Akanksha 2002

Kinetics and Mechanism of
Esterication of Epoxy Resin

with Methacrylic Acid in the
Presence of Tertiary Amines
AKANKSHASRIVASTAVA, NEELAMPAL, SUDHAAGARWAL, J. S. P. RAI
Department of Plastic Technology, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur 208 002, India
Received: August 13, 2002
ABSTRACT: The synthesis of vinyl ester resins V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
was carried out
using bisphenol-A based epoxy resin and methacrylic acid in the presence of
triethyl-, tripropyl-, and tributyl-amines, respectively. The reaction follows
rst-order kinetics. The interaction between acid and amine was investigated by
IR spectroscopy which shows absorptions corresponding to the formation of
activated acidcatalyst complex. The specic rate constants, calculated by
regression analysis, were found to obey an Arrhenius expression. The kinetic and
thermodynamic parameters: activation energy, frequency factor, entropy,
enthalpy, and free energy revealed that the reaction was spontaneous and
irreversible with a highly ordered activated complex. The activation energy of the
esterication of epoxy resin in the presence of tertiary amines increases in order
V
1
< V
2
< V
3
. The experimental results were explained by proposing a reaction
mechanism and deriving the rate equation. C
2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv
Polym Techn 24: 113, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20026
KEY WORDS: Esterication kinetics, Tertiary amines, Vinyl ester resins
Correspondence to: J. S. P. Rai; e-mail: jsprai@hotmail.com.
Introduction
V
inyl ester resins (VERs) combine the excellent
thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy
Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 113(2005)
C
2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF ESTERIFICATION OF EPOXY RESIN
resins with the ease of processing and rapid cur-
ing of polyester resins which make them a viable
product for various industrial applications.
17
The
commonly used vinyl ester resins are prepared by
addition of ethylenically unsaturated acids to the
epoxy resins in the presence of basic catalysts. The
syntheses of acrylate and methacrylate terminated
vinyl ester resins using N,N dimethyl toluidine,
8
dimethylbenzylamine,
9
pyridine,
10
imidazole,
11
and
triphenylphosphine,
12, 13
etc. have been studied. Ad-
dition esterication is usually accompanied by var-
ious parallel and consecutive reactions.
14, 15
An in-
vestigation of the reaction kinetics is needed for the
selection of proper conditions to proceed the reac-
tion in desired direction. The kinetics of addition es-
terication of monoepoxy compounds with benzoic
acid,
16
pentanoic acid,
17
and caproic acid
18
in the
presence of tertiary amines has been investigated,
and it showed variations in reaction rate, order, and
mechanism, primarily due to nature of the catalyst.
However, the effect of catalyst on esterication ki-
netics of diepoxy compounds has rarely been con-
sidered. In the present work, we report the kinetics
of esterication of epoxy resin with methacrylic acid
in the presence of an homologous series of tertiary
amines.
Experimental
MATERIALS
Bisphenol-A based epoxy resin (PG-100) from
Parikh Resins, Kanpur; triethyl amine and tributyl
amine fromSDs, Bombay; tripropyl amine fromJ.T.
Baker, England; methacrylic acid from Fluka A.G.,
Switzerland were used in the present study.
METHODS
Areactionmixture consistingof 1:0.9 stoichiomet-
ric ratio of bisphenol-Aepoxy resin (epoxide equiva-
lent weight: 185) and methacrylic acid were charged
into a three-necked ask (500 mL) equipped with
a stirrer, nitrogen inlet tube, and thermometer. The
ask was placed into an electrically heated oil bath
(1
C). The mixture was stirred and heated to the

desired temperature followed by addition of tertiary
amine (1 phr by weight of the resin). The esterica-
tion reaction was carried out at 80
, 85
, 90
, 95
,
and 100
C, and the progress of reaction was moni-

tored by determining the acid value intermittently
by the method of Ogg et al.
19
The extent of reac-
tion and number average degree of polymerization
was calculated using Carothers equation.
20
The re-
action was stopped when about 88% acid was con-
verted into ester group. In order to remove the free
methacrylic acid, the prepared resin was dissolved
in benzene and treated with potassium carbonate,
stirring for 2 h at 30
C. The acidin the form of

an acid saltwas extracted by water and benzene
was evaporated using a Rotovap
TM
evaporator un-
der vacuum.
21
Theresins werecharacterizedfor their
structures by IR spectroscopy (Nicolet Impact 400 D
spectrophotometer) using KBr pellets.
The rate of the reaction was calculated using the
equation:
ln
AV
0
AV
t
= k
T
t (1)
where AV
0
is acid value at t = 0, AV
t
is acid value at
time t, and k
T
is rate constant.
The activation energy (E
a
) and frequency factor
(Z) were calculated using the Arrhenius equation.
k
T
= Ze
E
a
/RT
(2)
where T is temperature (K) and Ris the gas constant.
The entropy of activation S
=
was calculated us-
ing following equation:
k
T
=
k
b
T
h
e
E
a
/RT
e
S=/R
(3)
where k
b
is Boltzmanns constant and h is Plancks
constant.
The enthalpyof activationH
=
andfree energyof
activation G
=
were calculated using the following
expressions:
H
=
= E
a
RT (4)
G
=
= H
=
TS
=
(5)
Results and Discussion
The synthesis of vinyl ester resins was carried out
at 80
, 85
, 90
, 95
, and 100
C in the presence of
tertiary amines. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the esteri-
cation of bisphenol-A epoxy resin with methacrylic
acid in the presence of triethyl amine (V
1
), tripropyl
amine (V
2
), andtributyl amine (V
3
), respectively. It is
apparent from the gures that acid value decreases
2 VOL. 24, NO. 1
FIGURE 1. Acid value versus reaction time for V
1
.
2
.
ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 3
3
.
with increase in reaction time and is not linear in the
initial stages of the reaction. This is because of a high
concentration of the reactive sites and the greater
possibilityof associationof acidandepoxide groups.
The linearity of the plots in the higher conversion re-
gion(>74%) reveals that the reactivityof a functional
group is independent of molecular size, which is a
characteristic of polyesterication reactions.
22
The number average values for degree of poly-
merization (X
n
) of V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
prepared at 80
,
85
, 90
, 95
, and 100
C, calculated using Carothers

equationare giveninTables I, II, andIII, respectively.
At all temperature, X
n
increases withreactiontime. It
is evident fromthe tables that X
n
of V
1
is higher than
that of V
2
and V
3
at a particular time/temperature.
This indicates that the reactivity of epoxy resin to-
ward esterication in the presence of tertiary amines
decreases with the size of alkyl substituent. The plot
of X
n
versus reaction time showed nonlinearity in
the initial stages (<50%conversion) and higher con-
versionregion(>84%) whichis againa characteristic
of catalyzed polyesterication reactions.
20
FTIR spectra of the synthesized resins V
1
, V
2
, and
V
3
are shown in Fig. 4. The band at 910 cm
1
associ-
atedwiththe oxirane ringof epoxyresin
23
is replaced
by a band at 1713 cm
1
, 1720 cm
1
, 1714 cm
1
, for
V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
, respectively, which is due to the car-
bonyl group of the ester formed. In spectra of V
1
, V
2
,
and V
3
, another band was observed at 1607 cm
1
,
1603 cm
1
, and 1611 cm
1
, respectively that is at-
tributed to the acryloyl double bond. This conrms
the formation of vinyl esters.
Figures 5, 6, and 7 show plots between [ln AV
0
/
AV
t
] and reaction time (t) for V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
respec-
tively. The plots were linear at all temperature up to
84%conversion with highly signicant correlation
coefcient (r > 0.99) which conrms that the reac-
tion follows rst-order kinetics.
The mechanism of esterication of bisphenol-
A based epoxy resin with methacrylic acid in the
presence of tertiary amines was studied accord-
ing to suggestions of Matejka and Dusek,
18
who
have explained the formation of acidcatalyst and
dimer acidcatalyst complexes in such situations.
Schemes 1 and 2 describe these mechanisms.
Scheme 1 shows that the reaction proceeds
through the acidcatalyst complex that works as ini-
tiator by attacking on oxygen of the epoxy ring to
4 VOL. 24, NO. 1
TABLE I
Extent of Reaction ( p) and Degree of Polymerization (X
n
) with Time for V
1
80
C 85
C 90
C 95
C 100
C
Time (min) p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
30 0.09 1.09 0.12 1.13 0.15 1.17 0.18 1.21 0.23 1.28
60 0.20 1.23 0.25 1.31 0.32 1.44 0.39 1.59 0.46 1.78
90 0.27 1.34 0.35 1.50 0.42 1.66 0.53 2.01 0.62 2.42
120 0.37 1.54 0.47 1.80 0.55 2.09 0.65 2.60 0.72 3.17
150 0.41 1.63 0.52 1.97 0.64 2.54 0.73 3.22 0.80 4.13
180 0.45 1.74 0.62 2.42 0.70 2.97 0.81 4.32 0.87 5.76
210 0.54 2.04 0.67 2.74 0.76 3.58 0.87 5.76
240 0.61 2.38 0.70 2.97 0.80 4.13
270 0.65 2.60 0.75 3.45 0.84 4.87
300 0.69 2.89 0.79 3.97 0.87 5.76
330 0.72 3.17 0.82 4.52 0.90 6.79
360 0.75 3.45 0.86 5.45
390 0.78 3.80 0.89 6.33
420 0.80 4.13
450 0.82 4.52
480 0.84 4.87
510 0.87 5.76
540 0.89 6.33
TABLE II
n
) with Time for V
2
80
C 85
C 90
C 95
C 100
C
Time (min) p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
30 0.07 1.07 0.10 1.10 0.12 1.13 0.16 1.18 0.20 1.23
60 0.14 1.15 0.20 1.23 0.22 1.26 0.33 1.45 0.38 1.56
90 0.25 1.31 0.28 1.36 0.36 1.52 0.46 1.78 0.55 2.09
120 0.29 1.38 0.37 1.54 0.43 1.69 0.54 2.04 0.63 2.47
150 0.36 1.52 0.42 1.66 0.50 1.90 0.63 2.47 0.72 3.17
180 0.40 1.61 0.48 1.83 0.56 2.13 0.68 2.79 0.80 4.13
210 0.46 1.78 0.54 2.04 0.62 2.42 0.77 3.73 0.85 5.14
240 0.50 1.90 0.58 2.22 0.69 2.89 0.81 4.32 0.89 6.33
270 0.54 2.04 0.63 2.47 0.71 3.06 0.85 5.14
300 0.57 2.18 0.67 2.74 0.76 3.58 0.89 6.33
330 0.60 2.32 0.70 2.97 0.78 3.80
360 0.63 2.47 0.73 3.22 0.81 4.32
390 0.68 2.79 0.77 3.73 0.84 4.87
420 0.69 2.89 0.80 4.13 0.87 5.76
450 0.71 3.06 0.82 4.52
480 0.74 3.33 0.84 4.87
510 0.76 3.58 0.87 5.76
540 0.78 3.80
570 0.80 4.13
600 0.84 4.87
630 0.87 5.76
TABLE III
n
) with Time for V
3
85
C 90
C 95
C 100
C
Time (min) p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
p X
n
30 0.09 1.09 0.11 1.11 0.14 1.15 0.16 1.18
60 0.15 1.17 0.20 1.23 0.27 1.34 0.30 1.36
90 0.22 1.26 0.29 1.38 0.38 1.56 0.45 1.74
120 0.28 1.36 0.37 1.54 0.48 1.83 0.57 2.18
150 0.34 1.47 0.44 1.71 0.56 2.13 0.65 2.60
180 0.39 1.59 0.50 1.90 0.62 2.42 0.70 2.97
210 0.45 1.74 0.56 2.13 0.68 2.79 0.78 3.80
240 0.48 1.83 0.61 2.38 0.72 3.17 0.82 4.52
270 0.53 2.01 0.66 2.68 0.77 3.73 0.85 5.14
300 0.56 2.13 0.70 2.97 0.80 4.13 0.89 6.33
330 0.60 2.32 0.73 3.22 0.83 4.63
360 0.63 2.47 0.77 3.73 0.87 5.76
390 0.65 2.60 0.79 3.97 0.89 6.33
420 0.67 2.74 0.81 4.32
450 0.71 3.06 0.83 4.63
480 0.73 3.22 0.86 5.43
510 0.75 3.45 0.88 5.97
540 0.77 3.73
570 0.80 4.13
600 0.82 4.52
630 0.84 4.57
FIGURE 4. FTIR spectrum of synthesized V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
.
6 VOL. 24, NO. 1
FIGURE 5. ln AV
0
/AV
t
versus reaction time for V
1
, 80
C, y = 3.9348 10
3
x (r = 0.9993); 85
C, y = 5.2918 10
3
x
(r = 0.9991); 90
C, y = 6.8548 10
3
x (r = 0.9984); 95
C, y = 9.1491 10
3
x (r = 0.9990); 100
C,
y = 11.0073 10
3
x (r = 0.9991).
forma hydroxyl group by abstracting the proton. Si-
multaneously, the carboxylate anion released by the
activated complex attacks at the terminal carbon of
the epoxy ring, forming an ester linkage with the
regeneration of catalyst.
On the basis of the mechanism proposed in
Scheme 1, the following steps may be considered for
evaluating the rate of disappearance of acid:
Acid +Cat
k
1
X (i)
k
1
(Activated acidcatalyst complex)
X +Epoxy
k
[Y] VER (ii)
According to above steps, the rate of disappearance
of acid may be obtained as
d[Acid]
dt
= k[X][Epoxy] (iii)
where,
[X] =
k
1
[Acid][Cat]
k
1
+k[Epoxy]
Therefore, the rate of disappearance of acid is ob-
tained as:
d[Acid]
dt
=
kk
1
[Acid][Cat][Epoxy]
k
1
+k[Epoxy]
(iv)
FIGURE 6. ln AV
0
/AV
t
2
, 80
C, y = 2.7800 10
3
x (r = 0.9990); 85
C, y = 3.7881 10
3
x
(r = 0.9996); 90
C, y = 4.6981 10
3
x (r = 0.9991); 95
C, y = 6.8104 10
3
x (r = 0.9988); 100
C,
y = 8.8689 10
3
x (r = 0.9995).
Since step (i) is fast and considering k
1
is
k[Epoxy], the above rate law reduces to
d[Acid]
dt
= kK
1
[Acid][Cat][Epoxy] (v)
where, K
1
= k
1
/k
1
.
It is apparent from Eq. (v) that the reaction is of
rst order with respect to acid and it is in agreement
with the experimental results.
In another possible mechanism(Scheme 2) the re-
action is initiated by dimer acidcatalyst complex.
The initiator attacks on epoxy oxygen to form the
VER with the release of the acidcatalyst complex
that canreact withanother epoxy molecule as shown
in Scheme 1.
According to the above mechanism, the following
steps may be considered for evaluating the rate of
disappearance of acid:
2Acid
k
2
k
2
[Acid]
2
(vi)
[Acid]
2
+Cat
k
3
k
3
X
1
dimer acidcatalyst complex
(vii)
Epoxy +X
1
k
4
VER +X (viii)
Since the rate of disappearance of acid may be ob-
tained as
d[Acid]
dt
= k
2
[Acid]
2
k
2
{[Acid]
2
} (ix)
8 VOL. 24, NO. 1
FIGURE 7. ln AV
0
/AV
t
3
, 85
C, y = 2.7430 10
3
x (r = 0.9990); 90
C, y = 4.0757 10
3
x
(r = 0.9989); 95
C, y = 5.4797 10
3
x (r = 0.9993); 100
C, y = 7.1403 10
3
x (r = 0.9991).
By applying study state conditions with respect to
[X
1
], the value of [X
1
] may be given as
[X
1
] =
k
3
{[Acid]
2
}[Cat]
k
3
+k
4
[Epoxy]
(x)
Again,
{[Acid]
2
} = K
2
[Acid]
2
(xi)
From step (vi) where K
2
= k
2
/k
2
and therefore rate
law (ix) has been obtained as
d[Acid]
dt
=
K
2
k
3
k
4
[Acid]
2
[Epoxy][Cat]
k
3
+k
4
[Epoxy]
(xii)
Since step (vii) is fast, taking k
3
k
4
[Epoxy], the
above rate law reduces to
d[Acid]
dt
= K
2
K
3
k
4
[Acid]
2
[Epoxy][Cat] (xiii)
where K
3
= k
3
/k
3
.
The Eq. (xiii) shows that the reaction is second
order with respect to acid indicating that Scheme 2
is not in consistent to the experimental results and
the reaction proceeds only through the formation of
acidcatalyst complex.
The formation of acidcatalyst complex was elu-
cidated by IR spectra of the complex of methacrylic
acid and tertiary amines and is shown in Fig. 8. The
complexes C
1
, C
2
, and C
3
were prepared by treat-
SCHEME 1 Mechanism of esterication of epoxy resin initiated by acid-catalyst complex.
ing the mixture of methacrylic acid and triethyl-,
tripropyl-, and tributyl-, amines, respectively in mo-
lar ratios 2:1 at 70
C for 4 h. In the spectra of C

1
,
C
2
, and C
3
, a band appears at 2532 cm
1
, 2538 cm
1
,
2541 cm
1
, respectively, due to the formation of am-
monium ion.
24
The band corresponding to carbonyl
groupof acidwas foundtobe shiftedfrom1716 cm
1
to 1706 cm
1
, 1704 cm
1
, and1703 cm
1
, respectively
for C
1
, C
2
, and C
3
due to the interaction of acid and
amine.
25
The value of specic rate constant k
T
for V
1
, V
2
,
and V
3
were calculated from the slope of the plots
shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The value
of k
T
at all temperature was found to be decreased
from V
1
to V
3
which again indicates that the reac-
tivity of epoxy resin toward methacrylic acid in the
presence of tertiary amines decreases with the size
of substituents in amines. Figure 9 shows plots be-
tween ln k
T
and the reciprocal of the temperature
and indicates that they obey the Arrhenius law. The
slope and intercept of the plots obtained by regres-
sion analysis were used to calculate the energy of
activation and frequency factor for the esterication
reaction. Using these values of E
a
and Z, the ther-
modynamic parameters entropy, enthalpy, and free
energy of the activation were calculated and the val-
ues are given in Table IV. It is clear fromthe table that
E
a
, Z, and H
=
values are the lowest for V
1
and the
highest for V
3
which conrms that reactivity of the
epoxy resin toward methacrylic acid in the presence
of tertiary amines is attributed to the size of alkyl
substituent. The amines higher than triethylamine
10 VOL. 24, NO. 1
SCHEME 2 Mechanism of esterication of epoxy resin initiated by dimer acid-catalyst complex.
due to the steric accessibility of nitrogen atommakes
the formation of reactive intermediate acidcatalyst
complex comparativelydifcult, whichresults inde-
crease in reaction rates.
The thermodynamic parameters G
=
and S
=
were positive and negative, respectively for V
1
, V
2
,
and V
3
(Table IV). As G
=
> 0 and S
=
< 0 for the
reaction, it could be said that the process is spon-
taneous and irreversible. The high negative value
of S
=
indicates the formation of ordered activated
complex in the synthesis of VERs.
TABLE IV Thermodynamic Parameters for V
1
, V
2
, and V
3
Activation Frequency
Vinyl Ester Energy Factor Entropy Enthalpy Free Energy
Resins E
a
(kJ/mol.) Z (s
1
) S
=
(J/Kmol) H
=
(kJ/mol) G
=
(kJ/mol)
V
1
57.0209 6.4638 10
7
165.1 0.3 54.0 0.2 113.9 2.5
V
2
63.1936 3.6098 10
8
150.7 0.3 60.2 0.2 114.9 2.5
V
3
71.1673 3.9395 10
9
130.9 0.3 68.1 0.2 115.7 2.0
Conclusions
The esterication of bisphenol-A epoxy resin
with methacrylic acid in the presence of triethyl-,
tripropyl-, and tributyl-, amines as catalyst follows
rst-order reaction kinetics. The reaction proceeds
through the transitory interaction of acid and amine
by forming an acidcatalyst complex. In higher
amines, due to steric hindrance on nitrogen atoms,
the formation of an activated acidcatalyst complex
FIGURE 8. FTIR spectrum of complex C
1
, C
2
, and C
3
.
FIGURE 9. Plots of ln k
T
versus reciprocal of temperatures for V
1
, y = 6.8616 10
3
x +13.8901 (r = 0.9986); V
2
,
y = 7.6037 10
3
x +15.6182 (r = 0.9929); V
3
, y = 8.5624 10
3
x +18.0093 (r = 0.9983).
12 VOL. 24, NO. 1
is comparatively difcult which consequently de-
creases thereactionrate. Thereactionis spontaneous,
irreversible, andproduces ahighlyorderedactivated
complex.
References
1. Michael, F. L. Plt Int Appl W0 94, 02, 540, 1992.
2. Devdutt, L. K. Polym Mater Sci Engg 1993, 68, 91.
3. Suri, C.; Hamada, H.; Fugihara, K. Composite Interfaces 2001,
8, 135.
4. Karbhari, V. M.; Rivera, J.; Zhang, J. J. Appl Polym Sci 2002,
86, 2255.
5. Harrison, P. VGB Kraftwerkotech 1994, 74, 653.
6. Macinally, A; Miller, A. Proceedings of 7th International
Conference on Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 3-11, 1998;
Gibson, A. G. (Ed); Woodhead: Cambridge, UK.
7. Yebassa, D.; Balakrishina, S.; Feresenbet, E.; Raghvan, D.;
Start, P. R.; Hudson, S. D. J. Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem
2004, 42, 1310.
8. Jungang, G.; Qing, J.; Biao, Y. Huaxue Yu Zhanhe 1991, 2,
91.
9. Videnia, N. G.; Bratslavskaya, S. A. Zh Prikl Khim 1991, 64,
1065.
10. Peter, M.; Barbara, S.; Ramona, S.; Heike, B. Ger off DE
4,004,091, 1991.
11. Rao, B. S.; Madec, P. J.; Marechal, E. Polym Bull 1986, 16, 153.
12. Gaur, B.; Rai, J. S. P. Polymer 1992, 33, 4210.
13. Kant, K.; Mishra, A.; Rai, J. S. P. Polym Int 1992, 28, 189.
14. Matejka, L.; Pokorny, S.; Dusek, K. Polym Bull 1982, 7, 123.
15. Blainvaux, F. L.; Madec, P. J.; Marechal, E. Polym Bull 1985,
13, 237.
16. Kakiuchi, H; Tanaka, Y. J. Org Chem 1966, 13, 1559.
17. Sorokin, M. F.; Gershanova, E. L. Kenet Katal 1967, 8, 512.
18. Matejka, L; Dusek, K. Polym Bull 1986, 15, 215.
19. Ogg, C. L.; Porter, W. L.; Willitis, C.O. Ind Eng Chem Anal
Edn 1945, 17, 394.
20. Odian, G. (Ed.). Principals of Polymerization; Wiley Inter-
science: New York, 1981; pp. 40178.
21. Malucelli, G; Gozzelino, G.; Ferrero, F.; Bongiovanni, R.;
Priola, A. J Appl Polym Sci 1997, 65, 492.
22. Tanaka, Y. In Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology; May,
C. A. (Ed.); Marcel Dekker: New York, 1988; p. 488.
23. Lee, H.; Neville, K. (Eds.). Handbook of Epoxy Resins;
McGraw Hill: New York, 1967; Ch. 4, pp. 133.
24. Colthup, N. B.; Daly, L. H.; Wiberley, S. E. (Eds.). Introduc-
tiontoInfraredandRamanSpectroscopy; Academic: London,
1990; pp. 339354.
25. Dyer, J. R. (Ed.). Application of Absorption Spectroscopy
of Organic Compounds; Prentice-Hall: New Delhi, 1997;
pp. 2257.

Akanksha 2002

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Akanksha 2002

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Kinetics and Mechanism of

Esterication of Epoxy Resin

C). The mixture was stirred and heated to the

C, and the progress of reaction was moni-

C. The acidin the form of

C, calculated using Carothers

C for 4 h. In the spectra of C

Potrebbero piacerti anche