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Acknowledgements
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and Transform Drug Policy Foundation,
not necessarily Atlantic Philanthropies or other Transform funders.
This report may be reproduced in part or in full, free and without permission, on the
understanding that Transform Drug Policy Foundation is credited and a link to the Transform
website www.tdpf.org.uk is provided.
www.tdpf.org.uk
Our Mission:
Transform exists to reduce harm and promote sustainable health and wellbeing by
bringing about a just and effective system to regulate and control drugs at local,
national and international levels
Our Activities:
• Research, policy analysis and innovative policy development
• Challenging government to demonstrate rational, fact-based evidence to
support its policies and expenditure
• Promoting alternative, evidence-based policies to parliamentarians and
government agencies
• Advising non-governmental organisations whose work is affected by drugs
• Providing an informed, rational and clear voice in the public and media debate
on UK and international drug policy
Our Vision:
• Social justice: restoration of human rights and dignity to the marginalised and
disadvantaged, and regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods
• Reduced social costs: an end to the largest cause of acquisitive crime and street
prostitution, and consequent falls in the non-violent prison population
• Reduced serious crime: dramatic curtailment of opportunities and incentives
for organised and violent crime
• Public finances: the financial benefits of discontinued drug enforcement
expenditure and the taxation of regulated drugs
• Public health: creation of an environment in which drug use can be managed
and drug users can lead healthier lives
• Ethics: adherence to ethical standards and principles, including fair trade, in the
manufacture, supply and distribution of drugs
• Reduced war and conflict: an end to the illegal drug trade’s contribution to
conflict and political instability in producer and transit countries
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
About Transform 1
CONTENTS 2
Foreword and Introduction 4
• Talking about……Alcohol and Tobacco 37
• Talking about……Cannabis 40
• Talking about……Crack 41
• Talking about……Personal rights 44
FOREWORD
Transform has spent ten years drawing public policy making is frozen in the opening stages
attention to the failures of prohibition and of denial and anger, creating a climate that is
the urgent need to replace it with a system of intensely hostile to attempts to adjust to the
legal regulation, honing the arguments in the new environment and reinvest in the new reality.
crucible of debate. Correctly applied, the ideas This guide is intended as a drug policy debating
in this guide have the power to bring about truly manual for those willing to undertake the journey
transformational change across the world. It from denial to reinvestment and then to help
shows, for the first time, how to conceptualise guide others through the process.
and articulate the arguments for reform in such
a way that they are unassailable. It will give you
the tools and the facts to toughen your mind, to Two levels of debate
challenge prohibitionist misinformation, win over
detractors and build the momentum for change Anyone entering this debate must recognise that
in any debating arena you enter. it operates on two very distinct levels. The first
is the rational evidence-based discussion about
what works and what does not, scientifically
From Denial to Acceptance evaluating the outcomes of different policy
options and making rational decisions based on
There is a well-recognised five-stage process that analysis. The second is the one governed
that many go through in response to receiving by political considerations and priorities, the
catastrophic news – Denial, Anger, Bargaining, kind of debate seen when senior politicians
Depression, and Acceptance. In this case the enter the ring. These considerations range from
catastrophe is the realisation that a ‘drug-free international issues relating to UK and US foreign
world’ is not going to happen and, worse, that policy, to appealing to emotive and populist ideas:
our seemingly intractable ‘drug problem’ is to a typically, an overriding need to appear ‘tough on
large extent a self-inflicted nightmare. Modern drugs’ (or avoid appearing ‘soft on drugs’). When
“The soft minded man always fears change. He feels security in
the status quo, and he has an almost morbid fear of the new.
For him the greatest pain is the pain of a new idea...There is
little hope for us until we become tough minded enough to break
loose from the shackles of prejudice, half truths and downright
ignorance… A nation or a civilisation that continues to produce
soft minded men purchases its own spiritual death on an
instalment plan.”
the debate moves to this level, evidence is all too sufficient to negotiate your way successfully
often jettisoned in favour of macho posturing through any debate. You can be assured that
and rhetoric, spin and sound bites. you are standing in very distinguished company,
as the quotes scattered throughout this guide
In this political arena a virulent disease known demonstrate. Don’t be afraid of articulating
as ‘Green Room Syndrome’ is epidemic, where the values that underlie your position and
strongly held beliefs on reform disappear as soon never concede the moral high ground. The
as the record button is pressed for broadcast. drug policy debate need not be a battleground
This is something we have experienced again for entrenched and opposed ideologies; it can
and again: fellow-debaters who privately admit become an arena from which we can develop
to agreeing with us in the Green Room before the momentum to make the world a better place.
a media interview, only to feign shock and Drug policy reform is a principled and necessary
outrage at our position once the cameras and step to enable us to address underlying issues
microphones are on. There are many in politics of global poverty, marginalisation and freedom.
and public life who understand intellectually that Anyone arguing for drug policy reform is arguing
the prohibition of drugs is unsustainable, but with the evidence firmly on their side, and taking
who default in public to moral grandstanding and a righteous stance on an issue that has the
emotive appeals to the safety of their children. power to effect a transformational, and hugely
beneficial, paradigm shift in domestic and world
politics.
A righteous stance
Danny Kushlick
It does not require courage to call for reform. Bristol
Using the information in this booklet you will find JULY 2007
that sound principles combined with imagination
(and a little bit of factual homework) are quite
Introduction
This is a guide to making the case for drug policy It is essentially all Transform’s ‘secrets’ learnt
and law reform from a position of confidence and on the front line of the drug debate, and we
authority. It is based on Transform’s experience in hope it will provide the tools for individuals in
the public arena over the past ten years. In that the public or policy arenas to take the debate
time we have discussed and debated drug policy forward towards real reform of policy and law in
with Anne Widdecombe, Daily Mail columnists the coming months and years. The structure of
and The Drugs Tsar (UK and US versions), as the guide seeks to provide a narrative thread.
well as Mayors, MPs, Ministers and even the
Prime Minister. We have been grilled by Select • Explaining the fault lines in the debate and
Committees and Advisory Councils, by Jeremy the different mindsets that generate them
Paxman and John Snow, by the Conservatives • Showing how these fault lines are often
and the Lib-Dems, Greens and Socialists. We have misunderstandings that can easily be
given talks in the Home Office, at universities, to bridged. Once common ground is established,
union meetings, mothers’ groups, prison workers, it becomes possible to transcend the
drugs workers, magistrates, civil servants, the polarisation and confrontation that has
police, drug users and bereaved parents, and as dogged the debate and held back reform
far afield as Brussels, Athens, Seattle, Vancouver, • Demonstrating how the common ground
LA and Belfast. There’s a place for modesty, but - drug policy aims and principles on which
it’s not here – we really do know what we are both sides can agree - can be used as the
talking about. basis for a rational and fundamental critique
of prohibition
This guide aims to do three things: • Showing how to continue this analysis into
making the case for legally regulated drug
• Reframe the debate by moving it away from production and supply
polarised ideological positions and putting it • Showing how to respond to the most
squarely in the arena of rational, evidence- common concerns about moves towards
based policy thinking legally regulated drug markets
• Provide the analytical framework and language
to challenge entrenched prohibitionist policy This guide is aimed at people in government and
positions with confidence and clarity, and to civil society who understand that prohibition
put forward the case for alternative policies has been disastrously counter-productive and
including legally regulated drug markets appreciate the need for an alternative, but who
• Guide you to the facts you will need to lack the analysis, facts or language tools to engage
support this progressive policy position in the public debate with real confidence.
“Some argue that, with the battle against drug-linked gun crime costing millions of
pounds and many lives…the only solution is to legalise all drugs. That argument is yet
to be resolved....... we are long way from even having an informed debate on this most
explosive of issues.”
DAILY MAIL leader editorial – 30.12.03
Inevitably this short guide cannot provide all the prohibition and illegal markets have continued
answers; you will need to tailor your approach to worsen over the past four decades: the
and use elements of the guide selectively for prevalence of illegal drug use has risen steadily
different audiences. What it aims to provide is a despite the many billions spent on enforcing a
basic framework and tools that can be adapted policy intended to eradicate it. As prohibition’s
to most scenarios you are likely to encounter. At policy outcomes have deteriorated, the volume
the end we have provided detailed references and of calls for a rethink and serious consideration of
links to further information. alternative policy options has grown. This growth
accelerated particularly rapidly during the 1990s
Please give us feedback on this document and let as recreational use of illegal drugs became a truly
us know about your experiences in public debate, mainstream youth phenomenon, and problematic
so that we can develop and improve it for future use (of heroin in particular) ballooned to epidemic
editions. proportions. Problematic drug use now causes a
level of secondary crime-related harms to wider
Where are we up to today? society that is unprecedented in modern history,
and was entirely unanticipated when drugs were
The cause of drug law reform has been a prohibited.
prolonged struggle that began as soon as drug
prohibition in its modern form came into being. It is now clear that our drug policy cannot
Although prohibitions of various drugs stretch continue down the same failed path forever.
back into the 18th century (see Transform’s Prohibition’s failure is now widely understood
history of prohibition timeline1), the modern drug and acknowledged among key stakeholders in
law reform movement began in earnest with the the debate. Although politicians have thus far
social movements of the 1960s. It was during this been the primary beneficiaries of the policy2, the
decade that the 1961 UN Convention on Drugs political benefits of pursuing prohibition are now
enshrined prohibition as a truly global policy, and waning and the political costs of its continuation
recreational drug use in the West simultaneously are becoming unsustainable. The intellectual and
began its dramatic rise toward current levels. political consensus supporting a ‘War on Drugs’
is crumbling rapidly, and calls for ‘more of the
The drugs debate has moved on considerably same’, or ever tougher enforcement responses,
since that time, with the political, social and no longer go unchallenged. Since the 1990s, a
cultural landscape shifting and evolving vigorous network of domestic and international
dramatically, both in the UK and in the wider NGOs have been making the case for substantive
world. All the problems associated with drug pragmatic reform to drug policy and law3.
“Never have so many dangerous drugs been seized by police and Customs. But never
have so many drugs been taken nor has so much crime been caused by them. However
much is done to stop the threat, the drugs industry – and it is an industry – is several
jumps ahead. It is obvious that something new needs to be tried.”
DAILY MIRROR leader editorial – 25.06.03
However, although the failure of the current illegal markets and harshly enforced prohibition
policy is now widely accepted, even within in the first place. They never address its
government, there is less consensus on ‘so, where fundamental problems: the creation of crime and
now?’. Those in a state of denial over the failure illegal markets and the injustice of criminalising
of the drug war typically argue that policy can drug users. Tinkering with domestic policy under
be tweaked within the prohibitionist framework strict international prohibition is not a long term
to make it more effective. This usually means solution. It is an attempt to minimise harms
directing more resources into treatment and within a legal framework that maximises them,
harm reduction, and perhaps being more tolerant and thus its successes will always be marginal
of low level drug users. There is considerable ones.
room for manoeuvre within UK and international
law4 for policies that could improve the current By contrast, the truth that underlies the drug
situation and indeed many such changes are reform movement - that a punitive enforcement
already underway. In recent years we have seen approach is actively counter-productive – is
cannabis reclassification, the expansion of heroin far harder to address directly. This prevents it
and methadone prescribing, harm reduction being followed to its obvious logical conclusion:
programs such as the needle exchanges and decriminalising consenting adult drug use and
‘injecting kits’, and increased investment in drug moving towards the legal regulation and control
treatment. of some or all drug production and supply.
Internationally, reforms have gone much further. Yet this last taboo is now also crumbling, as
A number of countries have progressed to de Transform’s collection of quotes from supporters
facto decriminalision of personal possession of reform (see box) so resoundingly demonstrates.
of all drugs, including Russia, Portugal, Spain, The Transform quote archive also reveals that
Switzerland and Holland. Harm reduction there have been strong arguments in favour of
measures have been widely adopted, including drug law reform in media as diverse as the Mirror,
maintenance prescribing of heroin (and the Sun, the Daily Mail, the Telegraph, The Times,
increasingly of stimulants), supervised drug the Economist, the New Statesman and many
consumption rooms, and even tolerance of low others besides. You really do not have to wait for
level sales of some drugs, such as the cannabis the reform position to gain mainstream traction
‘coffee shop’ system in Holland. – it already has .
The problem is that, for the most part, these Whilst it remains important to support and
reforms are merely reducing harms created by encourage the process of incremental change
away from harshly enforced prohibition towards “If government-controlled
a new evidence-based public health approach, drugs were cheaply
there are already many groups dedicated to doing available, might it not
this and much change is already happening in this cut through this hideous
direction. The specific task of Transform and the vicious circle? Users
movement for longer term reform is to make the wouldn’t need to fund their
case and campaign for a repeal of the absolute habit by making our lives
drug prohibition currently enshrined in domestic hell. Dealers, meanwhile,
and international law. It is only this fundamental would find nobody to
step that will make it possible to end the criminal buy their overpriced,
free-for-all of the illegal drugs market by adulterated wares. We
replacing it with appropriately regulated drug could spend every penny
production and supply. That is what will lead to saved from enforcement
a real transformation of society, both for those and imprisonment and
who use drugs and those who don’t; and that is drug-related crime on
what this guide is all about. treatment, prevention and
educating people not to
Steve Rolles take the stupid things in the
London 2007 first place”
1. Faultlines in the drug
policy debate:
understanding the
different mindsets
This chapter considers the key fault lines in the drug debate: on
the one side the ideological positions underlying prohibition, and
on the other the rational arguments for reform. In doing so it
aims to provide the framework for the analysis and debating
techniques that form the main body of this guide.
10
Firstly, what is
prohibition?
Any activity or product can in theory be prohibited experiment that failed in dramatic style. It was
by law. Specifically, drug prohibition is a globalised eventually repealed, with alcohol brought back
legal system (under the UN drug treaties 1961, within a legal regulatory framework.
1971, and 1988, signed into the domestic law of
over 150 states including the UK) that mandates Using the term ‘prohibition’ to describe current
criminal sanctions for the production, supply and drug policy can be a useful way of highlighting the
possession/use of certain psychoactive drugs, similarity between the problems of modern drug
although the sanctions/penalties for different prohibition and historical alcohol prohibition -
offences vary widely between countries. widely understood to have been repealed because
it was expensive, counterproductive and created
The stated aim of prohibition is to reduce the significant health and crime harms. Today’s drug
production, supply and use of the specified drugs, problems closely mirror those in the USA in 1930,
and ultimately to create a ‘drug-free society’. except that they now encompass many more
The policy of drug prohibition has often been drugs, and a vastly enlarged and global illegal
referred to as the ‘War on Drugs’, one of many market. (see: FAQ on prohibtion5, and: History of
military metaphors originally employed by US prohibition timeline1)
governments in the 1970s.
It is important to make a distinction between
The term ‘prohibition’ is used in the UK’s drug prohibition as described here – which puts
2002 updated National Drug Strategy, and by an absolute prohibition on the production, supply
Government ministers and Home Office officials and use of certain substances, and regulated drug
in reference to current drug policy. The 1998 markets (e.g. alcohol) under which some activities
United Nations Drug Control Programme ten year are legal and some remain prohibited (eg. sales
strategy, to which the UK is a signatory, has the to minors, purchase outside of licensed premises).
slogan: “A Drug Free World: We Can Do It!” and Prohibition is an absolutist position, whereas
established as its objective the eradication (or its repeal opens the door for a wide variety of
significant reduction) of illicit opium, coca and possible regulatory options (see chapter 4 –
cannabis production worldwide by 2008. ‘Making the case for regulated markets’ for more
discussion on this)
The public understanding of the word ‘prohibition’
(often written with a capital P) derives from the
alcohol prohibition era from 1920 to 1932 in
the US, popularised by gangster films about
characters such as Al Capone. For this reason it
may be useful to clarify early on that you are
talking about ‘contemporary’ or ‘modern drug
prohibition’, or the ‘current prohibition of certain
drugs’. Alcohol prohibition was a thirteen year
11
Summary table of key fault lines in
the debate between prohibitionist
and reform positions
Those who support the prohibition of drugs tend to share a set of underlying assumptions about why
these drugs are prohibited, and why it is important that they should remain so. Those who advocate
reform of drug policy tend to do so on the basis of a different set of assumptions. The table below sets
out the assumptions that typically lie behind these two polarised positions.
Any use of illegal drugs is problematic Most illegal drug use is non-problematic. Many of
the health harms associated with illegal drug use are
caused by their illegality
Problematic drug use is caused by using drugs Problematic drug use is primarily a symptom of
underlying personal or social problems. Drugs can
exacerbate underlying problems
Drugs make people lose control and behave People often take drugs partly to lose control (but it
dangerously can get out of control)
Legalisation and regulation is a step into the We have centuries of experience in legally regulating
unknown thousands of different drugs
Drug law reform is being forced through by the Drug law reform is supported by individuals from
‘liberal elite’ across the social and political spectrum
Prohibition protects the health of individuals Prohibition creates new public health problems and
maximises harms associated with illegal drug use
Prohibition sends an important message about The criminal justice system should not be used to
avoiding drugs and their dangers send public health messages
Prohibition reduces the prevalence of use, and limits Prevalence of use has risen dramatically under
experimentation prohibition. Enforcement activity is, at best, a
marginal influence on levels of use which rise and fall
largely independently of policy and law
12
Status Quo position Reform position
Harm reduction encourages drug use Harm reduction saves lives. Trying to discourage drug
use by maximising harm is unethical and ineffective.
Reduced prevalence is the most important indicator Reduced harm is the most important indicator of
of policy success policy success
Increased availability leads to increased drug use Increased availability may increase use, but well
and hence to increased problematic use. Prohibition regulated availability will certainly reduce harm.
creates a barrier against temptation and chaos Prohibition leads many into temptation and is
creating criminal chaos
Calling for legalisation and regulation brings the law Counterproductive enforcement brings the law into
into disrepute disrepute
Prohibition is based on a strong moral position that The policy that is most effective at reducing harm and
drugs are unacceptable maximising well being is the moral position
A strong ideological stand is more important than Measurable effectiveness is more important than
effectiveness ideology
Human rights issues of users can be ignored Human rights issues of users and the wider
community are paramount
Drugs are dangerous and should be prohibited Drugs are dangerous and should be appropriately
controlled and regulated
Prohibition controls drug use and drug markets Prohibition abdicates control of illegal drug
production and supply to the criminal networks and
unregulated dealers
Ending prohibition would automatically hand control Ending prohibition allows for various models of
of the trade to multinational corporations (who control and regulation and takes the market away
would aggressively market drugs) from criminals (who already aggressively market
drugs)
The health, social and financial costs of prohibition Prohibition is hugely costly and counterproductive on
are a price worth paying most indicators
Underlying causes of problematic use can be Prohibition causes and exacerbates many problems
addressed within a prohibitionist framework associated with illegal drug use, and is an obstacle to
addressing underlying causes
We must not ’give up’ the fight against illegal drugs Drug policies should be adapted in response to
evidence of effectiveness
Producer countries are willfully ignoring global Producer countries are unintentionally pushed into
prohibition illegal production by the economics of illegal drug
markets under global prohibition
* Inevitably these are generalisations, and not necessarily the precise policy positions of any individual
13
Different
audiences in
the debate
These starkly opposed assumptions mean that can be like arguing Darwinism with committed
the drugs debate is often conducted between creationists. Sometimes the best you can achieve
groups of people who see the issues around with such individuals or audiences is to use any
drugs and their control very differently. You public forum as an opportunity to put your views
will encounter a range of different audiences in across, contrasting your rational reform position
the political, media, NGO or public arenas, who with the ideological prohibitionist one – and let
have a range of different views on drug policy the audience make their own minds up. That said,
and policy reform. It is important to adapt your in Transform’s experience many of the least likely
approach accordingly. The positions that you people, including some of our seemingly most
will find yourself arguing against can be roughly implacable opponents, have in time been won
categorised as follows: over. Never give up hope, but be ready to cut your
losses.
• Evangelical prohibitionists
• Knee-jerk prohibitionists
These tend to be people directly involved in drug
enforcement; those who have a strong faith ‘Knee-jerk’ isn’t meant here in any rude way,
position (where drug use often equates to ‘sin’); maybe ‘prohibitionists by default’ would be
or, occasionally, those who have had bad personal a good alternative term. These are people,
experiences with illegal drugs. (Note: none of probably constituting the bulk of your audience,
these backgrounds preclude supporting reform – who default to supporting some or most of the
see: Transform’s archive of high profile supporters prohibitionist positions outlined above on the
of reform). Always remember and respect the fact basis of exposure to one sided discourse and
that these views are usually sincere and well- debate over a number of years. It is important
intentioned - they may have witnessed real drug to remember that, superficially at least, drug
related harm, are fearful it will get worse and war rhetoric is very appealing, especially when
passionately want to prevent it. To them drugs unchallenged in mainstream debate by any
are a Pandora’s Box, and prohibition – the law coherent alternative. This audience’s position is
- is keeping the lid on it. They genuinely believe based on ignorance of the reform analysis, rather
that ‘legalisation’ (as they perceive it) would pry than entrenched ideology, and is fertile ground
open the box, cost lives and make the world a for informing and changing perceptions. The
worse place. As such, they see themselves as shifting public opinion on cannabis reform (15%
prohibition’s principled guardians and advocates supporting decriminalisation/legalisation in the
of law reform as their natural enemies. mid 80s, to over 50% today7) provides strong
evidence of how exposure to informed debate
Such views may be so deeply entrenched that on this issue invariably pushes people in the
there is little point trying to turn them round - it direction of supporting reform.
14
• Unconvinced reformers system they know to be harmful. No amount of
brilliant argument will sway them because they
This audience is your most receptive target. are not interested in genuine intellectual debate
These are people who understand the failings or new ideas. If you have thoughts on how to
of the current system and instinctively know influence this group please get in touch with us.
that ‘something needs to be done’, but they are
unclear what that might be. In the absence of a
clear argument being made for moves towards
legal regulation they will generally not feel
The fault lines
inclined to challenge reforms being put forward
by government, such as increased coerced
within current
treatment or harsh criminal justice crackdowns
and ‘get tough’ initiatives. Their views on legal
drug policy
regulation may be clouded by misunderstandings
about ‘legalisation’ (see: ‘from ‘legalisation’ As a way of demonstrating the fault lines in
to ‘regulation’ p.33), put forward by cannabis the drug debate, consider the two pieces of text
evangelists or extreme libertarians. When they juxtaposed overleaf. On the left is the introduction
are presented with a coherent set of policy to the Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy by
alternatives this group will usually be happy to the Prime Minister Tony Blair, published in
support them. March 2004 . In many respects it reflects the
reformer’s perspective on the drug debate fault
• Prohibitionist politicians lines described above: an acceptance of the
reality of drug use (in this case alcohol) in the
There is a fourth audience – the prohibitionist UK and a rational strategy to minimise alcohol
politicians, potentially the most important related harm, both to consumers and to wider
audience of all but often the most unequivocal society, through a series of pragmatic regulatory
and effective opponents of reform. As discussed responses based on evidence of effectiveness.
earlier (see foreword) the drug policy debate On the right is the identical text with one minor
operates at an entirely different level to the editorial change made by Transform: the word
rational / scientific one. It is important to bear ‘alcohol’ has been changed to ‘drugs’, and the
in mind that many politicians hold a hard-line word ‘drinking’ has been changed to ‘drug use’.
prohibitionist position for self-interested and This juxtaposition demonstrates that the fault
career reasons – they are self-appointed ‘drug lines in this debate, once the ‘hot button’ issue of
warriors’. Usually they are senior parliamentarians drugs is removed, are by no means as polarised
(ministers and their shadows), their spokespeople as they appear. The exact same fault lines actually
and the civil servants who back them up. They exist within current drug policy.
will trot out a ‘tough on drugs’ party line and
back it up with a well-practiced repertoire of Bizarrely, the Government is simultaneously
moral outrage or evasion, regardless of their running, on the one hand, a policy on legal drugs
personal views. They are the nearest thing you based on using public health and evidence led
will encounter to a mortal enemy in this debate: regulation to minimise harm, and on the other
they know their case is indefensible but argue it hand a policy on illegal drugs that ignores
anyway. They are treating an important debate evidence of effectiveness and uses the criminal
with disdain and in doing so are perpetuating a justice system to enforce a dogmatic moral view.
15
Transform have read out the revised version
of the text below (right) in debates to great
effect. It really forces people to think (and,
whilst not meant as a joke, sometimes gets a
few laughs).
Millions of us enjoy drinking alcohol with few, Millions of us enjoy drug use with few, if any, ill
if any, ill effects. Indeed moderate drinking can effects. Indeed moderate drug use can bring some
bring some health benefits. But, increasingly, health benefits. But, increasingly, drug misuse by
alcohol misuse by a small minority is causing two a small minority is causing two major, and largely
major, and largely distinct, problems: on the one distinct, problems: on the one hand crime and
hand crime and anti-social behaviour in town anti-social behaviour in town and city centres,
and city centres, and on the other harm to health and on the other harm to health as a result of
as a result of binge- and chronic drinking. binge- and chronic drug use .
The Strategy Unit’s analysis last year showed that The Strategy Unit’s analysis last year showed that
alcohol - related harm is costing around £20bn a drug-related harm is costing around £20bn a
year , and that some of the harms associated with year, and that some of the harms associated with
alcohol are getting worse. drugs are getting worse.
This is why the Government has been looking This is why the Government has been looking at
at how best to tackle the problems of alcohol how best to tackle the problems of drug misuse.
misuse. The aim has been to target alcohol-related The aim has been to target drug-related harm and
harm and its causes without interfering with the its causes without interfering with the pleasure
pleasure enjoyed by the millions of people who enjoyed by the millions of people who use drugs
drink responsibly. responsibly.
This report sets out the way forward. Alongside This report sets out the way forward. Alongside
the interim report published last year it describes the interim report published last year it describes
in detail the current patterns of drinking – and in detail the current patterns of drug use – and
the specific harms associated with alcohol . And the specific harms associated with drugs . And
it clearly shows that the best way to minimise it clearly shows that the best way to minimise
the harms is through partnership between the harms is through partnership between
government, local authorities, police, industry government, local authorities, police, industry
and the public themselves. and the public themselves.
16
Why This … … But Not This?
For government, the priority is to work with the For government, the priority is to work with the
police and local authorities so that existing laws police and local authorities so that existing laws
to reduce alcohol-related crime and disorder are to reduce drug-related crime and disorder are
properly enforced, including powers to shut down properly enforced, including powers to shut down
any premises where there is a serious problem of any premises where there is a serious problem of
disorder arising from it. Treatment services need disorder arising from it. Treatment services need
to be able to meet demand. And the public needs to be able to meet demand. And the public needs
access to clear information setting out the full access to clear information setting out the full
and serious effects of heavy drinking. and serious effects of heavy drug use.
For the drinks industry, the priority is to end For the drugs industry, the priority is to end
irresponsible promotions and advertising; irresponsible promotions and advertising;
to better ensure the safety of their staff and to better ensure the safety of their staff and
customers; and to limit the nuisance caused to customers; and to limit the nuisance caused to
local communities. local communities.
Ultimately, however, it is vital that individuals Ultimately, however, it is vital that individuals can
can make informed and responsible decisions make informed and responsible decisions about
about their own levels of alcohol consumption. their own levels of drug consumption. Everyone
Everyone needs to be able to balance their right needs to be able to balance their right to enjoy
to enjoy a drink with the potential risks to their using drugs with the potential risks to their own –
own – and others’ – health and wellbeing. Young and others’ – health and wellbeing. Young people
people in particular need to better understand the in particular need to better understand the risks
risks involved in harmful patterns of drinking. involved in harmful patterns of drug use.
I strongly welcome this report and the Government I strongly welcome this report and the Government
has accepted all its conclusions. These will now has accepted all its conclusions. These will now
be implemented as government policy and will, be implemented as government policy and will,
in time, bring benefits to us all in the form of a in time, bring benefits to us all in the form of a
healthier and happier relationship with alcohol. healthier and happier relationship with drugs.
Foreword to the Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy Foreword to the Drug Harm Reduction Strategy
for England8 for England
Cabinet Office Cabinet Office (with edits by Transform)
Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, March 2004 Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, March 2004
17
2. Finding common ground
- bringing the two sides
together
The fault lines outlined above have, in Transform’s experience, held
back the drug policy debate for many years. Too often, particularly
in the media, complex issues are reduced to a knockabout between
the hard-line prohibitionist ‘drug warriors’ on one side and the
‘liberal’ reformers or ‘legalisers’ on the other.
“We can agree about many things. All drugs are bad and we
ought to reduce them. The one way that one does not deal
with something that is dangerous and bad is to hand it lock
stock and barrel to organised crime. That is what the Misuse
of Drugs Act 1971 does. The problem is not prohibition, the
problem is the failure of prohibition. The only way that one
can control a dangerous commodity or any commodity is to
bring it within the law. We need to repeal the Misuse of Drugs
Act 1971 and replace it with a better and more appropriate
tool that allows us to control the market in those incredibly
dangerous commodities. At that stage we can remove the
profit, remove the crime and devote all of our resources and
energies to providing better treatment and real prevention.
At the moment we are not doing that, and we shall not if the
Government continue down their present path.”
18
Participants on both sides of the fault line have In reality the policy debate is nowhere near as
often been guilty of misunderstanding and black and white as the media debate portrays it
misrepresenting each others’ positions, rarely to be. It is not a battle between ‘pro’ and ‘anti’
showing any willingness to listen or give ground. drug campaigners, left and right, liberals and
The result is a repetitive debate that invariably conservatives, or any other stark binary choice.
creates more heat than light and never progresses It needs to become a rational, intelligent and
beyond conflict or stalemate. This polarisation sophisticated debate over the range of policy
(often driven by the media’s desire to present alternatives for addressing the issues of drugs in
a clash between strongly contrasting views) is a society.
barrier to reform, and must be overcome before
real change can take place. Progress requires the It is important, therefore, should you be engaging
two apparently irreconcilable sides of this debate in this debate in the media or any public forum,
to find some common ground and adopt a new not to let yourself be pushed in the direction
language that will enable meaningful dialogue. of a polarised emotive debate merely for sake
This chapter aims to show how to find common of audience entertainment. Whilst there does
ground in the debate about the aims and exist a broad spectrum of views (from extreme
principles of an effective drugs policy. authoritarian prohibition to extreme free
19
market legalisation) almost everybody, including regulation, and are specifically critical of the
Transform, lies somewhere between the two, deregulation and lack of control that prohibition
usually nearer the middle - and each other - than creates.
at either extreme.
20
Media Pitfalls
Where possible, attempt to engage in forums where more detailed analysis is
possible – whether this be a decent length for an article or a reasonable time to
discuss issues in broadcast media or public debate. There is a real problem trying to
present often complex and nuanced analysis in the media which puts huge emphasis
on concision – often only a couple of sentences in print or 30 seconds or less in
broadcast. For many people the idea of legalising and regulating drugs is, initially
at least, quite shocking. You need a reasonable amount of time to clarify what you
are calling for, make your case, and back it up with facts and argument.
If you are pushed for time/space then you will need to work extra hard at making
what you say as clear as possible – potentially boiling your points down to short
‘soundbites’, however unsatisfactory this may be. Throughout this guide we have
included useful examples in the form of quotations from the great and good. Take a
lead from these and if necessary work out your own in advance. Everyone in policy
debate is playing the same game – it’s a fact of life
preconceptions about the law reform position ineffectiveness), and secondly because it draws
being ‘pro-drug’ (a meaningless term anyway) or the debate away from the ideological fault
somehow ‘defending’ drugs or suggesting they lines, and towards the reality of prohibition’s
are safe or cool. It also takes the sting out of failure. Emphasising evidence of effectiveness
many anti-regulation/legalisation arguments that is a key part of re-conceptualising the debate
revolve around shock/horror facts and anecdotes as a rational/scientific one rather than a moral/
about how dangerous drug use is. As we will see ideological one.
later, the fact that drugs are potentially dangerous
is at the core of the argument for their effective • Drug policy should offer good value
regulation. for money
• Drug policy should be based on This is essentially the same as the above principle
evidence of effectiveness that drug policy should be based on evidence of
effectiveness, but has a more direct appeal to
This is the standard pragmatist’s argument, people’s pockets: both policy makers who have
usefully engaging with the policy maker’s to decide how to allocate limited budgets, and
language and concern with ‘what works?’. It is a the wider public who, as tax payers, are the ones
key point to emphasise, firstly because no-one funding drug prohibition in the first instance.
can seriously make a rational argument against Emphasising this principle is another useful way
it (that we either shouldn’t consider the evidence of focusing debate on policy outcomes (rather
or that policy should be based on evidence of than processes) and evidence of effectiveness.
21
Because enforcement-led policy offers stunningly (see ‘the fault lines within existing policy’ p15).
poor value for money – it is hugely expensive
and creates further costs to society – economics • Policy should seek to reduce drug
is very fertile territory for arguing the reform related harm
position.
Again this may prove more contentious. Transform
• Policy should be based on reality and maintain that the overarching aim of drug policy
adapt to changing circumstances should be to minimise harm and maximise well-
being. Within this overarching objective we can
This principle also follows from broader pragmatic identify a number of specific aims to reduce
argument, but is worth spelling out. What seems harms related to drug production, supply and
obvious for all policy - that it should be based use, with success measured against relevant
on reality - is less clear for the prohibitionist indicators (including reduction in demand/use).
paradigm, the goals of which remain intimately Prohibitionists traditionally maintain that the
entwined with a mission to promote abstinence aim of policy is to reduce the use of drugs and
and regulate pleasure. Given society’s deep- ultimately to achieve a drug free society. This
rooted dependencies on alcohol, tobacco and aim sometimes has the feel of religious dogma
prescription drugs (not to mention numerous – a commandment to which all policy aims must
other ‘vices’ and ‘sinful’ pleasures) the idea that we remain loyal, if the promised land of the drug-
can become free of precisely those drugs whose free world is to be attained9.
effects are pleasurable becomes an absurdity. But
prohibition and its legal structures remain rooted It is important to point out that some ‘drug related
in these puritanical principles, despite the fact harms’ are associated with drug use and misuse
that the social landscape has changed beyond itself, while others are specifically created or
recognition in the 50 years or so since the UN exacerbated by the enforcement of prohibitionist
drug conventions were drafted. Furthermore, policy and law (e.g. reusing dirty needles, crime
these conventions were drafted, largely at the to support an illegal drug habit). Consequently,
behest of the US, to deal with a marginal drug reducing specific prohibition-related harms
problem largely confined to ethnic minorities and feature within the aims of drug policy reform,
career criminals, not the huge swathes of the but become a thing of the past under a legally
population who use illicit drugs today. regulated regime. As an analogy, reducing car
exhaust emissions would no longer be an aim of
• Drug policy is primarily a public transport policy if everyone was driving solar-
health issue powered electric cars.
This is a more contentious point to make and As you engage in the debate try to keep this
needs further careful development (see chapter distinction in mind, making it clear that there
4, p.35). However, if you do succeed in moving is a difference between the aims of drug policy
the debate towards your position that drugs are reform, (essentially to remove the harms created
primarily a public health issue, the prohibitionists by prohibition: see appendix p.63), and the aims
are obliged to argue why it shouldn’t be – or, of drug policy itself (to maximise well-being and
more specifically, why certain drugs should be minimise health and social harms related to drug
dealt with as a public health issue (e.g. alcohol) use and misuse). This also helps to highlight how,
and others primarily as criminal activity when prohibition is replaced, we will be in a far
22
better position to address the underlying social alcohol) and the far more significant problems
ills that fuel most problematic drug use. caused by illegal markets.
23
3. Critiquing the failings
of current policy
Once some common ground has been established on the aims
and principles underlying drug policy, the next logical step iS to
critique prohibition based on these agreed aims and principles.
Generally speaking, this is not especially difficult, as prohibition
has failed on almost every indicator imaginable. The key here,
given that you are being listened to in the first place, is simply to
make sure you have the basic facts and analysis at your finger
tips.
24
Challenging
supply-side enforcement at the international,
domestic and local levels, absorbing billions of
prohibitionist
government spending each year10.
25
• The Home Office has never undertaken any
“Western governments ... will research to establish the extent of enforcement-
lose the war against dealers related deterrence, despite it being at the heart
unless efforts are switched of the Misuse of Drugs Act and all subsequent
to prevention and therapy... policy thinking. The research that does exist
All penalties for drug users suggests enforcement related deterrence is, at
should be dropped ... Making best, a marginal factor in influencing decisions to
drug abuse a crime is useless take drugs.
and even dangerous ... Every
year we seize more and more • In his oral evidence to the recent Science and
drugs and arrest more and Technology committee, Professor David Nutt,
more dealers but at the same Chairman of the ACMD Technical Committee
time the quantity available in stated: “I think the evidence base for classification
our countries still increases... producing a deterrent is not strong”.
Police are losing the drug
battle worldwide.” • The Commons Science and Technology
Committee reported that: “We have found no solid
Raymond Kendall, evidence to support the existence of a deterrent
Secretary General of INTERPOL effect, despite the fact that it appears to underpin
1994
the Government’s policy on classification”15.
26
Why prohibition can never work
A simple economic analysis can usefully demonstrate why absolute prohibition
can never work. Simply put, where high demand exists alongside prohibition, a
criminal profit opportunity is inevitably created. Attempts to interrupt criminal
drug production and supply are doomed as the effect (if successful – which they
very rarely are) will be rising prices; this then makes the market more attractive for
new producers and sellers to enter – which they always do. No matter how many
dealers we arrest or smuggling networks we ‘smash’, the void is always filled by
the queue of willing replacements, hungry for the extraordinary profits prohibition
offers them. Most people will immediately relate to this analysis as it chimes with
the experience within their local community.
These stats may well be true (they may not, but Example: “Street drug dealing fell by 10% in the
let’s assume they are). However, local production last 6 months in Birmingham”.
is completely irrelevant in a global market, as falls
in production in one region will quickly be made up
Again, this may well be true – but short-term
by rises in another. This pattern has been observed
changes often mask longer-term trends. They
repeatedly in regional shifts in production of
can also be due to (non-policy related) external
coca, opium and cannabis – so frequently that
factors, changes in statistical collection or
it has become known in official shorthand as
‘the balloon effect’ (if you squeeze a balloon on methodology, and sometimes a marginal change
one side, it expands on the other). The key point can be within statistical error parameters. This
here is that the trend in global production has sort of cherry picking can also be countered by
always kept pace with global demand, which has bringing the focus back to the bigger picture
risen steadily over the past four decades (see: statistics on the failure of the policy nationally
why prohibition can never work, above). Illegal and internationally. Be careful to make sure the
drug markets are not confined by geographical criticism is aimed at the policy makers, not those
boundaries, and localised successes should not who are implementing policy (the police do their
be allowed to disguise larger scale systematic job as best they can, it just happens to be an
failure to control global production. This is the impossible one). Also remind policy makers that it
worst form of cherry-picking. Keep the focus on is the policy of prohibition that created the crime
the bigger picture – using official national and and illegal markets in the first place.
27
3. Process success epidemic (e.g. crack use in the US) whilst another
simultaneously rises (in the US this has been
Examples: “We have set up a new agency,
methamphetamine). It is relatively easy for policy
appointed a new Tsar, instigated a partnership
makers to cherry pick some positive statistics and
project with Jamaican police, invested millions
misleadingly hold them up as representative of
in a, b and c, announced ambitious new targets
wider progress. Again the way to counter this is
on x, y and z” etc. etc.
to focus on the longer-term bigger picture – drug
use has risen steadily for decades – especially of
These are age-old exercises in distraction. Policy
the most problematic drugs. If a ‘stabilisation’ has
must be judged on outcomes, not inputs or process
been ‘achieved’, this may be sold as a success but
indicators. Challenge policy makers on their record:
most likely it simply reflects a saturated market
the outcomes of the policies they are supporting.
demand. The UK government has for example
Don’t let them get away with announcing yet
been claiming success in the stabilisation of
more headline-grabbing new initiatives. Have
heroin use in the UK over the past 4 or 5 years – it
these new changes (or “spinitiatives”) made
needs to be pointed out that usage has stabilised
any difference to the bigger picture on supply,
at the highest level in UK history, the highest
availability, crime, problematic use? The problems
level in Europe, and a level approximately 1000%
with prohibition are fundamental and cannot be
higher than in 1971.
solved with superficial tweaks to policy which, at
best, will marginally reduce the harms created by 5. Success on completely meaningless
the policy in the first place, and more likely will indicators
cost government and taxpayers more money for
no benefits. Examples: ‘volume of drug seizures is up’,
‘number of dealers jailed has increased’, ‘ we
4. Success relative to previous disaster: have ‘smashed’ record numbers of drug gangs’
etc.
Example: “crack use has fallen since last year”
These are measures that reflect the level of
When compared to a policy as disastrous as expenditure on enforcement and the size of the
heavy-handed enforcement and large-scale illegal market. They rarely, if ever, translate into
incarceration, almost any change in intervention the policy outputs that prohibition is striving for
will start to look like progress. A good example – i.e. reduced drug production, supply, availability
is the improved outcomes from coercing drug- or use (let alone reduced harm). They sound great
using offenders into abstinence-based ‘treatment’ in the media; catching baddies, intercepting nasty
as opposed to sending them to jail. The point drugs etc – but it gives the misleading impression
here is that imprisonment is so expensive and of success when in reality the opposite is true.
counterproductive that literally any alternative Again, challenge people using these sorts of
spending would produce better results – burning statistics to show what impact they are having
the money, giving offenders juggling lessons, on meaningful indicators and keep to the bigger
ANYTHING. picture. Do not let statements from officials such
as talking about ‘x quantities of drugs prevented
The crack example can also illustrate the from reaching the streets’ go unchallenged. Point
important point that drugs come in and out out that such seizures have no impact on overall
of fashion largely independently of policy and supply and that drugs are cheaper and more
law. Prevalence of one drug may fall after an available than ever.
28
Always bring these claims back to the long term
ongoing systematic failure of prohibition and the “Policies conceived and
relative effectiveness of regulation against key enforced to control drug-
indicators. related problems and effects
have led to disastrous and
perverse results. Prohibition
Co-opting the
is the fundamental principle
of drug policies. If we
language of the consider the results achieved,
there are profound doubts
drug war regarding its effectiveness.
Prohibitionist policies have
been unable to control the
Many arguments that are made in support of consumption of narcotics;
prohibition are easily challenged - prohibition on the other hand, there
has historically achieved the exact opposite of has been an increase of
its stated goals, and tough-talking rhetoric rings criminality. There is also a
very hollow when this is pointed out. When high mortality rate related
confronted with an unanswerable factual critique to the quality of substances
of prohibition’s failure, its advocates will often and to AIDS or other viral
retreat behinds ‘tough’, populist language. This diseases.”
needs to challenged all the more energetically,
and there is sometimes a place for co-opting Jorge Sampiaio,
tough-talking populism – especially if it has been President of Portugal
Madrid’s El Pais, 07.04.97
used against you - as a way to undermine the
prohibitionist paradigm and promote evidence-
led public health alternatives.
• Drug prohibition is not tough on crime – it is • Legally regulating and controlling currently
manna from heaven for the Mafia, just as it was illegal drugs would collapse the illegal markets
during alcohol prohibition. and get the drug smugglers and dealers out of
this business. If we want to really get tough on
• Prohibition is ‘a gangsters charter’ - the drug dealing gangsters let’s take away their
abdicating control of a multi billion pound market biggest source of revenue and try to collapse the
in dangerous substances to violent organised illegal drug business for good.
criminal networks and unregulated dealers.
Our policy is ‘sending out the right message’
• It is organised crime’s single biggest source
of income, and continues to grow despite the • Current drug policy sends out an extremely
huge enforcement efforts and hundreds of confused message; one that supports:
billions spent on the drug war over a number of - mass criminalisation of the young and
decades. vulnerable
29
- policies that maximise drug harms such as - we are anti-illegal markets and gangsterism,
drug deaths, overdoses and blood borne genuinely tough on crime
disease transmission - we think that public health problems should
- ignoring the decades of evidence that shows be dealt with as such
the policy is a counterproductive failure - we care about protecting the young and
- using the blunt tool of criminal justice vulnerable, and providing appropriate help
enforcement to deal with complex social and where needed
public health problems - we are going to show leadership and not
- commercial promotion of dangerous legal be bullied into continuing with failed and
drugs counterproductive policies just to appease
some international partners/agencies
• It can also be pointed out that using criminal (primarily the US and UN drug agencies), or
law to send out messages about public health the tabloid press
or private morality is a bizarre strategy that has - (see also ‘morals and messages’ p.52)
been, by any measure, a complete disaster. We
do not imprison people for having unsafe sex, ‘Drugs are dangerous and must be controlled’
or other consenting adult risk taking behaviours
such as dangerous sports, or for that matter, legal • Exactly right. But the drug war concept
drug use. Homosexuality was legalised when of ‘controlled drugs’ is an absurdity, because
the unacceptable injustice of imposing private prohibition has abdicated all control of drugs
morality with criminal law was exposed. to gangsters. Control of drugs under prohibition
is demonstrably impossible. In reality it leads to
• Moves toward regulation and control, by a complete lack of control and creates criminal
contrast, send out the message that: anarchy.
- we are rationally looking at the evidence of
what works • Real control means taking the markets back
from criminal networks and bringing them within
‘’I say legalise drugs because the government sphere, where drug production,
I want to see less drug abuse, supply and use can be regulated, as strictly as is
not more. And I say legalise deemed appropriate for each drug in any given
drugs because I want to see locale .
the criminals put out of
business.’’ • It is precisely because drugs are dangerous
that they need to be regulated and controlled.
Edward Ellison,
Operational Head of Scotland Yard’s • Drugs are too dangerous to be left in the
Drugs Squad,1982- 86 hands of criminals.
TransFORm PATRON
Daily Mail 10.03.98
• The more dangerous a drug is, the more
important that it is properly controlled by the
government.
30
“Please can we begin to hear some good sense from No 10 and
the Home Office, and let’s start looking at how drugs can be
legalised and our society can be decriminalised. Let’s recognise
reality and start to reduce the numbers who are cluttering
up our prisons. Let’s start selling drugs through outlets such
as off-licences, where the likelihood of dealing with someone
holding a gun is virtually zero, unlike the street traders of
today. Let’s admit that we are getting it wrong, by allowing
our fear and prejudice against certain drugs to drive us to
pursue wrongheaded policies which only produce damaging
social results.”
Mo Mowlam,
former MP, cabinet minister from 1997-2001,
responsible for the Government’s drugs policy from 1999-2001.
“Better drugs laws will cut gun crime -
Let’s recognise reality and start selling the stuff at off-licences”
The Guardian 09.01.03
31
4. Making the case for
regulated markets
Although it is important to expose the shortcomings of current
drug policy, no amount of devastating critique of prohibition will
achieve very much unless a convincing case for an alternative
policy is made. The big problem with the so-called ‘legalisation
lobby’ in the past is that brilliant critique has tended to be
followed with a one word solution – ‘legalisation’. This chapter
considers how to advocate clearly what the replacement for
prohibition will look like, and the principles by which such
policy alternatives will be developed and implemented. The next
chapter considers a number of the most common concerns raised
about a post-prohibition world, and how these concerns can be
addressed.
Paul Flynn MP
32
FROM legalisation Be clear about
to regulation what regulated
markets are, and
prohibition needs to be clearly and confidently what they are not
The alternative to the current system of drug
33
“Only legalising the most widely used drugs, subjecting them to strict
quality assessment and making them available through controlled outlets,
will allow people to make intelligent choices.
The most odious tyrannies are those that seek to impose unreal values
on society. Drugs policy has become such a tyranny. The hard truth is
that millions of people want the freedom to use drugs, and no policy of
prohibition is going to stop them. Isn’t it time government accepted this fact,
and allowed them to use drugs more safely and at less risk to others?”
• Make it clear you are not talking about a - Licensed sales (as with off licenses or
free market that would give carte blanche to tobacconists) with various available tiers of
multinationals and pharmaceutical companies licensing conditions that could be applied as
to market or promote recreational drugs (see appropriate
‘concerns about legalisation/regulation’ p.46).
Producers would be strictly regulated, particularly - Licensed premises (pubs or Dutch style
with regard to advertising, marketing, health coffee-shops) again, with variable licensing
warnings and packaging. conditions.
• Different regulatory regimes would be put in - Unlicensed sales for low risk drugs – like
place for different drugs in different locations. coffee
The strictness of regulation for different drugs (or
different preparations of a given drug) would be (for more discussion of regulatory models see the
determined by the comparative risks associated Transform, KCBA and HOBC reports detailed in
with their production, supply and use. Chapter 6, p.59).
• Regulatory regimes would be based • The type of regulation for each drug would
on existing models (something people can be based on evidence of what works. Unlike the
immediately understand) including; inflexible straitjacket of prohibition, a regulatory
regime could develop a range of responses to
- Medical prescription (possibly involving the risks that different drugs present. Different
supervised use) for the most risky drugs (e.g. models would be piloted and tested, with policy
injectable heroin – the legal framework for development and implementation based on
which already exists in practice) evidence of effectiveness. Regulatory frameworks
could be changed and updated in response to
- Over the counter pharmacy sales – from changing circumstances.
qualified pharmacists (possibly with additional
training for vending recreational drugs)
34
• Implementation would be phased and based that the response to illegal drugs need not be
on the precautionary principle. Regulated models any different to our current response to legal
would not be rolled out for all drugs overnight. drugs (see ‘fault-lines within existing policy’
It is likely that certain drugs would be legalised p.15), or for that matter any other issue in the
and regulated first (probably cannabis) and other public health arena. Making the case for a public
drugs phased in over a number of years. Initially health-led response is crucial to getting the
the default position would be to err on the side of reform message across. It is a concept people
stricter regulation, which could then be relaxed are familiar with and understand (in relation to,
only if evidence suggested that would be more for example, tobacco policy), and it helps direct
effective. the emphasis of the discourse towards evidence-
based policy making and harm reduction – and
• Internationally, this is about returning away from the ideological dream of achieving a
democratic freedoms to sovereign states. Under ‘drug free society’.
this new system no country is going to be bullied
into legalising and regulating any drug (in • The fact that certain drugs are currently dealt
contrast to the bullying to maintain prohibition with via the criminal justice system is a quirk of
that many experience now). The changes we are the history of prohibition, and not the conclusion
seeking at the international level would change of any kind of rational analysis or evaluation.
the UN legal system to allow the freedom of Drugs, quite simply, are primarily a public heath
individual states to democratically decide on issue and should be dealt with as such by the
any move towards regulated drug markets if relevant public health agencies (see principles of
they determined that was the best way forward drug policy – p.20).
for them. It would merely put regulatory policy
options back in the frame. If certain nation states • Prohibition not only undermines public
(those, perhaps, where alcohol is still prohibited) health efforts to reduce drug harm (by diverting
wished to maintain absolute prohibition, that budgets to enforcement and stigmatising the
decision would remain their sovereign right. most vulnerable problem users with criminality)
it actually increases harms associated with use by
encouraging high risk behaviours (e.g. injecting/
sharing needles), stifles access to accurate safety
Re-establishing
information, and ensures that dangerous drugs
are of unknown strength and purity.
public health /
to be effective (e.g. needle exchanges, treatment
programmes, controls on tobacco advertising),
35
“the current arrangements to strong anti-drug message, or the moral view that
control the supply of illegal a drug-free lifestyle is to be encouraged.
drugs should be reviewed
to determine whether any It is often useful to make this point explicitly. It
cost-effective and politically defuses potential accusations about ‘sending
acceptable measures can out the wrong message’, especially if you are
be taken to reduce their crystal clear about your message on drug use /
availability to young people” misuse, and the mechanisms by which you would
like to see that message ‘sent out’ (i.e. through
The ADVISORY COUNCIL proven public education channels, rather than
ON THE MISUSE OF DRUGS discredited criminal justice ones). In many respects
recommendation from ‘Pathways to
Problems’ report 14.09.06 prohibition is an active obstacle to effective
public health messages, directing resources away
from education and prevention into enforcement,
whilst simultaneously alienating young people
to be more effective (and don’t involve making and fostering distrust of government messages
criminals out of a third of the country). on drugs through blanket criminalisation. To
defend prohibition is to send far more confusing
If the case for a public health-led response can be messages: defending organised crime’s biggest
made effectively, it can only lead in one direction business, and guaranteeing that the harm caused
– away from ideological prohibition and towards by drugs will be maximised.
evidence based regulation and control. Once you
have people thinking along these lines you are
Keeping the
well on the way to winning them over.
focus on the
You can be
international
anti-drug and
dimension
pro-reform
It is important to remember that how we respond
As has been discussed elsewhere in the guide to the drugs issue in the UK has a direct impact
(p.19), the way the drugs debate has historically on the rest of the world. It is a much overlooked
been framed often leads to pro-reform positions fact in the drugs debate that the impact of our
being confused with (or misrepresented as) being domestic policies go way beyond British shores.
‘pro-drug’ or somehow condoning, encouraging We have to be wary of not slipping into a
or giving approval for drug use generally. parochial perspective on this issue.
Without rehashing the same material covered
elsewhere, it is vital to emphasise that support for • Illegal production of drugs consumed in
principled, phased, evidence led reform of failed the West now form a significant proportion
drug legislation is in no way incompatible with a of the economies in key producer and transit
36
countries such as Afghanistan, Colombia and around the world. And indeed every time the
Jamaica. The vast quantities of illegal profits question of drug policy reform has been put to
accruing to violent gangsters and criminal cartels the American people – usually in the form of
are a significant factor undermining the social, state propositions to decriminalise cannabis for
economic and political stability of communities medical use – they have supported it, only to be
and entire nations across the globe. overruled by their federal government. It is hard
to ignore the symmetry between the US’s heavy-
• Illegal drug profits are used to corrupt handed global policing and the bullying tactics
officials at all levels of politics: judiciary, police to which it increasingly has to resort to maintain
and military. global drug prohibition; but it is important to
remember that the US has a vital role to play
• Illegal drug profits are helping to fund and
in global reform and needs to be engaged with
arm paramilitary groups, guerrilla groups, and
the same intelligence and sensitivity as other key
terrorist organisations across the globe, fuelling
audiences.
and escalating violence in already unstable
conflict zones.
37
Both tobacco and alcohol are often talked of as with illegal drugs is on the production and
if they are not ‘real drugs’ - or sometimes not supply side. Alcohol and tobacco are produced
drugs at all, underlined by the frequent use of under licence and under the law, are liable to
daft phrases such as ‘alcohol and drugs’, which taxation, regulation and inspection, alcohol is
is about as logical as saying ‘orange juice and sold in licensed shops and premises (tobacco
drinks’ or ‘sandals and footwear’. Obviously both is unlicensed but subject to age of purchaser
alcohol and tobacco are powerful psychoactive controls), tobacco products (and soon alcohol
drugs; potentially highly toxic, addictive and products) provide information on strength and
associated with high mortality rates. Were they to health warnings on the packaging. We have none
be classified under the current policy regime (the of the criminal market problems that we have for
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971) they would certainly currently illegal drugs (see tobacco notes below
be class A or B. Do not hesitate to point this fact re: illicit smuggling).
out17.
For all the health and social problems associated • Increasingly effective regulation of tobacco
with alcohol and tobacco use, the key difference (including recent bans on advertising and
38
smoking in public spaces) and, more importantly,
“The prestige of government
growing public understanding of the negative has undoubtedly been lowered
health consequences of smoking backed up with considerably by the prohibition law.
comparatively well funded health education For nothing is more destructive of
campaigns on the risks of smoking - have all led respect for the government and the
to a steady reduction in smoking over the past law of the land than passing laws
three decades. Admittedly this was from a very which cannot be enforced. It is an
high point in the post war era, before which open secret that the dangerous
advertising was aggressive and unfettered, and increase of crime in this country is
the medical consequences of smoking poorly closely connected with this.”
understood. Nevertheless, it does illustrate how
Professor Albert Einstein,
prevalence of a legal drug can change positively in Nobel Laureate (physics)
response to sensible regulation and public health My First Impression of the U.S.A.’, 1921
education. There is clearly some distance to go: (quote in reference to US alcohol prohibition)
39
tried (in the US 1920-1933) failed horribly (for
“With nearly one in five the same reasons drug prohibition is failing now)
Britons aged 20 to 24 now and was ultimately repealed.
using cannabis regularly, it’s
clear that the current law
Talking about...
is useless as a deterrent and
serves only to criminalise
cannabis
otherwise law-abiding people
while eating up vast amounts
of police time.”
New Scientist magazine, Editorial 03.10.02 Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug by a
large margin, and has correspondingly dominated
the debate on drug law reform for decades.
Levels of support for cannabis decriminalisation/
• Alcohol can still be advertised with few legalisation have risen from around 15% in the
restrictions, and is often directly marketed 1980s to consistently over 50% today7, despite a
to young people and children through sport large scale domestic and international propaganda
sponsorship such as Premiership football and effort to hype the drug’s undoubted potential
Formula 1 racing. Sums of money spent on dangers: this is an extremely positive precedent
public health education are eclipsed by spending for the drug reform movement as a whole. What
on advertising and promotion. New alcohol is clear is that exposure to informed debate on
products are being developed and marketed the drugs issue invariably pushes opinion away
(such as ‘alcopops’) that actively target younger from prohibition and towards reform.
emerging markets and encourage risky patterns
of use, despite implausible claims to the contrary However, there are problems with how the
from the alcohol industry. cannabis debate has been handled historically
that mean caution needs to be taken when
• If problematic alcohol use is to be tackled approaching it.
there must be far stricter controls over
advertising, marketing and promotion - starting • Saying cannabis should be legalised and
with minimum prices and a ban on sports and regulated ‘because it’s safe’ is neither true nor
youth events sponsorship, perhaps leading to useful. Like all drugs cannabis has risks and
an outright advertising ban, similar to that on even if they are relatively low, a minority of
tobacco. Far greater investment must be made in vulnerable users do run into real problems with
effective targeted health education (something it. Claiming otherwise is every bit as foolish and
the Government’s own appointed expert advisors unscientific as some of the more outlandish
agree with11). These are both policies that would ‘reefer madness’ claims made by advocates of
surely apply to any legalised and regulated drug its continued prohibition. This line of argument
in the future. We will never have to suffer Cocaine also undermines the wider argument for drug
Premiership Football or Ecstasy World Snooker. law reform; It is because drugs are dangerous /
risky that they need to be properly regulated. You
• With alcohol we have a unique and can go further to say that the more dangerous
unambiguous example of where prohibition was a drug is the more imperative it becomes to
40
legally regulate it, and take it out of the hands of get people thinking about the wider issues of drug
criminals. law reform, especially since there is a substantial
constituency of people who support legalisation
• In this sense the cannabis debate dominates of cannabis but not other drugs. Given that
the wider drugs debate in a way that grossly exactly the same arguments apply – reducing
overstates its importance, and it has become harms and protecting freedoms of individuals – it
a distraction from more important issues. is easy to challenge the substantial ‘cannabis yes
The essentially trivial dispute over cannabis – but not the rest’ audience in a way that forces
reclassification hogged media and parliamentary them to think about the bigger picture. Cannabis
debate for nearly two years – during which time is also unique in that in many countries positive
more substantive debates on how to address the reform is already underway. This provides useful
dramatic failings of the drug strategy, and how it debating resource where such policies can be
was fuelling crime, prison overcrowding and the shown to be effective, particularly in the case of
wider crisis in the criminal justice system, were Holland, where the drug is de facto decriminalised,
largely overlooked. When the issue of cannabis regulated and tolerated.
comes up, try to move the debate to policy on all
drugs.
“We support the Runciman Inquiry’s recommendations that “the possession of cannabis
should not be an imprisonable offence.” We also wish to support some of the cogent
argument of Peter Lilley MP…where he says that inebriation is regarded as a sin
because it can lead to more serious wrongdoing. Alcohol inebriation has long been
associated with violence in some cases, and it is possible that cannabis abuse could
sometimes have harmful effects. However that is a matter for personal responsibility,
guided by moral imperatives. Abuse, which is a sin, is not necessarily a crime”.
41
The response must be public health led
“if it were absolutely and based on harm reduction principles
established that there was
a higher addiction rate with Public health interventions are far harder for
crack, legalization could, crack than for heroin. While even the most chaotic
paradoxically, diminish its heroin users will respond to regular prescriptions
use. This is so because if that satisfy their needs, crack users will often
cocaine were reduced to binge frequently and uncontrollably. While
the same price as crack, the heroin users may accept substitute prescriptions
abuser, acknowledging the such as methadone, no such alternatives for
higher rate of addiction, crack exist (although some have been suggested
might forgo the more and research continues, including prescribing of
intensive high of crack, substitute stimulants and development of less
opting for the slower high potent, slower releasing cocaine preparations).
of cocaine. Crack was New challenges are emerging as patterns of drug
introduced years ago as use shift and change – this is a rapidly evolving
offering an alluring new field.
psycho active experience. But
its special hold on the ghetto The simplest option would be for powder
is the result of its price. cocaine to be sold or prescribed from specialist
Remember that—on another pharmacy outlets under certain strict conditions,
front—we know that 120- (prescribing cocaine is already possible in the
proof alcohol doesn’t sell as UK, so no change in the law would be required
readily as 86 proof, not by a - although prescribing guidelines would need
long shot, even though the updating).
higher the proof, the faster
the psychological effect that Since making smokable crack cocaine from
alcohol users are seeking.” powder cocaine is a simple kitchen procedure, and
one that is impossible to prevent, so dedicated
Professor Michael Gazzaniga crack users may continue to procure it, even if it
Professor of Psychiatry at Dartmouth
Medical School, editor-in-chief of the
were not directly available. Ultimately, however,
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience the pragmatic reality remains that if someone is
the National Review February 05.02.90 determined enough to use crack it is preferable
that they have a supply of known strength and
purity and do not have to commit crimes against
others or prostitute themselves as a means to
buying it.
42
“Persisting in our current policies will only result in more drug abuse,
more empowerment of drug markets and criminals, and more disease and
suffering. Too often those who call for open debate, rigorous analysis of
current policies, and serious consideration of alternatives are accused of
“surrendering.” But the true surrender is when fear and inertia combine to
shut off debate, suppress critical analysis, and dismiss all alternatives to
current policies. Mr. Secretary General, we appeal to you to initiate a truly
open and honest dialogue regarding the future of global drug control
policies - one in which fear, prejudice and punitive prohibitions yield to
common sense, science, public health and human rights.”
Problem crack users are at the hard end of chaotic wine). It was prohibition that brought cocaine
drug use and cause a disproportionate amount of powder onto the streets in the first place, and
secondary harms to society. There is no benefit in finally produced high-risk smokable crack18. We
further criminalising and demonising them when have prohibition to thank for crack: a powerful
what is clearly required is a concerted public reason for ending it before it generates new and
health response combined with appropriate even more dangerous drugs
social support.
The market for cocaine is currently defined
‘What about crack?’ is also a question that by the fact that only the strongest and most
highlights the role of prohibition in the dangerous forms of the drug are available. If
emergence of the ‘crack epidemic’. The less potent preparations were available, demand
unregulated economics of illegal markets under would be likely to move away from the more
prohibition always tend to cause concentration risky preparations, just as patterns of alcohol
of available drug preparations which are more use shifted back towards beers and wines
profitable per unit weight. Just as under alcohol when US alcohol prohibition was repealed. In
prohibition the trade in beer gave way to more the case of crack cocaine in the UK, the long-
concentrated, profitable and dangerous spirits, established illegal heroin market created a ready
the same pattern has been observed over the past made distribution network and receptive user
century with opiates – from opium (smoked or in base for the new product. The heroin and crack
drinkable preparations) to injectable heroin, and markets have meshed within a comparatively
more recently with the cannabis market being short period (most crack users are also heroin
increasingly saturated with more potent varieties. users). If these illegal networks were dismantled
With coca-based products the transformation through the introduction of regulated supply, we
has been dramatic. Before its prohibition, the would dramatically reduce the possibility for the
common forms of cocaine use were low-risk coca next new drug ‘epidemic’, meth-amphetamine
leaf chewing and coca-based drinks (tea and perhaps, to take hold.
43
Talking abouT...
is rarely useful to push this part of the reform
argument. Respond appropriately if it is raised
Personal Rights
but, unless absolutely necessary, don’t bother
raising it unless you have an obviously receptive
audience.
The arguments for the personal right to use drugs
are strong. They are based on the principles of If this argument is going to make any real
John Stuart Mill that underpin most modern progress in the short term it will be in the courts,
lawmaking: that consenting adults should be free when unjust prosecutions or laws are challenged
to engage in whatever behaviour they wish as under human rights legislation, as has already
long as it does not harm others, and that acting begun to happen in mainland Europe.
in order to prevent the individual from harming
themselves is not legitimate. Indeed, there are
no comparable laws in the UK against self-harm,
up to and including the legalisation of suicide in “Liberty considers that
1961. People are free to indulge in all manner of the current policy
risky and harmful activities including dangerous of criminalisation of
sports, unsafe sex, and of course legal drug use possession, use and supply
including alcohol and tobacco (responsible for of drugs represents serious
tens of thousands of deaths each year). Drug infringements into civil
laws that criminalise personal use (technically, liberties that are unjustified.
possession for personal use) are significantly at Liberty therefore calls for
odds with the law as it applies to comparable the general decriminalisation
personal choices. They are also entirely different of possession, use and supply
to laws that, rightly, criminalise harming others and supply of all drugs, for
such as rape, theft, murder etc. Do highlight this the regime for control of
obvious distinction if you hear the somewhat drugs to be replaced by a
desperate prohibitionist argument along the lines civil mechanism of control,
of: “well why not legalise murder?” and for there to be right of
access to the lawful supply
Liberty are among the civil rights groups who of drugs.”
agree with this and have a specific policy calling
for an end to total prohibition. National Council
for Civil Liberties
Unfortunately, whilst this argument may carry From written submission to the
Home Affairs Select Committee inquiry
weight intellectually, it carries very little politically ‘The Government’s Drug Policy: is it
or with public opinion. Policy makers, perhaps Working?’ 2001
understandably with so many other battles to
fight, are simply not going to risk political capital
campaigning for the right to take drugs. Similarly,
public opinion is unlikely to be won over rapidly
on this one, with the media focusing almost
exclusively on the negative aspects of drug
use. So realistically, in the short term at least, it
44
“The role of government should be to prevent
the most chaotic drug users from harming
others – by robbing or by driving while drugged,
for instance – and to regulate drug markets to
ensure minimum quality and safe distribution.
The first task is hard if law enforcers are
preoccupied with stopping all drug use; the
second, impossible as long as drugs are illegal.”
The Economist
editorial. From Issue entitled: ‘Time to legalise all drugs’ 28.06.01
45
5. Concerns about moves
towards legally
regulated markets
This section of the guide provides the basic analysis you will
need to respond to the most commonly raised concerns about
legalisation and regulation.
46
1. WILL
and society will be far better placed to address
problematic drug use, and its underlying causes
47
flimsy premise that prohibition is an effective fashion, culture and music, advertising,
deterrent to use. Research into drug taking availability, price and perception of risk. Post-
motivations, specifically why people choose not to prohibition there will be effects that may
take drugs, and the extent of any deterrent effect increase use (removal of enforcement deterrence,
from law enforcement, is extremely scant. The lower price, easier availability, better quality), as
Home Office has never undertaken or presented well as effects that may lower use (removal of
any substantial evidence in support of the alleged ‘underground glamour’, more medicalisation of
deterrent effect that is at the heart of UK drug addicts, removal of dealers targeting new users,
policy – even when it has been specifically and increased investment in treatment, education
repeatedly challenged on this issue by various and social regeneration). The net effect of
parliamentary select committees. From the little these conflicting pressures is unclear and will
we do have, it appears the extent and impact vary significantly between different drugs and
of enforcement related deterrence is at best different drug using populations.
marginal, and will vary greatly between different
drugs and drug using groups. (see also: - Myths • Headline figures of reported use give no
about prohibition: the criminal justice system is indication of the intensity or frequency of use,
an effective deterrent p.25). and specifically do not measure problematic use
or levels of harm associated with use. A rise in
• In particular there is no evidence to prevalence does not necessarily equate to a rise
demonstrate a deterrent effect amongst in overall harm, and could in theory coincide with
problematic or dependent users of heroin and a fall in the prevalence of problematic use and
cocaine, the Government’s stated primary focus overall harm.
of its drug policy efforts.
• A report commissioned by Tony Blair from
• There are a large number of variables the Number 10 Strategy Unit concluded that
that affect drug-taking decisions other “There is no causal relationship between drug
than enforcement related deterrence. These availability and incidence [of use] ” and “Supply-
significantly include socioeconomic variables, side interventions have a limited role to play in
reducing harm - initiation into problematic drug
use is not driven by changes in availability or
“In the face of all the price” 12.
evidence, thorough research
into the possibility of It is also important to acknowledge how the
legalisation is the only nature of drug use would change under a legally
intelligent thing to do.” regulated system that we believe would mean
that, even if there were an increase in use, there
Professor Sheila Bird would be a decrease in overall harm:
Principal Statistician at the Medical
Research Council Biostatistics Unit.
Cambridge Evening News March 2006 • Drugs would be safer, being of known and
guaranteed strength and purity and having health
and safety information, warnings and guidance
on packaging or available at point of sale.
48
more concentrated and profitable forms of
certain drugs (from opium to heroin, and from “The King County Bar
coca leaf to coca drinks to cocaine to crack). A Association has concluded…
post prohibition era is likely to witness a shift that the establishment of
back towards safer, less concentrated options. a new legal framework
By way of example, following the end of alcohol of state-level regulatory
prohibition in the US consumption patterns control over psychoactive
moved away from spirits back to beers and wines substances, intended to
(see ‘talking about .....Alcohol and Tobacco? p.37 render the illegal markets
and ‘Talking about …..crack? p.41) for such substances
unprofitable, to restrict
Prevalence of use is only one of a number of access to psychoactive
health indicators (and not an especially useful substances by young persons
one) and health is only one of a number of policy and to provide prompt health
areas that need to be evaluated. care and essential services
to persons suffering from
Policy should seek to manage drug use so as to chemical dependency and
minimise the harm drugs cause, both to drug addiction, will better serve
users and the wider community. This requires that the objectives of reducing
we redefine ‘the drug problem’ as more than just crime, improving public order,
‘people use drugs’. Measuring the effectiveness enhancing public health,
of drug policy requires a far broader range of protecting children and
indicators that include public health, crime, wisely using scarce public
civil rights, community safety and international resources, than current drug
development and conflict. policies”.
49
Key points to make when this issue arises: from tobacco and alcohol. Legal regulation
will facilitate a more balanced, consistent and
• The reality is that under the current regime believable health message on all drugs
illegal drugs remain easily available to most
young people and a significant minority have • A criminal record (even for a minor drug
used one or more. Regulation cannot eliminate offence) can have a devastating effect on already
such use, any more than it can with tobacco and vulnerable individuals, fostering social exclusion.
alcohol, but controlled availability will create a A criminal record puts significant restrictions
significantly improved environment for reducing on employment, travel, personal finance, and
harm, and longer term reductions in demand. housing. For many young people it is a greater
One of the key benefits of regulation is that it threat to their health and well-being than
allows appropriate controls to be put in place occasional drug use, particularly if it involves the
over price and availability (location, times of trauma of imprisonment
opening and age restrictions) as well as controls
over advertising and promotion. It is precisely • Young people are not stupid. Policies that
because drugs pose risks that they need to be they rightly perceive to be failing, hypocritical,
appropriately regulated, especially for young unfair, persecuting, mean and pointless can
people. only undermine respect for the law, the police
and authority in general. If we want to reach
• legally regulated and controlled drug markets out to young people and other vulnerable or
will offer a far greater level of protection to socially excluded groups, in order to offer help
vulnerable groups than the chaotic, unregulated and encourage responsible lifestyle choices, then
and often violent illegal markets we have today declaring a war against them is not the way to
do it. Removing the spectre of criminality would
• Prohibition directly endangers and harms make drug services and information far more
young people; they are the most frequent victims attractive and accessible for those most in need
of drug motivated street crime and violence and but hardest to reach.
they carry the increased burden of risk from using
illegal drugs of unknown strength and purity (see also – ‘minimising harm to the young and
vulnerable’ p.23)
• The greatest threat from drugs to the health
of the young still comes, by a substantial margin,
“So long as large sums of money are involved - and they are
bound to be if drugs are illegal - it is literally impossible to
stop the traffic, or even to make a serious reduction in its
scope.”
Milton Friedman,
Nobel Prize winner (economics)
Tyranny of the Status Quo 1984
50
3. WILL Profit “And if we want to help
sustainable economic
motivated development in the drug-
multinationals
ridden states such as
Colombia and Afghanistan,
takE over
we should almost certainly
liberalise drugs use in our
control from
societies, combating abuse via
education, not prohibition,
51
“If there is any single lesson from the experience of the
last 30 years, it is that policies based wholly or mainly on
enforcement are destined to fail.”
4. Morals and
choices – for everything other than illegal drugs -
it uses public education via a range of institutions
messages
and media.
5. A leap in the
as already discussed, we do not prohibit by law
the possession of high-powered motorcycles,
rock climbing, casual sex without condoms,
high fat junk foods, alcohol, tobacco, or any dark?
number of other activities and consumables
that involve risk to the user, with equivalent or It is often suggested that legalisation and
higher ‘harm potential’ than illegal drug use. regulation would be a dangerous gamble with the
When the Government wishes to send messages health and well-being of the public, and that there
encouraging sensible, healthy or safer lifestyle is no evidence to support such a radical move (this
52
was the main argument against legalisation put to around 2000. In this sense, legal control and
forward by the Home Affairs Select Committee regulation of the most dangerous drug is already
Inquiry in 200219). Whilst it is true that no country in operation.
has yet legalised and regulated any of the drugs
covered under the UN conventions, it is wrong • The de-facto decriminalisation of personal
to suggest that there is no evidence to support possession of drugs has taken place in numerous
reform arguments. A significant body of evidence countries, most commonly for cannabis, but in
in support of drug policy and law reform can be some cases, - including Portugal, Spain, Italy,
assembled from a range of sources: Western Australia and Russia - the change
encompasses all drugs.
• Currently legal drugs. Most obviously there
is evidence from the effective, if imperfect, • The Dutch cannabis experiment. In Holland,
functioning of regulatory models for currently not only has possession of cannabis been
legal drugs, primarily alcohol and tobacco. decriminalised, but sales from shops have been
These are toxic and highly addictive drugs that tolerated and licensed since 1976. Whilst it
are associated with significant health and social technically remains illegal, the pragmatic Dutch
harms. However, their legal regulation means the model has come closest to showing how a legal
government can intervene in areas such as price cannabis market can operate effectively. The
and availability and they are not associated with policy, in contrast to disparaging claims made
most of the social harms created by prohibition by prohibitionist detractors, has been effective
regards production (see: ‘talking about…alcohol and enjoys broad public and official support.
and tobacco’ p.37). It is useful to point out that since these moves
Holland has historically had lower levels of
• The end of alcohol prohibition. The problems cannabis use than either the US or UK (although
created by alcohol prohibition closely echo those all have risen).
of modern drug prohibition, and the benefits of
its repeal are well documented. • Legalisation and regulation of gambling
and prostitution. Although these are activities
• Heroin prescribing. The prescription model rather than products they illustrate how violence,
for drug supply has a significant body of evidence criminal markets and other problems associated
in its support20. Large scale heroin prescription with high demand for illegal activities can be
projects have been adopted in countries across minimised through legal regulation.
Western Europe including Holland, Germany, and
Switzerland with impressive results on indicators By contrast, the evidence is both extensive and
for crime, health and social nuisance. Evidence conclusive that prohibition has failed, both in
also comes from the UK which pioneered heroin the UK and internationally. Prohibition itself
prescribing from the 1920s, only to see it heavily had no evidence base when it was devised and
restricted from the 70s onwards. It should be implemented. It could itself be described as a
noted that the prescribing model still functions huge leap in the dark, gambling with the health
in the UK, with certain individuals prescribed and well-being of the public, and demonstrably
maintenance heroin in injectable form. The failing on its own terms. By contrast, the moves
numbers receiving prescriptions is small, around to regulated markets have a wealth of evidence
300, but plans have been announced by the to show how they would work and the benefits
(former) Home Secretary to expand this number they would bring. There is clearly more work
53
to be done: we need assessments, pilot studies some countries/regions and licensed sales are
and other research designed to develop and allowed in Holland.
implement new policy (a veritable army of civil
servants will be freed up as the enforcement • There is a global trend away from harsh,
approach is wound down). However, from what costly and ineffective enforcement, towards a
we already know it is clear that moves towards greater emphasis on treatment, harm reduction
legal regulation are far from a leap in the dark. and approaching problem drug use primarily as a
public health issue.
6. How do
of prohibition in many different places. At one
end, we can expect an expansion of medical
7. DON T The UN
South America.
treaties mean
• Supervised injecting rooms (and drug smoking
rooms) have been established in Vancouver,
Sydney, and across Europe.
reform is
• Heroin and other drugs, including stimulants,
are available through medical prescription, to impossible?
long term problem users in a number of countries
including the UK, Canada, Australia, Switzerland The UN drugs treaties present a significant but
and Germany. by no means insurmountable hurdle. They were
formulated in a long distant era (some of the
• Cannabis cultivation is decriminalised in 1961 convention was drafted in the 1940s, when
54
“We recommend that the Government initiates a discussion
within the Commission on Narcotic Drugs of alternative ways
— including the possibility of legalisation and regulation —
to tackle the global drugs dilemma.”
Al Capone was still alive) when the nature of progressive and pragmatic human rights, harm
the drug problem was unrecognisably different reduction and public health principles.
from the situation today. They are laws from
the distant past that have dramatically failed in The key points here are:
their stated goal of reducing drug availability and
harms, and are too rigidly drawn to adapt to our • UK and other Governments need to show
present-day needs. leadership, embrace modernity and challenge
outdated and ineffectual legislation in whatever
Mechanisms do exist to redraft and change the arena it arises.
treaties – but these are riddled with political and
institutional problems21. Unilateral withdrawal or • There is a great deal that can be done in the
denunciation presents significant political costs short term within the treaties that is avoided by
to individual states but may be facilitated by governments who misleadingly deploy the treaties
three factors in the coming years. as an excuse for inaction. There is nothing to
stop us, for example, from setting up supervised
1. There is a coalition of countries that are deeply injecting rooms, prescribing drugs to problematic
and increasingly unhappy with the conventions, users, shifting enforcement priorities towards de
and will sooner or later present their objections facto decriminalisation of certain offences, or
under a united front. moving from criminal to civil penalties for certain
offences.
2. The strength of the treaties is diminishing
with each year, as they consistently fail to deliver • UN treaties are not, despite the protestations
what they set out to. They are withering on the of some prohibitionists, written in stone. They
vine as more and more countries move away from can be and frequently are redrafted where the
the letter and spirit of the laws they enshrine political will exists, and there are other exit
and become increasingly reluctant to fund their options that can be pursued unilaterally or as
expensive and failed programmes. part of a coalition of progressive states.
3. There is increasing conflict between the UN Transform has outlined the steps by which this
drug agencies that dogmatically adhere to an process could occur in its history of prohibition
outdated prohibitionist paradigm, and other UN time line.1
agencies including the WHO, the UNHCR, and
UNAIDS, who increasingly subscribe to more
55
8. Where will all
Undoubtedly some criminals will seek out new
areas of illegal activity and it is realistic to expect
9. When bad
outdated, but dangerous and
harmful, both to addicts and
to recreational drug users,
as it focuses on locking up things happen
small-time offenders whilst
inadvertently granting the
monopoly of drug supply to Negative stories about illegal drugs, involving
high-ranking criminals.” crime, violence or death, always bring the drug
policy debate into the spotlight, and invariably
Morrie Flowers, in the worst possible way: emotive and
Chairman OF The Scottish Police Federation
the Scotsman 13.04.06
sensationalised by ‘shock’ tabloid headlines and
ripe for political exploitation. Notorious examples
include the high profile deaths of Leah Betts in
56
1995 following ecstasy use (although the cause
of death has subsequently been associated with “Law Enforcement Against
acute water intoxication), and Rachel Whitear who Prohibition is made up of [over
died of a heroin overdose in 2000. More recently 5000] current and former
we have seen a spate of high-profile reporting members of law enforcement
of violent crimes associated with mentally ill who believe the existing drug
individuals who also used various legal and illegal policies have failed in their
drugs – with the illegal drugs, rather than any of intended goals of addressing
the other factors, being directly blamed for the the problems of crime, drug
incident in shock terms (‘CANNABIS CRAZED AXE abuse, addiction, juvenile
MURDERER’). drug use, stopping the flow
of illegal drugs into this
In media reporting, the ‘if it bleeds - it leads’ country and the internal sale
ethos means that such events tend to dominate and use of illegal drugs. By
the debate around responses to drugs in society. fighting a war on drugs the
This promotes a one dimensional debate and government has increased the
a repetitive insistence that drugs are an ‘evil’ problems of society and made
we must fight against, whilst doing nothing to them far worse. A system
promote the responses that might make such of regulation rather than
tragedies less likely. What is the best way to prohibition is a less harmful,
respond? more ethical and a more
effective public policy.
• Acknowledge the tragedy and try to move
the discussion on to ways in which such events “The mission of LEAP is
might be avoided in the future. You can point out to reduce the multitude
that knee-jerk responses to such events and the of unintended harmful
‘moral panics’ they provoke do not have a history consequences resulting from
of creating effective policy. fighting the war on drugs
and to lessen the incidence
• Not only have such tragedies occurred under of death, disease, crime, and
prohibition with increasing frequency, but illegal addiction by ultimately ending
markets make such events more likely. Prohibition drug prohibition.”
actively increases risks associated with drug use
and also directly fuels crime and violence. All Quote from THE mission statement of
these tragedies have occurred under prohibition, Law Enforcement
so how can prohibition be the answer? Against Prohibition.
57
7. Further Resources
To become an unassailable advocate for drug policy reform you
will need to have the best possible facts, analysis and argument
at your fingertips. This guide can point you in the right direction
but you will need to make sure you have done the appropriate
research for you chosen topic and audience.
The Transform website www.tdpf.org.uk is the best place to start. There you can find:
You can also contact Transform directly for help with specific
queries. Please email info@tdpf.org.uk or call the Transform
office on 0117 941 5810
58
Key reports COMING SOON – Transform is currently working
59
1971 Misuse of Drugs Act entered the statute devised and implemented – considering the lack
books. The range of expert witness evidence of evidence for a deterrent effect for example. Very
taken and the scope and detail of the report was useful and informative review from a scientific
unprecedented. It again provides a useful factual perspective rather than an overtly political one.
and historical summary of the drug phenomenon
in the UK and offers a spectrum of progressive RSA Commission on Illegal Drugs,
responses. Whilst stopping short of calling for Communities and Public Policy (2007)
substantive law reform its final recommendation
was “that the Government initiates a discussion Described as an ‘Unofficial Royal Commission’ the
within the Commission on narcotic drugs of RSA (Royal Society for the Encouragement Arts
alternative ways - including the possibility of Manufactures and Commerce) Commission on
legalsiation and regulation - to tackle the global Illegal Drugs, Communities and Public Policy report
drugs dilemma.” was set up to take a fresh look at the drug policy
and try to untangle the complex knot of issues
The Prime Minster’s No 10 Strategy Unit commonly referred to as ‘the drugs problem.’
report: Understanding the Issues (2003) A detailed and forward thinking analysis whose
otherwise commendable recommendations hint
The Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit produced at, but stop just shy of, calls for legalisation and
a detailed economic and social analysis of regulation.
International and domestic drug policy. This is an
extremely useful document: firstly because of its
structured, well referenced and clearly presented
factual content (designed for ministerial Just the facts
consumption), and secondly because of its
provenance, commissioned by and presented Transform’s Fact Research Guide is a new
to the Prime Minister, having been researched addition to the Transform website, offering a
and drafted by some of the UK’s top policy critical guide to available information on key
thinkers. Its analysis showed with crystal clarity topics in the drugs debate, both official and
how supply-side enforcement interventions are independent.
ineffective and indeed actively counterproductive www.tdpf.org.uk/Policy_FactResearchGuide.htm
– presumably why the Government tried
unsuccessfully to prevent its publication (it was
leaked to the Guardian). Drugscope Information Services
Drugscope is an independent umbrella group
The Science and Technology Select providing information services to over 900
Committee report on drug classification member organisations in the drugs field. It
‘Making a Hash of it’ (2006) provides an unrivalled range of useful information
services based around its unique and extensive
This report put the ABC drug classification system drug literature library.
and the scientific basis of drug policy generally www.drugscope.co.uk
under some close and overdue scientific scrutiny.
There is some critique of the institutions involved,
but more useful is the detailed analysis of the Government information services
unscientific way in which drug policy has been Various government and parliamentary agencies
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produce statistical bulletins, reports and analysis. drug law reform. The quote archive is divided into
Good places to start are: the following sections; Politics, Opinion Formers,
Criminal Justice, Celebrities/Public Figures, NGOs
The www.drugs.gov website – in theory a portal and Statutory sector, and Religious Leaders. This
for most relevant Government reports and data, collection will provide inspiration, guidance
although in practice it can be quite difficult to on language and presentation for different
pin down what you are really after as the site audiences, as well as reassurance that you, as a
content reflects a political need to present the reformer, are in very distinguished company.
drug strategy in a positive light. If, for example www.tdpf.org.uk/MediaNews_Reform_
you wanted to know whether drugs had become supporters
less available over the past 10 years (a key target
of the drug strategy) the publications section
under ‘drug supply’ will provide little illumination. Transform has a web page listing recent debates
However, there is some very useful content here, on drug policy issues in The House of Commons
including publications by the Advisory Council and The House of Lords. There are many eloquent
on the Misuse of Drugs which are of consistently and passionate reformers in both Houses and
high quality. the links provided provide a useful lesson on
how to debate this issue in the political arena,
Often more useful is the Home Office research as well as the familiar rhetorical devices used by
development statistics drugs page – www. the defenders of prohibition. You can also use the
homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/ which lists all published excellent website www.theyworkforyou.com to do
Home Office statistical bulletins, reports and key word searches of the all recent parliamentary
analysis. It is more statistically heavy than activity, including debate and parliamentary
the more public face of the drugs.gov site and questions.
will require considerably more digging and www.tdpf.org.uk/Parliament_Debates
interpretation but, if you have the patience, it is
the best source of un-spun official Home Office
data and research. You can learn a lot from the numerous
pro-reform opinion writers:
The Rhetoric
Johann Hari – consistently eloquent writer on
drug law reform in the Independent. An archive
of his writings on the issue is available here:
Transform’s published articles web page www.johannhari.com/archive/index.php?subject
contains a collection of our various writings =drugLegalisation
and commentary printed in national media and
specialised publications, including a collection of Polly Toynbee- feted by left and right, the
our published letters. Guardian columnist and Transform supporter has
www.tdpf.org.uk/MediaNews_ produced some excellent opinion pieces on drug
TransformInTheMedia law reform, for example:
http://society.guardian.co.uk/drugsandalcohol/
comment/0,,941745,00.html
Transform has an extensive collection of quotes
from high profile public figures in support of Simon Jenkins – Former editor of the Times, now
61
columnist for The Times, Sunday Times, Guardian, publicly debated both Phillips and Hitchens - and
and Evening Standard, in all of which he regularly won on audience votes both times).
produces barnstorming opinion pieces, including
this one: ‘The really tough way to control drugs is Melanie Phillips – The most vocal anti-drug
to license them’ law reform writer of the reactionary right-
w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / a r t i c l e / 0 , , 2 0 8 8 - leaning opinion writers (currently working for
2472142,00 the Daily Mail). She advocates using the criminal
justice system to enforce personal morality and
is passionately anti-legalisation/law reform,
characterising the drug reform movement as a
sinister elite dedicated to destroying the fabric of
society. In many respects a brilliantly convincing
prohibitionist for certain audiences, she takes
spectacular liberties with the scientific and
Simon jenkins and polly toynbee factual basis for her arguments.
SPEAKING AT A TRANSFORM EVENT www.melaniephillips.com/
62
Appendix:
Using common ground to critique prohibition and make the case
for legalisation and regulation.
The table below uses the common ground principles and aims outlined in chapter 2 to provide a
summary of the main arguments against prohibition and in favour of regulatory alternatives.
• Problematic use and related harm has • The harm maximising effects of
risen dramatically under prohibition. prohibition would largely be removed
creating an environment in which more
• Problem drug users, often the most effective treatment, education and harm
vulnerable, excluded and needy members minimisation programmes could evolve,
of society, are demonised and stigmatised funded by redirected enforcement spending.
by the criminal justice approach. It is totally
unsuited to responding to their needs and • Problem users will benefit from support,
helping them rebuild their lives. not punishment and further marginalisation.
• Counterproductive enforcement
spending diverts limited drug policy
budgets away from where they can be
more effectively spent on treatment and
rehabilitation.
63
Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
64
Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
• A Number 10 Downing St Strategy Unit • The largest single profit opportunity for
report in 2003 similarly estimated the crime organised crime would evaporate, and with it
costs of crime to support Class A drug habits the largest single source of police corruption.
to be £20 billion a year12.
• With major illegal drug markets
• In the wider world illegal drug profits dismantled, millions of drug users no longer
are fuelling criminal activity on a huge scale, criminalised, and dependent users no longer
as well as funding corruption, conflict and forced into offending to support a habit, a
terrorism in already unstable regions such as huge resource burden will be lifted from the
Colombia and Afghanistan. entire criminal justice system, from police
and customs, through to the courts, prisons
and probation services.
• Prohibition not only increases harms • Young people would be able – and more
for drug users, the majority of whom are likely – to access drug services without the
young people, but also creates new harms threat of criminality.
associated with violent illegal markets and
it is the young and vulnerable who bear the
brunt of these harm.
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Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
• The young are the most frequent victims • A more consistent, believable and
of drug related crime and violence, both in effective message on the dangers of
the UK and in producer and transit countries all drugs could be put across through
such as Colombia and Jamaica. appropriate public education channels
– rather than using law enforcement as a
• Prohibition actively puts the young primary educational tool.
and vulnerable in harm’s way – literally and
metaphorically - as they are caught in the
crossfire of the drug war.
• The criminal justice system is not the • Drug services would no longer have to
appropriate arena for addressing problematic use the criminal justice system as a primary
drug use. point of entry. Their work could be defined
by public health indicators rather than
• Outcomes for criminal justice crime reduction measures and the overt
administered treatment are extremely poor25. politicisation of the populist law and order
agenda. Treatment decisions would be made
• A criminal justice oriented policy by doctors and treatment professionals and
directs resources away from potentially not shaped by politicians or interference
effective education, prevention and from the criminal justice system.
treatment services, into enforcement that is
demonstrably both ineffective and actively • The ‘peace dividend’ from ending the
counterproductive. ‘drug war’ could easily fund the necessary
expansion of services.
66
Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
• Under prohibition, drug policy has • With public health agencies taking
become predominantly a criminal justice the lead in policy development and
issue; a policy experiment and anomaly implementation this principle would become
within the health arena that has no practice rather than just an aspiration. The
precedent and has had disastrous outcomes. counterproductive and distorting influence
of ideological crusades for a drug free
society would be removed.
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Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
• The ‘war on drugs’ has been a ruinous • Billions of pounds currently wasted
waste of billions of pounds of taxpayers’ enforcing prohibition and dealing with its
money for generations. Not only is it hugely catastrophic fallout would be saved. This
expensive, with outcomes that are the exact ‘peace dividend’ from ending the drug war
opposite of its stated aims, but it actually would be freed up for other criminal justice
creates secondary costs – in public health programmes. Funds could be redirected into
harms and crime creation. drug treatment and education, or longer-
term investment in reducing the social
• Prohibition ensures that the profits deprivation underlying most problematic
from an ever-expanding multi billion pound drug use: a post-drug war ‘Marshall Plan’.
market are untaxed and accrue exclusively to
criminal networks and gangsters. • The illegal drug market in the UK is
estimated to be worth at least £6 billion a
• Drug enforcement spending has never year. Globally it turns over £300 billion a
been subject to an independent cost benefit year28. Regulating and taxing this market
analysis, properly evaluated or audited would, as with alcohol and tobacco, create
against meaningful indicators. potentially significant revenues for the
Treasury, as well as creating the opportunity
to control prices.
All drugs are potentially dangerous, and all drug use is intrinsically risky
68
Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
• Only a few decades ago problematic • Civil and human rights abuses could no
drug users were treated in the UK for what longer be perpetrated under the banner of
they were – vulnerable people in need the drugs war.
of help. Prohibition turns the majority of
those without substantial private means
into criminal outcasts, exacerbating social
exclusion and throwing yet more obstacles in
the way of achieving employment, housing,
personal finance, and a generally productive
and healthy life.
69
Problems with prohibition Benefits of legal regulation
70
Notes and
Issue 2, April 2003, pp. 213-215.
http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/cohen.church.html
71
as A/B were they illegal has recently been (Note: this research was updated in 2006, see:
pointed out by the Home Affairs Select http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/
Committee (drugs report 2002 – see: ref 19), rdsolr1606.pdf)
The Science and Technology Select Committee
25 See
(drug classification report 2006), and even the National Audit Office 2004 on Drug
Government appointed Advisory Council on Treatment and Testing Orders: www.nao.org.
the Misuse of Drugs (‘pathways to problems’ uk/pn/03-04/0304366.htm
report 2006) – which is responsible for making
26 Definition
recommendations to Government on drug of harm reduction from the UK
classification. Harm Reduction Alliance: www.ukhra.org/harm_
reduction_definition.html
18 ‘FromSoft drink to Hard Drug; A Snapshop
27 Transform
History of Coca, Cocaine and Crack’ Mike Jay fact research guide to the size of
www.tdpf.org.uk/Policy_General_Cocaine_MJay. the drug market: www.tdpf.org.uk/MediaNews_
htm FactResearchGuide_SizeOfTheDrugMarket
28 CNN
19 Home Affairs Select Committee Report news report: www.cnn.com/2001/
‘The Government’s Drug Policy: is it working?’ WORLD/asi apcf/east/06/26/china.drugs/
2002 www.tdpf.org.uk/Parliament_KeyReports.
29 Amnesty
htm#hasc International report www.amnesty.
org/wire.nsf/May2003/Thailand
20 ‘Prescribing
heroin: what is the evidence?’
Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2003 www.jrf.org.
uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/943.asp
21 Discussion
of drug law reform and the UN
conventions: www.wiredinitiative.com/pdf/DBT_
QandA.pdf
24 Christine
Godfrey et al (2002) – ‘The economic
and social costs of Class A drug use in England
and Wales, 2000’ www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/
pdfs2/hors249.pdf
72
1920’s US ANTI PROHIBITION POSTER
73
74
Transform Drug Policy Foundation, Easton Business Centre, Felix Road, Bristol BS5 0HE.
Tel: 0117 941 5810.
Email: info@tdpf.org.uk
Web: www.tdpf.org.uk
Transform Drug Policy Foundation is a Registered Charity no.1100518 and Limited Company no.4862177
75
AFTER THE WAR ON DRUGS : TOOLS FOR THE DEBATE
is a guide to making the case for drug policy reform. It is designed to:
• reframe the debate, moving it beyond stale ideological arguments into substantive,
rational engagement
• provide the language and analysis to challenge the prohibitionist status quo, and to
make the case for evidence based alternatives
Transform Drug Policy Foundation are the UK’s leading independent voice for drug
policy reform, with ten years’ experience of debating the issues in local, national and
international politics and media.
“Transform continues to lead the debate on drug law reform. This guide
will be invaluable for policy makers, enabling them to engage on this
vital issue with confidence and clarity.”
“If there is only one thing that I learned from over 30 years policing
it is that our current approach to tackling the illegal drugs market
isn’t working, and that debate on policy alternatives is needed today
more than ever. The Transform guide to the debate will therefore be
of great interest to everyone in the criminal justice system, and to the
politicians who oversee it.”
Baroness Vivien Stern, Senior Research Fellow, International Centre for Prison Studies