On Improving Distortion Power Quality Index

in Distributed Power Grids

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the Euclidean norm based new power quality index (PQI), which is directly
related to the distortion power generated from nonlinear loads, to apply for a practical
distribution power network by improving the performance of the previous PQI proposed by the
authors. The proposed PQI is formed as a combination of two factors, which are the electrical
load composition rate (LCR) and the Euclidean norm of total harmonic distortions (THDs) in
measured voltage and current waveforms. The reduced multivariate polynomial (RMP) model
with the one-shot training property is applied to estimate the LCR. Based on the proposed PQI,
the harmonic pollution ranking, which indicates how much negative effect each nonlinear load
has on the point of common coupling (PCC) with respect to distortion power, is determined. Its
effectiveness and validity are verified by the experimental results from its prototypes
implementation in a laboratory with a single-phase 3 kW photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected
inverter, which contributes to a small distortion in voltage at the PCC, and practical nonlinear
loads. Then, the harmonic current injection model based time-domain simulations are carried out
to prove the effectiveness of the proposed PQI under the other conditions with different
nonlinear loads.

I ndex TermsDistortion power, distribution power system, Euclidean norm, harmonic pollution ranking, power quality
index, reduced multivariate polynomial (RMP) model.

INTRODUCTION
. AS THE increased utilization of power electronic devices and nonlinear loads aggravates the
distortion in voltage and current waveforms, the power quality (PQ) in modern power systems
has become a significant issue for both power suppliers and consumers. Moreover, there has
been an increasing trend towards electric deregulation and independent power producers (IPPs)
based on renewable energies such as fuel cell, photovoltaic, wind, and gas-fuelled micro-
turbines, etc. In addition, the distributed generation (DG) [1] by the IPP with poorly controlled
synchronization will make it more difficult to handle the PQ problems related with system
reliability and stability at both power generation and distribution levels. In other words,
electricity has been generally sold from on supplier to one consumer with ownership changing
hands at only one physical point: the revenue meter. In contrast, after deregulation accompanied
with the DGs, it is expected that the ownership of electric power will be exchanged at several
points along the generation-transmission-distribution chains. Then, the proper PQ solutions will
be necessary at each physical location where ownership is transferred [2][4]. Therefore, it is
important to develop the appropriate power quality index (PQI) as well as identity the sources
and disturbances deteriorating the PQ. The limits on the amount of harmonic current and
voltages generated by customers and/or utilities have been stablished in the IEEE standards 519
[5] and 1547 [6], and in the IEC-61000-3 standard [7]. Recently, some techniques to achieve the
specified levels of PQ while enhancing its performance have been reported [8][11]. In addition,
several power quality indices through the analysis of measured voltage and current waveforms
[12][14] and analytical tools to evaluate the harmonic contributions on a point of common
coupling (PCC) [15][17] have been developed. In particular, the distortion

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The system configuration of the compound cascaded , where the CMI means the cascaded
multilevel inverter and its circuit is shown in Fig. 2. The compound cascaded also uses the
carrier phase shifted SPWM technology (CPS-SPWM) [3] to modulate the CMI, which could
improve the equivalent switching frequency, reducing the harmonics, and minimizing the size of
passive filter components. usx, isx and ilx (x=a, b, c) are the grid voltages, grid currents and load
currents, respectively. iab, ibc and ica are the phase currents. ix are the line currents. R1, R2, L1
and L2 are the equivalent series resistance and inductance. The new topology inherits the
structure and for that the output phase current of the compound cascaded can be controlled
equally as far as possible in order to make full use of the capacity of the CMI, when the
compensating line current is determined. Because the typical -connected cascaded is parallel-
connected to the point of common coupling (PCC), so the CMI have to bear the line voltage of
the PCC directly [6][7]. Differently with the pure -connected , the structure in the
compound cascaded , as the green zone shows in Fig.1, is separated from the direct line voltage
of the PCC (Point U, V, W) by the three series CMIs which can be viewed as the Y structure of
the compound . So the Y structure as the yellow zone shows in Fig.1, in the compound , has born
the main phase voltage of the PCC while the structure only bear the line voltage which has
been decreased low enough by the Y structure. So, for the structure, Y structure plays a step-
down transformer role. Based on the duality principle, the conclusion that the essence of the
compound is that the low-voltage -connected cascaded is series connected with the Y-
connected can be draw easily.

The compound cascaded multilevel .



MATHEMATICAL MODEL

In order to reveal the internal relations and distinctions among the Y-connected, the -connected
and the compound cascaded , their equivalent circuit diagrams and mathematical models are
presented firstly. Fig. 3 shows the equivalent circuits of the -connected, Yconnected and the
compound , respectively. Based on these circuits, their KVL equations can be written as follows.
For the -connected cascaded ,


When the system is three-phase balanced, the following equations hold, The technological and
economic characteristics, including economy, reliability, fault-tolerant ability and three-phase
unbalance compensating ability, are analyzed comparatively in order to highlight the superiority
of the new topology.


For the Y-connected structure, the outputs of the CMIs, IA,IB and IC, are also determined,
thereupon. In this ondition, the 3-phase CMIs will output different capacity and their rated
capacity must be determined by the CMI which outputs the maximum capacity while other
phases cannot output the rated value. If the Y-connected structure is designed based on the rated
capacity of the balanced working condition in order to make full use of all the power units, it
may have not the ability to compensate the serious unbalanced systems and have to quit
operating. For the -connected structure, nevertheless, the 3-phase CMIs can output equal
capacity in order to make full use of all the power units and can satisfy the compensating targets
simultaneously, which can be verified as follows.

Obviously, the relationship among (1), (2) and (3) can be expressed as follows, The fact that the
essence of the compound cascaded is that the low-voltage -connected cascaded is series
connected with the Y-connected cascaded also can be illustrated from the mathematical models.
Based on the current direction labeled in Fig. 1, the KCL equations can be written as follows. the
mathematical model of the compound in the 3-phase static coordinate can be expressed as
follows,

Viewed from the structures of the state-space equations, we know that (11) and (12) are quite
similar. The only difference is the voltage uY which caused by the CMI of the Y structure viewed
as a step-up transformer. Based on the equation (12), the single-phase equivalent circuit model
and the voltage vector diagram can be derived, shown in From (11) and (12), the mathematical
model of the Y structures external characteristics can be expressed as follows,

The expressions (1) and (10) can be written as the state space equation form,

bears the line voltage of the PCC while the Y-connected bears the phase voltage. In the
compound , the Y structure which plays a step-down transformer role has born the main phase
voltage of the PCC while the structure only bear the line voltage which has been decreased low
enough by the Y structure. So, the quantitative relation can be expressed as follows,

Where NY, NY/ and N represent the number of power units in the Y-connected, the -
connected and the compound cascaded , respectively. Viewed from the structures of the state-
space equations, we know that (11) and (12) are quite similar. The only difference is the voltage
uY which caused by the CMI of the Y structure viewed as a step-up transformer. Based on the
equation (12), the single-phase equivalent circuit model and the voltage vector diagram can be
derived, From (11) and (12), the mathematical model of the Y structures external characteristics
can be expressed as follows,

This equation can be used as the design basis for the CMI of the Y structure. The technological
and economic characteristics, including economy, reliability, fault-tolerant ability and three-
phase unbalance compensating ability, are analyzed comparatively in order to highlight the
superiority of the new topology.


The economic advantage is embodied in the number of the power units constituting the cascaded
. The more the power units consumed, the higher the cost. So, the number of the power units is
the most important economic indicators. The quantity can be calculated based on the followed
expression


Figure : Network
a coordination operation of generator excitation from the synchronous generatorand
employed to support electrical power networks that have poor voltage and power stability (both
small-signal and large-signal (transient)),(Song & John, 1999; Hingorani & Gyugyi, 1999)and
references therein.For simplicity, the dynamic behavior the generator excitation is based on a
third-order generator model while the is regarded as a first-order differential equation; thus, the
generator excitation/ dynamic model is expressed as follows:

( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0
1
( (
1
)
cos
)
s
m E s
d d
q q qe
d
q
f
d d
P P D
M
X X
u
X
E E V
X T
I
T
I I u
T
X T
o e e
e e e
o
E E
E

E E
=
=
'

=
= + +
' '
+
' ' ' (2)

with

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( , )
sin sin
,
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )
q
t E
q
I X X E X X I
EV EV
P V
X X X X E X X
o
o o
o

A +
+ =
+ + A +
=


where
2 2
2 1 1 2
( , ) ( ) ( ) 2 cos E EX V X X X EV o o

A = + + . o is the power angle of the generator, E
denotes a transient voltage source behind a direct axis transient reactance. e denotes the
relative speed of the generator, 0 D> is a damping constant,
m
P is the mechanical input power,
1 2
sin sin
e
d
EV EV
P
X X
X
o o

E
= =
+ '
is the electrical power, without , delivered by the generator to the
voltage at the infinite bus V

is the synchronous machine speed, 2 f e t = , H represents the per

unit inertial constant, f is the system frequency and
2
s
H
M
e
= .
1 2 d d T L
X X X X X X
E
' '
= + + = +
is the reactance consisting of the direct axis transient reactance of SG, the reactance of the
transformer, and the reactance of the transmission line.Also,
2 L
X X = denotes the reactance of
the transmission line. Similarly,
d d T L
X X X X
E
= + + is identical to
d
X
E
'
except that
d
X denotes
the direct axis reactance of SG.
0
T
'
is the direct axis transient short-circuit time constant.
f
u is the
field voltage control input to be designed.
q
I denotes the injected or absorbed currents as a
controllable current source,
qe
I is an equilibrium point of currents,
q
u is the control input to be
designed, and T is a time constant of models.


4. It is well-known that the generator transient voltages E and v current
q
I are often physically
not measurable while in practical
e
P and
t
V are always monitored, so
e
P and
t
V in (4) can be
considered as new state variables. Differentiating the electrical powers
e
P and terminal voltage
t
V , respectively, in (2) and then defining the variables
1 2 3 4
, , ,
s e t
x x x P x V o e e = = = = , the
dynamic model of the power system including excitation and can be expressed as the general
form (1) below

The Harmonic Oscillator
The harmonic oscillator is often used as a model for absorption of infrared radiation by
covalently bonded molecules. This motion is as simple as the oscillations of a mass on a spring.
The force required for this type of motion obeys Hooke's Law (F = kx) where x is the
displacement away from equilibrium, k is the proportionality constant (called the force constant),
and F is the force, usually expressed in Newtons. The restoring force to bring the mass back to
equilibrium would be equal and opposite to this force.
The period for one oscillation is given by Galileo' s equation
.
Since the
frequency (n) is the reciprocal of the period then . The m actually includes the
mass of the object and the mass of the spring itself(mm + ms). The equation can be rearranged
by inverting both sides and squaring to get the following form that is also useful for determining
the constant k from frequency data. This model should be applicable to vibrational harmonic
motion of molecules, such as chloroform (CHCl3). If we assume that the CCl3 group remains
motionless during vibration of the C-H bond, then a force constant for the stretching and bending
modes can be obtained from spectra and the change in the frequencies for isotopic substitutions
such as deuterium for hydrogen can be predicted from the modeled force constants. The
equation used to find the force constant k is analogous to the mass on a spring, namely If
deuterium is substituted for H in chloroform one can calculate the new effective mass (~the mass
of the deuterium atom) and use it to find the new frequency. It is also helpful to remember
that IR spectra is usually reported in units of cm-1 (1/l) and that c =ln. The purpose of this lab
is to investigate the harmonic oscillator model using a simple mass and spring and to apply the
model to predict the frequencies of deuterated chloroform.

The Harmonic Oscillator Model

Using a simple spring system, take several masses (at least 5) and find the displacement away
from the equilibrium position. Time 25 oscillations or more to find the average period. Find
the best value of the spring constant k for the simple mass on spring system by graphing force
versus extension. Determine the constant k using Galileo's equation. Graph (1/n) 2 versus the
mass on the spring. Compare to the Hooke's Law method. Calculate the % deviation.
Application to IR spectra Take the IR spectra of chloroform and find the C-H stretch and C-H
bend. These bands should be around 3000 cm-1 and 1200 cm-1 . Determine them as precisely
as possible. Determine the force constant for each motion by using the Galileo equation. You
will have to change wave number to frequency. Predict using your model (and the force
constant above) the frequencies of the C-D stretch and C-D bend for deuterated chloroform.
Take the IR spectra of deuterated chloroform and compare to your predicted values for the C- D
stretch and bend. Calculate the % deviation.

Synergetic Control

The synergetic control theory has beenfirst introduced by the Russian researcher
(Kolesnikov, 2000). This design procedure follows the analytical design of Aggregated
Regulator (ADAR) method (Kolesnikov, Veselov, Kolesnikov, Monti, Ponci, Santi, & Dougal,
2002). Thetechniquehas successfully been applied and employed in its wide range of
applications, such as the area of power electronic controls. In this paper, we are interested, in
particular, in the area of power system control and operation (Jiang, 2007; Ademoye, & Feliachi,
2011; Ademoye, Feliachi,& Karimi, 2011; Ademoye,& Feliachi,2012), this method used to
design a stabilizing control lawproviding better performance than traditional power system
stabilizers.
Let us consider the nonlinear dynamic equation
1
in the state space form as follows:
( ) ( ) , x t f x u = (4)

wherestate variable
n
xe and control input
m
u e , and an assignable equilibrium point
n
e
x e
to be stabilized. Basically, synergetic control consists ofthe followingsteps.
(1) In order to construct a manifold for the nonlinear systems, a macro-variable is defined as
( ) x = where ( ) x is a function of the system states. The synergetic synthesis provides a
method to find a stabilizing control law ( ) ( ( )) u x u x = as a function of some specified
macro-variable to force and restrict the system trajectories to operate on the manifold
defined by ( ) 0 x = . The behavior of the macro-variable can be selected by designersin
accordance with the desired control specifications. Basically, a linear combination of the
state variables is a simple case which can be chosen so as to achieve the control objective,
the settling time, limitations in control output, and so on.Also, any variable constraints can
be included to form the macro-variable.
(2) Design or synthesizea stabilizing state feedback controller in order to drive the system states
to exponentially converge to, and then remain on the specified manifold M . The selected
macro-variableis evolved in a desired manner by introducing a constraint expressed in the
following equation:
0, 0 T T + = > (5)



whereT is a controller parameter indicating the speed of convergence of the macro-variable
toward the manifolds specified by ( ) 0 x = .
(3) Differentiate ( ) x , by taking into account the chain rule of differentiation, and substitute (1)
or (4) into (5), we can obtain

( )
( , ) ( ) 0, 0
x
T f x u x T
x

c
+ = >
c
(6)
Then solvealgebraic equation (6) to obtain the control lawu . Thus, the resulting control law
can be expressed as
( ) ( , ( )) u x G x x = (7)

The following result is used for our nonlinear controller design of generator excitation and
of power systems.

Theorem 1: Consider a class of nonlinear systems (1) or (3). The system states and their rate
will converge exponentially to zero with the speed of convergence depending upon the selected
parameter T , if the control law is exerted as (7).

Synergetic Control Design
In this section, a synergetic controller is designed to accomplish the expected requirements
mentioned in Section 2. The aim is to define a stable and invariant manifold M and to design a
control law capable of driving the system trajectories and force them to remain on the manifold.
Given a nonlinear power system with generator excitation and described by (1) or (3), the
synergetic synthesis of power systems considered starts with defining two macro-variables as
follows.


1 11 12 ref 11 2 12 3 ref
( ) ( ) ( )
s e
P P x x P | e e | | | = + = + (8)


2 21 22 ref 21 2 22 4 ref
( ) ( ) ( )
s t
V V x x V | e e | | | = + = + (9)

where 0, ( , ) {1, 2}
ij
i j | > e ,
f ref re
, , P e and
ref
V are the referencesof the rotational angular speed
(frequency), active electrical power, and terminal voltage, respectively. The aim of the proposed
controller design are to steer the system trajectories and force them to remain on the manifolds
( ) 0, 1, 2.
i
x i = =
The dynamic of the evolution of each macro-variable is provided as:
0, 0, 1, 2.
i i i i
T T i + = > = (10)
where
i
T are a pre-specified controller parameter indicating the converging speed of the closed-
loop system to the manifolds ( ) 0, 1, 2.
i
x i = = . Therefore, denoting , ,
s e
P e e and
t
V by
2 3
, x x
and
4
x , respectively and by substituting (8)-(9) and their derivative into (10), which is
( )
11 2 12 3 11 2 12 3 ref
1
1
x x x x P
T
| | | |

( + = +

(11)
( )
21 2 22 4 21 2 22 4 ref
2
1
x x x x V
T
| | | |

( + = +

(12)
The expressions above gives
( )
11 2
3 11 2 12 3 ref
12 1 12
1 x
x x x P
T
|
| |
| |

( = +

(13)
( )
21 2
4 21 2 22 4 ref
22 2 22
1 x
x x x V
T
|
| |
| |

( = +

(14)
Directly substituting
3 4
, x x into (13)-(14), the result is
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 1 3
0
11
11 2 12 3 ref
12 1 1
1 2 1 2
3 4 1 2
2
1 3 2
sin 2 sin
( cot )
2
1

( )
,
f
m
u
bV x
X X X X
x x X X
P Dx
M x
V x
a x x x
T
P
T x
x x
|
| |
| |

+ + +
'
( = +
+ +
| |
+

|
|
A
\ .




( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 3 1
1 3 2 1 3 3 4
0
21
4 21 2 22 4 ref
22
1 3
1 2 1 2
1 3
3 4 1 2
2
1 2 1 2 3 2 2
, sin
, ,
1

,
,

( )

,
f
q
m
q
u N x x V x
M x x x N x x f x x
T
u
x x x V
T
x x
T X X X X
x x
x x
T
X X
P Dx
T X X x M x
|
| |
| |

+ + + +
'
| |
( + = +
|

A
+ +
| | A
+

|
|
+
|
\ .
A
\ .

After rearranging the expressions above, the following control laws are obtained as:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 11 1
1 12 2 1 3
1 12 1
0
11 2 12
3 4 1 2
2
1 3 1
3 f
2
re
sin 2
( cot )
sin 2

( )
+
,
f
m
x x X X
P Dx
x x X X
u X X
T bV x
T a x x x
T V x M
T
x x P
|
|
|
| |

| | +
= + + + |
|
'

| |
+

|
|
\ .
( +
.

A +
\

(17)
and
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
3
1 2
2 21
2 22 1 3 2
2 22 1 2
4
2 2
4 1 2
2 1 3 3 3 21 2 22
2
1 3
1 3
1 2
4 ref
0
,
, (
( )
,
,
) +
q
m
q
f
u X X
T
T M x x x
T T X X M
x x X X
P Dx
x x
x x
T
u
x
T N x x f x g x x x V
T X X
T
|
|
|
| | |

+
= +

| | | |
| ( | + + + + +

| |
| |
+

|
|
A
\ .
A
+ '
\ . \ .

(18)
Based on selecting some suitable choices of the controller gains
11 12 21 22 1 2
( , , , , , ) T T | | | | ,
the proposed controller can not only power angle stability but also frequency and voltage
regulations following a large disturbance. From the synergetic control approach mentioned
previously, it is obvious that regardless of the steady-state operating point of the system, the
synergetic controller performs well on the full nonlinear system and in contrast to the traditional
control theory,do not need any linearization or simplification on the system model.
Simulation Results
In this section, simulation results of coordination of generatorexcitation and control in
SMIB power systems considered in previous sections are shown. Power angle stability as well as
voltage and frequency regulations are used to point out the transient stability enhancement and
dynamic properties.
Considering the single line diagram as shown in with SG connected through parallel
transmission line to an infinite-bus,such generators deliver 1.0 per unit, power while the terminal
voltage
t
V is 0.9897pu., and an infinite-bus voltage is 1.0 per unit. However, when a three-phase
fault (a large perturbation) occurs at the point P , the midpoint of one of the transmission lines.
This leads to rotor acceleration, voltage sag, and large transient induced electromechanical
oscillations.
The interesting question is that after the fault is cleared from the network, will the system
return to a post-fault equilibrium state?
In this paper, the fault of interest is the following two fault sequences, namely temporary
and permanent faults. Usually, there are four basic stages associated with transient stability of a
power system:
Stage 1: The system is in a pre-fault steady state.
Stage 2: A fault occurs at
0
t .
Stage 3: The faults is isolated by opening the breakers at
c
t .
Stage 4: The transmission line is recovered without the fault at
r
t t = sec. Eventually, the system
is in a post-fault state at
f
t t = sec.
In this paper, two cases with different faults sequences are investigated as follows:

Temporary fault
The system is in a pre-fault steady state, a fault occurs at
0
0.5 t = sec., the fault is
isolated by opening the breaker of the faulted line at 0.8
c
t = sec., the transmission line is
recovered without the fault at 0.81
r
t = sec. Afterward the system is in a post-fault state.

Permanent fault
The system is in a pre-fault steady state, a fault occurs at
0
0.5 t = sec., the fault is
isolated by permanently opening the breaker of the faulted line at 0.8
c
t = sec. The system is
eventually in a post-fault state.
In this section, the effectiveness of the combination of the coordinated (generator
excitation/) controller to improve transient stability applied of a power system through power
angle stability, as well as voltage, frequency, and power regulations, is investigated and
compared with the FeedBack Linearization controller: FBL (Gu, &Wang, 2007) and
conventional linear controller (PSS/AVR) (Kundur, 1994).
ADD YOYR SIMULATION OUTPUT
Figure 2:

The physical parameters (pu.) and initial conditions (
ref
, , , )
e s ee
P V o e for this proposed
power system model are given as follows:
2
0
ref
0.1,
0.2,
2 rad/s, 0.2
1,
, 5, 60Hz, 4, 1 0 , 1.1, 0.2,
| | 1, 4 pu., 0.4964rad, , 0.9897, .
s T d d
q e s ee m L m
f D M f T V X X X
X X T P I V P P
e t
o e e
' '

=
= =
= = = = = = Z = =
s = = = = = =
The tuning parameters of the coordinated controller selected to test in this paper are as
follows:
22 11 12 1 2 2 1
0.007, 1, 0.0 0.0 08 5,T T | | | | = = = = = = . From our simulation results,
the following can be seen.
The transient stability of a power system with both generator excitation and can be
effectively improved by using the nonlinear coordinated controller proposed as seen in Figures 3
and 4. Although there is a large sudden fault (temporary or permanent) on the network, the
system is able to keep transiently stable.
Time trajectories of a power angle o , SG relative speed (frequency), the transient
voltage E of the proposed controller, the FBL controller, and PSS/AVRrespectively, are shown in
Figures 3(a)-(b). After the fault is cleared from the network, from temporary fault cases above
the power angles
e
o o , and the SG relative speeds, ( ) 0
s
e e , the transient voltage
( )
e
E E , and current
( )
0
q
I settle to the pre-fault steady state as expected. Note also that,
due to the presence of the permanent fault on the network, power angle, transient voltage and
current of the synergetic controller, the coordinated controller, and PSS/AVR cannot go to the
pre-fault state except for SG relative speed. In comparison with the FBL controller and
PSS/AVR, time histories of the proposed controller, particularly power angles, SG relative
speeds, and current have obviously smaller overshoot along with faster reduction of oscillation
excluding transient voltage. Regarding power and voltage regulation as shown in Figure 3(b) and
4(b), the synergetic controller not only provides clearly better transient responses thanboth the
FBLcontroller and PSS/AVR,but also quickly settles to their pre-fault steady state of active
power. In particular, the voltage sag of the proposed controller is quickly stabilized but has
higher overshoots when compared with the FBL controllerand PSS/AVR in terms of settling
time and rise time. From two different fault sequences, their active electrical power and voltage
responses of both the proposed and FBL controllers also can converge to the desired reference
values of active power
ref
P and terminal voltage
ref
V while terminal voltage responses of
PSS/AVR cannot.Those indicate that with the help of the synergetic control theory the
coordination of generator excitation and can obviously improve further transient stability along
with dynamic properties as compared with the FBL controller and linear PSS/AVR controller. In
the permanent fault, Figures 4(a)-(b) illustrate that , , E o and
q
I cannot return to the pre-fault state
whilethere are active electrical power
e
P and terminal voltage
t
V capable of settling to the desired
reference valves
( )
ref
,
e m t
P P V V . Independent of the steady-state operating point of the
system and fault sequences above, the nonlinear coordinated controller can achieve the expected
requirements and accomplish better dynamic properties as seen in faster transient responses of
the closed-loop systems under a large sudden fault.
From the simulation results above, it can be concluded that not only transient stability is
enhanced but also power angle stability along with frequency, power, and voltage regulations are
simultaneously accomplished according to the two expected requirements for the proposed
controller.
SIMULATION WAVE FROMS 1
and superiorities of the proposed compound cascaded whose configuration is shown in Fig. 1.
The effective line voltage value of the power source is 10kV and the peak phase voltage value of
the PCC is about 8kV. The DC voltage of the power unit is 1kV and the switch frequency is
1kHz. In this model, CMIs of the Y-connected structure are designed to bear the PCCs peak
phase voltage and contain 8 units in a phase, which are operating as voltage sources and not
controlled by any physical quantity.
SIMULATION WAVE FROMS 2

And the CMIs of the -connected structure are designed to bear the instantaneous voltage of the
systems equivalent series inductance and contain 3 units in a phase because the maximum
voltage is not over 1.5kV, which work as controlled current sources and whose control variable
is the sum of the reactive current and the negative-sequence current of the load
SIMULATION WAVE FROMS 3
In order to simulate the 3-phase unbalanced condition, this model sets a single phase load
between Phase A and Phase B. This load contains a 100 resistor and a 0.3H inductor. Since the
load is resistive-inductive, so the power grid must deliver the inductive reactive power which
will course much energy consumption in the power transmission lines. In addition, the three-
phase unbalanced power transmission results in power quality worsening seriously in the power
system. All of that can be seen After compensating, the PCC voltages, also the load voltages,
have restored to the three-phase balanced state, only using about 20ms for dynamic adjustment,
showing in Fig. 10. Since the negative-sequence currents have been compensated by the
compound cascaded , so the power grid do not deliver the negative-sequence currents to the load
and has restored to the three-phase balanced state. Meantime, the reactive power is also
compensated completely and the phase difference between the gird voltages and currents
thereupon maintain zero. The power grid only output the fundamental active currents, about 40A,
The simulation results have verified that the proposed compound cascaded can simultaneously
compensate the reactive power and the 3-phase unbalanced currents for the unbalanced load
perfectly and also can save power units significantly

Conclusions
This paper proposed the new distortion power quality index to replace the previously proposed
index . Its computation was carried out based on the load composition rate (LCR) and Euclidean
norm of total harmonic distortions (THDs) of the measured voltage and current waveforms at the
point of common coupling (PCC). The reduced multivariate polynomial (RMP) model with the
one-shot training property was successfully applied to estimate the LCR. Moreover, the use of
could avoid applying another RMP model, which is required in the implementation of to estimate
the nonlinear load harmonics. This advantage of allows for more effective and preferable use in
practice. Also, the experimental results showed that the can provide the relative harmonic
pollution ranking (HPR) of several nonlinear loads with good performance, which is directly
related to their distortion powers without the need for direct measurements. In contrast, the
results also verified that the has the serious drawback of obtaining wrong answers with an
incorrect HPR. This was the case when the load current was severely distorted with the high
THD and/or when it had a large phase difference with the PCC voltage with a low power factor.
Moreover, the good estimation performance of the proposed and its applicability in practice was
verified by the simulation results based on the harmonic current injection model.

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