ or one so this
ives us a$most 34L4 uni0ue numbers+ The a#tua$ number is a bit $ower as a$$ #ombinations are not
a$$owed+ This is 0uite a $are amount o- #omputers that #an be #onne#ted but in -a#t estimates show
that ear$y in the ne.t #entury the I% addresses wi$$ be e.hausted+ This is one o- the reasons a new
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
Internet %roto#o$ version is bein deve$oped+ =orma$$y it is named "nternet Protocol 3ersion 4 C"P#4D
but it is a$so known as "P %ext 0eneration C"PngD+
To provide more I% addresses the addresses in I%v9 have been e.panded to 148@bit, or appro.imate$y
3?F,484,399,94F,938,?93,?93,3;?,9F;,?31,;98,411,?59 theoreti#a$$y avai$ab$e I% addresses+ This is
the $imit that the enineers think we wi$$ stay be$ow -or 0uite some time+
I%v9 has been desined to enab$e hih@per-orman#e, s#a$ab$e internetworks to remain viab$e we$$ into
the ne.t #entury+ 2 $are part o- this desin pro#ess invo$ved #orre#tin the inade0ua#ies i- I%v?+ ,ne
ma&or prob$em that has been -i.ed is the routin+ I%v9 does not use di--erent network #$asses -or
routin instead it uses a system that provides -$e.ibi$ity to e.pand networks yet makin the routin
0ui#k+ )ith many addresses to work with the addressin has been $ayed out so they -irst o- a$$ are
sorted by their ma&or #onne#tion points+ ,ne su#h point is "unet in "weden, there a$$ the ma&or
"wedish I"%/s #onne#t to ea#h other as we$$ as with -orein #ountries+ Ea#h I"% wi$$ then have a $are
address rane that it #an provide to #ompanies, minor I"%/s and dia$up #ustomers+ This makes routin
mu#h easier, Internet ba#kbone routers wi$$ no $oner have to have hue databases o- over ?F,FFF
entries+
Security
)ith I%v? there isn/t any se#urity at I% $eve$+ ,ne o- the desin oa$s -or version 9 is to provide
authentication and encryption at a $ower $eve$+ %revious$y en#ryption had to be done at a hiher $eve$,
usua$$y at the app$i#ation $ayer+ The authenti#ation part makes sure that the in-ormation is a#tua$$y
#omin -rom the sour#e that it is #$aimin to be+ This ensures that va$uab$e data or passwords that is
stored on a system #annot be spoofed Cmethod to #hane the sour#e address to make the pa#ket appear
#omin -rom a di--erent hostD to intruders+ En#ryption is made by addin e.tra headers to the I%
pa#ket with en#ryption keys and other handshaking in-ormation+ This way every pa#ket #an be
en#rypted by itse$- at a $ower $eve$, preventin sniffers Cproram to eavesdrop network tra--i#D -rom
a##essin the in-ormation in the pa#ket+
1ulticast an+ 4uality o% Service
2s streamin audio and video be#omes more wide$y used over the Internet a$on with other time
#riti#a$ app$i#ations $ike news and -inan#ia$ in-ormation the $imitations o- I%v? be#ome more obvious+
Mersion 9 o- the Internet %roto#o$ has a -eature #a$$ed &ulticast+ It a$$ows broad#asters o- audio and
video streams to send out &ust one pa#ket o- the same in-ormation to many re#eiptants+ It works $ike a
tree, whenever a network is sp$it into a -ew sma$$er ones, the in-ormation wi$$ be replicated and
distributed down the tree+ This de#reases the network tra--i# as audio and video broad#asts are
e.pe#ted to in#rease heavi$y as more peop$e et -aster Internet #onne#tions+ >ua$ity o- "ervi#e is a$so
important -or the -uture o- streamin, by settin a hih va$ue o- 5uality of er#ice the routers in the
path to the taret #omputer wi$$ prioritise the pa#ket thus $eadin to a -aster de$ivery+ The risk with is
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
o- #ourse that a$$ app$i#ations $ike e@mai$ and news that otherwise wou$d be #onsidered a non@time
#riti#a$ a$so set a hih >ua$ity o- "ervi#e to make it et de$ivered 0ui#k$y+
Neih"our Discovery
,ne o- the ma&or heada#hes -or network administrators o- $are networks it manain I% addresses+
The InterNI' wants to have as many addresses -ree as possib$e -or -uture usae, ivin the
administrators a $ot o- work tra#kin whi#h addresses that are used and whi#h are -ree+ )hen I%v9 is
used on a network su#h prob$ems #an be disavowed+ The proto#o$ has a sort o- autoconfiguration so
when a host is #onne#ted to a network it wi$$ ta$k to the $o#a$ router by usin a temporary I% address
and the router wi$$ te$$ the host what I% it shou$d use+ The router has previous$y been de-ined a rane
o- addresses by the system administrator+ In the same way i- a network is moved or there is a #hane
o- I"%, resu$tin in a ma&or I% #hane, the administrator wi$$ re#on-iure the router to the new I%
rane and it wi$$ then, by the %eighbour (isco#ery C%(D proto#o$, te$$ the hosts their new I%/s+
-or$ar+in
To support hih$y dynami# situations in the -uture I%v9, #ontains -eatures -or I% -orwardin+ )hen a
user $eaves work to o on a business trip -or e.amp$e he wi$$ $oout -rom the $o#a$ are network+ The
system wi$$ then te$$ the $o#a$ router that a$$ data to that user is to be -orwarded to his $aptop I% instead
o- his work I%+ =orwardin a$$ows domain name entries to be un#haned whi$e the user is #onne#ted
to a network on the other side o- the earth+
Transition
)hen or i- I%v9 makes it to the #ommon market the transition wi$$ not be too hard+ The ne.t
eneration proto#o$ is #reated to work with the o$d version o- I%+ The -irst routers that wi$$ be insta$$ed
usin the new proto#o$ wi$$ a$so hand$e the o$d version so I%v? #an ta$k to it durin the transition
period+ The on$y dependen#y that e.ists is the 7N"+ )hen a subnet is upraded to I%v9, the domain
name server must a$so be updated to hand$e the new I% addresses+ The network that the subnet is
#onne#ted to does not have to be upraded+ I- an I%v9 host #onne#ts to a di--erent I%v9 host on a
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
di--erent subnet where the data has to trave$ over an o$d I%v? network, it wi$$ on$y et encapsulated
with I%v? headers+ This method is #a$$ed tunnelling+ )hen the pa#ket on#e rea#hes the destination
I%v9 network the I%v? headers wi$$ be removed by the router and the pa#ket wi$$ be submitted to the
#orre#t I%v9 host+ The o$d version -our network wi$$ not know that it ever #arried somethin it a#tua$$y
#annot hand$e+
6"one
'urrent$y there is a virtua$
wor$d@wide I%v9 network
#a$$ed 4bone #reated to
test imp$ementations o-
I%v9 in a workin
environment whi$e not
riskin produ#tion routers
and important systems+
The network operates on
top o- the ordinary
Internet by tunne$$in
dis#ussed ear$ier+ 9bone is
not however a new
Internet that we wi$$ move
to on#e I%v9 is ready -or
#ommer#ia$ use, instead it
is &ust a p$ayround -or
s#ientist and it wi$$
disappear when I%v9
be#omes wide$y used+
New "omain names
Not in anyway re$ated to the proposed I%v9 standard, seven new top@$eve$ domain names have been
proposed as addition to the #urrent #om, or, net and others+
+-irm -or businesses or -irms
+store -or se$$in produ#ts
+web -or www re$ated sites
+arts -or #u$tura$ sites
+re# -or re#reationa$ and entertainment sites
+in-o -or in-ormation sites
+nom -or persona$ homepaes
It miht seem reat with a$$ these new #ateories but wi$$ they a#tua$$y matter1 The owners o- many
domains today reistered them to make pro-it+ By reisterin #orporate or produ#t names they want to
se$$ them to the riht-u$ owner $ater on+ The same way they #an a$so reister ood domains $ike video
or #d+store by &ust bein 0ui#k to reister and then se$$ to the hihest bidder+ To stop domain
opportunist $are #orporations a$so have to reister their domain at a$$ top $eve$ domains &ust the way
they have done with the #ountry domains+ 3ost $ike$y the new domains, whenever Cor i-D they arrive
wi$$ &ust #reate a storm o- reistrations, and a$$ the souht@a-ter domains wi$$ be taken immediate$y+
2nd a$on with them there wi$$ a$so be the norma$ #opyriht disputes et# that a$ready e.ist with the
+#om domain+
#uture connections
3any new #onne#tion -orms are emerin as the demand -or hih speed Internet rows+ <sers no
$oner wish to browse with s$ow modems+ In this se#tion we wi$$ $ook into some o- the te#hno$oies
that miht be#ome popu$ar in the -uture+
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
-i)e+ connections
The modems most peop$e use to #onne#t to the Internet have a speed o- 33+9 kbps Cthousand bits per
se#ondD, this ives a trans-er rate o- about 3 kb/sec Cthousand bytes per se#ondD on the Internet+ )hen
down$oadin -i$es this is very s$ow+ The phone $ines in enera$ support mu#h hiher #ommuni#ation
speeds, here are some o- them+
Interate+ Services Diital Net$or&
"(% is a speedier version o- standard phone $ines+ The di--eren#e $ies in the way the #onne#tion is
hand$ed+ Instead o- makin #a$$s ana$oue when sendin them to the subs#riber at the te$ephone
station, diita$ te#hno$oy is used a$$ the way out over the standard #opper #ab$e+ Norma$ phones are
ana$oue, so this system re0uires an adapter that #onverts the sina$ to the ana$oue -ormat+ I"7N
provides two #hanne$s o- ea#h 9? kbps -or voi#e and data and one servi#e #hanne$ at 19 kbps to hand$e
#ommuni#ation between the te$ephones and te$ephone station, $ike noti-yin when there is an
in#omin #a$$+ :e#ent deve$opments o- I"7N a$$ow the use o- the servi#e #hanne$ -or other than
servi#e+ "in#e this #hanne$ is used a$$ the time, not on$y when a phone or the Internet is used, it wou$d
a$$ow a #omputer #onne#ted with I"7N to be on$ine #onstant$y, and when needed it #ou$d #onne#t
with one o- that data $ines to provide hiher speed+ This addition to the I"7N system is not wide$y
spread but it shows ood use o- e.istin te#hno$oy+
Satellite
'onne#tions throuh satellite is startin to be#ome avai$ab$e, the pro/s o- it is the hih data trans-er
speed+ 'ommon users #an e.pe#t speed ranin -rom ?FF to 8FF kbps whi$e pro-essiona$ e0uipment
#ou$d in#rease that speed dramati#a$$y over the 1F 3bps/+ The bi #on with sate$$ites -or #onsumer
usae is that it is a one way system, you wi$$ have to have a modem #onne#tion open -or
#ommuni#ation ba#k to the Internet Cto re0uest and a#know$ede in-ormationD+ 2nother #on is the
latency, trans-errin data up to spa#e takes a whi$e, this #reates some s$iht de$ays that #ou$d -or
e.amp$e make amep$ay over Internet very tedious+
)DSL
The (L -ami$y o- te#hno$oies is &ust $ike I"7N and e.tension o- your #urrent phone $ine+ 7"8
te#hno$oy however provides mu#h hiher speeds but a$so re0uires te#hni#a$ uprades at the $o#a$
te$ephone station+ Besides that you #annot be to -ar -rom the te$ephone station as ba#kround noise
wi$$ disturb the sina$, ivin you mu#h s$ow trans-ers than the 9 3bps that 27"8 #an o--er+ 7iita$
"ubs#riber 8ine, whi#h is its $on name, is probab$y one o- the #onne#tion -orms that wi$$ be popu$ar
in the -uture, as $on as you $ive near the te$ephone station+
Ca"le 1o+em
The #ab$es that a$ready are $aid out to hand$e #ab$e TM #an #arry data very we$$+ 3any #ab$e networks
are on$y ood at providin data, users #onne#tin throuh a #ab$e modem #an et speeds o- a #oup$e
o- 3bps -rom the Internet whi$e sendin miht o down to a -ew hundred kbps+ This di--ers wide$y
dependin on the system that the #ab$e operator is usin+
1o"ile connections
5S1
Just as the Internet wasn/t #reated to row $ike it did, the European mobi$e phone system, 0M
C0lobal yste& MobileD wasn/t #reated to hand$e data+ The system is #urrent$y
$imited to 9+9 kbps, whi$e norma$ te$ephone $ine modems #an et speeds up to 59
kbps+ This makes mobi$e Internet a##ess very $imited, on$y e@mai$ messaes #an
be sent and re#eived at a reasonab$e speed and browsin www wou$d
be very s$ow+ 'onne#tion to a mobi$e phone is no $oner needed,
te$e#ommuni#ation #ompanies have phones with interated
#omputers as we$$ as %'@'ards with bui$t@in phones+ =ast
#ommuni#ation over !"3 is not very ood yet but by the year
4FF1, the !"3 systems are e.pe#ted to be enhan#ed -or data
trans-er at 38? kbps+
Universal 1o"ile Tele/hone System
,n January 49 1998 in %aris at the -uropean
Teleco&&unications tandards "nstitute meetin the standard -or
the third eneration o- mobi$e phones was set+ The -irst eneration
was ana$oue, the se#ond eneration had diita$ phone systems
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
$ike !"3 and $MP Can 2meri#an mobi$e phone standardD+ The new system/s te#hni#a$ standard is
#a$$ed UTR$ whi$e the phone system is #a$$ed UMT+ It has some ma&or advantaes over o$der
systems+ =irst o- a$$ the voi#e 0ua$ity shou$d be #omparab$e to -i.ed $ines, se#ond and most important
in this #onte.t is its support -or hiher data rates+ =or indoor a##ess speeds up to 4 3bps #an be
rea#hed whi$e wide area a##ess on$y a$$ows speeds up to 38? kbps+ )hat rea$$y shows the aim -or
$oba$ mobi$e network #ommuni#ation is the support -or mu$tip$e simu$taneous #onne#tions and
support -or I% pa#ket hand$in+
6ireless Internet
There are systems desined spe#i-i#a$$y -or wire$ess Internet, in "eatt$e, )ashinton 7' and "an
=ran#is#o systems #onsist o- 1FFF/s o- sma$$ transmitters on $iht po$es+ The system provides a##ess
a$$ over the #entra$ area at ordinary modem speed+ The system is very -$e.ib$e in the sense you #an
move around -ree$y in the #ity and it re0uires on$y a sma$$ antenna on the spe#ia$ Ricochet&ode&+
The system #urrent$y has more than 15,FFF users and bandwidth uprades to provide hiher data
speeds #an be e.pe#ted in the -uture+
1ultichannel 1ulti/oint Distri"ution System
2 system simi$ar to the above is MM(, it does however re0uire the re#eiver to have a sma$$ dish
besides the modem makin it non@mobi$e+ The ood part o- it however is that it #an do speeds up to 3F
3bps+ "peeds $ike that a$$ow te$evision and video broad#astin+ )ith diita$ transmittin te#hno$oy
it miht a$so be possib$e to trip$e the speed+ The prob$em with the system is that a$$ the users in the
same reion share bandwidth, so when everyone wants to sur- the web, it wi$$ not be as e--e#tive as
when sendin TM+ This system is yet ha$-@mobi$e sin#e it does not re0uire any #ab$es to be drawn
makin it at $east portab$e+
Share+ 6ireless .ccess Protocol
Not on$y are peop$e e.pe#ted to #ommuni#ate with ea#h other over the Internet, e$e#troni# devi#es at
home wi$$ a$so be ta$kin to ea#h other in the -uture+ 2$most a$$ the ma&or #omputer #ompanies are
workin toether to deve$op W$P, a proto#o$ that de-ines how devi#es ta$k to ea#h other by radio
sina$s+ The system wou$d a$$ow you to #ontro$ te$ephones, $ihts, a$arms, #omputers and ovens, a$$
a#ross the Internet+ Te#hni#a$$y one home network #an #ontro$ 14; devi#es and #ommuni#ate at 4
3bps+ It was -or these kind o- app$i#ations the Internet prorammin $anuaes Java -irst o- a$$ was
#reated by "un 3i#rosystems+ There are #ompetin standards to both ")2% and Java however+
3i#roso-t wants the devi#es to be #ontro$ by a miniature version o- their )indows operatin system
whi$e e$e#tri#ity #ompanies want the #ommuni#ation to o not by radio but throuh the e$e#tri#ity
$ines+ They do have a ood point with this as most o- the devi#es that are p$anned to be #onne#ted to
the home network are #onne#ted to with an e$e#tri# #ab$e+ 2$so the speed o- it is #urrent$y the same as
")2%, with improvements $ike$y to #ome+ Internet over e$e#tri# $ines a$so works -or out o- the house
#onne#tions, $ike browsin and e@mai$+ The reat advantae o- it is that everyone has it and it wou$d
on$y re0uire minor #hanes to the power system and a sma$$ adapter at home+
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The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
Concl,s*on
2s I/ve worked with this pro&e#t I/ve made up pi#tures in my head about he we wi$$ be #onne#ted in
the -uture and how we wi$$ use the Internet+ The on$y thin that I #an say I am rea$$y #ertain wi$$
happen is mobi$e Internet+ 'e$$ phone usae and Internet usae has e.p$oded hand in hand+ The same
way that we want to trave$ and make #a$$s with our #e$$ phones we wi$$ a$so want to trave$ and #onne#t
to the Internet+ The prob$em with this is o- #ourse the bandwidth+ )ire$ess #ommuni#ation doesn/t at
present day provide enouh speed -or use-u$ usae+ %erhaps <3T" wi$$ be the so$ution to this+ 2s
-i.ed Internet #onne#tions start to provide enouh bandwidth to support rea$ TM and video
broad#astin the users wi$$ want the same -eatures in their -$e.ib$e $aptop #omputers+ The 0uestion is
wi$$ the mobi$e Internet systems provide what the users want1
'onne#tin a$$ our home devi#es into one $o#a$ home network wi$$ be one o- the reat advantaes o-
the Internet in the -uture+ 8ettin a$$ our home devi#es ta$k to ea#h other has reat advantaes, &ust
take -or e.amp$e a norma$ emp$oyee+ )ou$dn/t it be reat to have a #amera in the -ride to #he#k i-
anythin needs to be bouht on the way home -rom work1 ,r perhaps to start the #o--ee ma#hine and
have -resh #o--ee ready every mornin at break-ast and when the work ends1
In the $on run I think '7 dis#s, 7M7 dis#s and other mu$timedia media/s wi$$ be phased out+ )hen
users startin ettin more bandwidth su#h devi#es wi$$ be#ome redundant+ The Internet is a better
p$at-orm -or mu$timedia than storae dis#s ever #an be+ <pdates #an be done in the in-ormation
whenever needed makin pat#hes and updates unne#essary+ 2n arument aainst this theory is that a
7M7 dis#s with its iabytes o- data wi$$ take a $on time to trans-er+ In this $ies the strenth o- the
Internet, instead o- sendin a$$ the data to the user in one $are -i$e it wi$$ be streamed+ This way the
user #an use one part o- the mu$timedia app$i#ation whi$e the ne.t part is bein down$oaded to the
#omputer, makin it ready -or use when the user wants it+
3i.in the $o#a$ home devi#e network Cas I $ike to #a$$ itD with the Internet #an have #ertain 0ua$ities+
,ne s#enario wou$d be stereos, instead o- p$ayin radio -rom standard =3 radio, the radio sina$s
-rom a$$ over the wor$d wou$d arrive over the e$e#tri#ity $ine+ No more '7/s, when you want $isten to
musi#, start your TM, o throuh the menu system unti$ you -ind the son you want to $isten to and it
wi$$ be p$ayed over the Internet+ Natura$$y the same oes -or videos and ames+
2$$ o- this o- #ourse has a pri#e, the mu$tinationa$ #orporations are ra#in to be -irst with a -$e.ib$e
workin so$ution as the winner #an e.pe#t $are in#omes+ <sers wi$$ in the -uture not buy a '7,
perhaps they #ou$d buy un$imited $istenin to it but the standard wou$d be to pay@per@usae+
I am 0uite determined that some time in the -uture we wi$$ have this s#enario, what I am un#ertain
about however is i- the persona$ #omputers wi$$ o away+ )e won/t have to type on a keyboard,
eventua$$y we wi$$ et rid o- it, but don/t we want to have some kind o- persona$ storae spa#e that we
know is ours, not pub$i#$y avai$ab$e to everyone over Internet+ I don/t rea$$y be$ieve in "un/s Network
'omputers, I am more -or an intermediate so$ution o- Networked 'omputers, they don/t need '7@
:,3 or -$oppy drives, a$$ they wou$d need is a harddrive to store in-ormation and a network inter-a#e
#ard -or Internet a##ess+
)orkin with this pro&e#t has been very -un+ Not on$y have I $earned a $ot, hope-u$$y this sma$$ report
about the Internet a$so #an tea#h others+ )hen I was -ina$$y -inished writin, somethin stru#k me+
2$$ the in-ormation I used -rom the Internet I had printed on paper+ Even i- everyone wi$$ be
#onne#ted in the -uture and a$$ our devi#es around us wi$$ #ommuni#ate with ea#h other peop$e wi$$
sti$$ want to be ab$e sit ba#k, re$a. and en&oy a ood book+ 2 physi#a$ one, made in rea$ paper and
printed with b$a#k ink+
%ae 1; o- 19
The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
L*st of references
%au$ "imoneauB E6and@,n T'%*I%G
3#!raw@6i$$ 199;, I"BN F@F;@9149?F@5
3ike Bra#kenB EThe batt$e -or the )ebG
Internet 3aaAine "eptember 9;, pae ?3
2hrvid Enho$mB E2$$t kretsar krin pro#essornG
3ikrodatorn 5@98, pae 39
3ike Bra#ken ENew domain namesG
Internet 3aaAine November 9;, pae ?;
!Nte 2ndersson E:adionOt kopp$ar ihop e$pry$arG
7aens Nyheter 8 2pri$ 1998, pae 1 * 7N+IT
%au$ 8avin EInternet <np$uedG
Internet 3aaAine 3ar#h 98, pae 94
7avid 3oss E=ast net a##essG
Internet 3aaAine =ebruary 9;, pae 1F?
3artin 2ppe$ ETrPd$Ns i "eatt$eG
Internetwor$d 1@98, pae ?1
Qari 3a$mstrNm EJakten pP ett mobi$t InternetG
Qontakten 5@98, pae 41
'har$es 8+ 6edri#k EIntrodu#tion to the Internet %roto#o$sG
The "tate <niversity o- New Jersey 3 ,#tober 1988
6+ !i$bert EIntrodu#tion to T'%*I%G
4 =ebruary 1995
E)hat is the 9bone1G
httpB**www+9bone+net*aboutR9bone+htm , 41 January 199;
E"imp$e Internet Transition 3e#hanismsG
httpB**p$ayround+sun+#om*pub*ipn*htm$*ipn@transition+htm
:obert 3+ 6inden EI% Ne.t !eneration ,verviewG
1? 3ay 1995
EI%v9G
httpB**whatis+#om*ipv9+htm
Bay Networks EI%v9 )hitepaperG
199;
:obert Sakon E6obbes/ Internet Time$ine v3+1G
199;
7ave Qristu$a EThe 6istory o- the InternetG
3ar#h 199;
E)ideband '732 Introdu#tionG
httpB**www+eri#sson+se*w#dma*w#dma*subRintr*introdu#tion+htm , 4? ,#tober 199;
E)'732 in brie-G
httpB**www+eri#sson+se*w#dma*w#dma*subRintr*w#dmaRinRbrie-+htm , 4? ,#tober 199;
%ae 18 o- 19
The Internet ( Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow by Erik Bosrup
EThe #ompe$$in #ase -or )ideband '732 -or ne.t@eneration mobi$e Internet and mu$timediaG
httpB**www+imt@4FFF+#om*w#dma*w#dma*subRte#h*bro#hures*#dma+htm , 18 3ar#h 1998
EET"I "3!T4? bis %aris, =ran#e 49 January 1998G
httpB**www+imt@4FFF+#om*w#dma*importan+htm , 3F January 1998
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