STEERING SYSTEM

STEERING SYSEM is a mechanism which perform a task

to providing direction to the vehicle. It is done by
converting the rotary motion of the steering wheel into
the end of the angular turn to the driving wheels. Most
of the vehicle are front wheel.


FUNCTION OF STEERING SYSTEM
It have two main functions :
It is the mechanism which give directional change to
the vehicle when required. For example IT helps the
vehicle to take turn.
It provide directional stability to the vehicle. For
example IT helps the vehicle to run straight when
the wheel is free.
REQUIRMENT OF A GOOD STEERING
SYSTEM

It should be easy to operate i.e. IT provide minimum
effort to the driver.
It should be very accurate.
It should not transmit the road shock to steering
wheel.
It should have self central ability i.e. when steering
wheel is free , it should comes to its center position.
COMPONENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM

The Main component of steering system is
as follow..
Steering Wheel.
Steering column.
Steering Box.
Pitman Arm.
Steering knuckle Arm.
Tie rod .
Tie rod arm.
King pin.
Pull & push road


FUNCTION &WORKING OF EACH PART







STEERING WHEEL
It is circular wheel which is at the driver end. Circular
motion is given to the wheel by driving for taking wheel
turn.
STEERING COLUMN
A hollow shaft is enclosed in it. This shaft is attached with
steering wheel on it . The other end is shaft has a worm
wheel.
STEERING BOX
It consist a worm which is welded in shaft in messed with
worm is a sector arm or other such a mechanism.
PIT MAN ARM
IT attached to sector arm at one end pull & push rod and
other end through ball joint . It convert the too & fro
motion of the sector in the translator motion of pull
&push rod.

PULL&PUSH ROD
Other end of pull &push rod is attached to the steering
knuckle arm to which give its too & fro motion..
STEERING KNUCKLE ARM
Its one is connected to the pull& push rod & other to
stub axle. At the center point, it is pivoted .The knuckle
arm of the other wheel is connected with this knuckle
arm through a rod called tie rod arm.
TIE ROD
HELPS the steering knuckle & the other wheel to taking
turn simultaneously with the first rod..
TIE ROD ARM
one side of the tie rod arm is connected to the steering
knuckle & the other to the steering knuckle. The arm
transmit the power to tie rod and helps vehicle to take
turn.


POWER STEERING

In Automobiles,a power steering system (also known as
power assisted steering (PAS) or steering assist system)
helps driver steer by augmenting steering effort of the
steering wheel. Hydraulic or electric actuators and
control energy to the steering mechanism, so the driver
needs to provide only modest effort regardless of
conditions. Power steering helps considerably when a
vehicle is stopped or moving slowly. Also, power steering
provides some feedback of forces acting on the front
wheels to give an ongoing sense of how the wheels are
interacting with the rod; this is typically called road
feel.
Representative power steering system for cars augment
steering effort via an actuator, a hydraulic cylinder,
which is of a servo system. These system have a direct
mechanical connection between the steering wheel and
the linkage that steers the wheels. This means that
power steering system failure ( to augment effort ) still
permits the vehicle to be steered using manual effort
alone.
Other power steering system ( such as those in the
largest off-road construction vehicles ) have no direct
mechanical connection to the steering linkages; they
require power. Systems of this kind, with no mechanical
connection, are sometimes called drive by wireor
steer by wire ,
by analogly with
aviations fly-
by-wire. In this
context , wire
refers to
electrical cables
that carry power
and data , not
thin-wire-rope
mechanical
control cables.
In other power steering system, electrical motors provide
the assistance instead of hydraulic systems. As with
hydraulic type, power steering system.
Some to the actuator ( motor in this case ) is controlled
by the rest of the construction vehicles have a two part
with a rugged hinge in the middle; this hinge allow the
front and rear axles to become non-parallel to the steer
the vehicle. Opposing hydraulic cylinders move the
halves of the frame realtive to each other to steer.

PURPOSE OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM
The main purpose of power ateering system is to
ensure an easy handling and precise direction as you
drive your vehicle. As automotive vehicle technology
has improved considerably, our autotech
performance technicians will make sure that the
efficiency of this system remain optimal.
It provide the directional stability of the vehicle and
self-centering position of the vehicle.
It require the minimum effort of the driver to turn
the vehicle.



PRINCIPAL OF POWER STEERING

Fluid under pressure enter in an appropriate side of
cylinder when the steering wheel is rotate & the valve is
opened. This fluid applies pressure on one side of a
piston to move it. This movement of piston operate the
steering linkage to steer the wheel in desire direction.

For a perfect steering, all the four wheels rolls perfectly
under all condition of running. This can be achieved if the
axis of the front wheel when produced meet the rear
wheel axis point . It should be noted that the inside
wheel has to turn through greater angle then outer
wheel. These wheels are supported to more around the
point as the center of circle.
FUNCTION OF POWER STEERING
SYSTEM
Also known as power assisted steering, power steering is
a mechanism that helps the driver of an automobile to
steer the vehicle . In most automobiles , it relies on a
hydraulic system to aid in turning the vehicles wheel.
Power steering is a standard feature in nearly every
modern car and truck.
There are prilimnary two types of power steering
systems, rack-and-pinion and the recerculating ball.
Rack-and-pinion is the system found in most vehicles.
The recurculating ball is largely known as one the first
systems to be implemented in automobiles. Although not
as widespread, the recurcularting ball is still used in same
modern trucks.
A rack-and-pinion system is comprised of two main
components: the rack-and-pinion itself and a power
steering pump. Situated perpendicular behind the wheels
of a vehicle the rack-and-pinion is generally a piece of
metal tubing that is rougly three inches in diameter and
three feet in length. Inside the tube, there is a flat piece
of metal that has been cut to include teeth on its top. In
the center of the rack and pinion is a round seal that
seals either sides of the rack, one at a time.
In these systems, two high- pressure hoses from the
steering system mechanism are connected to both sides
of the ceter seal One directs high-pressure hydraulic fuel
from the power stering pump to the steering mechanism,
while other allow the fluid to flow back to the pump.
When the stering wheel is turned left or right, the
steering mechanism allow the hydraulic fluid to pass
that side of the rack. It is the pressure that give the
vehicle power an assist by pushing the seal and the rack
in one direction or the other.
The recirculating ball is smaller power steering system
attached to the vehicle frame on the drivers side. This
system is comprised to the threded shaft about 12 incehs
long, in addition to an input shaft that connect to it and
the steering column. Aside from the construction the
system works in nearly identical fashion to rack-and-
pinion. Power steering fluid passes through the steering
meachanism , which aids the driver to turning in left or
right. While new types of power steering have emerged,
the core of most system in the pump, complimented by a
belt that is powered by the vehicles engine. Even the
older recirculating ball system borrow the pump concept
of moving high-pressure fluid back and forth. Due to the
fact the hoses moving the fluid are suspectible to
developing leaks, driver are encouraged to have them
inspected by an auto mechanic during every oil change.





WORKING OF POWER STEERING
SYSTEM
Most of power steering system works by using a
hydraulic system to steer the vehicles wheels. The
hydraulic preesure typically comes from agerator or
rotary vane pump driven by the vehicles engine. A
double-acting hydraulic cylinder apply a force to the
steering gear, which in turns steers the roadwheels. The
steeringtorque the driver applies to the steering wheel
and column, the wheels operates valves to control flow
to the cylinder. The more more fluid the valves allow
through to the cylinder, and so the more force is applied
to the steer the wheels.
One design for measuring the torque applied to the
steering wheel has a torque sensor a torsion bar at the
lower end of the steering column. As the steering wheels
rotates, so does the steering column, as well as the
upper end of the torsion bar. Since the torsion bar is
relatively thin and flexible, and the bottom end
Usually resist being rotated the bar while twist by the
amount proportional to the applied torque. The
difference in position between the opposite ends of the
torsion bar controls a valve. The valve allow fluid to flow
to the cylinder while provide steering assistance; the
greater the twist of the torsion bar, the greater the
force. Since the hydraulic pumps are positive
displacement type, the flow rate they deleiver is directly
proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that
at high engine speeds the steering would naturally
operate faster than at low engine speeds. Because this
would be control valve direct some of pump output back
to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speed. A
pressure relief valve prevent a dangerous build-up of
pressure when the hydraulic cylinder piston reach the
end of the stroke.
Some modern system also include an electronic control
valve to reduce the hydraulic supply pressure as the
vehicle is speed increases this is variable assist power
steering.
The steering booster is arranged so that should the
booster fails, the steering wheel continue the work (
although the wheel will feel heavier). Loss of power
steering can significantly affect the handing of a vehicle.
Each vehicle owners manual gives instruction foe
inspection of fluid levels and regular maintenance of the
power steering system.
The working liquid, also called hydraulic fluid or oil,
is the medium by which pressure is transmitted.
Common working liquids are based on mineral oil.

TYPES OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM
There are two common types of power steering used in
four wheelers.
1. Integral power steering system
2. Linkage type or Semi internal type power steering
system.

INTEGRAL POWER STEERING SYSTEM

In this system, the power steering units an integral part
of the steering gear . The main components of an
internal linkage power steering system are:
1Hydraulic Pump Assembly
2 Steering gear assembly
3 Pressure hose assembly
4 Return line assembly

The hydraulic pump assembly consists of pump mounted
near the engine and driven by a belt the engine crank
shaft. This pump provide high pressure fluid to the power
steering system through a pressure hose. The hoses are
made to take high pressure and temperature.
The steering gear assembly consist of a torsion bar which
is connected to a torsion bar is connected to the bar
type worm & nut Steering gear. A spool is also mounted
on this end of torsion bar.







WORKING
When the steering wheel is turned through a small angle,
the torsion bar is distorted, there by taking the load. But
when this excess of predetermined valve then the spool
rotates by a small amount of analog with the torsion bar
By this rotation, the control valve opens & it directs the
high pressure fluid pushes the piston. The movement of
the piston able the wheel sector to rotate the as well as
the worm also rotates there by rotating the steering
wheel in the desired direction .after competing the turn
the front wheel return to its original position.


LINKEGE TYPE POWER STEERING

It is also called rack & pinion type power steering system.
In this type, the power cylinder is not connected to the
steering linkage. There is hydraulic pump which supply
high pressure fluid through house. A torsion bar is
connected to the steering wheel. A spool wall is mounted
on torsion bar which is surrounded by control valve.
There is power piston inside the cylinder. The piston is
connected with rack with the help of rod. A pinion is
meshed with rack. The tie rod is connected to the rack
which causes turn of wheel when the rack .
WORKING
When the steering wheel is rotated, the resistance of
road wheel causing torsion bar to rotate. By the rotation
of torsion bar, the spool bar is open the control valve .
this high pressure fluid is directed through the control
valve opens the control valve. This high pressure fluid is
directed through control valve to one side of the power
piston according to the desired location of turn. This fluid
pushes the power piston there by moving the rack and
hence the fire rods. Thus the vehicle takes turn. The rack
also moves the pinion which, in turn rotates the steering
wheel. If the driver wants to take on other side , say left
then fluid enter to the side of the piston. After
completing the turn the front wheels return to the
straight ahead position due to the steering geometry and
torsion bar




ACKERMANN STEERING MECHANISM
Figure shows the ackermann steering mechanism. The
wheel are mounted on stub axles which have their end
points A and D respectively. Arm AB and arm DC are
integral with stub axles. These are connected with tie rod
BC through ball joints. This steering system work upon
the ackermann principle in which the lines AB and DC ,
when extended, meet at or near differential. Figure also
shows the position of turing of vehicle towards left. Now
the point B become B and C at C. This position of
steering system has been shown by dotted lines the
inclined position of wheels is also shown by giving their
center lines only. If the stub axle lines are extended they
meet at point O.
Thus this mechanism follows the principle of steering .
Ackermann steering system is used in almost all the
vehicles because it is simple and friction is low due to ball
joints.





DEVIS STEERING MECHANISM
Figure shows the mechanism .stub axles are integrated
with arms AB and DC respectively . There are sliders at
point B and C which can slide in their guides. Tie rod BC
can slide in TWO giuides G1 and G2. This mechanism is
rarely used now-a-days because it has sliding pairs which
result in high friction and wear. Also it is not correct for
all steering angles. Accuracy of this mechanism also
declines with due to wear

COMPONETS OF POWER STERRING
SYSTEM

1 STEERING WHEEL
2 KNUCKLE
3 TIE ROD
4 PUMP
5 RESEVIOUR
6 INLET HOSE
7 OUTLET HOSE
8 PRESSURE HOSE
9 ELECTRIC MOTOR
10 WHEELS
11 PUMP FLUID



DETAIL OF EACH COMPONENT

STEERING WHEEL
It is circular wheel which is at the driver end. Circular
motion is given to the wheel by driving for taking wheel
turn.




KNUCKLE
Its one is connected to the pull& push rod & other to
stub axle. At the center point, it is pivoted .The knuckle
arm of the other wheel is connected with this knuckle
arm through a rod called tie rod arm

TIE ROD
Tie rods transfer and control motion between
components in machines and motor vehicles. Each
front wheel on most automobiles has its own tie rod
to connect it to the power steeringunit. Six or more
tie rods may also control the motion of each of the
four wheels in sophisticated automotive suspension
systems to deliver high-performance handling along
with a smooth ride. Tie rods usually have pivoting
or ball joint ends that allow the parts they connect to
swivel, rock, or turn in whatever positional
orientation is necessary to accomplish their function.
These bars are also used as connecting rods to
resolve linear motion into rotating motion with
crankshafts and crank wheels on machines and
appliances. They allow one motor or transmission
output to actuate a number of functional levers,
arms, or shafts connected to it. A tie rod usually has
a threaded length adjustment section that allows the
rod to be tailored to the exact needs of a mechanical
application. Since they can transmit large forces,
they are usually made of high-strength tempered
steel and plated to protect against .

PUMP
The power steering pump is the heart of power
steering system and its need to functioning correctly.
Technical tips to help to maintain your power
steering pump and your power steering system.

RESEVIOUR
Inside some power steering pump reserviour is the
mainm functinar fit smaaler inline filters this filters
can get blocked with contmates lower tank so they
needs to be remove and cleaned or replace. If they
are blocked the pump become noisy an the fluid will
be forced out.

INLET & OUTLET HOSE

ELECTRIC MOTOR
Electric motor are used to drive the pump to regulate
the supply of fluid from lower level to higher level so
that the fluid can pass through the hoses and the
steering system will work very smoothly and
accurate.

PUMP FLUID
Hydraulic fluids, also called hydraulic liquids, are
the medium by which power is transferred
in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are
based on mineral oil orwater.Examples of equipment
includeexcavators and backhoes, hydraulic
brakes, powersteering systems, transmissions,garba
ge trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and
industrial machinery.

ASSEMBLY DRAWING OF POWER
STEERING SYSTEM



DIFFRENCE BETWEEN POWER STEERING
AND MAUAL STEERING SYSTEM


TITELS
POWER STEERING
SYSTEM
MANUAL STEERING
SYSTEM
DEFINATION Power steering
system is a system
that helps in the
wheels using some
source of power.
Manual steering
system is a system in
which manual force is
used for steering.
MECHANISM Hydraulic: rack and
pinion, recirculating
ball and nut, worm
and roller,
hydrostatic.
A manual steering
rack uses a rack and
pinion , worm and
roller and
recirculation ball and
nut.
TYPES Hydraulic
power steering
Electric power
steering
Fully electric
power steering
Worm and
sector
Worm and
roller
Cam and lever
Worm and nut
Rack and pinion
RESPONSE Comperatively quick Comparatively slow
PREFERRED Heavy weightvehicles Low weight vehicles.
ELEMENTS A hydraulic pump,
fluid resevior, hoses,
lines; and a power
sisted unit is
mounted on ,or
integral with a
power steering gear
assembly.
Steering wheel
and column, a
manual gearbox
and pitman arm
or a rack and
pinion assembly,
linkages; steering
knuckles and ball
joint and the
wheel spindle
assembly.
ADVANTAGES
Absorbs road
shocks, minimum
effort, greater
safety, and
controllability under
critical.
Mechanical
connection
between the
steering wheel
and the wheel
and the
components
continue to be
maintained
without the
auxiliary power
and preferred for
race cars.