PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

INTERACTIVE PERIODIC TABLE ANALYSIS

NAME_Jasmine Lee_
DATE___February 16th, 2014____

What is photoelectron spectroscopy? How is it related to the photoelectric effect?

Photoelectron spectroscopy is a technique that can be used to find the evidence of the
presence of electron shells in the atom. Photoelectron spectroscopy is related to the
photoelectric effect because by shooting a photoelectric light, we can determine the
minimum energy or frequency needed to remove an electron. We are able to measure
ionization energy through the use of the photoelectric effect.

How do PES ionization energies differ from successive ionization energies?

In successive ionization energies, one electron is expelled from an atom at a time, so
for each ionization energy expended, only one electron is taken off of the atom. That
is why there is a different ionization energy for each electron on the atom. For PES
ionization energies on the other hand, there can be fewer values for PES ionization
energies because more electrons can be taken off of the atom with one spurt of
energy.
Open the interactive PES periodic table (Relative number of electrons vs. Energy
Megajoules) (http://www.chem.arizona.edu/chemt/Flash/photoelectron.html).

Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Hydrogen and Helium. Explain how to
determine the total number of electrons for each atom from the graph. Explain
why both electrons in the Helium atom have the same ionization energy (how does
this compare to successive ionization energies). Explain the different ionization
energies for each atom.
Hydrogen and Helium both have electrons in their first shell of electrons. The PES
graph for both Hydrogen and Helium has one peak. The PES value for the electrons in
the 1s shell is smaller for Hydrogen than it is for Helium. You can determine the
number of total electrons of an atom of the element by looking at the numbers
displayed above the peaks and adding them together, since the number shows the
number of electrons that require that particular amount of energy and since the y-axis
shows the relative number of electrons in the same energy level shell. We can see that
H and 1 electron and He has 2 electrons. Both electrons in the Helium atom have the
same ionization energy because they are both from the same shell, 1s, and therefore
require the same amount of energy to overcome the attraction to the atom.
Successive ionization energies, on the other hand, apply to electrons in different
shells.
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Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Hydrogen and Lithium. Explain how to
determine the total number of electrons from the graph. Explain the different
energies for the electrons within the Lithium atom. Explain the different energies
for the outer shell electrons in Hydrogen and Lithium.
In the PES graph of Hydrogen, there is only peak, whereas in the PES graph of Lithium,
there are two peaks. You can determine the number of total electrons of an atom of
the element by looking at the numbers displayed above the peaks and adding them
together, since the number shows the number of electrons that require that particular
amount of energy and since the y-axis shows the relative number of electrons in the
same energy level shell. There are different energies for the electrons within the
Lithium atom because the electrons are of different electron shells than others, and
therefore different amount of energies are needed to remove the different electrons.
There are different energies required to remove the outer shell electrons in Hydrogen
and Lithium because since the outer shell electrons for the respective atoms are in
different locations, the attraction between those electrons and the protons of the
atom are different. This means that different amounts of energy is needed to remove
the electrons from those atoms.

Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Helium and Lithium. Explain the energy
differences for the 1s electrons of each atom.
In the PES graph of Helium, there is only one peak because an atom only has electrons
in one shell, the 1s shell. In the PES graph of Lithium, there are two peaks because the
atom has electrons in both the 1s shell and the 2s shell. He has two protons total,
whereas Li has three protons total. Since Li has a stronger attraction between the
nucleus and its electrons, it takes more energy to remove the 1s electrons of Li than it
takes to remove the 1s electrons of He. Therefore, Li has a great 1s electron PES value
than does He.

Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Beryllium and Boron. How many outer
shell electrons in the Boron atom? Explain the ionization energy differences for
the outer electrons in the Boron atom. How does this support the idea of modern
quantum theory as opposed to the Bohr atomic model? Explain the ionization
energy differences for the outer electrons of Boron and Beryllium.
In the PES graph of Beryllium, there are two peaks because an atom of Beryllium has
atoms in both the 1s shell and 2s shell. In the PES graph of Boron, there are three
peaks because an atom of Boron has atoms in three shells: the 1s shell, 2s shell, and
2p shell. The ionization energy of Boron is smaller than that of Beryllium is because 2p
is a higher energy level than 2s is. This means that because the electrons of the 2p
energy level are further from the positive nucleus than the electrons of the 2s shell
are, the attraction is less, so it is easier to remove the outer electrons of the atom
and less energy is required to do so. The Bohr atomic model only portrays the concept
of shells and shows that all electrons in which n=2 have the same energy level.
However, in reality and correlating with the modern quantum theory, the ionization
energy values show that n=2 electrons can be put into both 2s and 2p orbitals and can
have different energy levels even with the same principal quantum number.
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Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Lithium and Potassium. Explain the
different ionization energies for the outermost electron in each. Explain the
energy differences for the 1s electrons in each.
In the PES graph of Lithium, there are two peaks because Lithium has electrons only in
the 1s and 2s orbitals. Potassium, on the other hand, has six peaks because it has
electrons in the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 4s orbitals. The outermost electron in Lithium
is in an s orbital, as is the outermost electron in Potassium. The difference, however,
is that the 4s orbital is much further from the positively charged nucleus, so the
attraction of the outermost electron of Potassium is much less than the attraction of
the outermost electron of Lithium. Therefore, less energy is needed to remove the
outermost electron of Potassium than is needed to remove the outermost electron of
Lithium. This means that Potassium has a much smaller ionization energy for the
outermost electron than does Lithium. The energy of the 1s electron in Potassium is
much greater than the energy of the 1s electron in Lithium because a Potassium atom
has many more protons and therefore has a greater positive charge, making it so that
there is a stronger attraction between the positive nucleus of the Potassium atom and
the 1s electrons than the less positive nucleus of the Lithium atom and the 1s
electrons.

Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Aluminum and Argon. Explain the energy
differences for the outer s and p electrons within the Argon atom. Explain the
energy differences for the outer s sublevel electrons in each atom. Explain the
energy differences for the outer p sublevel electrons in each atom.
In the PES graph of Aluminum, there are five peaks because Aluminum has electrons in
the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p orbitals. In the PES graph of Argon, there are also 5 peaks
because Argon also has electrons in the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p orbitals.

Compare and contrast the PES graphs for Calcium and Scandium. How many outer
electrons are in each atom? Explain the energy differences for the 4s and 3d
electrons in scandium. Explain how this information supports the multiple
oxidation numbers for many of the transition metals.
In the PES graph of Calcium, there are six peaks because Calcium has electrons in the
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 4s orbitals. Scandium, on the other hand, has seven peaks
because it has electrons in the 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and 3d orbitals. Calcium has two
outer electrons and Scandium has one electron in its outermost orbital. This chart
shows that even though the 3d orbital is the outermost shell, it has a higher PES
energy value than the 4s orbital does. This supports the concept that there are
multiple oxidation numbers for many transitional metals because it is easier for 4s
orbital electrons and the 3d orbital electrons to be taken out of the atom. Since both
of the electrons from the 3d and 4s orbitals are easily taken out, multiple oxidization
numbers can exist.

What generalizations can be made about PES energies and shielding among
different atoms? Among electrons within the same atom (multiple energy levels)?
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We can make the generalization that as the number of electron energy level increases,
the PES energy value decreases and that as the PES energy value increases the
strength of the shielding effect also increases.

What generalizations can be made about PES energies and effective nuclear charge
among different atoms? Among electrons within the same atom (multiple energy
levels)?
We can make the generalization that as the number of electron energy level increases,
the PES energy value decreases and that as the PES energy value increases the
strength of the shielding effect also increases, but the nuclear charge is smaller than
this shielding effect.

What generalizations can be made about PES energies among s and p electrons of
the same principle energy level (same atom)? How does this relate to the Aufbau
Principle?
I can conclude that with the same principle quantum number (n=1, n=2, etc.), p
orbitals have a higher energy level than s orbitals due. Because they have a higher energy
level, the electrons within p orbitals are further than the positively charged neutrons, which
makes it easier for electrons in p orbitals to be removed than for electrons in s orbitals to be
removed. PES energy is less in p orbitals than it is in s orbitals, meaning that s orbitals have
higher PES energy values than p orbitals do. The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill
orbitals starting at the lowest available energy levels before filling higher levels.
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