Structural Design Concepts Chapter Overview

MM6 Structural Design Concepts
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.1
Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz
Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann
Structural Design Concepts / Dimensioning
Source: Rattelschneck, cartoonist
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.2
1.2 Foreword
This master study at the University of Applied Sciences in Dessau is the first one in the world, that treats of the special
requirements of membrane building. In a two years lasting study the essential coherences of architectural design, structural
design, construction methods, building physics, assembly, operation, maintenance, costs, mechanics and formfinding are
imparted.
The mandatory module MM6 treats of structural design concepts of membrane structures. The basic knowledge according to the
load bearing behaviour of membrane structures will be delivered in this module. The mechanical limits of the materials on the
resistance-side and the expected loads and load cases on the action-side will be linked. The calculational procedures base upon
safety concepts given by different national codes worldwide. The widespread safety concept of the Eurocode will be explained.
Therefore the module MM6 is an essential issue for structural engineers in the field of membrane structures and architects as
well. However, other interested parties are most welcome, too.
Please note, all given teaching material, like manuscripts, documents or any other information, are just provided for students
taking part in this module. Commercial use, transfer or publication of the given materials, or in parts, are prohibited.
The manuscript is updated and available as pdf-file on the file server of the University.
We hope you achieve sustained success in and by this study.
Karsten Moritz & Lars Schiemann, Sept. 2010
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.4
1.4 MM6 Content
Chapter 1 Basics
Chapter 2 Actions
Chapter 3 Safety Concept
Chapter 4 Materials
Chapter 5 Constructions
Chapter 6 Analysis
Chapter 7 Examples
Lessons shouldnt be a monologue - discussion/questions are welcome in between!
Examination (multiple-choice-test, 90 min., please note that manuscript
and hand calculator can be used, time: Friday morning, after discussion/ questions).
After completion of the active weeks literature and updated documents of
manuscript (pdf-files) are available for download from university-file-server.
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.5
1.5 Examination (multiple-choice-test, 60 min.), Example:
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.6
1.6 Interactions and social effects
Source: Development of light claddings, in Innovative Engineering, DETAIL Publishing, K. Moritz, 2009
Design Design
Function Function
Economics Economics
Ecology Ecology
Construction Construction
Building / Building /
Building Element Building Element
Society Society
- - culture, traditions culture, traditions
- - living standard, merits living standard, merits
- - trends, likings trends, likings
- - inventions, developments inventions, developments
- - state state- -of of- -the the- -art of science and art of science and
technology technology
- - laws, codes, guide lines laws, codes, guide lines
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.7
1.7 No architecture without construction
Everything man
creates, even the
most simple
assemblages,
start with
construction.
Bruno Taut
(1880 1938)
source TUM LT archive
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.8
1.8 The construction is not pre-defined
Red & Blue
Gerrit Rietveld
1918
Thonet 214 F
Michael Thonet
1859
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.9
1.9 A good structure has to be safe, efficient and suitable
- safe means: it has to be designed with sufficient safety. This is typically achieved by
complying to building laws and acknowledged rules of technology.
- efficient means: materials, dimensions and systems have to be chosen due to the
protection of the resources.
- suitable means: the construction has to form a unit with the building in the architectural
meaning.
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.10
1.10 Efficiency and suitability in praxis
- optimisation of the chosen or developed structures due to the resulting stresses,
e.g. to minimise force-pathes, to equalise forces, or to prefer tension elements over
compression or bending elements.
- element dimensions should be calculated as small as possible.
- number of selected structural systems should be small.
- material should be adequate to the selected system.
- system should be adequate to the resulting spaces, proportions and cross sections
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.11
1.11 Example - The Olympic Stadium in Munich
Olympic Stadium, Munich
construction time: 1967
1972
Architects:
Gnter Behnisch & Partner,
Frei Otto, a.o.
Structural Engineer:
Fritz Leonhard, Jrg
Schlaich, a.o.
Landscape Architects:
Gnther Grzimek a.o.
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.12
1.12 Definitions of light (weight) structures
The main function of structure is to transfer loads to the ground, e.g. self weight, wind-
loads and snow-loads.
A construction is called light structure, if it transfers a load over a long distance or over a
big surface to its support.
Today, we differentiate following three kinds of light structures*:
- light structures by application of light materials
- light structures by application of efficient systems
- light structures by application of construction elements full-filling several functions
* source: Sobek, Werner (ILEK, Universitt Stuttgart) : Building for the 21. Century
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.13
1.13 Application of light materials
That means: Use of the most effective material -
the ratio of strength or strain to the weight of an
element has to be as high as possible
- plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets or elastomeres)
- compouds (e.g. fibres + plastics (glasfibre-reinforced
plastics) or cellulosic fibres in a plastic matrix
- mineral- or metallic foams (e.g. silica-pouros solids
(silica-aerogel) e.g. for transparent heat insulation or
aluminium-foams for profils in faades)
- building with gases/air (for stability, insulation)
(e.g. pneumatic pre-stressed structures,
Vacuum-insulations, rare gases and so on)
Metallic foam, Fraunhofer Institute
for applied mechanics (IFAM), 2007
Silica-aerogel-panel, ZAE
Bayern, Wrzburg, 2000
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.14
1.14 Application of efficient systems
Constitution of a human bone, Nachtigall,
W., Das groe Buch der Bionik, Stuttgart,
2000
The use of an efficient structure means:
building according to the directions of
trajectories (principal stresses)
- prevention of bending
(tension < compression < bending)
- 3-dimensional load pathes
(e.g. spacial structures, 3D lightweight structures)
- short-circuits of forces
(e.g. tension- or compression-rings,
spoke-wheels)
- constructional prevention of stress-concentrations
- pre-deformation or reinforcement along trajectories
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.15
1.15 Application of multi-functional elements
The use of building elements fullfilling several
functions serves the reduction of masses, energy
or resources (variable, flexible or adaptive)
- switchable/changeble layers (temperature,
light or electricity => change of colour
(-chromic) or change in molecular-structure
(-tropic): thermo- or photochromic layers,
thermo-, photo- or electrotropic layers,
phase-change-materials PCM
- light steering or light manipulation
e.g. fins/lamellas, prisms, reflectors, heliostats
- spectral selective layers
e.g. low-emissivity (low-E) coating or
photovoltaics, e.g. in combination with membranes)
- retractable / moveable constructions
Olympic Indoor Swimming Pool,
Munich, Translucent insulated Multi-
Layer-Membrane, 2007
Architects: Buro Prof. Ackermann,
Munich
Engineers: Schlaich, Bergermann &
Partners, Stuttgart
Completion: covertex GmbH, Obing
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.16
1.16 Exaples for multi-functional elements
Switchable glass panel, e.g. transparent, difuse and screen-function, Interpane Glas Industrie AG,
2008
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.17
Prototype of PV-elements in a pneumatic pre-stressed ETFE-film-cushion; Cremers, Jan, Solar
Next AG, Rimsting, Building integration modern tent construction, Sun & Wind Energy, 03/2008,
page 162- 164
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.18
Suvarnabhumi- International Airport Bangkok, concourses: integrated thermal and acoustic protection
by using a multi-layer membrane construction with an inner low-E-coating, Architects: Murphy & Jahn,
Helmut Jahn, NY, Engineers: WSI, Stuttgart, Membrane building: Hightex, Obing, a.o., completed in 2006
source: source:
http://architecturerevived.blogspot.com/2008/11/suva http://architecturerevived.blogspot.com/2008/11/suva
rnabhumi rnabhumi- -airport airport- -bangkok.html bangkok.html
source: http://www.thailand source: http://www.thailand- -flug flug- -buchen.de/Bangkok buchen.de/Bangkok- -
Flughafen Flughafen- -Suvarnabhumi_Flug Suvarnabhumi_Flug- -Ticket Ticket- -Buchung.jpg Buchung.jpg
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.19
Retractable translucent sun-shade-
roof, courtyard of the town hall,
Vienna, Austria
Architects: Silja Tillner, Vienna
Engineers: Schlaich, Bergermann &
Partners, Stuttgart
Completion (and photograph):
covertex GmbH, Obing, 2000
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.20
1.20 Example - The Olympic Stadium in Munich
Olympic stadium Munich, 19671972
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.21
1.21 Example for a light structure: ETFE-Foil cushions
in general
1) use of light structures by application of light materials: plastic foils and air
2) use of a light structures by application of efficient systems:
- pre-stressed foils (on the borderline of the cushion element) take tension only;
- air (inflation between) takes compression only
3) use of light structures by by application of building elements full-filling several functions:
weather protection, heat insulation, light transmittance, load transfer,
source: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.22
1.22 Terms / Definitions
reality
structure = sum of all elements, participating in transfer of loads
structural element = single element of load bearing structure
model (abstract of reality)
structural system = model-description of a structure
system element = model-description of a single structural element
differentiation: primary structure / secondary structure
primary structure (system) = stable structure (system)
secondary structure (system) = not stable without primary structure (system)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.23
1.23 Actions internal forces - stresses
actions
(e.g. wind loads, snow loads, prestress, self weight,
temperature a.s.o.)
internal forces
(normal forces, transversal forces, bending moments, torsion)
principal forces
(tension, compression, bending)
stresses
(e.g. normal stresses, shear stresses)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.24
shear wall
1.24 No action No static system
sketches: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.25
1.25 Failure modes
bending
shear (due to
transversal forces)
tension compression
stability
(buckling)
shear
(due to torsion)
A B C D
E
F
sketches: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.26
1.26 Structural classifications
structure
consisting of 2D-elements (surfaces) consisting of 1-D-elements (bars)
bending
tension +
compression
tension bending
tension +
com-
pression
compression tension
folded plate shell
mem-
brane
space
frame
spacial truss grid shell
spatial
cable
net
3-dimensional
structures
plate shear-wall
plane
frame,
grating,
Vierendeel
girder
plane truss
arched
girder
cable
truss
2-dimensional
structures
beam,
girder,
cantilever,
multispan
girder
column strut
cable,
tensile
bar,
tension
rod, tie
1-dimensional
structures
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.27
* Bttner, Hampe, 1985
1.27 Structure generation law *
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.28
1.28 Cables (tension)
photographer unknown: source TUM LT archive, sketches: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.29
1.29 Bars, rods, struts, columns (tension and compression)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.30
1.30 Beams, frames, arches
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.31
1.31 Walls, plates and folded plates
shear shear
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.32
1.32 Shells and grid shells (tension and compression)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.33
1.33 Domes (tension and compression)
photographer unknown: source TUM LT archive, sketch (figure in the middle): K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.34
1.34 Membranes and cable nets
Photographs (left): Skyspan 2000, (right): source TUM LT archive, sketch: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.35
1.35 Example of a cable net - The Olympic Stadium in Munich
Olympic Stadium, Munich, sketches: K. Moritz, 2004
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.36
1.36 Plate
Olympic Stadium, Munich, 2004, photograph: K. Moritz
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.37
1.37 Cable Net
Olympic Stadium, Munich, 2004, photographs: K. Moritz
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.38
1.38 Main cables
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.39
1.39 Masts
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.40
1.40 Stay cables
Olympic Stadium, Munich, 2004, photograph: K. Moritz
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.41
1.41 History of membrane structures
street toldo in Kotohira,
Japan; marquee for
pontifex Pius VI., 1795,
painting
Roman theater
1st century before
christ, reconstruction
vellum toldo umbrella tent
Assyrian monarch in a
chariot, relief, Niniveh
705 681 before christ
tipi, Sioux Indians, 19th
century; Assyrian tent,
relief, Niniveh, 705
681 before christ
sources: literature, TUM LT archive
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.42
1.42 Contemporary membranes
Towal Tent, Saudi
Arabia, Skyspan
2000
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.43
1) Slenderness (z << x, y)
2) Pre-stress
3) Support Conditions
4) Inclination
5) (GAUSS) curvature
6) Materiality (appropriate material
choice)
1.43 Structural criteria for a membrane structure
photograph: Mobile Works in Kanada, J.
Struble, in Tents, Museum of Architecture
Basel, 1974
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.44
1.44 Inclination + Pre-Stress + Curvature
Water ponds on different pavilions at EXPO 2000, Hanover, Germany, photographs: K. Moritz
a) c) b)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.45
1.45 Positive GAUSS-curvature k
2 1
1
r r
K
=
tangent plane
f(r
2
)
f(r
1)
r
1
r
2
definition of
GAUSS-curvature k:
k = 1 / (r
1
x r
2
)
r
1
= positive; r
2
= positve
k > 0
elliptic point P (synclastic surface)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.46
1.46 Synclastic surfaces
domes, cuppolas, e.g. a pneumatic pre-
stressed spheres (GAUSS-curvature =
positive)
Airquarium, Festo, 2001
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.47
1.47 Negative GAUSS-curvature k
2 1
1
r r
K
=
tangent plane
f(r
2
)
f(r
1
)
r
1
r
2
r
1
= negative; r
2
= positve
(or other way round)
k < 0
hyperbolic point P (anticlastic surface)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.48
1.48 Anticlastic surfaces
Olympic Ice rink, Olympiapark, Munich, Germany 1982
Architects: Buro Prof. Ackermann, Munich
Engineers: Schlaich, Bergermann & Partners, Stuttgart
source: TUM LT Archive
e.g. saddle shaped membranes
(GAUSS-curvature = negative)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.49
1.49 GAUSS-curvature k = 0 (uni-axial curvature)
tangent plane
f(r
1
)
P = turning point
f(r
2
)
r
2
r
1
r
1
or r
2

k = 0
parabolic point P (turning point
or uni-axial curved surface)
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.50
1.50 Partial anticlastic and partial synclastic surfaces
e.g. pneumatic pre-stressed cushions
(GAUSS-curvature = partly positive and
partly negative)
BMW factory premises, Munich, 2003,
Photograph: covertex
anticlastic area
synclastic area
line of
indifference
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.51
1.51 Uni-axial curved surfaces
uni-axial curved surfaces, like cylinders
or cones (GAUSS-curvature = 0)
sun collector, Bomin Solar Research,
Lrrach, Germany, Photographer: Linke,
Dieter, 1999
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.52
1.52 Flat surfaces
flat surfaces, e.g. surfaces of a cube
(GAUSS-curvature = 0)
Pavilion Iceland, EXPO 2000, Hanover,
Photograph: K. Moritz
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.53
1.53 GAUSS-curvature - Examples
2 1
1
r r
K
=
P
s
P
a
P
s
P
s
P
s
P
s
P
a
P
a
P
0
P
a
source (basic figure): Sobek,
Werner, Speth, Martin, Textile
Werkstoffe, in: Bauingenieur,1995
P
s
= synclastic
P
a
= anticlastic
P
0
= borderline between
synclastic and
anticlastic areas or
uni-axial curvature
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.54
1.54 Great variety of shapes?
source: Frei Otto Spannweiten Conrad Roland, Verlag Ullstein Berlin 1965
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.55
Time for Discussion, Questions?
Chapter 1 Basics
next Chapter 2 Actions (after a short break)
Chapter 3 Safety Concept
Chapter 4 Materials
Chapter 5 Constructions
Chapter 6 Analysis
Chapter 7 Examples
Chapter 1 - Basics
09/2010
1.56
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