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OUR DISILLUSIONMENT
WITH DEMOCRACY
Is the world losing its faith in democracy?
t4
IDEOIOGY AI THE MOVIES
lf,lP lss:rj s.rLc rll .Lb,rt ilr!.urneit.Ltior. \{e pick sor rri ofthlr best n )ol,ies lhNt
wh] isthatt|c
$ hY i\ that tliL une nrpnilh"r
elcnen
one el, depict total itadanism. theocm.y.
is missirs ho{t cl,'d.nr essa\s?
rDg in noststudcnt romnrurisnr aDd capitalisnr.
:ir,'t;:'r,iiiliil:rr,l.iiF'
THt BABY B00MERS vs
ii
/ta)ky'uiew/id/r}s
1 2
CAI'ITALISM DEMOCRA.CY
t(onomi5l thni6obre
norker ln tlhiopio. Hn
GRxED IS GOOD? / oD thc left side oi the political EQUALITY l]OR LL / The i98os and r99os tlMlllDtfiS toRAfRttA
sp€ctrun, capitaiisn is a dirly word. The list of marked aglorjous asc ofvictory lbr Denocracy: thc
problens creatcd by capitalism is well-documented: B-rlir' t^,,11 l.ll. r\" ".Fdt Curnmun. . , rnt, p hslks/ tie',! /idl56
the unfair dist.jbution of iyealth aDd fower. the crumbled lik€ a domino chah after corbachev
tendency to$'ards creating a nionotoly or oligopoll inttodrccd percrl,?ika(restnchrnrs) and glasnost
of elites and the exploitation ofth. poserless for (openness) to the Soviet Union md clerla'here people
profit's sake. river on thc risht wjng side of the rcrc calling fbr fiee elections and celebrating ftee
spectrom, sone monothcistic fairhs act!ally oppose speech. Denocracy will alirays ha!€ its appe in tlre in r rill( o thin(ing,
lha,o.l-' i',oi r'1.-e.ld\ rn.ll-i.,,1. B, l.Jt J r{r workl becaNe it speats to the most fen€nt impulses ideo lsm ond publir
has becone thc defining ideolos) of the $orld for !h€ in the human imaginalion:the desireto sce all rnan
siniple reason that jt has outlaste.l and outpcfomred qulik \1,itred ond
equalry treated,l|e hope that the elite will lool< out
all otho alterna Live ecoDomic slstenN in ternrs ofits 'o'rr1, s.rl 1rd rhp oFli, I tr.,r ,acf one ot .r.:s
ability to efilciently create liugc amounis olwealth, nmately capable and wise enoush to guide and guard
a fact dral no modem statc is blind to. Even stauDchb cac.h o ther without beins forced to do so. In tlie face
Comnunist states lik China and Russia ha!€ evolved olsuch appealing idcals, itis no wonder that so naly
their former comnand econor es for a systcm tiat monnchis and theocracies have been tranplcd under
allores capitalist gain.IncreasiDg GDP pcr capita the feet ofthc eager mass€s. Tlie nain issuc about
natuMllyb ngs about inprcved standards ofli\ring, denbcracv is not so nuch its goals but the $'ayit is
bettcr healtbcare, public iDfrastrucLure and be rg.\ac,rled. lbo n,rrD propl. ,.h.vp deno.r .ips
otfoftunity lbr upward socjal rnobilitv. Economists i Jr. r ,d . op., -s io i.l rs i.' .lF.r'on. or rrfl
liteMiiton ltiednun al€uethat capitalisn is a pre' speech. Fea' ant to do the hard iork ofrunnins a
req sit€ for politi.al {r'eedom. Lilte it or !ot, the profit r€al democracy: upkeeping the .ule of law,
notive sccms to pronote iDdepcndent seu nui rinins transparenc!', instillins responsibility
o.sanisation and crealivib like no othcr.It and enforcins accoun tability for all- It
P0uTt5
GP IAIISM
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FI:TI, (}II SOI]ND AND FURY. to matter little to the decision making democratic principles and one thai proljder
SIGNIFYINC NOTHING/ The first process. America's embittered and clnical decent quality oflife while conpronising
answer may offend our nost outwardly etectorate has become weary ofall thinss sone freedoms, the rnasses will alwals pick
expressed norions of equality. Lilte it or not, old and auious, lookins for anlthing new the latter because laymen are essentially
enough of us privately feel that putting and hopetul instead.
decision nakins in the hands ofa qualified
few rather than the clLreless nasses just This is nost obvious in the case of
scems more €fficiert at getting things done 'IALK Is CIIIAP/ Denoralised by the Sinsapore, seen by many academics as a
in a comtry. To Dut it blundy, the unspoken rise of populism and the pressure of classic case of a successfut 'benevolent
fact is many of us just do not have that nucli globalisation, many have also witnesscd dictatorship'. Here, the electorate remains
that without institutional changes, indifterent to local and foreisD activists'
democracies do not guaraniee any better rcpeated attempts to galvanise a revolution
quality of sovernance. In Asia, the for freedon. PromiDent local free speech
Philippines fits the bil ofbeing a tuee-speech activist Chee Soon Juan may be commended
lovins, western sbne democracybesl Still, by denocraq advocates overseas but locatly,
In r democrac), the mip os have cone to vis their country's he is viewed by thd man on the street at best
corrupiion, poor ecoDomic growtb and as an oddity and at worst as a national
majority may make decisions that place
growins teEonst problen with ajaundiced enbanassment. Despile their comPlaints,
their interesis far above the intercsts of the
eye. Russia's dislike of democracy stems Shgaporeans are essentially conteni with
minority. In effect, the majorit] has the
paftly {ron how Russians perceive their ihe rather miraculous level of econonic
capacity to become just ds foolish, cnel and
own experimeni witli democracy in the wealth, political stability and social secunv
unjust as any despot - an issue neatly
199os asafailure an attitude seen in seveMl achieved through alnost four decades of
captured in the phrase "tyranny of the
Latin American couniries and parts of Souih doninarce by one political party in th€
Eastern E rope. Ameican politicians may elections. The loss ofcertain political and
crow about the evils Connunist leader Fidel economic freedoms - the conhol ofdk press,
Indeed, like ftee speech, fi ee elections the
castro has hflicted on Cuba but Michael the enforced CPF savings schene,
very cornerstone of a democracy can very
Moore's 2oo7 doqrnentary Sicto exposed disalowing the nakins ofpolltical films etc.
easily degenerate iDto a farce: all sound and
to America what Cubans had kno$t for is accepted as a necessary evil: a fair and
fury, sisniting nothins. Free elections are
years: the 'Evil Empire'ofCuba manased sensible trade off for having an efficiently
not so fiee after all, beins interwoven with
to provide aftbrdable, world-class univeNal run, wealthy and secure nation. In an
personal politics and metodrama. Ukraine
healthcare to its people - an accomplishment analysis of S gapore by the sustainability
only succeeded in achievins the theatrics of
that still remains ridiculously ort ofreach lnstitute, founder Dr. Donella Meadows
democratic politic rather than establishing
for many middle-class Ame caDs.^sNeu asserts that Singaporejust does not fit into
the corc instituiions of democracy. VoteN
vol/< ?l,nes columDist Nicholas Krisiof the world s categories: "It's a dictatoNhip
prcferences cnn swins erratically, bound by
noted wryly in a 2oo5 article, "Ifthe u.s. with ftee speech, no fer aDd no coruption.
their enotional, subjective desire to suppoft
had an infan! moftality rate as good as It's an economythai uses capitalistmeans
the leader that thev like best, as opposed io
Cuba's, (it) would save an additional 2,212 to atiain socialisl ends....a meritocratic,
a rational, objective assessmeDt of which
Ame.ican babies a year." 3lr,ooo Cuban elitist. Confrcianist, bureaucratic state
leader tbey trust rl1ost. Yushchenko weni
doctors wolk for free in dozens of poor whateveryou call it, by all appearaces and
quickl)' from beins Ukraine's democratic
@mtrieq sharing tltir healthcare stategies measures it works astoLrndinsly Nell - so
darling to yet another Public
atrd providing free cataract operations for
inpoverished Venezuelans, Bolivians and
ln the 2oo8 American Presidential
WHAT'S INANAME? / Denocracy has
campaign, Barack Obama's detractors argue
atso lost much ofits sheen beca se its most
that his dramatic victories state atter state
prominent advocates areseeD as arrogant,
were founded more on his youthful, good
inflexible, belliserent and h]-pocritical. To
looks and cleverly orchestrated monopoly
separate westem-style democracy film its
ofthe word "chang€" thm his actual political
unorthodox preteDders, the term "liberal
expeience. There nay be some truth there. Far ftom the pristiDe ivory towers
democracy" ltas created to describe the
After a]l, obama's trump card is that he of academia aDd the livins rooms of lhe
former and "illiberal denocracy" to define
embodies everything that curreDt President elite. what matters more to the masses is
systems where leaders were elected but
ceorge W. Bush and leadins rjval Hillary how well taken care of they are by the {reedoms remained curtailed. The p.oblem
Clinton are not young, black, charismatic goveDment - not so muci which particr ar
with the tern 'illib€ral democracy" is thal
and a ftesh face. whether Senator Hillary strain of democratic ideolo$r' their polltical
it sounds inhercndy negative, as ifdescribing
Clinion is a better debater or SenatorJohn leaders srbscribe to. Given the choice a democracy gone MoDg.
Mccain has more years of experience seen between a government p rist about
closer and closer to beins enshrined as a I)EllOCR-AcY?/ Yet, all that has been
replacement sospel of sorts, a holy scripture said so far is not to p€rsuade us to d€spise
worth dyins (or killing) for. Since the cold denocracy and embrace dictatorship
war, Am€rica (in particular) has made benevolent or othetrise. IDdeed. fi€e fron
herserto be the world's for€nosi evanselist the taint of cultural arrosmce Dd hnocrisy,
ofihegospel ofpolitical pluralism.It is no democracy will always rciain a strong,
accident that atmost relisious like universal and perhaps eternal appeal to all
voc!$ulary is used by Ameicans to describe of us. Demo[acy celebrates a powerful,
the sacred sht to vote, freedon ofspeecli compellins vision ihal government belonss
and freedon of the press. wlile every to the people, that voting is a nivemal right,
American coin has the overtly Ch stian that all citizens are eq al, that we are
pronise "ln God We Trust" neady ensraved governed by the rule of law, that minonty
on it, the truth is that the closest thins the views are protected no matter how
United Staies has to a siate rcligjon today abhorrent to the najo ty.
js constitutional democracy.
But the ability to promote democracy
One dangerous outcome of FraDcis depends on the credibility and appeal of a
Fukuyama's theodes was that itled some working democratic golemment's example
powerful people to believe that since and the world desperateiy needs better
examples. when a democmtically elected
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HO|liTO HAIKA
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v0li'q mr(hine if 0
onreny'vidoo/diebold
_o(iden,olly leokj
NOT TRUE / ln the Nakc of the wo.ld's nyiad nhjle still holdins sham elections condenned by
rnulti coloured protests and rcvolutios mdAmcdca's iDternational rnonitors.
attempts to denocratise the Middle East, elections
hale more than ever becone the byword for L Fftra. our.o1ra.l-.'\" Lppn Ino.€rJ qAl o) r\Jr cp
denocracy. Ho$'cver, this is rooted iD the.edLrctive and conrption, and rcsults nsged, bought or isnored.
and eroDcous assumptiotr that ticking a small bor Opponents runDing for elections in corultries like
will cnable a courltr)' to rnake the magical Eilypt and Russia cncounter jnstrmountaue leilal
EnJolm rioninrorlih"ra dp1loird.r.(.rl,mrnhr g and technical hurdtes and their political participation
only offers too Darrow a definition ofdemocracy and is oft curbed byintimidation and prcssure. Protests
provides impossibly bigh expectations of whar arc lioleDd]'suppressed dd diss€ntins voices silenced.
electioN alone caD bdnit. Elections b). thcnsetves are 'll r iu,d^ li.tot,o,.rsrril...rvFl"fliorrr'ctp
not a panacea; they cannot reniedy ail a counrrr's a farcical process$'heD itsupposedly represents the
problems norbring inDediate pcace and order in a will and desire of drc people.
democratic transition. Democrac.y does Dot takc a
linear cause and effeci approach and we forgctthal Unfohnateiy, elections are no guamntee of their ox11
il\"d i"r:n,rrr"l oi\ oofrimpto,l-\, upa,d ,rvF. , ur.ti1u.d cvi\lelc m.hh F. dnnocrari, FhJvju.rr
o! part of the goverrmeni. Tlrc precise effectiveness
A scan of world hisiorv reads like a manual ofhorvto of dcmocratic processes dcpends heavily on ho$'
steal an elcction. ElectioDs have been blatantly elections are o.ga sed and conducted. The country's
tnaDipulated to legitimise dictators and crininrls ard political eDviroDnent and legal noms can easil)
proions inc!mbent rule. The Big X{en" of African inllueDce this fractice. Elections are at best an ea.iy
stales like Zinbabr{c, Conso and Ansola habiiually ,rro lo a.r rd.v dnd ll qo-s. d l,lank chF,, ts ur
^
emplo) coercjve tactjcs and bribes to stay in Doner .1'n p.nr abu.p\ ol ou$rr.
8i t iroi , h! ll,
ol course there rre functioning rnd lrcaltht Thc ibilllr. ol rde'rl poliLi(iairs at nraniPiating rld
denocucies \.herc a coniDstogcthd ofthc najodq p.ndeJinu lo fopulist sentimentran also strengtllen
docs Dot l.dd to gnillotircs aDd mass hvsterir. lle Lh€ elile or authoritaian hold oD po$'er. Prcsi.lcDt
I r^'r,.Jl .r'rt .r^r I'l-,,rr.r ^.r. \to,r',F.-r ,i. L {r, \..'. l . ., .rrr, t:, \rJ,
si.L,u,l. , t\4
or fa i.inenl,i.! denoc.tc] ternpe.s the rule ofthe r lr'r l|r , id q, . '., r' r, ^' i,l ' . di |g
nrob ill sorue $urs. lNtead olvoling dirtctlv on issucs, aithnr thc connht.ln tinresolrnce ainlr,i.dc]laos.
lhe\'lole ir relresentatires to makr sucli choiccs for mosr votos ivill .liDg lo $ial b.irgs order arcl
I'rr..l.i ..l' 'l-I. h-'r"l ."" r'.rr''9, Li i -\''ilIlr.r r..ir'pLJ.,'!
chaDnrllcd irlto chosiDg thc bcsr pcoflc for tubli. on othe. feolle s ris|is tu needoms. Tliis onlv
officc. Hoiv8tr, such r.sronsiblc bclalioul te ds lo |. 1" -.'. ir ..r,1! ,'.r ,3
bc hrd lcaDt i.d .ir lik. e long tlNe in (onriuE.
l)€ oc.iL(J is lbunded oI] lhe implicit beli€fthrt Is Churchill fonrtcd out. d.mo.mlr) js lIe No.sl
electorates \!ill act responsibl\ aDd rrtjonrlh. Bnt slstcm c\cqn for all t|c |esl. l)emocracl dries lot
elections slir u! r lot offeNour aDd arc noi ahmvs antomatical\' .on1i r $isdonr o. goodness ulon t|e
ihe nost rational of expcicnc.s. Thc tol.tility of clc.to..rte. Sonrelirr€s ele(toral (hoices are not ideal
voters cln ${iDg on manl thnrgs: fcar, sbo{ lerm a d other tjues the voleE get itwroDg. But it is still
r.. r L -ll'i- rr.
rgn 'r..,. 9 '
o'i,,' l lp o. , is best placed to offer a range ofchoiccs to th. $id.st
.nd .v.n the hrnlteridg lirr a stro g lealer. r\fter all. ${ath of thc potulatjon. T|c prolif.r.tioD ol new
xcnorhobes, dcmasognes. ieo Nazjs hi\ e all maDrsed niedi! lnd a b rgconing citiz.njourDalis.r nrovenre.l
lo swa) p! lrlic opirion and get elected e\€n ir Nrdcm nrlkc it casi.r to cnlig|t.D the populace \o Lhat thel
can nral<. Drorc intormed choires ldr lherrselves and
societr'rl larBe. Becnuse liisto$ is liltered i{ith too
' |\ 'i,.11. o'\- Lr ' , I r'. .
t
t4 BR0ADiR Pt[SPttTlvts the ideology itsue
Students of this era have to recognize this trend
to be true. And very real. If we continue to
perceive our education to be a learning of facts
and reiteration of information, then we might as
well still be living in an age where there is no
Internet, no giobal media, and most markets
driven by labour intensive working drones.
We live nr a ncr{ ag. w|ere lacts, althoush still fund.menlalll, necessrr\', arc rcadil!
{vaihblc, aDd cven cheap tslt opinioDs and idcas, especiill} $.eLl rvitter aDd a cll ar sLred
oDcs, arc a rare a d lized connnodity that will tetcl tirp dol]rr. Th. skill r| ar d riles rhis
prcs.ntalion of opinion is xhat is enrbodied in alnost rll cP cssavs an arsurnent.
It took us sorne time to hclp our students come to this rcalization. Io many of
lhem, conteDt rvas kinA. ll liey learnt evetl fact, statistic and the nost cu.rent Derrs
about ourdcvclopm.nls nr scjence and teclinology, rncdia and e vionmental issucs thc,v
$urld acct|c exams. tsut theydidDl. Tbc contusion and specuLrtion escalatc.iwhen sonre
othcr tiiends did score $,ell- How coxld itbe Lhat ther studied thc samc Dores.:rnd learnt
thc same iacts, but tlie res lts dilTcrcd so mucli:) This stafted a Drad soarnble ro expand
their vocabulary. to get morc notes. to watch nore ne$s. Ali t|csc efiorrs dir€cted thern
awn! lioDl tlie masteN of rrgu ent as they dedicat.d thcnrselves to the mastery of
i fbrniation accun l.tion.
Yet, if we were to study the top essays pubiished in srhools' cP brllctins, all
ofrbch are typical ofgood argumcn!. fhe bindnrg snnihit} in them all is a sr.ong
prcsentaiion o1 their opiDi(D (stand) t|iough a well usued de! elopmcnt of ideas. Sonretnnes
t|ere is nothiDg truly remalkable in theirexanples perse. Dm$I liom lhe same knowledge
bank as anJ tvpical tccn, thev Lrse inlorniatjoD from pof culiue. their histo$, textbooks,
or even their oi{n obseNalior oft.ends. What is rcnrarlable horsever is tlen- .l.v.r ns.
oftliese othcNrise nrundaDe examplcs aDd plachg thern in pe.fect syDergy $'it| their
l
Wc will be focusing on rhis in this week's issre ofcssay makeover. Xlarcus
brought liis essry to us askilg fo. a malteover and it $?s guilq, ofexactlr $,hat rve $'aDted
lo discuss this Dronth. Fnll ol iacls, m.ratives ofhistoN, and peNonal obsenation, Nlarcus
failed to build an aruunent tbr his essr) cvcn tuorn the sta.t. lte passed his essav olcrall
but ifhc had filnred all his poiDts in a convincins push towuds a mearfistul ofnrioD r|er
hc r{ould have dole muchbettcr. This rnonlh we sho$ hirn- aDdrou. howto do rhis
BIFORI MAKIOVER
ln w.iLing his essal, Nlarcus eaplains lo ns ho\t we lake carc of our nrino ties i! Singaporc'
He explains thc history, gives prcsent dal la.ts aDd offeN his opitiion Lowardstlie end oleach
paragraph. lhere is howeYer very little in this essay that we do not aheadv knorv llijs
.esults in aD essay lhat is predictnblc. Although it lvill suffice in answciDg the qo€stion, tlie
information preseDted does not bring any real value to the rcader' You will also find lhai thcrc I
arc logical gaps bcttteen his sentcnces that do not allorv a snrooth flow belwccD iders and
therelorc $r rercL disjointed sentenc€s that do not contribute to an argument More importaDtlv
Iou$ill llld that there isnt a core argument that Marcus inicDds to con\incc !s ofthaL crnics
throughout the 3 paragralhs $€ prcsent here.
OTIRtrDITED 1'I,]XT/
INTRODUTIION
2ND PARAGRAPH
WTAIl
UT
3RD PARAGRAPll
IN SUMMARY/
lJhat voLl
,{.uJ to Kea/ise
The easiest s.lf-assessrnerrt ihat stlde Ls can adopt tor themsclv.s
tlie ilriLing ofGP essays is b}cthcr they feelthcy arc reixtirg long
narratives of intbnnatid. lfyou ar. doitlL this. gi\iDg facts and not
arguneDt fo.long protracted parts oflour essa). belicvc ne when
I iell you that )ou a rc goitlg to lail tbc assigDment; the oDly caleat
,, t',,/ ;. /,a)//P to this beiDg thnt th. question that acturlly wants facts
1., \,../t it.-L,€rer, which docs happen onc. in a$hile in (he Gl c\am atjon
;:. ,.../.j -.;,;-h
TNstus. As malkeN, there $ill rarelybe pieces ofnrfomution that
/.. J.. ,..'l pt.',' /1.,-. $'e will be lasciDate.t by. which is i{liv at this lcv.l, GP is more
interested in lh. prcscDtation ofofinioDs. We know how rnd whl
- . /,).,; )-./.7 t., 1
2/h t,. .-./r,h . .!::; .'j' thc Kyoto Prolocol $'as established. \Ve luoiv aboui ilre Fluran
Cenonc Prcject nnd thc LCII partic.le accclcntor set ul bI CER\'.
We kno\rthese thinus bccause tliey are facts. r\id to put it bluntly,
facts jn this dal ard age ar€ chcap.'Ieachers hat noadlantag€o\cr
studeDts and vicc lersa ilr a comfctitioD oI lvho kDoi{s more Thc
InterDel has lclcled rnuclr ofthc Plaling neld Dot just b€tween
tcache$ and siud.ntsbut also lbranyPrfi oftheNo d with access
to this anuzitg tool. Teachers nray froccss information faste. a d
havc better ne tnl liamcwo.ls to remcnber wliat we lcad but tll
ti/ti ,...tr- lt .'t "'"" these skills can be sinilarll acquired b\'lou if you commit tine to
ncre .".1',1t:r1 '.': ;/ ,rrtt
+tnz,r : ,.rt/.1 .::ttt,.t r.r'-
\/:t or ct. -- . ,r.4 What is uniquc to you however, is your opinion l{e do ot l<noi{
/t"i:, 2..: .:,e" 1/r,..:: horv you think and $'hat yoo tlan to coDvirce trs of whal woLtld
\I'ANT US TO
,r t ,.,+, ,, " /tr'e n-t brins a snile may be r w€ll arsucd erp.ession of vour ideals or
III KI]O\'ER ..:".,, .1"i.r.. totrihful optirnism. what ivould brins eleD rnore dclight is ifyour
opinion could shed nelrlisht on ou. own and help (rs scc thinss in
/r/./1. 1....d a way we have not seen bcfore. the good ${iters do this Thel
]\ll
| ,1"1 :; .1,-, ./j,.; . add v.rlue to our lives not bccause the] Lell us Drore of tlre samc but
'.
rather theytakcwhat ilelavc al{n) s vie\ded thc sane and makc it
differeDt, Lrniquc and iNighLtirl.
Nobody likes the idea ofsomeone telling us what to do, how to do it and who we can
do it to. But that is precisely what the government does for us. THE BABY BOOX4ERS
and THE MILLENNIAL GENEIv\-TION grew up in relatively difterent political eras
with different cultural values - what would they think ofthis questiol? Our wliters get
under their skins to find out.
NO
STtrRUOTI?US
,ttor&s prcr.sr irl o4.i,rsl r/r. BurnPse aa& n ntent. PHoTo CRTDIT/ ro.oLs,,.li.i. O".ri.. Co,nrons
AIJOU'I'THF] t s election r'.ar, and mlch as I n wilhotrt co rt o er, is deeplv troubling. r\nd all
a
exciicd about t|c coniirg eleclions, I those rcforts of immigraDts being detahed
can t h.lp but Lel lcss than optinristic ilithout tti , based on unproven suslicioDs of
about th. f tLrre. l {e livcd through th tcroist iI\olvcmeDt, simllIshoi{ that the U.S. is no
Cold War, ih. Vietnarn Wrar, \{atersate, longer the iand of libe.tl Lhat it used to be.
a d no$. the war in Itaq. l've se€n ho$'all
gove,innenis eventually default oD tlieir pro'niscs n) Al l€ast.though, therc arc still rrens in ourlives thal
the people. You can never bc too cyniral aboui thc' 1"",o, .r".",u., r^1F,1\-i-
{i ,".,,,o. J , 1rr'r. rr" r rq'r
governnrent, no matter ro's in chargc nl
': ' r r- ru dr i rb
Thanksgi!ing last yerr- we lalt.d about the dehir.
W|cn I wrs in coll.sc. I was deeply inspired bl tlrat ivas raging nr SiDsapo.e at that time $4rel|er
Thorear's Ciil Disobedicnc.'. andto thisday.I stud lo r.tcal Section 377,\ ofthe PeI) al Codc prohibitinC,
by his \ic$'that the besl golcrDDreDt is lhe onc thrt honros.xual acts betw.cn neD. Apf.r.ntly, sone
governs Lhelcast. Ofcoufse,$c all adnit the n.cdfor SirgaforcaDs rvere arguing tliat it !v.s s'roDg to
governance in thc public sPhcr.. But as lir as our crir inalisc apivate, personal choice rradebct$'eeD
pirate lives ar€ concerned, $e s|oul.l be given thc consenting adults. fhe Singapore golernmcDt,
frccdon to mal<e thc dccisiors Lhatbcst accoftl\!il| however, irsistcd on retaining 377A, clainring drat
our indiridual values aDd conscienccs, i{ithout thc 'conserraLile majority was noi rcadl for such a
go!ernmcntiDte erence. chrDgc. I think lhat it was illogicalfor SirgaPore t.)
keef a lai{ it carnot cnforce. Xlore fuDdanenttllv,
lvli.rt upsets Drc about the.uucnt admi islmtion rs such mattcrs should not fxll tithiD tlte lunics'ofthe
tlnt ithasiakcD aN.L) our constirutionlly guannt.cd Sttte. \'li scr life is my blrsiness, period. Thark
rishts aDd ci!illibcrtics, aI nt the namc ofliomeland {oodness our go!ern'n.nt respecls that
secrit!. Ofcourse,I nDdctstaDd the nc.d for vigilalrce
alterdrc Septenber rr attacks.I lost o.e ofml closest Thcsane rppliesro tclisioD.As hr as Im concemed.
f.iends. andl carsee$h) sonctlitig like lhc Patriot Nhrt I b.iieve about ihc universe and Dry place itr iL
is my or!1 rffair 'l'hc govennenL has Do right t.)
erl.rce laws that woLrld force rny kind ol tclisious
But I cannot acccpt the ill encon{assing !o$'.r it rrI. rar' '. lr
giv.s the go\eflrrncDt to !$,into rni Priv{te lif€. rlrF the IrS. l|e.. is still dehate about whether
thought that rn' linancial records, enrail and elen crea(ionism can be taught as a sciencc i schools.
phone calls c{D be sc.eencd at {Dy lirneb} thc FBl,
Rtt60N
SIXUIUTY
iv t uEtRItt5
t{ATIlI TH I
nrugqhwlh,(0klr rad05s(
SURITH 5
rhis is l icrous. becausr crcrtn)nism is basc.l on I'!c sc.n oftlrcblogs aDd Faccbook profilcs
soDrc W\{W R[PIAI3//4.(OM
r.ligi(Ns faith. Dot scicDiific clidcncc. AnI attdnfl that youn8 pcoplc ptrt Ip onlinc posuig nr aI \V\{r\|([tP3/7A t0M
n) tclch ii as asci.Dcc is actxallt r disgtris.d rtt.nr thei. se.ri .od€ illory, rvliining rbout thei. bosses
to irDtoRr a C]rristian i!.rldliew or \oung sludenls tr|d colleagues. These people doD'tseem to nin.l the
Nho don l kno$ rn) bctlrr', hlud inu lhe lire bel$ee! J .' .l ll'r.rr. J" rg " r'r'r1..... .. 11 ir
slal shorld.e.rair lersolal and ilhat can be
enLrced Lr) 1he golenneDt.
Bli Ndrats the.t nre .ot Jnistaken, alter all. X'la!be
Bri malbc all ihcsc qtrlllN I Ia!. rbont drawing a nrr lile isn-L as !ri\rte as I lilte to thn ( it js alier
ljnclct{ccn $'hrt is f vatc and what is fnlli. are all, I shop orhre lrnd all niv purchases and leNoml r180UlTPlilnltll
siDflt sigDs t|rt l m losiJ)g louch {i1h lhe \ou,,uer prefe.ences are recor.Led iD the databases ofthes. Dt.d Ls.d ro D. (
g.n.rrlio.. Aller rll, Dl chikl.en seenr to Lre !e ectly online stores. Mavbethe problenis tliat thc $orl.l is !ib.,\l hnt th.t rt!1
llapp) Nitlr llarils their personal .letails splashed '' rJr ,. lr l'.rId \'.\1".-" l.l 'l'", r'
not$ith th.n. but with m.. (t dl ol{? d!rc. Slrc linrls
thal soutrnnlcnts atc
A Millennial Answers
What will r9 year old Singapore-born and London-raised Tanita
de Souza - Youtube-obsessed, Facebook-addicted, studying
philosophy and gender politics in a liberal arts college - think of
the government's role in our lives? .c." by Kehin Korl
"o'l"eir'ed
NIII,I,F:NNIAL
CENERNI'ION/ Does the Government have the Right to lDterfere in Our Lives?
I
t is tite thal ;n onr communities Lodi!, thc ,nile nreil comnuDicaLio.s aDd medical.li anci.l
govcrDmeDt illlel.fcrcs with our Lives. T|ai and other r.cords. Consider Iow whcn te.rorists
bcnrg the case, ard .oDsidcfirg lioi! s.,ci.it disNpt socialordo aDd tlirealen a r.tu tothe"state
is limctidrirs adequalely (ifnot ilellJ, il does ofDrture. cilizeDs gladl) haDd theirprivacvand ciliL
ore v mcanirutul to qucstion $'hether the libclties over to the stai..
golennert has t|c ight to irnerlere in our lives.
That is mv pRgnrntist fcrspcctive, an)wa]. thal said, docs it realLr" nratlcr? Does it realll rnl]tt.r
th:lt $,e let thc govemnent !nto our liles? Ure al'eadr-'
Nelelrhclcss. Ies, it does secm that the gove ]nr.fr let aDrone \{ho $'ants irr xanAri M)Space.
has (he rightto interlere wiL]] ourlites. Eette. nrinds Faceboolt. lllickr, Blogspot aDd YouTubo
tlian nrl o$rr havc been put to ihis. ID 1651. tiDgiish Brcxknrg up like wc mean it eans chaDgirlg our
philosopher ThoDras Hobbes publishcd Ied?tft dn, Faccbookstatus lmnr'In a rclatioDsbip io "SiDgle".
titlcd after the biblical /,ertdtndn ( 74:r3 14J. Quite Read: 'Hcllo \{o.ld {esDecially vou, Lx), I D doDc
sinrplr'', the Leriathan is rn eDornous mo.st.r. $.ith the Ex andback in the scenc. Uie becotne lLrblic
''Leliathan" is also the Hobbcsian reference to ihc figures t|e lroDrcDt ile Log onto Blogspot. Atlenlion
'r,'t" or th' g '.-rirn-r. BFr^ .1 .. u r."r' l ' r notshunned. l iue, ihcrc are Pererls
is to be relis]]ed,
ILn$es said. meD lile the \t.tc ofD{tue." llobbes outthere. Rot h r-', "Dont go to NewYork, )oull Set
rrrote thal duing lsuch al tirre nr.n lilc i{ithout a mnssc'dl Ln nrg onlinc is soDiethnrg to bc cn$ruced.
.n|'Iu|!,i\., ' '. 1'r, L r as .\ 1.' -.rr Iflouarc attmcted lo somcone filrn list night's parry,
thatcoDdition wLici is.allcdi{rriud suc.I. $'ar as vou can gct iD tNch noi too fori{ard brl not too
is ol clcr-a m$ agiinsl r\cNman'. Life is solirary, coy. I heardthat soneone$'as offcred an nrLer.ship
!oor. nast!, brutish and sholt." This beiDg so, by a nasaznrc's cditor iD ch ief.ftcr he rerd li€. onlinc
!r.rg,n atic sclf-interest d iclales that people cede th.n' profile. PLlblicit! briDSs opporlu nitics fionironianLic
indiridual rights to the sovereigD state, iD etchange to professional. Bctt.r to do )ouro\fr lrbljciB bef.,re
for the p.oLectio. ofa funclio.al socictY. This is Lhe somcoDe else does it for t ou.
soci{l contract i|at \rc enter inLo i{ith ilic state.
Wh.rl .boui lettiDg the govcnuneDt irnerlere with
His thcsis is conyincins. ThiDk aboul Lhe kncc jcrk r€ligion? On March 13th, r925, the^rne canstrlcof
reaction to the Septe.rb.r 11th rttacks: Lhe USA Tennesse. passed the BLrllcr Act. forbjdding th.
Patriot Act [UDitiDg rrid ShcrgthcDilgArnern]a br'' .- "ni ,. ' I r' ...1," ', or I \.',r1 l,l 'l , i"
Providing Atprcpriate tools Rcquircd to lnterceft tlie storr olthc DiviDe Creation ofman rs taughl in
and Obstn,cl Tcnnisn dmosL comicllv Onlellianl. thc Bible.'
Thc Loose.ed thc lcash on law enfotcement
^ct
agcncics, ircreasi g lhen po$trs to sei.ch l.lcthone
$XUAITY
flvtI t EtRT t5
RIAD]HIS
TIIttIN|lIAILIADIR5
llndoulm eobo!llodor!
m6l b rilllo rr Gemrr Y
€ WA]CH]lII5
You
rlirRrrrNt003)
A hotrow ns look ol frd1 o
I! legnl lroceedings ergjneered to test tiie Butlcr FiDallv. rlc coDsid.r ilrc golcmm.nts fomls into t|e
Act (hence the Scopes Monkey Trial ),2.{-rear- bcdrooDr. Thc Pcnal Codc ofSingalFrc, iD Scction
SURfTl]IS
old teacher John Scopes rgreed to staDd trial for 377A, |ro\i.lcs for riril senlence {)1!p to (\!o )ea$ (I05,Tl]IINIIRNfl
tc'achjng cvoluti{D in Cld* Colurt} Higb School. Th. s|o ld . man be iound Lo hrre co unitted an act of
,{NDIHI IND l]I PRIVAiY
Suirrenrc Court of TcnD.ss.. nfIcld lhe ''gross jndec€rc) \!ith uother nan. ,\fter srne
constiiLrtioDrlit_v ofthc Butl.r Act (bul sel rside Lhe lirelv debate anoDgcitizens, the goverDment optcd
le!1uer/21341
cor\iciion on r t.chni..lil\). l his js unsatjsiacto._r. to .etail the section $'lile tr^iding !s ruccs that
Que'_!, ho$t\ olsrch govemnent
er, I he ellecli!eness it \!ill not br enforcc.l. Bottom linci ga) mcn can
i.leNenlio. lodar whe! Wikipedia gnes us the lo$' sodonisc.ach othcr iD fcrcc aDd wit|oul
., r , ur l, rr:n ll- urilir ,. {t, ... int. crcncc. Qnit. satist.ctoN. I lhiDli. An\niore
On the other liand. the statc-iDstitutcd obstaclcs sald is wasled breaLh. (t rNIUTtHtLlli i,l
$hich NlalalsiaD Muslims trcc ir convcrtina (.rr,tr.dts r,hir. rt..
f.om IslaDr arc lcNrcal. dn.? sts u,,d.'r',n
1/. udnts r. s.rr rr.
DtAD MA WAII{ING
wor(h?v1syViB0NVm4
.51!rer He en P'eicon
r lmed 0dober29,2004.
CASE STUDY ONE/
n
YOUTUEITHI5
-tIt NTlrlrMI0f
woklr?v=q9evtusgllM
SARS {t''lr
YOUTUEI IllI5
cAsustllI)Y1HRI.]E/
Separatist Movements
Pracl isiog you. ideologl 1999 du rg thc IndoDcsian occutatioD. Dtrting thc
IOUR DAYS IiI,{5TTMOR
beromes more difficult whd it latc 198os and 9os, harsh rcfrcssilc m..sures i{rj!
cornes to dealirg witli peopic takcn b! Snhafo s ccDh rl gorcrDnrenl aDd huma. volrh?v.lwMoX(95pZw
wlro do not$'rDttox to gov.r. dglrts abuses were ranrpa.l h Aciieh.
thcm. rDd halc dc.id.d thal t. Lr
do notlra!.1h.ir lvell lr€i.g it 'l lre dil1erclce iD the hlo goverDnents actions docs
|.r . Add lo rhal lhe la.l llirl ,1.rf.IrrJ lr. l N ro lsr Dr!{i0 Shm
'ul '"i 'r, 'frr]"
.cding tcnitorjcs and people \!o!ld har€ e(o onn! comDitneDtto tlic ights {)fin.ligcDous fcotl.s. This
a.d olher siunilicaft loirg tenn reueressions, lDd it is becauschisto crl cv.nts fla\rd a biggcr rol. th.n
is uo {order that golennnenti rctids havelarselv idcologv in shatiDg bodr go\'.rnme.ts resfo.ses
been sinilar resar.lless ofth.ir diffcrcni b.1icfs. Brit.inonlvgMrled indeperde (€readil] rIte.rears
ol suppressirg hdia's push lo. Ddependerce. This
Histoicall!, s.luratist mov.Drents h.!e lcen \iolent $as largeh because it needed to djrect its rttenti(Ds
aDd go\crnmcnts h.\. r€spo.dcd lo theriolencewith irLtenallvrnd it recognisedtiut m{n! ofits col{mial
h sh .rersurcs. Njahatm.r Gindhi s use olpeacetui /!r.l 'r \"Jh l{! r)r ;. ,h B1., l
ciyil disobedience ir llie lndian Independence lost its stxtrrc ihrNgh its ivar dcfcats. Snnila ]. dr.
iUovement stands out as (De of thc fel'cranflcs of isunami of D.c.nrb.r 26. 2o0.1 brcuilhl leace arld
non-vnncDt. Dcspit. Nhat GaDd|i.dlocatcd, srealer autono,!\ lo Acheli alter :r9 lears of r.ar. 1.or
violcDc.. rioting lDd acts of sabotxgc !vc.e .rDied l.lasl Linror, Ure r993 Asirn l.hancialCrisis affected
out bl fcoflc agitatiDg for indetdxlence, and as su(h lndoresja s decisiorto :rlloi{ a Lai-NpeNisedpopular
thc scfrratist nrovcment Nas .ot {hollr peacelirl. relerendun held oD r\ugust 3o, 1999 to choosc
qiiI p o 'l .r1.,' F\li'^U r'rn.,'r.. rn.r' beti{ecn Sfccial Antonont' i{ithin IDdoD.sja.nd
out miss detentiors, elen Lrsngt'brce ni.Lc'ahrg rith IndctcDdcncc. I'Iajor cv.Dts that m.dcth. need lbr
the\ioleDce ard nutinythrtbrckc o t. Dcspitc t]ris. tcace rat|er lha. corLinLred liithtnrg a d €rueDse
Britanr is laryclv rmcn$cr.d forgning iI ]r...rbl! c11,cjal Lo B.jlain and I!(loDesia's well beirg, $.ere
in thc cnd. ID fact. nr gradurllv DrakiDg frovisions lbr ' lr ',,.,u.F .11, r i l.l.' r. .1.;' r J..'1 " I' i
nrany oft|cir colonnrs to l).codre indefendenL aJier
$I\\iII. ofter siihool !iolen( aitilaLior on tbe pad of
lhe colo.ies, Briliiu is cre(lited {ith benrg peaceabie It can bc lrgucd that ihc cnd ofthc Suhafo pcdod
and erlightened in hoi{ the! hxndlc{ separatist xnd thc c]rang.hl.adcNlit lo lr.si.lcnt B.,L Hebibie
rDd la1er Preside.t Srsilo Ba lrang Yud ho] ono \!i1o
rvcre nro.e liberrl. sl,o$s tIat ileolog\' jluides
Gian thai thc coloDial cra cndcd on a t..c.tirl nol., go!e ir'ert ncLions. Slill, considerirg the 1 ct that
thc us. of \,iolcrc. in snfpressi.g separaList lltbibje coDtjnued war h A(heh i{hile grantirg East
,^!' ',,r.lit' ,p,'il ,'r, , r'-,. , l,r : Innor nxleper.Lence, perhaps ideolog,v i{as not thc
jnDasL linro.( oi! laro{n as linor Leste) and,\clieh rc rrson.Itis quit. saf. to sat that$'|cn it comcs
seenr to be a step backwa s. ,\ detailed statisiical to sovcrcign\,, Dationalistic Ui.l., rnd lalurble na I Lrml
-p'r frl.' lt'-ll' t 'r ,,..^,i^ R.. '' r.sour.es like land, people illd oil. ideolosv olien
'.
Truth and RcconcihaiioD in Easi Timor.it.d l" .' I "." r, i rr, l,r, ..'..icj
aplro{matc\' 18,6oo killnrgs and 84,2oo excess t'brce thrt .lrives govemmcnt actiinis. at
dcarhs fionr hungcr and illness i. lhe period r97.1
CONCLUSION / In thc liglrt oft|. t|rcc c.se snrdies, il wo!ld app€ar that ideologr can play a part ir
inflncncing govcnnr.nt .ction bul lhat go\erlm€rns lo nol ali{ays pmctice i{hat the} lreach. cilcn th.
conrfle\ities ol lhe Noild lve lne i! anl the maN competing claims goveDmcnis havc to coDsidcr, it is quitc
a Lallorder lo e\pecr thenr to.
7984 Persepolis
TOT]\]-ITARIAN / rgal is secn by nanl 'IHEOCRA.CY / Xlade irrto aD anirDatcd
as the urdispuled Grandfather of all film nr 2007 which drerr conDlaiDts from
dystopirD lorels thc nrost oFlellirn ofrLl lhe lmnian gorernDle t, Pos.poltsbegrn
O.{cll s loveLs. A lier all, \ithout 1984, how as iD rutobhsraphical g.athic novcl by
corld we hrve eve. co.teilcd thc fhrases tranirn born Nlrrjane Salrapi.
'nronght Police or Itig B.oLher? Nightmarish rnagazire..llcd it onc of "Dn"
2oo:J s best cornics
.rnd dcprcsslrg. this classic lellsth. storyof lorS.rlrari'S nrighttul perspectire o. $tat
one nran's purs it of a dooned lolc alTair it \!as lilie to gro$'np as r rnjs(hieloLrs,
asainst thc backdrop of warri.e natioDs aDd uJeslernised girl duriDg the Islatrl.
i lolalita an state that rel.tins absoht. Revolutior Nh.D IraD sri{ tlie olerlhroN of
conl.ol ovcr Dot jtrst irlor alioD b i the old monarchy and ihc $rensior ol,r
indn idual ihorght, feelins rnd !lemoi) itsclf . fundr!ientalisl thcocratic govenrne t.
r984 lresenls a blcak pictLrre ol holv a Rlised by.adical [{a*ist rarents, \'our1g
dictatorial so!.rDmcnt caD effectirel) and Saimti secreth listens to Anc can heal-a
relentlesslr' crrtsh truth, hrppitress, mctal niusic aDd hoardes Nikc shocs while
indivicLualjly aDd thc huDraD spirit out ol' fond.ing irow the rres'rcginrc $'as more
$cietl il gilen i}c ofportunitr to do so. coDrolliDg rn.l unliir l|an thclast.
charnpiol lor anarchy atr ideolo$ thaL belor.thc B.rlin Walllell, on\'to a$'aken
rcjccis all forrns olso\orrDrcDt xDd fa'ours ir nes'llu.ificd Gem n).IQe. to Uotcct
thc absolLrte libe.L! ol lho indivntual. 'r'h€ his Iai] nroihcr fron the slrock oflosins
..mi. is set i. , {ulr.e Brit.iD that hrs her belored conDtry',Ilex mainlai.s lIe
adottcd totalitarianis . Having ha.lliis ilhsion lhat Conndunism slill lrerails
liL deslr.r).d bvthe dictatolship, V"s.ts b,!foBing the (€rner fanilt to rctrh their
out otr a grandiosc aDd extreDrel) !iolent old drab clothes, lurnishins aDd food.
campaign to 1ea. doim all fonns ofautho.it! Horvelcr, tlrc irretence gets |.rdcr aDd
oorc stated thaL the cornicltrs crcrted iD harder to upkc.p as giganljc Coca Colaads,
reactidi to what he desfised about tlien BM\\s and IKEA f!rnisl)i.gs b.giD
B tish Pljme MjDister Xl arga rct Thatchcis rppeari.g all rroNrd the Deislibourhood.
rlg 0 UT THt ,'lRlltR aurhoritarian stlle ol soverDmcnt. Th. The wesL is laintly satiisc.i connnunism
Wachowskis, howcvcr, ilanted Lo cliLicisc nay have beconre a rcprcssite force, but
IIs
TI P.eside.l Bos| so thcvnade "v-'i oa l|c cmbracirg ol lhe new connnoditr
.|.ninion of liberalism
cl cullure hrs lcd to an iiie\.itible alicnation
.onseN.tive ri)reii drent iDst.ad.
Heroes&Villains
Boiler
Room
CAPITAUSM / Thjs 2ooo Arneican movie
centres around the Dhenornenon of
disrcputable brokerage firms t]rat cheat their
clients ol a lot ofmonel'. such fims were
also loown as "boiler rooms . UDfolding the
worst e{cesses and impulses of a capitalisr
society, aoilel Rdon shows how brokers
create artificial demand lbr the stocks ofa
f*e conpe)' and then seDing their stalG in
The Elders
the conpany to cash in once the stock price HERO / Initiated by radjcal entrepreneur Sir tuchard
rises. only when faced with the nioral Branson, activist/musician Peter Gabriel and former
dilenma of having to cheat a cNtomer who South Atrican President Nelson Mandela, this group
caDnot affold to lose money does the hero
of world leaders believes their collective experience
of Boiler Roon take steps to leave the
and wisdom should be used to address the world's
company and his iucrative career behind.
toushcst problems. Chaired bv former South African
Boiler.Roon is often compared to clenrrdnv
Gler Ross and Wal/ Streer two other novies Afthbishop Desnond Tutu, th€ sroup offers a sood
that sum up the nasty truih that in a representation of gender and cultural difierences:
capitalist socjeq, creed is cood" (to quote inclrding powerful women tlilG lbrner Iris} Presid€nt
W'll Street's infamoDs villain cordon ceckol- Mary Robinson and Mozanbican acuvist Graca
Machel), adivists (like Graneen Bank lbunder
Muhanmad Yunus and Indian trade union leader
Ela Bhatt) as well as retired political heaqryeishts
lil€ lbrn1er tn'I Secretary General Kofi Annan, fonner
Jimmy Carler, retired Brazilian Presideni
The Storv US President
Frrn!ndo Cirdo.o rn,l rormer.hinFse lorFiBn
of Qiu Ju Mirister Li Zhaoxing. Wi$ their substantial clo t,
the Elders can dmw attentioD to world issues tlat are
COMMUNISM/ Qiu Ju, a sinple peasant isnored by thc mainstream prcss while lvorkins boih
wonan sets out on a $rest for compensation pubticly and behind the scenes on whatei'€. diplonatic
ftom the siate when her husband Sets kicked 2.tions need to he Laken. ft
in the sroin by the local vi ase chiet h her
scarch, she uncovers a legal system rife with
red tape. Qiu ft reveals the laby lthine,
bur€aucratic nishimarc that all gov€rnmcnis George W. Bush PHOTO
notjust the Communist Chinese one - CREDIT/
can evolve into once they lose sight oftheir VTT,LATN / So mn.i hrs rlre,dv been s,id
purposetoseNe the people. The movie also about present U.S. PresideDt Bush's
Fovides profound nEight irlto lbw the citiaD incompetence that it almost seems trite to say
hinselfmaylose his moral compass wher more. The fervent embrace of Pr€sidential
he becomes self rishteous. Obscssed with hopeful Barack obama s seductive call for
justice to the poini ofvengeance, Qiu Ju finds "Change" testifies to how embittered the
herself suing and polentially disgracing a AmericaD electorate has become to Bush's
PHOTO
civil se ant who she has found to be lesacy a possible recession, a poorcr niddle
CREDIT/
senuinely kind and helpful (instead of the class and a trail of ill-feelins ]eft behind by a
orisinal \'ilase chie0 to nake her point. belligerent fbreign poUcy. It
4xk:.,,kn""
to Liciol-a aganrst thc Ii
omnrrxng,thus
Po/ Pot
llauist Punrc Nlinisrer olCambodia
cst.blishnrg the Pcoplc s RepnblicofChnra.
(197a, 19791$ho l.d comnnnGtsroup
Contror€rsialfigurc: \rcneriicd nr Chnra
!s a grerr relolLrtionary .nd srrrr€gistbnt
arorceircd rcstutifg oa CnnbodiaD
rcvil.d b!donesric and loicign critics lir the
.nnlisarnm in "vcf zero ' by for(d
iailLrrc ofhis thr m.!or sociololti.al
relocatnD ofcity daelleF to wo.k
programs, rhe Grcat Leap Forward andrhe
c'lfirr,l Revolution. that led lo Dillions ol
Singledortall nrtell.ctu.lstnd bourg€ois
c cmies_tornruder Slavclibou., poor
IIaDJ historians renain criticalol1lIao, often
r.di.ri c,re. mal rtdlionand nrass
oompadnglrim to Stahr and Hillc,
cx.ctrtions Lillerl an estun.lcd r.7 million
,,
J-dt 4mtn
Military dcspot; President ol Usanda
trofile political.nenies
5/o/odan
nllLdidg i fonner LJgandan primc
ministcrs, rn archbishop, a chi.ljrFrice
Mi/osevit:
\ and his o!!n ..bnret nnrisrcrs.
Socialist Prcsdcnl olYuaoslavia
,{Json
Christian, Denro.rarici hesident of South
A6ica h99,1 - r999) hno becadr.n
nrternrtionrl i.on of arcedom and cquxlity
fo. his srnrggle.gai.sl apa.theid.
hnpdsoned for:7 yea.s bclore wimins
thepresirlcrc! through his policy of
reconciliation and ncgotiation that sas
inspntd by G.ddlii doals ofnon violence.
NobclPecc P zc wimrd nr 1993lor
hi\ \rorl ir p+rhlishirs: nnrlri r,.irl
d.mo..,rvif S.rrh Afii.r
a))nston
ryrs74ft//
Ch.istian. Democratici war rnne Prnre
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