Evaluation Voltage Excitation Tests

Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.

Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
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employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
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or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Electrical For additional information on this subject, contact
File Reference: Evaluating Voltage Excitation Tests W. A. Roussel on 874-1320
Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Evaluating Voltage Excitation Tests
Engineering Encyclopedia Electrical
CONTENTS PAGES
EVALUATING TURNS RATIO TESTS ...................................................................................... 1
Turns Ratio Test Sets: Construction and Operational Principles .................................... 1
Construction....................................................................................................... 1
Operational Principles ........................................................................................ 4
Turns Ratio Tests: Purposes and Basic Techniques ........................................................ 5
Purposes ............................................................................................................. 5
Basic Technique ................................................................................................. 5
Identifications of Faults ................................................................................................... 7
Shorted Turns ..................................................................................................... 7
Open Circuits ..................................................................................................... 7
Incorrect Number of Turns ................................................................................. 7
Tap-Changer Faults ............................................................................................ 7
Incorrect Winding Polarity................................................................................. 8
Magnetic Core Damage...................................................................................... 8
EVALUATING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER RATIO AND EXCITATION
CURRENT TESTS........................................................................................................................ 9
Ratio and Excitation Current Testing of Instrument Transformers: Principles and
Techniques....................................................................................................................... 9
Principles............................................................................................................ 9
Technique for Performing CT Tests ................................................................. 12
Technique for Performing VT Tests................................................................. 17
Evaluation Factors ......................................................................................................... 19
Accuracy Class................................................................................................. 19
Ratio Error........................................................................................................ 20
Phase Angle Error ............................................................................................ 20
Magnetization Current...................................................................................... 22
WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE A TURNS RATIO TEST .................... 23
Work Aid 1A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-025, Oil-Filled Transformers
(Handout 13).................................................................................................................. 23
Work Aid 1B: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 ..................................................................... 23
Work Aid 1C: Applicable Procedural Steps.................................................................. 24
WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
RATIO AND EXCITATION CURRENT TESTS ....................................................................... 26
Work Aid 2A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-014, Instrument Transformers
(Handout 17).................................................................................................................. 26
Work Aid 2B: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 ..................................................................... 26
Work Aid 2C: Manufacturers Literature...................................................................... 27
Work Aid 2D: Applicable Procedural Steps ................................................................. 28
GLOSSARY................................................................................................................................ 31
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1
EVALUATING TURNS RATIO TESTS
Turns Ratio Test Sets: Construction and Operational Principles
Construction
Figure 1 is an illustration of the front panel and the four leads of a transformer turns ratio (TTR) test set. The
major components of the front panel and their functions are:
The excitation current meter. This meter indicates the magnitude of current that excites the transformer
under test.
The voltmeter. The voltmeter indicates the terminal voltage of the test sets internal hand-cranked
generator.
The null detector. This detector is a galvanometer that indicates the condition of balance in the test sets
internal bridge circuit.
The three decade switches. These switches are adjusted to achieve a null balance in the test sets internal
bridge circuit.
The potentiometer. This potentiometer is used to make the fine adjustment of the null balance of the test
set.
The indicator windows. These windows display numerals that indicate the turns ratio of the transformer
under test.
The grounding stud. This stud is used to connect the frame of the TTR test set to a grounding system for
the purpose of personal safety.
Figure 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of the electrical circuits of a transformer turns ratio test set. The
following four subject headings explain the major functional components of this circuit.
Hand-Crank Generator The hand-cranked generator produces a sine-wave alternating voltage of
approximately 8 volts magnitude and 60 Hz frequency when it is cranked at 120 rpm.
Figure 1. Front Panel and Leads of a TTR Test Set
Figure 2. Simplified Schematic Diagram of a TTR Test Set
Balance Bridge Circuitry The circuit of a TTR test set (Figure 2) is a balance bridge type of circuit. The
high-voltage winding of the test sets reference transformer and the high-voltage winding of the transformer
under test are the two arms of the balance bridge. When both of these high-voltage windings are generating the
same voltage, the null detector will have a center-of-scale deflection.
Variable Ratio Reference Transformer The test sets reference transformer has an adjustable turns ratio.
The ratio is adjustable in the range of 0.001 to 130. The ratio of the reference transformer is adjusted by
changing the three decade switches and the potentiometer.
Synchronous Detector The null detector is connected to the bridge circuit through a synchronous rectifier.
These two components constitute a synchronous detector. This synchronous detector responds only to current
that is the same frequency as the test sets hand-cranked generator. The synchronous detector is not sensitive to
noise signals that might be induced in the test sets leads by the strong magnetic and electric fields that exist in
power substations.
Operational Principles
The operation of a TTR test set is based on the principle of voltage ratio being equal to turns ratio in
transformers and the principles of a balance bridge measurement.
Equivalence of Voltage Ratio and Turns Ratio The ratio of winding voltages of any two windings installed
on the same segment of magnetic core is nearly identical to the ratio of the numbers of turns of the windings.
This relationship is expressed mathematically as:
V
V
N
N
1
2
1
2
=
where V
1
is the open-circuit voltage of the high-voltage winding, V
2
is the open-circuit voltage of the
low-voltage winding, N
1
is the number of turns in the high-voltage winding, and N
2
is the number of
turns in the low-voltage winding.
For measurements of the turns ratio of power transformers and distribution transformers, this relationship is
typically accurate to within 0.1% of the turns ratio value. A TTR test set actually measures voltage ratio. The
number that appears in the indicator windows is 1.0005 times the measured voltage ratio.
Balance Bridge By changing the decade switches and the potentiometer until the null detector indicates null
balance, the test sets reference transformer is made to have the same voltage ratio as the transformer under test.
Turns Ratio Tests: Purposes and Basic Techniques
Purposes
The purposes of turns ratio tests are to verify conformance of a power transformer to a purchase specification
and to troubleshoot faults in transformer windings.
Verify Conformance to Purchase Specification Saudi Aramco purchase specifications for a power
transformer or a distribution transformer include a specification that the measured turns ratio of all windings be
equal to the ratio of the winding voltages printed on the transformers nameplate within a tolerance of 0.5%.
Transformer turns ratio is measured as soon after delivery of the transformer as practical to verify conformance
to this purchase specification.
Troubleshoot Faults If a transformer is suspected to have a winding fault, a turns ratio test is usually
conducted to confirm that a fault exists and to distinguish whether the fault is a turn-to-turn fault or an open-
circuit fault. Note: A transformer turns ratio test is not used alone to determine the suitability of a transformer
for continued service. Other tests are conducted such as a visual inspection, an oil dielectric test, an insulation
power-factor test, an insulation-resistance test, a combustible gas-in-oil test, an excitation current test, or a
terminal-to-terminal resistance test.
Basic Technique
The basic technique of conducting a turns ratio test is to measure a ratio for every set of windings and for every
winding tap selection. The turns ratio test set leads are connected to the transformer winding terminals in a
configuration that will excite the low-voltage winding of the transformer. Note: Although a tertiary winding
might have a lower voltage rating than a low-voltage winding, it is preferable to excite the low-voltage winding
during a turns ratio test.
Figure 3. A Nameplate Connection Diagram for a Power Transformer
Example A: How many measurements of turns ratio should be made on a three-phase transformer that has
the nameplate connection diagram shown in Figure 3?
Answer: The connection diagram of Figure 3 shows three sets of windings. The de-energized tap
switch has five positions. For each set of windings, five measurements of ratio should be
made, one measurement for each tap-switch position. A total of fifteen measurements of turns
ratio should be made.
Example B: To which winding terminals of the transformer represented in Figure 3 should the test set s
anvil clamps and alligator clamps be connected to measure the turns ratio of the phase-A
winding?
Answer: In order to excite the low-voltage winding, the anvil clamps should be connected to terminals
X
0
and X
1
. The alligator clamps should be connected to terminals H
3
and H
1
.
Identifications of Faults
The nature of a transformer winding fault can be identified by interpreting the indications of a TTR test set.
Shorted Turns
A turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in a transformer winding will cause a change in the measured turns ratio. For
this kind of fault, the measured ratio might be either greater than or less than the ratio measured at the time of
commissioning.
In some cases, a turn-to-turn short-circuit fault can be detected by a more than usual current indicated on the
TTR test sets excitation current meter. This meter is not marked in a standard engineering quantity such as
amperes. For this reason, the most accurate evaluation of more-than-normal excitation current is to compare the
excitation current indication of the transformer having a suspected fault with the indication from a similar
model of transformer that is known to be in good condition. A turn-to-turn fault additionally might require an
extra turning force on the hand-cranked generator.
Open Circuits
An open-circuit winding can be distinguished by indications of a normal generator voltage, a normal level of
excitation current, but no deflection of the null detector.
Incorrect Number of Turns
A turns ratio test can detect that a transformer winding has an incorrect number of turns. The indication of an
incorrect number of turns is that the measured turns ratio is different than the nameplate ratio of voltages by
more than 0.5%. The turns ratio test set will indicate a normal generator voltage, normal level of excitation,
and normal deflection of its null detector.
Tap-Changer Faults
Tap changer faults include short-circuit faults, open-circuit faults, broken components in the drive mechanism
of a tap switch and misconnected winding leads. In the case of a tap changer fault, measured values of turns
ratio will not be correct for some of the tap switch selections, but they will be correct for other tap switch
selections.
Incorrect Winding Polarity
If the transformers winding polarity is not correct due to an incorrect internal connection or an incorrect
terminal marking, the null detector will deflect to the right when the decade switches are set to 0.000. Note:
The test sets red-colored alligator clamp must be connected to the high-voltage winding terminal that has the
same instantaneous voltage polarity as the low-voltage winding terminal to which the red-colored anvil clamp
is connected.
Example C: To which winding terminal of the transformer represented in Figure 3 should the test sets red-
colored alligator clamp be connected if the red-colored anvil clamp is connected to terminal
X
1
?
Answer: Because the H
1
terminal has the same instantaneous polarity as the X
1
terminal, the red-
colored alligator clamp should connected to the H
1
terminal.
Magnetic Core Damage
The indications of magnetic core damage are a large magnitude of excitation current, and a measured ratio that
is different than the ratio measured during the transformers commissioning test by more than 0.5%. The
indications of magnetic core damage are often difficult to distinguish from the indications of an incorrect
number of turns. If core damage is suspected, visual inspections of the magnetic core and an insulation
resistance test of the core-to-ground insulation should be recommended.
EVALUATING INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER RATIO AND EXCITATION
CURRENT TESTS
Because many instrument transformers have a large primary impedance voltage drop at 8 volts excitation
voltage, a transformer turns ratio test set cannot be used to make consistently accurate measurements of turns
ratio of instrument transformers. The alternative methods of measuring the turns ratio of an instrument
transformer are explained under this subject heading. Also explained are the excitation current tests that are
performed on instrument transformers.
Ratio and Excitation Current Testing of Instrument Transformers: Principles and
Techniques
Principles
The principles of ratio tests and excitation current tests can be explained using an equivalent circuit diagram, a
phasor diagram depicting associated circuit currents and voltages, and a description of the ratio correction
factor.
Equivalent Circuit Figure 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram of an instrument transformer. One winding of
the instrument transformer is excited by a sine-wave voltage, V1. The other winding is open circuit. The
transformer symbol represents an ideal transformer that has no winding impedance, has a turns ratio that is
exactly equal to N
1
/N
2
, and has a voltage ratio E
1
/V
2
that is exactly equal to its turns ratio.
Figure 4. Equivalent Circuit of an Instrument Transformer
Excitation Currents In the equivalent circuit of Figure 4, a susceptance element B and a conductance
element G account for the excitation current, I. This excitation current is delayed in phase from the excitation
voltage V
1
. The amount of this phase delay is a non-linear function of the magnitude of the excitation voltage.
Additionally, the magnitude of the excitation current is a non-linear function of the excitation voltage as shown
in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Excitation Voltage Versus Excitation Current Curves
The equivalent circuit has elements R and X that represent the resistance and inductance of the instrument
transformers primary winding. The flow of excitation current through these R and X elements causes voltage
drops proportional to IR and IX. Figure 6 is an open phasor diagram that shows the voltages in the primary-
circuit loop and the open-circuit secondary voltage. This phasor diagram demonstrates that the open-circuit
secondary voltage V
2
will not be exactly equal to V
1
times the turns ratio N
1
/N
2
, and it also implies that the
relative phase delay between V
2
and V
1
will not be exactly 180 degrees.
Figure 6. Phasor Diagram of Transformer Open-Circuit Voltages
Ratio Correction Factors The ratio correction factor is the true ratio of an instrument transformer divided by
its nameplate ratio.
F
N
N
R
T
N
=
where F
R
is the ratio correction factor, N
T
is the true ratio, and N
N
is the nameplate ratio.
Manufacturers publish ratio correction factor curves and phase-angle error curves for each different model of
current transformer or voltage transformer. Figure 7 is an example set of curves. The principle use of a ratio
correction factor and a value of phase-angle error is to correct the readings of a kilowatt-hour meter to which the
current transformer and potential transformer are connected. Correcting a kilowatt-hour reading produces a
value called true watts. The procedure for calculating true watts is beyond the scope of this Module.
Correction factors and phase-angle errors do, however, have a secondary use in the evaluation of instrument
transformer tests. This use of correction factors is explained in the procedure in Work Aid 2.
Figure 7. Ratio Correction Factor and Phase-Angle Error Curves
Technique for Performing CT Tests
The commissioning tests and periodic maintenance tests of a current transformer (CT) include measurements of
winding resistance, of turns ratio, and excitation current. These measurements are explained in the next four
subject headings.
Note: Many of the tests conducted on current transformers produce high voltage. They should only be
performed by experienced personnel who are familiar with the particular hazards related to current-
transformer testing.
The test results of current transformer ratio and excitation tests are influenced by the existence of residual
magnetism in the magnetic core of the current transformer. If alternating current in a CT winding is interrupted
abruptly for any reason, or if a CT winding is excited with direct current, then a magnetism will remain in the
CT magnetic core. When the CT is subsequently tested, the residual magnetism will cause a larger than normal
excitation current. Additionally, an accurate measurement of turns ratio might not be realized. Residual
magnetism is eliminated before conducting tests by applying, using a variable-voltage source, a sine-wave
alternating voltage to the secondary terminals of a CT. The initial voltage is made large enough to saturate the
CTs magnetic core. Voltage is then gradually reduced to zero.
Winding Resistance The winding resistance (terminal-to-terminal resistance) of the secondary winding of a
current transformer is measured using a Kelvin Bridge or a digital low-resistance ohmmeter. The ohmic value
of terminal-to-terminal resistance and the estimated winding temperature are recorded during commissioning to
establish base data. Temperature-corrected values of winding resistance are measured during periodic
maintenance and are subsequently compared to the original values of resistance.
Ratio-by-Voltage The turns ratio of a current transformer can be determined by measuring its voltage ratio.
Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a test circuit for measuring the voltage ratio of a CT. A variable
autotransformer is used to excite the secondary winding with an adjustable alternating voltage. The magnitude
of this applied voltage should be small enough to avoid saturation of the CTs magnetic core. High-impedance
voltmeters are connected in the circuit for measuring secondary and primary voltages. An ammeter is
connected in the secondary circuit to detect excessive excitation current (no more than 0.5 ampere).
Figure 8. Circuit for a Ratio-by-Voltage Test of a Current Transformer
The turns ratio is calculated using the following formula:
N
V
V
T
P
S
=
Where N
T
is the turns ratio, V
P
is the measured primary voltage, and V
S
is the measured secondary
voltage.
The evaluation of this calculated turns ratio is explained in the procedure of Work Aid 2.
Note: If the CT to be tested is a window-type CT, a short conductor can be placed within the geometric center
of the window to serve the same function as the primary winding. The voltage V
P
can be measured fromone
end of the conductor to its other end. The exact length of the conductor and the exact connection points of the
voltmeters leads are not critical factors for making an accurate measurement.
Ratio-by-Current The turns ratio of a current transformer can be measured by connecting its primary
winding in series with the primary winding of another CT of known ratio (called a reference CT) and injecting
current into this series circuit with a primary-current injection test set. As shown in Figure 9, one ammeter is
connected into the secondary windings circuit of the reference CT, and another ammeter is connected into the
secondary winding circuit of the CT under test. The magnitude of current that is injected should be as close to
the rated primary amperes as the capacity of the test set will allow.
Figure 9. Circuit for a Ratio-by-Current Test of a Current Transformer
The ratio of the CT under test is calculated using the formula:
N N
I
I
T R
R
T
=
where N
T
is the ratio of the CT under test, N
R
is the ratio of the reference CT, I
R
is the magnitude of
current measured in the secondary circuit of the reference CT, and I
T
is the magnitude of current
measured in the secondary circuit of the CT under test.
Note: There are several disadvantages to measuring turns ratio by current. The primary-current test set
needed to performthis measurement is large and heavy. A primary-current injection test set will inject a non-
sinusoidal current in some circumstances. There is a possible hazard of a back-feed voltage being induced in
other CTs that are installed on the same bus. Additionally, special care must be taken to extend the test circuit
conductors as far as possible along the axis of a CT to minimize the influence of stray magnetic flux.
Excitation Test A turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in the secondary winding of a CT or physical damage in the
CT magnetic core is detected by conducting an excitation test. This test, sometimes called a magnetization
curve test, is performed by measuring values of excitation current that flow in the secondary winding of a CT at
various values of excitation voltage. Figure 10 is a diagram of a test circuit that can be used to perform an
excitation test. Depending on the ANSI/IEEE C57.13 standard voltage rating (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, or
800) of the CT, the magnitude of voltage needed to conduct the test might be as little as 10 volts or as great as
800 volts. The evaluation of a CT excitation test is explained in the procedure of Work Aid 2.
Figure 10. Circuit for an Excitation Test of a Current Transformer
Polarity Figure 11 shows two circuit diagrams that represent two acceptable techniques for conducting a
polarity test of a CT. In the circuit of Figure 11a, channel 1 of a dual trace oscilloscope displays the waveform
of the alternating voltage that excites the secondary winding of the CT under test. Channel 2 of the
oscilloscope displays the waveform of the voltage induced in the primary winding of the CT. Connected with
the polarities shown, both waves should appear on the display of the oscilloscope as being in phase. Note:
Because all instrument transformers have a subtractive polarity, the instantaneous voltage polarity of their H
1
and X
1
terminals should be the same.
In the circuit represented by Figure 11b, the reference CT has the same marked ratio as the CT under test and is
known to have a correct polarity. Ammeter A1 indicates the magnitude of current that flows in X1 terminal of
this reference CT. The output of the primary-current injection test is adjusted until ammeter A1 indicates 5
amperes, which is the rated secondary current of the reference CT. If the CT under test has the correct polarity,
ammeter A2 will indicate zero.
Figure 11. Circuit Diagrams for Polarity Tests of CTs
Technique for Performing VT Tests
The commissioning tests and periodic maintenance tests of a voltage transformer VT include measurements of
values of winding resistance, a measurement of turns ratio, and an excitation current test. These measurements
and tests are explained in the next three subject headings.
Note: Many of the tests conducted on voltage transformers produce high voltage. They should only be
performed by experienced personnel who are familiar with the particular hazards related to voltage-
transformer testing.
Winding Resistance The values of winding resistance (terminal-to-terminal resistance) of the primary
winding and the secondary winding of a voltage transformer are measured using a Kelvin Bridge, digital low-
resistance ohmmeter, or a digital multimeter. These resistance values are corrected to a standard temperature
and are recorded during commissioning to establish base data. Temperature-corrected values of winding
resistance are measured during periodic maintenance and are compared to the original values of resistance.
Ratio-by-Voltage The turns ratio of a voltage transformer can be determined by measuring its ratio of
winding voltages. Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a test circuit for measuring the voltage ratio of a VT. A
single-phase 120 volt source is used to excite the high-voltage winding. High-impedance voltmeters are
connected in the circuit for measuring the terminal-to-terminal voltages of the high-voltage winding and the
low-voltage winding. Note: The high-voltage winding is excited with low voltage (120 volts) for safety
reasons. Exciting the low-voltage winding with 120 volts would produce a voltage of hazardous magnitude for
most models of voltage transformers.
Figure 12. Circuit Diagram for the Ratio Test of a Voltage Transformer
Excitation Current The excitation current of a voltage transformer is not usually measured during
commissioning or during routine maintenance. Excitation current is measured if a fault is suspected to exist in
a voltage transformer. Open-circuit excitation current should be no more than 2% of the rated current of the
winding that is excited with rated voltage.
Polarity Figure 13 is a diagram that represents the circuit that is used to verify the correct polarity of a VT.
In this polarity test, a jumper is temporarily connected between the two terminals of the VT that have polarity
marks. These terminals are also marked H
1
and X
1
. A low-voltage AC source excites the high-voltage winding
of the VT. The voltage, V
1
, that is measured between VTs two high-voltage terminals should be less than the
voltage, V
2
, that is measured between the two terminals that do not have polarity marks.
Figure 13. Circuit Diagram for the Polarity Test of a VT
Evaluation Factors
Accuracy Class
ANSI/IEEE standard C57.13-1976 describes the classification system for instrument transformers that are used
in metering service. Accuracy classes are 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2. The accuracy class appears on the nameplate of the
instrument transformer and represents the maximum percentage difference between actual ratio and nameplate
ratio at rated voltage and rated current.
Current transformers that are used in protective relaying service have an extra system of accuracy classification.
Each relaying service CT has a letter C or T stamped on its nameplate followed by a number (10, 20, 50, 100,
200, 400, or 800). The C classification is for CTs whose leakage flux does not have an appreciable effect on
ratio (window-type CTs or bar-type CTs). The T classification is for CTs whose leakage flux does have an
appreciable effect on ratio (wound-primary CTs). The number represents the maximum voltage that will exist
at the secondary terminals of the CT while it is delivering 20 times its rated current and not exceeding a 10
percent error in ratio.
Ratio Error
Figure 14 is a table of values that represent the allowable limits of the ratio correction factor for an instrument
transformer of accuracy class 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2.
Voltage Transformers Current Transformers
At 90 to 110 Percent Rated
Voltage
At 100 Percent Rated
Current
At 10 Percent Rated
Current
Metering
Accuracy
Class Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
0.3 0.997 1.003 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006
0.6 0.994 1.006 0.994 1.006 0.988 1.012
1.2 0.988 1.012 0.988 1.012 0.976 1.024
Figure 14. Table of Values of Ratio Correction Factors
Phase Angle Error
The allowable phase angle error of a metering service instrument transformer is related to its ratio correction
factor. Figure 15 is a parallelogram that represents the limits of phase angle error for a metering service current
transformer. Figure 16 is a parallelogram that represents the limits of phase angle error for a metering service
voltage transformer. Phase angle error is not measured during commissioning tests or routine maintenance
tests. Phase angle error is measured if a fault is suspected to exist in a metering service instrument transformer.
Figure 15. Limits of Accuracy for CTs in Metering Service
Figure 16. Limits of Accuracy for VTs in Metering Service
Magnetization Current
An excessively large magnetization current (excitation current) indicates a fault in the magnetic core of an
instrument transformer. Figure 17 is a typical plot of secondary excitation voltage versus magnetization
current for a CT. The evaluation of a CT excitation test is explained in the procedure of Work Aid 2.
Figure17. Excitation Voltagevs. Magnetization Current Curvefor aCT
WORK AID 1: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE A TURNS RATIO TEST
Use the Work Aids and the procedure described below to evaluate the turns ratio test of a distribution
transformer or a power transformer.
Work Aid 1A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-025, Oil-Filled Transformers (Handout
13)
For the contents of Test Report Form P-025, refer to Handout 13. Note: Handout 13 was also used in Work
Aid 3 of Module 3.
Work Aid 1B: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57
Applicable excerpts from ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 are given below. Standard C57.12.01-1979 relates to dry-
type transformers. Standard C57.12.00-1980 relates to liquid-immersed transformers.
9.1 Ratio. With rated voltage impressed on
one winding of a transformer, all other rated
voltages at no load shall be correct within
0.5% of the nameplate markings.
Rated tap voltages shall correspond to the
voltage of the nearest turn if the voltage per
turn exceeds 0.5% of the desired voltage.
Figure 18. Excerpt from ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.12.01-1979
9.1 Tolerance for Ratio. With the
transformer at no load and with rated voltage
impressed on one winding of a transformer, all
other rated voltages at no load shall be correct
within 0.5% of the nameplate markings,
except in cases where the rated tap voltage
corresponds to the voltage of the nearest turn
but still exceeds 0.5% of the desired voltage
because the volts per turn of the unit exceeds
this tolerance.
Figure 19. Excerpt from ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.12.00-1980
Work Aid 1C: Applicable Procedural Steps
1. Select one recorded value of turns ratio that represents a single tap switch selection of a single set of
windings. Note: This evaluation procedure is repeated for each recorded value of turns ratio.
2. Determine from the transformers nameplate data the rated terminal-to-terminal voltage of the low-
voltage winding circuit. Note: If there is an on-load tap changer installed on the transformer that was
tested, the recorded value of turns ratio will correspond to one of 33 different values of rated terminal-
to-terminal voltage. Consult the tap changers nameplate to determine the rated terminal-to-terminal
voltage that corresponds to the particular on-load tap selection.
3. Calculate V
1
, the rated voltage of a low-voltage winding.
If the transformer tested is a single-phase transformer, V
1
is equal to the rated terminal-to-terminal
voltage determined in step 2.
If the low-voltage winding is connected in a delta circuit, V
1
If the low-voltage winding is connected in a wye circuit, V
1
voltage determined in step 2 divided by 1.732.
4. Determine from the transformers nameplate data the rated terminal-to-terminal voltage of the other
winding circuit whose turns ratio was measured with respect to the low-voltage winding (usually the
high-voltage winding, but will sometimes be the tertiary winding, or the fourth winding). Note: If
there is a de-energized tap changer, a link board, or a tap jumper associated with this winding, the
recorded value of turns ratio will correspond to one of the five different values of rated terminal-to-
terminal voltage. Consult the transformers nameplate to determine the rated terminal-to-terminal
voltage that corresponds to the particular de-energized tap selection.
5. Calculate V
2
, the rated voltage of the other winding.
If the transformer tested is a single-phase transformer, V
2
If the other winding is connected in a delta circuit, V
2
is equal to the rated terminal-to-terminal voltage
determined in step 4.
If the other winding is connected in a wye circuit, V
2
is equal to the rated terminal-to-terminal voltage
determined in step 4 divided by 1.732.
6. Calculate the ratio of rated winding voltages:
N
V
V
V
=
2
1
Where N
V
is the ratio of rated winding voltages, V
1
is the rated voltage of the low-voltage winding, and
V
2
is the rated voltage of the other winding.
7. Determine the measured turns ratio N
T
from the test data .
8. Calculate the percentage deviation of the measured turns ratio from the ratio of rated winding voltages:
%dev
N N
N
T V
V
=

100%
Where %dev is the percentage deviation, N
T
is the measured turns ratio, and N
V
is the ratio of rated
winding voltages.
9. For a commissioning inspection, compare the percent deviation (%dev) to the ratio tolerance specified
in ANSI/IEEE standard C57 (Work Aid 1B). If the percent deviation is greater than the tolerance, a
report of non-conformance should be made to the office of the Saudi Aramco Chief Engineer.
10. For a maintenance test or for cases where winding damage is suspected, compare N
T
to the original
turns ratio measured at the time of commissioning. A change of more than 0.5% in the value of N
T
indicates the need for additional electrical tests and mechanical inspections.
WORK AID 2: RESOURCES USED TO EVALUATE INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMER RATIO AND EXCITATION CURRENT
TESTS
Use the Work Aids and the procedure described below to evaluate the voltage ratio test of a CT or VT, or to
evaluate the excitation current (magnetization current) test of a CT.
Work Aid 2A: Non-Mandatory Test Report P-014, Instrument Transformers (Handout
17)
For the contents of Test Report Form P-014, refer to Handout 17.
Work Aid 2B: ANSI/IEEE Standard C57
Applicable excerpts from ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 are given below.
Voltage Transformers Current Transformers
At 90 to 110 Percent Rated
Voltage
At 100 Percent Rated
Current
At 10 Percent Rated
Current
Metering
Accuracy
Class Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
0.3 0.997 1.003 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006
0.6 0.994 1.006 0.994 1.006 0.988 1.012
1.2 0.988 1.012 0.988 1.012 0.976 1.024
Figure 20 Excerpt from ANSI/EEE C57.13-1978, Ratio Correction Factors
Work Aid 2C: Manufacturers Literature
Applicable excerpts from manufacturers literature are given below.
Figure 21. Excerpt from Instrument Transformer Manufacturers Literature
Work Aid 2D: Applicable Procedural Steps
1. If the test data represents a ratio-by-voltage test of a current transformer (CT), determine from the test
data the measured secondary excitation voltage V
2
and the measured primary voltage V
1
. Using the
following formula, calculate the turns ratio with the following formula:
N
V
V
T
=
2
1
Where N
T
1
2
excitation voltage.
2. If the test data represents a ratio-by-current test of a CT, determine from test data the measured primary
current I
1
, and the measured secondary current I
2
. Calculate the turns ratio using the following formula:
N
I
I
T
=
2
1
Where N
T
is the turns ratio, I
1
is the measured primary current, and I
2
is the measured secondary current.
3. If the test data represents a ratio test of a CT, calculate the nameplate turns ratio.
N
I
I
N
S
P
=
Where N
N
is the nameplate turns ratio, I
P
is the rated primary current and I
S
is the rated secondary
current.
4. If the test data represents a ratio test of a CT, calculate the ratio correction factor:
F
N
N
R
T
N
=
Where F
R
T
N
5. If the CT tested is a metering-class CT, compare F
R
with the maximum and minimum allowable ratio
correction factors from Work Aid 2B. If F
R
is outside of the minimum or maximum limit for the CTs
accuracy class, the CT is not suitable for continued service. Note: Whenever F
R
is calculated using
the result of a ratio-by-voltage test, evaluate the ratio test by the minimumand maximumlimits that
appear in the 100% rated current column of the table in Work Aid 2B.
6. If the CT is a relaying-class CT, the maximum F
R
is 1.012 and the minimum F
R
is 0.988. If F
R
is
outside of the minimum or maximum limit, the CT is not suitable for continued service.
7. If the test data represents an excitation current test, plot the excitation current versus excitation voltage
data points on a copy of the manufacturers excitation curve. Note: Work Aid 2C is an example of a
manufacturers excitation curve.
8. Evaluate all plotted data points according to the following criteria:
Any value of excitation current plotted below the broken line of the manufacturers curve should not
exceed the value of the manufacturers curve by more than 25%.
Any value of excitation voltage plotted above the broken line of the manufacturers curve should not be
less than 95% of the value of the manufacturers curve.
If more than one data plot fails to meet these criteria, the CT is not suitable for continued service.
Note: Work Aid 2C is an example of a manufacturers excitation current curve.
9. If the test data represent a ratio test of a voltage transformer (VT), determine from test data the
measured secondary excitation voltage V
2
and the measured primary voltage V
1
. Using the following
formula, calculate the turns ratio with the following formula:
N
V
V
T
=
1
2
Where N
T
1
2
excitation voltage.
10. If the test data represents a ratio test of a VT, calculate the nameplate turns ratio.
N
V
V
N
P
S
=
Where N
N
is the nameplate turns ratio, V
P
is the rated primary voltage, and V
S
is the rated secondary
voltage.
11. If the test data represents a ratio test of a VT, calculate the ratio correction factor:
F
N
N
R
T
N
=
Where F
R
T
N
12. Compare the F
R
of the VT with the maximum and minimum allowable ratio correction factors of Work
Aid 2B. If F
R
is outside of the minimum or maximum limit for the VTs accuracy class, the VT is not
suitable for continued service.
GLOSSARY
High-Voltage Winding The winding of a transformer that has the largest rated terminal-to-
terminal voltage.
Low-Voltage Winding The winding of a transformer that has the second largest rated terminal-
to-terminal voltage.
Phase Angle Error For a voltage transformer, phase angle error is the relative displacement
of voltage between the transformers high-voltage winding and its low-
voltage winding. For a current transformer, phase angle error is the
relative displacement of phase between the transformers primary
current and its secondary current.
Primary Winding The winding of a transformer that normally receives power from the
distribution system.
Ratio Correction Factor The true ratio of an instrument transformer divided by its nameplate
ratio.
Secondary Winding The winding of a transformer that normally delivers power into the
distribution system.
Tertiary Winding The winding of a transformer that has the third largest rated terminal-
to-terminal voltage.
TTR Test Set A transformer turns ratio test set.
Turns Ratio The ratio of the number of turns in a winding of higher voltage of a
transformer with respect to the number of turns in a winding of lower
voltage that is installed on the same segment of magnetic core.
Voltage Ratio The ratio of the voltage in a full winding of higher voltage with respect
to the voltage of a full winding of lower voltage that is installed on the
same segment of magnetic core.

Evaluation Voltage Excitation Tests

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