(CRIM.SOC.

-1)
Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes
Rico T. Musong
Registered Criminologist
Concepts of Crime and Criminology
The problem of crime and delinqenc! is not onl! a headache to the la"
enforcement agencies of the go#ernment bt most of all it is a gro"ing cancer in the
societ!.
$or centries% hman learning "as di#ided into for areas& la"% medicine%
theolog! and philosoph!. 'll the (no"ledge the ni#ersities recogni)ed and taght and
confined in those for areas. It "as not ntil the 1*
th
and 1+
th
centries that the natral
social sciences became fll-fledged disciplines. In fact% the science of criminolog! has
been (no"n as sch for onl! a little more than a centries.
In 1**,% the Italian la" professor Raffaele Garafalo coined the term
CRIMINOLOGIA, bt the first se the term CRIMINOLOGY IS credited to aul
Topinard, a $rench anthropologist in 1**-. The sffi. OLOGY refers to a science or
branch of learning and the term implies a scientific std! of crime or criminals.

!"at is Criminology#
/ $d%in &. 'ut"erland and (onald R. Cressey defined
-Criminolog! is the bod! of (no"ledge regarding crime as a social
phenomenon.
It includes)
-The processes of ma(ing la"s% of brea(ing la"s% and of reacting to"ard the
brea(ing of la"s
/ 0ased on the premise% criminolog! can also be defined as the scientific std! of
cases of crime in relation to man and societ! "ho set and defined rles and
reglations for himself and others to go#ern.
Making of laws
1a" is passed becase of the consenss of the "ill of the pblic. In the
2hilippines% "e ha#e bicameral s!stem of legislation. It is called bicameral
becase it is composed of t"o hoses3 the Senate and the 4ose of
Representati#es. 5e ha#e three ma6or di#isions or branches in the go#ernment3
the e.ecti#e% #ested on the office of the president3 the legislati#e% cited and
e.plained abo#e3 and the 6diciar! #ested on the Spreme Cort. 5e are being
represented b! the legislati#e branch in ma(ing la"s.
/ $arly la%s %orld%ide setting)
1. Code of 4ammrabi- 0ab!lon (1-77 0.C.)
8. Mosaic Code- Israelites (1877 0.C.)
9. :raconian Code- ;reece (1-th centr!)
<. 4ind Code of Man- India
,. =oran- Islamic Societ!
>. 1a" of t"el#e tables- Romans
-. Smerian Code- Smmer (9,77 0C.)
*. 1a" of moses ( 1,77 0.C.-1+77 0.C.)
/ $arly la%s in t"e "ilippines)
1. Maragtas Code (181,) -the oldest la" of 2ana! Island.
8. =alantia" Code (1<99) -8
nd
code of criminal 6stice.
Breaking of Laws
'll #iolations of la"s are #iolations of the "ill of the ma6orit! in the societ!.
?iolation of the pro#isions of the criminal la"s created b! the pblic thr
representation is called CRIM$.
Crime- is an act or omission in #iolation of criminal la".
'ct- is ot"ard mo#ement tending to prodce effect.
Omission-
Reaction of the society towards the breaking of laws
Societ! either reacts positi#el! or negati#el! "hen someone commits crime.
4o"e#er% seldom has the societ! reacted positi#el!3 it reacts negati#el! b!
imposing pnishment on the la"-brea(er.
"enomenon* obser#able3 something "hich can be obser#ed3 an! fact% circmstances%
or e.periences "hich can be e.plained scientificall!.
/ Criminology is interdisciplinary)
/ Sociolog!
/ Criminal 6stice
/ 2olitical science
/ 2s!cholog!
/ @conomics
/ Aatral science
Objectives of Criminology
The de#elopment of a bod! of general and #erified principles and of other t!pes
of (no"ledge regarding this process of la"% crime% and its control and pre#ention% and the
treatment of the !othfl offenders.
Nature of Criminology
Criminolog! contines to bring together in a #er! amorphos manner people "ho
do the follo"ing (inds of "or(&
1. academicians (often sociologists) "ho teach stdents a sb6ect called criminolog!%
inclding those criminologists "ho also do research and "rite on the sb6ect3
8. teachers "ho train other people for professional roles in crime control and
criminal 6stice "or(3
9. those "ho are in#ol#ed in polic! research "ithin the criminal 6stice s!stem3 and
<. those "ho appl! criminolog! that is all the people "ho are emplo!ed in criminal
6stice agencies% ranging from policemen to la"!ers to prison "ardens to
correctional "or(ers.
@#en this list of broad gropings does not e.hast the possibilities as criminolog!
and criminal 6stice increasingl! pla! prominent roles in the frther de#elopment of
societ!.
Criminology and Criminal +ustice
/ Criminolog! e.plains the origin% e.tent% and natre of crime in societ!
/ Criminal 6stice refers to agencies of social control
/ 0oth discipline areas o#erlap
Criminology and (e,iance
/ :e#iant beha#ior departs from social norms
/ Aot all crimes are de#iant and not all de#iant acts are criminal
Is Criminology a 'cience#
There is at present a contining argment "hether criminolog! is a science or not.
$d%in &. 'ut"erland and (onald Cressy both 'merican Criminologist arged that
criminolog! is not a science bt it has hopes of becoming a science. 4o"e#er% George L.
!il-er said that criminolog! cannot possibl! become a science.
Criminolog! is a science in itself "hen applied to la" enforcement and pre#ention
of crimes nder the follo"ing natre&
1. It is an applied science - in the std! of the cases of crimes% anthropolog!% )oolog!%
ps!cholog!% sociolog! and other natral sciences ma! be applied. 5hile in crime
detection% chemistr!% medicine% ph!sics% mathematics% ballistics% photograph!% legal
medicine% qestion docments e.amination ma! be tili)ed. This is called
instrumentation
8. It is a social science - in as mch as crime is a social creation and that it e.ists in a
societ! being a social phenomenon% its std! mst be considered a part of social
science.
9. It is dynamic- criminolog! changes as social conditions changes. It is concomitant
"ith the ad#ancement of other sciences that ha#e been applied to it.
<. It is nationalistic - the std! of crimes mst be in relation "ith e.isting criminal la"
"ithin a territor! or contr!. $inall!% the qestion as to "hether an act is a crime is
dependent on the criminal la" of a contr!.
he !co"e of Criminology
1. Std! of the cases of crimes and de#elopment of criminals.
8. Std! of the origin and de#elopment of criminal la"s.
9. Std! of the different factors that enhances as&
a. criminal sociology- std! the effects of social conditions on crime and
criminals inclding the machiner! of 6stice and the e#oltion of criminal
la" and pnishment.
b. criminal psyc"iatry- std! of hman mind in relation to criminalit!.
c. criminal ecology- the std! of criminalit! in relation to special
distribtion on a commnit!.
d. criminal demograp"y- std! of the relationship bet"een criminolog! and
poplation.
e. criminal epidiomology- std! of the relationship bet"een en#ironment
and criminalit!.
f. Criminal p"ysical ant"ropology- std! of criminalit! in relation to
ph!sical constittion of men.
g. .ictimology* std! of the role of the #ictim in the commission of the
crime.
<. Std! of the #arios process and measres adopted b! societ! in cases of
#iolation of criminal la"s&
a. the detection and in#estigation of crimes%
b. the arrest and apprehension of criminals%
c. the prosection and con#iction of the criminal in a 6dicial proceeding%
d. the enforcement of la"s% decrees and reglations%
e. the administration of the police and other la" enforcement agencies%
f. maintenance of recreational facilities and other a.iliar! ser#ices to
pre#ent the de#elopment of crimes and criminal beha#ior.
hree #ivisions of Criminology
/ Criminal @tiolog!- it is an attempt at scientific anal!sis of the cases of the crime.
/ Sociolog! of 1a"- "hich is an attempt at scientific anal!sis of the conditions
"hich penalBcriminal la"s has de#eloped as a process of formal and social
control.
/ 2enolog!- "hich is concerned "ith the control and pre#ention of crime and the
treatment of offenders.
he Criminologist
Criminologists are interested as ho" criminal la"s are created% "ho has the po"er
to create them% "hat are the prpose of sch la"s% ho" the! are enforced and #iolated.
The criminologists std! the (inds of sanctions or incenti#es that can best protect the
en#ironment. The criminologists std! the relationship bet"een ideolog! and po"er in
the ma(ing% enforcing% and brea(ing of la"s.
Criminologist, defined
' Criminologist is a person "ho stdies the cases of crimes% its treatment and
pre#ention sing scientific methods.
Criminologists se scientific principles
/ ;ather data
/ Create theories
/ @mplo! established method of social science inqir!
/ @.perimental designs
/ Sophisticated data anal!ses
Is a oliceman considered a Criminologist
;enerall! spea(ing% a policeman is a criminolog! practitioner not a criminologist%
becase he is focsed onl! in the enforcement of the la"% "hich is onl! one aspect in the
"or( of a criminologist.
!"at is a Criminology ractitioner
' criminolog! practitioner is an! person "ho is a consmer of the (no"ledge and
research of criminologists% applied in the pre#ention% control and treatment of a crime.
@.amples& an! member of an! la" enforcement agenc! of the go#ernment% crime
laborator! technicians% correctional officers% and other "or(ers of the criminal 6stice
s!stem.
!"at is t"en is a Licensed Criminologist
' licensed criminologist is a degree holder of Criminolog! or a Criminolog!
practitioner "ho passed the licensre (0oard) @.amination for Criminologist and is
registered "ith the 2rofessional Reglation Commission (2RC).
R.'. >,7>- an 'ct Creating the 0oard of Criminolog! in the 2hilippines and for other
prposes.
'ome Important Terms in t"e 'tudy of Criminology
1. Criminogenic rocesses- @.plain hman beha#ior and the e.perience "hich help
determine the natre of a personCs personalit! as a reacting mechanism3 that
factors or e.periences in connection thereto infringe differentiall! pon different
personalities% prodcing conflict "hich is the aspect of crime.
8. Criminal syc"odynamics- the std! of mental processes of criminals in action3
the std! of genesis% de#elopment% and moti#ation of hman beha#ior that
conflicts "ith accepted norms and standards of societ!3 this std! concentrates on
the std! of indi#idals as opposed to general stdies of mass poplations "ith
respect to their general criminal beha#ior.
9. Cultural Conflicts- ' clash bet"een societies becase of contrar! beliefs or
sbstantial #ariances in their respecti#e cstoms% langage% instittions% habits%
learning% tradition% etc.
<. (ementia raeco/- a collecti#e terms of mental disorder that begins at% or shortl!
after pbert! and sal leads to general failre of the mental faclties% "ith the
corresponding ph!siological impairment.
,. (elusion- In medical 6risprdence% a false belief abot self% cased b! morbidit!%
present in paranoia and dementia praeco..
>. $pisodic Criminal- ' non-criminal person "ho commits a crime "hen nder
e.treme emotional stress3 a person "ho brea(s do"n and commits a crime as a
single incident dring the reglar corse of natral and normal e#ents.
-. $rotomania- ' morbid propensit! to lo#e or ma(e lo#e3 ncontrollable se.al
desire% or e.cessi#e se.al cra#ing b! members of either se..
*. In"eritance- the transmission of ph!sical characteristics% mental traits% tendenc!
to disease% etc.% from parents to offspring. In genetics% the tendenc! manifested b!
an organism to de#elop in the li(eness of a progenitor de to the transmission of
genes in the prodcti#e process.
+. &ereditary* 4a#e been belie#e to share abot eqall! in determining disposition%
that is% "hether a person is cheerfl or gloom!% his temperament% and his ner#os
stabilit!.
17. &allucination- 'n indi#idal "ith a strongl! self-centered pattern of emotion%
fantas!% and thoght.
11. 0leptomaniac- an ncontrollable morbid propensit! to steal or pathological
stealing. The s!mptoms of this disease sall! consist of pecliar moti#es for
stealing and hoarding.
18. Masoc"ism- a condition of se.al per#ersion in "hich a person deri#es pleasre
from being dominated or crell! treated.
19. Melanc"olia- ' mental disorder characteri)ed b! e.cessi#e brooding and
depression of spirits3 t!pical of manic-depressi#e ps!chosis% accompanied b!
delsions and hallcination.
1<. Megalomania- ' mental disorder in "hich sb6ect thin(s himself great or
e.alted.
1,. Necrop"ilism- Morbid cra#ing% sall! of an erotic natre for dead bodies. It is
also a form of per#ersion "here se.al gratification is achie#ed either throgh
se.al intercorse "ith% or mtilation of a dead bod!.
1>. Ant"ropology- it is the science de#oted to the std! of man(ind and its
de#elopment in relation to its ph!sical% mental and cltral histor!.
1-. Autop"o1ia- it is a morbid fear of ones self% or of being alone.
1*. 2iometry- In Criminolog!% a measring or calclating of the probable dration of
hman life3 the attempt to correlate the freqenc! of crime bet"een parents and
children or brothers and sister (siblings).
1+. 2iosocial 2e"a,ior- ' persons biological heritage% pls his en#ironment and
heritage% inflence his social acti#it!. It is throgh the reciprocal actions of his
biological and social heritages that a persons personalit! is de#eloped.
87. Logomacy- ' statement that "e "old ha#e no crime if "e had no criminal la"%
and that "e cold eliminate all crime merel! b! abolishing all criminal la"s.
Important ersonalities in t"e 'tudy of Criminology
1. (r. Cesar Lom1roso- Italian :octor. Considered as the father of Criminolog!. The
"orld famos athorit! in the field of criminolog! "ho ad#ocated the 2ositi#ist theor!&
that crime is essentiall! a social and moral phenomenon and it cannot be treated and b!
the imposition of pnishment3 and that a criminal is 6st an! person "ho is sic(% that he
shold be treated in the hospital for his possible rehabilitation and reformation.
8. (r. C"arles Goring- @nglish statistician "ho stdied the case histories of 8%777
con#icts and fond that heredit! is more inflential as determinant criminal beha#ior than
en#ironmental.
9. Alp"onse 2ertillon- One "ho originate a s!stem of classif!ing criminals according to
bodil! measrements. 4man s(eleton is nchangeable for the period of t"ent! !ears.
<. $d%in 'ut"erland- 'merican athorit! in criminolog! "ho in his boo(% 2rinciple of
Criminolog!% considered criminolog! at present as not a science bt it hopes of becoming
a science.
,. R. Garafalo- Italian athorit! in criminolog!% "ho de#eloped a concept of the natral
crime and defined it as a #iolation of the pre#alent sentiment of pit! and probit!.
>. !.A. 2onger- 'n international athorit! in criminolog! "ho classified crimes b!
moti#es of the offender as economic crimes% se.al crimes% political crimes% and
#engeance as the principal moti#es.
-. Cesare 2eccaria- 5ho% in his boo(& 'n @ssa! of Crimes and 2nishment% ad#ocated
and applied doctrine penolog!% that is to sa! ma(e pnishment less arbitrar! and se#ere3
that all persons "ho #iolated a specific la" shold recei#e identical pnishment
regardless of age% sanit!% "ealth% position% or circmstance.
*. $nrico 3erri- Italian born 1*,>% pblished the boo( in 1*-*-The Theor! of Imptable
and :enial of $ree 5ill. 4e emphasi)es on the follo"ing&
a. p"ysical factor- geographical climate
b. anthropological inclding ps!chological
c. economic% political% as "ell as age% se.% edcation and religion
,. R. &. Goddard- "ho ad#ocated the theor! that feeblemindedness inherited as
Mendelian Dnit% cases crime for the reason that a feebleminded persons is nable to
appreciate the conseqences of his beha#ior% or appreciate the meaning of the la".
>. (a,id !. Maurer- an 'merican athorit! in police administration "ho% in his boo(
the 2ig Con, once said% the dominant cltre cold control the predator! cltres "ithot
difficlt!% and "hat is more% it "old e.terminate them% for no criminal sbcltre can
operate continosl! and professionall! "ithot the conni#ance of the la".
-. eter Rent4el- a pri#ate person "ho in 1>>+% established a "or( hose in 4ambrg
at his o"n e.pense becase he had obser#ed that thie#es and prostittes "ere made "orse
instead of better b! pillor!% and he hoped that the! might be impro#ed b! "or( and
religios instrction in the "or(hose.
*. +o"n &o%ard- the great prison reformer% "ho "rote the State of 2risons in @ngland
in 1---% after a personal in#estigation of practicall! all the prisons in @ngland.
E T$RM' O3 CRIMINOLOGY E
Ant"ropometry&
The attempt to deri#e character traits b! measring the hman bod!. 'nthropometrical
approaches to crimininalit! inclde 1ombrosoFs measrement of ata#istic stigmata% and
SheldonFs measrement of general ph!siqe% or Gsomatot!pe.G
Ata,ism&
'ta#ism refers to 1ombrosoFs theor! that "hile most indi#idals e#ol#e% some de#ol#e%
becoming primiti#e or Gata#isticG. These e#oltionar! Gthro"bac(sG are Gborn
criminals%G the most #iolent criminals in societ!. 0orn criminals cold be identified
throgh their ata#istic stigmata. ($or a good accont of 1ombrosoFs theories of ata#ism%
see ;oldFs The Mismeasre of Man% pages 1,1--,.)
Celerity&
S"iftness. 0eccaria arges that in order to be an effecti#e deterrent% pnishments mst
possess celerit!. ' pnishment that occrs qic(l! after the crime helps to form a strong
connection bet"een the pnishment and the crime in the minds of the general pblic% so
that "hene#er a citi)en contemplates a criminal act% he "ill instantl! recall the
pnishment and "eigh it into his deliberation. See also certaint! and se#erit!.
Certainty&
'ccording to 0eccaria% a pnishment mst be certain to follo" from the crime in order to
be an effecti#e deterrent. The greater the e.tent to "hich a "old-be offender thin(s that
she can get a"a! "ith a crime% the less she "ill "eigh the pnishment into her
deliberation of "hether or not to commit the crime. See also celerit! and se#erit!% or pla!
the proportionalit! gameH
Constitutional T"eories&
Theories sch as 1ombrosoFs or SheldonFs that locate the origins of criminalit! in a
personFs biological or ps!chological ma(e-p. Refers to oneFs ph!sical constittion (not a
legal constittion).
Culture)
The de#elopment of criminolog! to some degree can be told as the stor! of a deepening
nderstanding of cltre. $or earl! sociological criminologistsIand for man! toda!
IFcltreF is primaril! nderstood as the #ales and goals that orient indi#idal actors.
Man! sbcltral and labeling theorists deepen this nderstanding% seeing a FcltreF as
the nderstandings and beha#iors that arise% in the "ords of 4o"ard 0ec(er% G. . . in
response to a problem faced in common b! a grop of people . . .G (Otsiders% *1).
$inall!% recent criminologistsIespeciall! feminist and critical criminologistsI#ie"
cltre #er! broadl!% as the beliefs and #ales% tastes and interests% (no"ledge% beha#ior%
and e#en the #er! "a!s that indi#idals concei#e their of Fsel#esF. Cltre% in short% has
come to be seen as the fabric ot of "hich the social is made.
(eterrence&
' strateg! of pnishment associated "ith the Classical School. :eterrence can either be
specific% pnishing an indi#idal so that she "onFt commit a crime again% or general%
pnishing an indi#idal to set an e.ample to societ!% so that others "ill not commit the
same crime. $or the Classical School% pnishment "as primaril! 6stified in terms of
general deterrence. See also Retribtion% Rehabilitation% and Incapacitation.
$tiology)
The std! of the cases or origins of beha#ior. 2ositi#ist approaches to criminolog! are
characteri)ed b! their interest in determining the etiolog! of criminal beha#ior.
5$/*ost 3acto"&
1a"s that appl! retroacti#el!% that is% to pnish actions condcted before the! "ere
prononced illegal.
3ree !ill&
$or 0eccaria and the classical school% e#en thogh people are hedonistic% the! also
possess reason% and can therefore calclate the corse of action that is reall! in their self-
interest. This gi#es them a degree of freedom o#er their sitation.
&edonism&
The idea held b! the classical school% that people onl! act according to "hat the! find
pleasrable and in their self-interest. See also $ree 5illBReason.
Incapacitation&
' strateg! of pnishment associated "ith positi#ist approaches to criminolog!. Sic(
offenders are remo#ed from societ! (instittionali)ed or imprisoned) if the! cannot be
cred and rehabilitated% in order to protect societ! from harm. See also :eterrence and
Retribtion.
ositi,ism&
In criminolog!% Fpositi#ismF has t"o meanings. (1) Specificall!% it refers to the
e#oltionar! assmptions and scientific methods of the Fpositi#ist schoolF of criminolog!.
(8) More generall!% it is sed to characteri)e all approaches to criminolog! that are
primaril! concerned "ith qestions of etiolog!% and "hich belie#e that social phenomena
can and shold be e.plained in the manner of the natral sciences.
G2romoting the ;reatest ;ood for the ;reatest Amber . . .G& The prpose of la"s and
pnishments for the classical school. Thin(ers differ% ho"e#er% on "ho the Ggreatest
nmberG are. $or 0eccaria and other thin(ers "ho belie#ed that the state shold be
concei#ed as a social contract% this meant that becase the state "as created b! a decision
made b! each one of its citi)ens% it "as obligated to prodce the greatest good shared
eqall! among all of its citi)ens. $or 0entham% "hose tilitarianism accepted that the
prpose of legislation shold be Gpromoting the greatest happiness for the greatest
nmberG bt re6ected the idea of the social contract% the Ggreatest nmberG cold mean the
greatest good for the ma6orit! of people in societ!. . . so that the interests of particlar
indi#idals might need to be sacrificed for the greater social good.
roportionality&
The Classical School belie#ed that pnishments cold onl! deter if the! "ere
GproportionalG to their crime% "here proportionalit! means (1) that the se#erit! of
pnishments correspond to the se#erit! of the harm done b! the crime% so that more
serios crimes recei#e more serios pnishments% and (8) that the t!pe of pnishment
resembles the crime% so that others in societ! can best associate the pnishment "ith the
crime (see general deterrence). 0eccaria frther arges that proportionalit! is the onl!
pnishment that is morall! acceptable according to the social contract.
Reciprocal O1ligation&
The basis of the social contract according to The Classical School. 0ecase people are
hedonistic% dri#en b! their self-interest% !et rational% capable of rationall! considering
"hat is reall! in their self-interest% the! "ill come to the conclsion that life is more
pleasrable "ith a degree of secrit!Iattained b! e#er!one in societ! promising not to
act in "a!s that "ill harm others. These Greciprocal obligationsGIthe promises that all
rational indi#idals "old ma(e in a societ!Ican be considered a societ!Fs fndamental
Gsocial contract.G
Re"a1ilitation&
' strateg! of pnishment associated "ith positi#ist approaches to criminolog!.
Offenders are nderstood to be sic(3 the state attempts to cre them and reintrodce them
into societ!.
Retri1ution&
' 6stification for pnishment that arges the gilt! mst be pnished not% or not onl!%
for instrmental ends% bt becase criminal actions simpl! Fdeser#eF to be pnished.
'omatotyping&
The deri#ation of beha#ioral t!pes from particlar forms of the bod!. Somatot!ping "as
first applied to criminolog! b! 5illiam Sheldon and @leanor and Sheldon ;lec(.
'e,erity&
'ccording to 0eccaria% pnishments oght to proportional in their se#erit!.
'ocial Contract&
The idea of 0eccaria and other members of the Classical School that go#ernment can be
thoght of as created b! its citi)ens for certain shared and common ends. GSocial
contract theor!G ses this notion to determine "hen la"s are 6st or n6st% b! arging
that 6st la"s oght to be thoght of as promises that e#er!one in societ! "old reali)e is
in their best interest to ma(e to one another.
'tigmata&
's a term of medicine% FstigmataF refers to the ph!sical mar(s and characteristics that
sggest an indi#idal is abnormal. $or 1ombroso% Fata#istic stigmataF "ere those ph!sical
characteristics that sggested an indi#idal to be ata#istic. Sch stigmata inclded
abnormal s(ll si)es% ha"(-li(e noses% large 6a"s and chee(bones% and flesh! lips.
6tilitarianism&
Specificall!% tilitarianism refers to the theor! of Jerem! 0entham and John Start Mill
that the o#erall tilit! or benefit prodced b! an action oght to be the standard b! "hich
"e 6dge the "orth or goodness of moral and legal action. More generall!% tilitarian
principles can be seen in the argments of the earl! social contract theorists& the idea that
go#ernment "as tilitarian in natre follo"ed from their nderstanding of hman natre
as hedonistic% and bringing abot go#ernment becase the! reali)e it is in their benefit.
See the social contract% G2romoting the ;reatest ;ood for the ;reatest Amber%G and
instrmentalism.

7 T@RMS O$ SOCI'1 SCI@AC@ 7
$"istemology&
Strictl! spea(ing% refers to philosophies or theories of the natre of (no"ledge. In social
science% epistemolog! often refers to ho" indi#idals percei#e Gtrth%G and the social
processes b! "hich (no"ledge is constrcted and accepted as Gtre.G
$/trinsic&
@.isting otside of a thing.
Instrumental&
'ctions done to accomplish a greater conseqence or end. $or e.ample% pnishments
carried ot in the name of (general) deterrence pnish particlar indi#idals in order to
pre#ent others in societ! from commiting the same actions3 pnishment teaches others in
societ! a lesson. This is in contrast to retribtionist 6stifications for pnishments.
Reciprocal&
Something e.changed% gi#en% or o"ed bet"een t"o or more indi#idals. 'ccording to
The Classical School% the basis of order in societ! are those promises that e#er!
indi#idal in societ! "old ma(e if the! thoght abot it rationall!% and therefore "old
ma(e reciprocall!.
T&$ORI$' O3 &6MAN NAT6R$
Dntil the 87th centr!% theories abot criminalit! "ere e.plicitl! deri#ed from more
general ideas abot Ghman natre.G $or the Gclassical schoolG of criminolog! (a #er!
broad categor! for the legal theorists and reformers of the 1-th and 1*th centries)
criminal beha#ior "as a natral conseqence of peopleFs dri#e to"ard hedonism--a dri#e
percei#ed to be held b! all indi#idals. ' "ell-ordered state "old not attempt to change
peopleFs beha#ior% bt "old attempt to constrct a social and legal en#ironment in "hich
criminal beha#ior "as not in peopleFs self-interest. 5hile this #ie" "as also held b! the
Gpositi#ist schoolG of criminolog! (the Italian criminal anthropologists of the late 1+th
and earl! 87th centries)% true criminal beha#ior "as the prodct of those people in
societ! "ho did not possess Gci#ili)edG hman natre. The constittion of these Gborn
criminalsG "as less than human% Gprimiti#e%G Gsa#age%G and Gata#istic%G needing to be
altered or separated from societ!. Ths for the classical school% criminals are li(e
orsel#es% "hile for the positi#ist schools% criminals are #er! different.
% Brief &istory of Criminology
/ A Recent (e,elopment
/ The std! of crime and criminalit! is relati#el! !ong% ho"e#er criminal
codes ha#e e.isted for thosands of !ears
/ Middle 'ges (1877 K 1>77)
/ 5itches and demons
/ The Inqisition
/ 0rned to death
/ Classical Criminology
/ Cesare 2eccaria 89:;<*9:=>?
/ Essays on Crimes and Punishments
/ 4is "ritings ha#e become the core of "hat "e call LClassical
Criminolog!M
/ the prpose of criminal pnishment is to ensre the protection and
order of societ!
/ 'i/ rinciples of 2eccaria
/ 1. greatest good for the greatest nmber of people (tilitarianism)
/ 8. crime is an in6r! to societ! and the measre of crime is the
measre of harm
/ 9. pre#ention of crime is more important than pnishment3 la"s
shold be created and "ritten so that the! can be nderstood
/ <. abolish tortre and secret confessions3 gi#e the accsed a right to
trial and the right to pro#ide e#idence on their behalf
/ ,. pnishment is not for re#enge3 therefore certaint! and s"iftness
are more important that se#erit!
/ >. imprisonment shold be more "idel! tili)ed3 conditions shold
be good and prisoners shold be hosed b! classification
+eremy 2ent"am
/ 4edonistic Calcls
/ people "ill natrall! see( the greatest pleasre o#er the
greatest pain
/ pnishments shold be created "ith this idea in mind to
create deterrence
/ 0asic @lements
1. 0elie#ed people ha#e free "ill to choose criminal or la"fl
soltions to meet their needs
8. Crime is attracti#e becase it sall! reqires less "or( for a
greater pa!off
9. Choice is controlled b! fear of pnishment
<. 2nishment shold be se#ere% s"ift% and certain to control beha#ior
/ ositi,ist Criminology
/ 'pplication of scientific methods to std! crime
/ Charles :ar"in (1*7+-1**8)
/ 'gste Comte (1-+*-1*,-)
/ T"o main elements
1. 4man beha#ior is a fnction of forces be!ond a personCs control%
and
8. @mbracing the scientific method to sol#e problems
/ 1a#ater Shape of ears% nose% and e!es and the distance bet"een them
sho"s a relationship to antisocial beha#ior (ph!siognom!)
/ ;all N Spr)heim Shape of the s(ll and bmps on it (phrenolog!)
/ The brainCs 97 different areas
/ 2inel% Rsh% etc.
1. the mind "as the case
8. ps!chopathic personalit!
/ 0iological determinism
1. Cesare 1ombroso (1*9,-1+7+)
8. 'ta#istic anomalies Thro"bac(s to primiti#e times
9. criminal anthropolog!
/ ositi,istic Criminology
/ 'ocial positi,ism de,eloped to study t"e ma@or social
c"anges 8'ociology)
1. 2oplation
8. Machiner!
/ 3oundations of 'ociological Criminology
1. Oetelet K cartograph! (demographic #ariables) PLcartographic
schoolMQ
/ 2oplation densit!
/ ;ender
/ Religios affiliations
/ 5ealth
/ 3oundations of 'ociological Criminology
/ (ur-"eim
1. Crime is normal
/ 2o#ert! and prosperit!
8. Rising crime rates can signal the need for social change
/ 2rograms to relie#e hman Sffering
9. 'nomie R Aorm and role confsion R LnormlessnessM
/ T"e C"icago 'c"ool and 2eyond
/ 2ar( (1*><-1+<<)% 0rgess (1**>-1+>>)% N 5irth (1*+--1+,8)
/ The Chicago School&
1. Social ecolog! (reaction to an en#ironment that "as inadeqate for
proper hman relations and de#elopment)
8. Aatral areas for crime Criminologists se scientific principles
/ ;ather data
/ Create theories
/ @mplo! established method of social science inqir!
/ Social 2s!chological ?ie"s
1. Stherland sggested people learn criminalit!
8. Rec(less lin(ed crime to an inadeqate self-image.
9. 0oth #ie"s lin(ed criminalit! to the failre of sociali)ation
/ Conflict Criminology
/ Mar. (1*1*-1**9)
1. Relationship bet"een borgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat
(labor) de#eloping class conflicts
8. :e#elopment of conflict theor! (the lin(age bet"een crime and
capitalism)
/ The Dnited States in the 1+>7Cs
1. Impact on ci#il rightsB"omenCs mo#ements
/ Contemporary Criminology
/ Rational choice theor! arges people are rational decision ma(ers
/ Social strctre theor! arges social en#ironment controls criminal
beha#ior
/ Social process theor! arges criminal beha#ior is learned
/ Critical criminolog! inter-connects personal% sitational% and social factors
'hat Criminologists #o the Criminological $nter"rise(
/ Criminal 'tatistics
/ Measring the amont and trends of criminal acti#it!
/ Creating #alid and reliable measrements of criminal acti#it!
/ 'ociology of La%
/ Sbarea of criminolog! concerned "ith the role of social forces in shaping
criminal la"
/ @.ample the legalit! of art "or(s
/ Criminologists help la"ma(ers alter the content of criminal la" to respond
to the changing times
/ @.ample se. offender registration
/ T"eory Construction
/ 'ocial t"eory)
/ ' set of interrelated statements or principles that e.plain some
aspect of social life
/ Ideall! based on social facts
/ Can be qantified and measred
/ 4!pothesis
/ Testable e.pectations
/ Inno,ati,e met"ods
/ Criminal 1e"a,ior system
/ Research on specific criminal t!pes and patterns
/ "hite-collar crime
/ Crime t!pologies
/ enology
/ Correction and control of (no"n criminal offenders
/ .ictimology
/ ?ictim sr#e!s% costs of crime% factors that increase li(elihood of being
#ictimi)ed% #ictim ser#ices
&ow Criminologists )iew Crime
/ T"e Consensus .ie% of Crime
/ Sbstanti#e criminal la"&
/ :efines crime and pnishment
/ Consenss&
/ Implies that there is general agreement among citi)ens on "hat
shold be otla"ed
/ Criminal la" is a fnction of beliefs% moralit! and rles
/ 1a"s appl! eqall! to all members of societ!
/ 'cts "hich are considered as social harms shold be otla"ed to protect
the social fabric and members of societ! Pbt not all areQ
/ T"e Conflict ,ie% of Crime
/ There is a limited nmber of resorces that grops are in constant
competition for control of
/ Criminal la" reflects and protects established economic% racial% gendered%
and political po"er and pri#ilege
/ :efinition of crime is controlled b! "ealth% po"er% and social position
/ Crime is shaped b! the #ales of the rling class and not the moral
consenss of all people
/ T"e Interactionist .ie% of Crime
/ 2eople act according to their o"n interpretations of realit!
/ 2eople obser#e the! "a! others react either positi#el! or negati#el!
/ 2eople ree#alate and interpret their o"n beha#ior according to the
meaning and s!mbols the! ha#e learned from others
/ sym1olic interaction
/ criminals ac"ie,e a stigmati4ation 1ecause of t"eir acts
/ T"e Interactionist .ie% of Crime
/ There is not ob6ecti#e realit!% according to interactionists
/ The definition of crime reflects the preferences and opinions of people
"ho hold social po"er
/ Crime is sociall! defined b! moral entrepreners
/ Critics claim that criminal la" is the prodct of so called moral crsaders
or moral entreprenersS
/ (efining Crime
/ Crime is a #iolation of societal rles of beha#ior as interpreted and
e.pressed b! the criminal la"% "hich reflects pblic opinion% traditional
#ales% and the #ie"point of people crrentl! holding social and political
po"er
/ The definition combines all three criminological perspecti#es
/ Consenss% conflict% and interactionist
Crime and the Criminal Law
/ Criminal la%
/ Code of 4ammrabi e!e for an e!e
/ Mosaic Code of the Israelites basis for D.S. legal s!stem
/ @arl! ;erman N 'nglo-Sa.on societies
/ Comprgation se of 18-8, oathhelpers
/ Trials b! ordeal di#ine inter#ention
/ Common La%
/ @nglish s!stem of la" based on precedent cases
/ Mala in se refers to crime considered as e#il
/ Mala prohibita refers stattor! crimes
/ 1egislatres spplement common la" "ith stattes
/ Contemporary Criminal La%
/ $elon! offenses serios criminal actions
/ Misdemeanor offenses minor or pett! criminal actions
/ Criminal la" see(s to&
/ @nforce social control
/ :iscorage re#enge
/ @.press pblic opinion and moralit!
/ :eter criminal beha#ior (social control)
/ 2nish "rongdoing% and
/ Maintain social order
/ T"e $,olution of Criminal La%
/ $,ol,ing to reflect social and economic conditions
/ Stal(ing
/ MeganCs la" Ppedophile notificationQ
/ 1a"rence #s. Te.as Psodom! la"sQ
$thical Issues in Criminology
/ !"at to study 8influence of researc" money?
/ Criminologists interests
/ ;o#ernment and instittional fnding in recent !ears
/ @.ample std! of criminal careers
/ 5hat happens to ob6ecti#it!T
/ 2ressre to dra" research fnding
/ L;otta (eep Uem happ!M
/ !"om to study 8unmas-ing t"e poor?
/ 2oor and minoritiesT
/ 5hite collar criminalsT
/ @thics of pblishing research that is biased or sb6ecti#e
/ &o% to study 8e/periments and "arm?
/ @thics
/ @.ample Tre prpose of sr#e!s
/ 2rotecting sb6ects from harm
/ @.ample LScared StraightM program
/ Other e.amples of harm&