Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter Based and Switching Level Modeling UPFC

International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue10 Oct 2013
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page3744

Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter Based
And Switching Level Modeling UPFC
Bhupesh Deshmukh
#1
, Dhaneshwari Sahu
*2

#
Author
Dept. of Electrical, RITEE, Chhattisgarh, India
*
Co- Aut hor
Dhaneshwari Sahu, Assistant Professor, Electrical Dept., RITEE, Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract in the recent years, due to economics
and environment problems, build of new power
planet and transmission line become more difficult.
Hence it is advisable to enhance power transfer
capability of the existing transmission lines up to
thermal limit instead of constructing new one. For
enhancing the power capability, FACTS controller
like SSC, TCSC, and SVC are developed. But these
controllers cannot compensate the real and reactive
power separately. For this a controller called,
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is
developed which uses both the series and shunt
controller with a common DC capacitor link. This
paper presents state space vector analysis for
Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter
operating as unified power flow controllers
(UPFCs). It allows direct ac/ac power conversion
without dc energy storage links; therefore, It
reduces volume, cost, capacitor power losses,
together with higher reliability. The line active and
reactive power, together with ac supply reactive
power, can be directly controlled by selecting an
appropriate Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped
Converter switching state guaranteeing good
steady-state and dynamic responses. This advanced
control of Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped
Converter guarantee faster responses without
overshoot and no steady- state error, presenting no
cross-coupling in dynamic and steady-state
responses. Simulations are carried out, showing the
effectiveness of the proposed method in steady-state
and transient conditions
Keywords Direct power control, flexible ac
transmission control (FACTS), multilevel
converter, sliding mode control, unified power-flow
controller (UPFC).

I. INTRODUCTION
The Ability to control power flow in an electric
power system without generation rescheduling or
topology changes can improve the power system
performance using controllable components, the
line flows can be changed in such a way that
thermal limits are not exceed, losses are minimized,
stability margins are increased and contractual
requirements are fulfilled without violating the
economic generation dispatch. Flexible AC
Transmission systems (FACTS) technology is the
ultimate tool for getting the most out of existing
equipment via faster control action and new
capabilities. The most striking feature is the ability
to directly control transmission line flows by
structurally changing parameters of the grid and to
implement high gain type controllers based on fast
switching. The application of FACTS devices to
power system security has been an attractive
ongoing area of research. In most of the reported
studies, attention has been focused on the ability of
these devices to improve the power system security
by damping system oscillations and minimal
attempts have been made to investigate the effect of
these devices on power system reliability.
Basically the FACTS controllers are four types:-
1. Series controllers
2. Shunt controllers
3. Combined Series-Series Controllers
4. Combined Series -Shunt controllers
The following are the benefits that are principally
derived by using the FACTS controllers.
1. The flow of power is ordered. It may be as
per the contract or as per the requirements
of utilities.
2. It increases the loading capability of the
lines to their thermal capability.


Overcoming their limitations sharing of
power among lines can accomplish this.
3. It improves the stability of the system and
thus makes the system secure.
A Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a
member of FACTS devices. It consists of two solid
state synchronous voltage source converters
coupled through a common DC link as shown in
Figure 1[2]. The DC link provides a path to
exchange active power between the converters. The
series converter injects a voltage in series with the
system voltage through a series transformer. The
power flow through the line can be regulated by
controlling voltage magnitude and angle of series
injected voltage. The injected voltage and line
current determine the active and reactive power
injected by the series converter. The converter has a
capability of electrically generating or absorbing
the reactive power. However, the injected active
power must be supplied by the DC link, in turn
taken from the AC system through the shunt
converter. The shunt converter also has a capability
of independently supplying or absorbing reactive
power to regulate the voltage of the AC system.
When the losses of the converters and the
associated transformers are neglected, the overall
active power exchange between the UPFC and the
AC system become zero.

Figure 1 Configuration of UPFC.
However, both the series and shunt converters can
independently exchange reactive power [3]. UPFC
can improve both steady sate stability, dynamic
stability and transient stability [4-5]. For the
convenience practical of application, the series
voltage angle of UPFC is kept in perpendicular with
a line current [6].

Fig. 2. One-wire schematic of the transmission line
with UPFC.
A one-wire schematic of a transmission-line system
equipped with a UPFC is given in Fig. 2. A UPFC
is connected to the transmission line by coupling
transformers, both with a shunt and with a series
connection, consists of two ac/dc converters, the ac
sides connected to the shunt and series connection
with the transmission line, and the dc sides
connected back to back. UPFCs are typically built
with voltage-sourced converters, having a capacitor
as (limited) dc energy storage.

A. MODELING OF THE UPFC POWER
SYSTEM
During model construction and controller design,
power Sources VS, VR is assumed to be infinite
bus. We assume series transformer inductance and
resistance negligible compared to transmission-line
impedance. Connection transformers of series and
shunt converters of the UPFC as in Fig. 1 are not
explicitly included in the mathematical model used
for controller design. Under these assumptions, we
can simplify the grid as experienced by the UPFC
to Fig. 2. Sending and receiving end power sources
VS, VR are connected by transmission line r, L.
The total current drawn from the sending end
consists of the current flowing through the line iS
and the current exchanged with the shunt converter
iP Shunt transformer inductance and resistance are
represented by LP and rP The series inductance and
resistance are commonly accepted as a model for
overhead transmission lines of lengths up to 80 km
[6], [7].The UPFC shunt converter model is similar


and is not described in this paper; its functions and
control are well described in literature [8], [9], [10]
and the performance of the shunt converter is only
of secondary influence on the control system
described in this paper, as demonstrated in previous
work [11]. Effects of dc bus dynamics are eligible
in the control bandwidth of the power flow. For all
simulations and experiments in this paper, the shunt
converter is only used to satisfy active power flow
requirements of the dc bus. Using the model of Fig.
2, differential equations that describe the current iS
in three phases can be formulated. Voltages
are used for notation
simplicity. The differential equations for the UPFC
model are given as

Applying the Clarke and Park transformation
results in differential equations in dq space.
Voltages
and are introduced for
notation simplicity. It is assumed that the pulsation
of the grid is known and varies without
discontinuities. Applying the Laplace
transformation and with substitution between the
two dq space transfer functions, (2) is obtained,
where currents , , are given in function of
voltages and

The active and reactive power of the power line is
determined only by the current over the line and the
sending end voltage.
The simulation is based on a full three-phase model
of the UPFC and the power lines constructed with
Matlab Simulink. It is performed on a balanced
model of the experimental setup.

Fig. 3 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped
Converter Based UPFC.

The discussed controller in fig 3 is demonstrated in
Simulink and the results are shown in fig 6, 7, and 8.
The simulation is based on a full three-phase model
of the UPFC and the power lines constructed with
Matlab Simulink. It is performed on a balanced
model of the experimental setup.UPFC shunt
converter and dc capacitor dynamics are included in
the system model. The shunt converter is set to
control the total dc voltage level of the converter dc
bus. No reactive power transfer between the shunt
converter and the sending end bus is set the sending
unit.

II. PROPOSED MODEL

An infinite bus is a source of constant frequency
and voltage either in magnitude or angle. Single
Machine Infinite Bus System (SMIB) equipped
with a UPFC is connected to the remote system
through a transformer and a transmission line
having two section models as shown in Fig.
4(a). A UPFC is placed in the transmission line at
point m (between middle of two line sections m-n)
in the system. The reactance of various components
of the system is shown in Fig. 4(b). The phasor of
Series injected voltage and shunt injected current of
the UPFC is shown in Fig. 4(c).


Fig.4 (a): Single line diagram (b) reactance diagram
(c) Phasor diagram of UPFC
This paper describes the switching level
modelling of UPFC using IGBT. The
performance of UPFC is demonstrated on SMIB
system & real and reactive power flow tracings
are obtained. The UPFC is composed of two
back to back PWM Converters connected by a
common DC link. This modeling is done with
Simulink blockset and simulation is carried out
in MATLAB environment as shown in Fig.4
A. Simulation Model
The synchronous generator is connected to the
linear load through the Power transformer and
section model of transmission line. The
UPFC is located at the middle of the
transmission line. The shunt device of UPFC
consists of three phase IGBT converter with
linear angle controller. The shunt converter is
connected to the transmission line in parallel
through a three phase transformer.The series
device of the UPFC consists of three phase
IGBT inverter with SPWM controller. The series
converter is connected to the transmission line in
series through three single phase transformers.
The IGBT firing pulses are generated for shunt
& series converters as described earlier. By
varying the firing angle () to DC voltage is
controlled accurately. The inverter output
voltages are effectively controlled by varying the
modulation index (M).

Fig. 5 Switching level model of Unified Power
Flow controller (UPFC)

Fig. 5 describes the switching level modeling of
UPFC using IGBT. The performance of UPFC is
demonstrated on SMIB system & real and reactive
power flow tracings are obtained. The UPFC is
composed of two back to back PWM Converters
connected by a common DC link. This modeling is
done with Simulink blockset and simulation is
carried out in MATLAB environment as shown in
below fig 9, 10 and 11.



III. MATLAB/SIMULINK RESULTS

Fig 6 input voltage and current

Fig 7 input Power

Fig 8 output Power

A. ENHANCEMENT UPFC RESULTS

Fig 9 input Power

Fig 10 output Power

Fig 11 across fault



IV. CONCLUSION
Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converter
Based Unified Power-Flow Controllers connected
to power transmission lines as UPFCs. Presented
simulation & experimental results show that active
and reactive flow will be advantageously controlled
by using the proposed DPC. Results show no
steady-state errors, no cross coupling, insensitivity
to non -modeled dynamics and fast response times,
thus confirming the expected performance of the
presented nonlinear DPC methodology. Despite
showing a suitable dynamic response, the PI
performance is inferior when compared to DPC.
Furthermore, the PI controllers and modulator take
longer times to compute. Obtained results show that
DPC is a strong nonlinear control candidate for line
active and reactive power flow.

REFERENCES

[1]. N.G. Hingorani, Understanding FACTS-
Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission Systems IEEE Power Engineering
society (standard publishers, IEEE press, 2001).
[2] Y.H. Song and A.T. J ohns, Flexible ac
transmission systems (FACTS), The Institute of
Electrical Engineers, London, 1999.
[3] L. Gyugyi, Dynamic compensation of ac
transmission line by solid-state synchronous voltage
sources, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 9, pp.
904-911, Apr. 1994.
[4] M. Noroozian, L. Angquist, M. Ghandhari, and
G. Andersson, Use of UPFC for optimal power
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12, No. 4, pp. 1629-1634, 1997.
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[6] E. Gholipour and S. Saasate, Improving of
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BIODATA

Author: Bhupesh Deshmukh received his
BE (Electronics & Telecommunication) degree
from Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla University
Raipur in 2008. He is
currently an M.E. student in
the Electrical Engineering
specialization in power
electronics from
Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekananda Technical
University Bhilai. His
research interests are in the
areas of power electronics, power quality and
power system.



Co-Author: Dhaneshwari
Sahu received her M.Tech in
Electrical Engineering
Specialization in Control
system from VJ TI Mumbai,
Mumbai University in 2010.
She completed her BE in
Electrical Engineering from Govt Engg College
Bilaspur, Guru Ghasidas University in 2008. She is
Assistant Professor in Raipur Institute of
Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Swami
Vivekananda Technical University Bhilai. Her
research interests are power quality, control system,
mobile robotics, power system and controller based
application.

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue10 Oct 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page3744

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