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LENSES IN COMBINATION

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the focal length of a diverging lens by using it in combination with a converging
lens;

2. To construct a basic compound microscope.


THEORY

Diverging lens

Refraction at the surfaces of a diverging lens causes
the parallel rays to diverge, giving rise to a virtual
image . This is defined as the point from which the
diverging rays appear to come, as shown in Figure 1.
The lens equation from the previous lab (TL) still
applies; however the focal length of a diverging lens is
negative.


1 1 1
p q f
+ = (1)

where p is the object distance,
q is the image distance, and
f is the focal length of the lens.

The uncertainty in the focal length is also calculated in the same way as in the previous lab:


2
2 2
q p
p q q p
f
) ( +
+
= (2)

Recall that if p and/or q are negative, the negative sign(s) must be used in the denominator of
this expression.

Compound microscope
A compound microscope consists of a short focal length objective lens which is slightly more
than one focal length from the object to be viewed, and an eye lens which is slightly less than
one focal length from the image produced by the objective lens. The magnification of each lens
is given by
m
q
p
=

(3)
The overall magnification of the microscope is the product of the magnifications of each of the
lenses alone.

Figure 1. Virtual mage formed by
a diverging lens
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If the focal length of a lens is known and an image at a particular magnification is desired, the
necessary image and object distances can be found from the equations given above. From
Equation 3, q = -mp.

Substituting this expression for q into Equation 1 and solving for p gives

p f
m
m
=

1
(4)


APPARATUS

Optical bench set: base, 2 supports, illuminated object, 2 lens holders, screen holder, ground
glass screen, 3 biconvex lenses (5, 10, 20 cm) circular diaphragm stops, desk lamp.


PROCEDURE, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS


Part A - Focal lengths

Assemble the optical bench. Find the approximate focal length of each of the converging
lenses by locating the image of a distant object, as done in the previous experiment (TL).
Record your data in the normal way.


Part B Focal length of a diverging lens

It is difficult to use parallax to locate the virtual image formed by a diverging lens, because the
image always appears between the object and lens, so a pointer at the image location blocks
the light rays that form the image. An alternative way to find the focal length of a diverging
lens is to use it in combination with a converging lens to produce a real image, as shown in
Figure 2. First, an object (labelled O
C
) is placed in front of the converging lens alone. The
converging lens forms a real image (labelled I
C
). Then, the diverging lens is inserted between
the converging lens and I
C
. The diverging lens causes the final real image (I
D
) to move further
back and become larger. The image I
C
acts as a virtual object (O
D
) for the diverging lens. Note
that p
D
< 0. By measuring the positions of the diverging lens, I
C
, and I
D
, it is possible to calculate
p
D
and q
D
, and hence find f
D
.

1. Put the object near one end of the optical bench. Place the long focal length converging lens
at a distance approximately equal to 2f
C
from the object. Locate the real image I
C,
and record
its position. Do not move the object or the converging lens in the steps that follow.


2. The uncertainty in f
D
will be small when the distance between I
D
and I
C
is large. Set the final
image location I
D
by moving the screen 30 to 40 cm back from its location at I
C
. This is
where the final image will eventually appear. (Note that if you move the screen too far back,
it will be more difficult to focus the highly magnified image, and this increases the uncertainty
in f
D.
)

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Figure 2. Real image formed by converging/diverging lens combination

3. Insert the diverging lens between the converging lens and I
C
. Leaving the screen fixed at the
location in step 2, move the diverging lens until a magnified, real, inverted image (I
D
) is f
focused on the screen. Record the positions of the screen and the diverging lens. Carefully
estimate the uncertainty in the diverging lens position based on how much you can move the
lens and keep the image in focus.

4. Calculate the image and object distances for the diverging lens (see Figure 2). Use these
values in the lens equation to find the diverging lens focal length. Also calculate the
uncertainty in the focal length. Remember that the object distance is negative in these
calculations.

5. Draw a ray diagram, to scale, for a diverging lens with p = f.


Part C - Compound microscope

1. Place the illuminated object on the left end of the base and record its position.

The short focal length lens will be the objective lens of your microscope. Calculate the object
distance required so that an image of the object will be formed on the screen with a
magnification of -4X. Calculate the lens position and place the lens on the base. No
uncertainties are required in this calculation. Experimentally find the screen position which
provides the best focus image.

Important
The centre of the objective lens will be offset somewhat from the pointer due to the
thickness of the lens. Make sure that the centre of the lens, not the pointer, is at the
proper position.
The image position given by theory is not the actual image position due mainly to errors
in your focal length measurement.

Record the lens and screen positions.

2. Mount the medium focal length (eye) lens near the end of the bench, beyond the screen.

Calculate the distance that the eye lens needs to be away from the screen (this image is the
object for the eye lens) in order to produce a 2X virtual image. Again, no uncertainties are
p
D

(< 0)
I
D

O
C
I
C
= O
D
q
D

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required in this calculation.

Place the eye lens at this distance from the screen. Record the position of the eye lens.

Mount one of the smaller diaphragms on the objective lens in order to reduce the brightness
and improve the quality of the image. Remove the screen and observe the image through the
eye lens.

If you have difficulty finding the image, try this technique. Hold a piece of paper perpendicular to
the optic axis about where your eye was. Move it toward and away from the eye lens until a
small bright circle of light is seen on the paper. This is the exit pupil of the microscope, and is
the place where the pupil of your eye should be when you look through the lens.

When you are satisfied with your microscope, ask your instructor to inspect it.

3. Tidy the apparatus.

4. On a full page in your notebook, draw a scale ray diagram of your microscope. When drawing
the diagram you must assume that the focal lengths of the two lenses are as found in Part A.
The distances of the objects from the lenses must be as calculated in this part to achieve the -
4X and 2X magnifications.

Calculate the overall magnification from your ray diagram, that is, the ratio of the size of the final
image to that of the object. Does it agree quite well with the design value of -8X?

Hints
The image produced by the objective lens becomes the object for the eye lens.
Start with an object which is small enough so the final image will fit on the page.

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