Fracture Behaviour of Polymeric Composites

Fracture behaviour of polymer and polymeric
composites.
Harish.L
AM13D025
ME7190 Term paper presentation
16
th
April, 2014
Harish L (AM13D025) 16
th
April, 2014 1 / 39
Outline
1
Introduction
2
Spiral Notch Torsion Test
3
Mixed mode
4
Finite element analysis of epoxy material
5
Testing and analysis of composite materials
6
SNTT testing and fracture surface characterisation
7
FEA of composite materials
8
Suggestions for future work
9
References
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Introduction
Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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April, 2014 3 / 39
Introduction
Introduction
Wind turbine blades are usually fabricated from ber reinforces
polymeric composites.
Spiral Notch Torsion Test (SNTT)
The current standard fracture toughness test are not ecient
under mixed mode loading conditions, especially ModeI+ModeIII
Figure : Schematic diagram of SNTT
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Introduction
Introduction
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April, 2014 4 / 39
Introduction
Introduction
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April, 2014 4 / 39
Introduction
Introduction
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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April, 2014 5 / 39
SNTT
Only shallow surface notch is required for testing brittle
materials thus it signicantly reducing specimen size.
Mode1 fracture toughness is obtained when cylindrical specimen
having pitch angle 45
o
.
The SNTT test methods has advantages relative to bend-beam
testing, because
The size eect is minimises
No free surface(normal to the specimen axis) exists in the
SNTT specimen geometry under pure torsion
Mixed mode fracture toughness values can be easily obtained by
changing the pitch angle of the spiral line.
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SNTT
o
.
testing, because
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SNTT
o
.
testing, because
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SNTT Testing
A servo hydraulic axial/torsional testing machine was used to
perform SNTT.
Figure : (a) machined epoxy samples and (b) SNTT testing setup
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SNTT Testing
A servo hydraulic axial/torsional testing machine was used to
perform SNTT.
Figure : (a) machined epoxy samples and (b) SNTT testing setup
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Contd.
Samples were either fractured as machined or after cycling
fatigue with a xed loading rate 4.52Nm/s.
The in situ fracture process of epoxy samples was examined
using an infrared camera.
After SNTT testing, the fracture surface were examined by
optical microscopy, scannig electron microscopy, and white light
inferometer.
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Contd.
inferometer.
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Contd.
inferometer.
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SNTT Testing and Fractographic charecterisation
All epoxies samples exhibited linear elastic behaviour during
SNTT, it is expected for brittle materials such as epoxies.
Figure : Example loading curves during nal fracture tests performed on epoxy samples in this study.
Dierent materials and dierent geometry exhibit dierent
behaviour during SNTT testing.
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SNTT Testing and Fractographic charecterisation
All epoxies samples exhibited linear elastic behaviour during
SNTT, it is expected for brittle materials such as epoxies.
Figure : Example loading curves during nal fracture tests performed on epoxy samples in this study.
Dierent materials and dierent geometry exhibit dierent
behaviour during SNTT testing.
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Contd
Figure : IR Images of an epoxy sample during SNTT testing
The primary IR results
veried that the notch
groove was subjected to
tensile states under
SNTT pure torsion
loading.
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April, 2014 10 / 39
Mode1 Fracture
Figure : Optical microscope images showing:(a) the crack plane and (b) the fracture surface of a
Mode1 sample fractured without fatigue pre-crack
Figure : Fracture surface of a mode1 sample fractured after cycling fatigue: (a) an optical microscopy
image and (b) a white light inferometry 3D
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Mixed mode
Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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April, 2014 12 / 39
Mixed mode
Mixed mode fracture
This type of failure is dicult to simulate from the conventional
approaches or testing methods.
But in SNTT it can be easily simulated by varying pitch angles
of spiral notch.
Figure : Samples with out fatigue showing fracture along (a) the 45
o
spiral plane(GB2-1) and (b) the
36
o
spiral plane GB4-7
Crack deviated from notch root and propagated along 45
o
spiral
plane.
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Mixed mode
Mixed mode fracture
of spiral notch.
o
36
o
spiral plane GB4-7
o
spiral
plane.
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Mixed mode
Mixed mode fracture
of spiral notch.
o
36
o
spiral plane GB4-7
o
spiral
plane.
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Mixed mode
Mixed mode fracture
Figure : Fracture surface of mixed mode of samples to fatigue loading (a) and (b) optical image and
(c) a white light interferometry 3D
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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Finite element analysis
1/8
th
of the SNTT sample were used in modeling due rotational
symmetry in ABAQUS
crack tip area(A
1
) was meshed with wedge element C3D15. rest
areas (A
2
, A
3
) was meshed with C3020R elements.
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Finite element analysis
1/8
th
of the SNTT sample were used in modeling due rotational
symmetry in ABAQUS
crack tip area(A
1
) was meshed with wedge element C3D15. rest
areas (A
2
, A
3
) was meshed with C3020R elements.
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Figure : Displacement countours of epoxy SNTT sample GB3-1 (a) the cylindrical coordinate
denition (b) radial displacement vector (c) axial displacement vector
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Figure : von Mises contour of epoxy SNTT sample GB3-1: (a) the deformed cylinder and (b) von
Mises stress contour around the deformed spiral notch tip
The Stress concentration could be observed around spiral notch
The butter y plastic zone was also captured with in the wedge
mesh area.
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April, 2014 18 / 39
Figure : von Mises contour of epoxy SNTT sample GB3-1: (a) the deformed cylinder and (b) von
Mises stress contour around the deformed spiral notch tip
The Stress concentration could be observed around spiral notch
The butter y plastic zone was also captured with in the wedge
mesh area.
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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April, 2014 19 / 39
materials and samples
SNTT samples were obtained from composite plates fabricated
using the vaccume assisted infusion technique.
Figure : (a) Vacuume assisted infusion process for composite fabrication and (b) a nished composite
plate
The infused plates were cured at 70
o
C for 8hrs
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April, 2014 20 / 39
materials and samples
SNTT samples were obtained from composite plates fabricated
using the vaccume assisted infusion technique.
Figure : (a) Vacuume assisted infusion process for composite fabrication and (b) a nished composite
plate
The infused plates were cured at 70
o
C for 8hrs
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Depending on the relative orientations between the samples and
the bers, three types of samples were fabricated
Figure : (a) The schematic showing the orientations of three types of SNTT samples; and picture of
(b) typeA,(c)typeB and (d)typeC samples
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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A-type samples
Figure : Infrared images obtained during the testing of an A-type sample (A-13). The images were
taken: (a) at the start of the testing, (b) at the crack initiation, (c) during the crack propagation, and
(d) after the complete separation of the sample.
Bright spot was observed along the spiral notch during tesing
Crack propagated along the notch and large amount of surface
energy was released.
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Loading curve
Figure : Typical loading curve A,B and C-type samples
linear elastic behaviour was observed until failure occured.
All A and C samples were completely separated into halves after
SNTT testing.
Due to ber strengthening B samples were not separated and
showed consistent resistence.
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Figure : Images showing: (a) a failed A-type sample (A-1) and (b) its fracture surface. Note: the
length unit of the ruler is inch.
Figure : SEM images of the fracture surface of a failed A-type sample (A-1) taken at: (a) low
magnication and (b) high magnication.
Fracture occured along the spiral notch
Crack propagation direction was parallel to the ber orientation.
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The ber surfaces were very smooth and interfacial debonding
occurs.
River lines were observed in the resin region which were evidence
of crack propagation through the matrix.
Fiber/resin interfacial debond and resin matrix cracking are
dominant failure mechanisms
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B-Type samples
Figure : IR images showing the loading of a B-type sample (B-12): (a) when a crack initiated and (b)
further propagated.
The primary cracks in B type sample could not propagate
through the center of the sample.
Cracks runnig parallel to the sample axis.
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Figure : Pictures of a failed B-type sample (B-2) showing: (a) the front view, (b) the back view, and
(c) the cross-section view. Note: the length unit of the ruler is inch.
Multiple delaminations occured internally and interfacial regions
seemed to be the most vulnerable in this sample geometry.
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C-Type samples
Figure : IR images showing the loading of a C-type sample (C-10): (a) when a crack initiated and (b)
further propagated.
Figure : Pictures of a failed C-type sample (C-2) showing: (a) the separated two halves and (b) the
curved fracture surface. Note: the length unit of the ruler is inch.
curvature was observed on the fracture surface but in A type
sample are at.
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Eect of loading rates
Figure : Failure loads of composite SNTT samples
There is no signicant dierence in failure torques among the
same type of samples tested with range of loading rates.
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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Figure : Composite materials in SNTT model with dierent ber orientations: (a) a schematic of
composite ber orientations, (b) A-type sample, (c) B-type sample, and (d) C-type sample.
Concentrated torque was applied in one side and x,y translations
on the other end were xed.
Displacement contours of all composite samples are similar to
those obtained from epoxy samples.
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von Mises stress contours
Figure : von Mises stress contour of A, B and C-type samples with a scale deformed factor of 20: (a)
sample A6, (b) sample B4, (c) sample C6, (d) sample A6 crack tip, (e) sample B4 crack tip, and (f)
sample C6 crack tip (unit: Pa).
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Figure : Energy replease rate of composite SNTT samples.
Time dependent eect was not signicant in energy release rate
of composite SNTT samples.
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Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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Extend the SNTT Method to investigate the fracture behaviour
for the brittle materials and composite plys
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References
Contents
1
Introduction
2
3
Mixed mode
4
5
6
7
8
9
References
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References
References
1
Araki W, Nemoto K, Adachi T, Yamaji A. Fracture toughness for
mixed Mode of epoxy resin. Acta Mater 2005;53:86975.
2
Selby K, Miller LE. Fracture toughness and mechanical behaviour of
an epoxy resin. J Mater Sci 1975;10:1224.
3
Plangsangmas L, Mecholsky JJ, Brennan AB. Determination of
fracture toughness of epoxy using fractography. J Appl Polym Sci
1999;72:25768.
4
Wang JA, Liu KC, McCabe DE, David SA. Using torsional bar testing
to determine fracture toughness. Engng Mater Struct 2000;23:4556.
5
Ting Tan , Fei Ren , John JyAn Wang , Edgar Lara Curzio ,
Pancasatya Agastra, John Mandell, Williams D. Bertelsen , Carl M.
LaFrance Investigating fracture behavior of polymer and polymeric
composite materials using spiral notch torsion test,Volume
101,March 2013, Pages 109-128.
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Thank You
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Fracture Behaviour of Polymeric Composites

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