Chapter 8 Sound in Waveguides

Sound in Waveguides
Slides to accompany lectures in ME 610:

Engineering Acoustics
2002 by A. F. Seybert
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0108
Tel: 859-257-6336 x 80645
Fax: 859-257-3304
seybert@engr.uky.edu
Dept. of Mech. Engineering
8 - 2
Chapter 8: Sound in Waveguides
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Introduction
1. Walls are assumed rigid
2. Waveguide can bend gradually (R > )
3. Flow is negligible (M<<1)
4. Sound propagation is planar ( > 1.7d for circular
waveguides or > 2w, 2h for rectangular waveguides).
Plane
waves
Oblique
waves
Plane
waves
( ) ( )
( )

Spherical waves become planar within a few diameters of
discontinuities and bends if > 1.7d
8 - 3
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Applications/Solutions
1. Intake/Exhaust systems of engines, compressors
2. Refrigeration, hydraulic, steam, and water lines
3. HVAC systems for buildings, vehicles
4. Industrial processes, exhaust stacks
Noise Control Solutions:
1. Apply sound absorbing material to walls of ductwork (very
efficient for attenuating oblique waves and plane waves at
high frequencies).
2. Install a muffler or silencer.
Dissipative: sound energy converted to heat by
absorption
Reactive: sound cancelled by reflection
8 - 4
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Types of Mufflers
Dissipative muffler (silencer):
Sound is attenuated
due to absorption
(conversion to heat)
Sound absorbing material
(e.g., duct liner)
Duct or pipe
8 - 5
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Types of Mufflers (cont.)
Reactive muffler:
Sound is attenuated by reflection
and cancellation of sound waves
8 - 6
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Types of Mufflers (cont.)
Combination reactive and dissipative muffler:
Sound is attenuated by reflection
and cancellation of sound waves +
absorption of sound
Sound absorbing material
Perforated tubes
8 - 7
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Bio-Acoustic Applications
8 - 8
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Z
effort variable
flow variable
W= effort variable x flow variable
SYSTEM
Flow variable
Effort variable
+
_
The Concept of Impedance
Generalized impedance of a system
and instantaneous power supplied W :
pAu AS = p
2
AS /z p/u Particle Velocity (u) Pressure (p) Acoustic
T/Q
P/Q
f/v
e/i
Impedance
Z*
PAQ = P
2
/Z Volume Flow Rate (Q) Pressure (P) Fluid
TAQ = T
2
/Z Heat Flow Rate/Deg (Q) Temperature (T) Thermal
fAv = f
2
/Z Velocity (v) Force (f) Mechanical
eAi = e
2
/Z Current (i) Voltage (e) Electrical
Power supplied
W*
Flow Variable Effort Variable System Type
* For acoustic systems multiply by area S to get W; z is the specific acoustic impedance.
8 - 9
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Specific Acoustic Impedance
The specific acoustic impedance z is the ratio of the complex
sound pressure at a point in the fluid to that of the
associated particle velocity.
units: (for Lord Rayleigh)
Pa
m s
Pa s m rayl
/

1
z p u r jx +
~ ~
~
p
~
u
wave
front
8 - 10
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
( )
~
( )
~
~
( ) ( )
~
~ ~
p x Ae u x j jk Ae
z p u c
jkx
o
jkx
o

1

For a plane traveling wave in the +x direction (B=0):
Specific Acoustic Impedance Ratio
Define the dimensionless specific acoustic impedance ratio
(or normalized specific acoustic impedance) as:
z z c r c j x c r jx
o o o
/ / /
+ +
(this is called the characteristic impedance)
8 - 11
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
1-D Wave Equation - Review
+ +
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
p
p
x
p
y
p
z c
p
t
Consider harmonic wave propagation in only the x direction:

p p x t p x e
j t
( , )
~
( )
~
( )
~
( ) p x p x e
j

Plane
waves
Rigid walls
x
8 - 12
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Where it is understood that the actual sound pressure is
the real part:
( ) Re{
~
( ) }
~
( ) cos p x e p x t
j t
+
= complex amplitude of the sound pressure at x.
~
( ) p x
Substituting into the one-dimensional wave equation:
d p x
dx
k p x k
c
2
2
2
0
~
( )
~
( ) +

1-D Wave Equation - Review
8 - 13
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Plane Harmonic Waves in One-Dimension
d p x
dx
k p x k
c
2
2
2
0
~
( )
~
( ) +

~
,
~
A B are determined by the boundary conditions at the
two ends of the waveguide.
~
e A
jkx
~
e B
jkx
( ) ) , ( ) , (
~ ~
) , (
~ ~
) (
~
t x p t x p e e B e A t x p
e
e B e A x p
t j jkx jkx
t j
jkx jkx
+
+ +
+
+
: waves traveling x - and x represent these with

8 - 14
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Boundary Conditions for 1-D Waves
~ ~
) (
~
e B e A x p
jkx jkx
+
x = 0
x = L
Source termination
Source B.C.s:
u(0) specified (positive displacement pump)
p(0) specified (SPL output of a fan)
Common termination B.C.s:
open end (tailpipe)
closed end (hydraulic line with rigid termination)
anechoic end (long steam line)
absorbing end (porous material)
8 - 15
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example Waveguide Closed at x = L
x = 0
x = L
Rigid
termination
u(L)=0
Source
u(0)= U
o
~
( )
~ ~
~
( ) (
~ ~
)
~
( )
sin
cos ( )
p x Ae Be
u x
j
jk Ae Be
U x
x L
p x
jz U
kL
k L x
jkx jkx
o
jkx jkx
o
o o
+
+

'
_
,

1
0
0
8 - 16
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Waveguide having Arbitrary Termination Impedance
z p u
t

~
( )
~
( ) 0 0
x=0
x=-L
z(-L)
( )
( )
( )
( )

+

+

+
+
z L
Ae Be
Ae Be
B A e
B A e
z z
B A
B A
B A
z
z
z L
z j kL
jz kL
jkL jkL
jkL jkL
j kL
j kL
t
t
t
t
t
( )
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
( )
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
( )
tan
tan
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
8 - 17
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Sound Pressure at any Position x
~
( ) p 0
x=0
x=-L
~
( ) p L
~
( ) p x
( )
[ ]
( )
( )
~
( )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
( )
~
( )
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
p x Ae Be A e B A e
p x p L
e B A e
e B A e
B A
z
z
jkx jkx jkx jkx
jkx jkx
jkL jkL
t
t
+ +

+
+
1
1
8 - 18
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Some Common Termination Impedances
A
anechoic
closed
Open
(unbaffled)
Open
(baffled)
z c
t o

z
t

[ ] z c ka j ka
t o
+ ( ) ( )
2
2 8 3
[ ]
z c ka j ka
t o
+ ( ) ( . )
2
06
2a
2a
(ka<<1)
(ka<<1)
8 - 19
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example Open Unbaffled Pipe
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Open pipe termination impedance ratio
Imag.
Real
Frequency (Hz)
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

r
a
t
i
o
(unbaffled pipe)
(for a = 0.05 m, c = 343 m/s)
8 - 20
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Sound Power Injected into Waveguide
W S p L u L
S p L
p L
z L
S p L
z L
S
p L
z L
z L
S
c
p L
z L
z L
in
o

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Re{
~
( )
~
* ( )}
Re{
~
( )
~
* ( )
* ( )
}
~
( ) Re{
* ( )
}
~
( )
( )
Re{ ( )}
~
( )
( )
Re{ ( )}
z p u
t

~
( )
~
( ) 0 0
x=0
x=-L
z L p L u L ( )
~
( )
~
( )
8 - 21
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Impedance Discontinuities in Ducts
Any change in the impedance seen by a wave generates a
reflected wave
Less energy is transmitted due to the reflection
Mufflers maximize this effect
Impedance discontinuity
A
B
C
8 - 22
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example: Area Change
Continuity of pressure (momentum) and volume velocity (mass) at x = 0:
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
1 2
2 1
1
4
2 2
1
2
1
2
m
m
c A S c C S
S S m
m
m
S S
A C
C c S B A c S
C B A
o o
o o
+
,
_
,
_

+

~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
j kx
e A

~
j kx
e B
~
jkx
e C

~
x = 0
S
1
S
2
The last quantity is the power transmission coefficient
Anechoic: z =
o
c
8 - 23
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Attenuation of Sound by an Area Change
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
S
1
/S
2
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

a
n
d

R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
Power Transmission Coefficient
Power Reflection Coefficient
8 - 24
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example: Expansion Chamber Muffler
jkx
e A

~
j kx
e B
~
jkx
e C

~
x = 0
S
1
S
2
j kx
e D
~
jkx
e E

~
S
1
x = L
kL m m kL
A B
2 2 1 2
2
4
4
1
sin ) ( cos
~ ~
+ +

Apply continuity of pressure and volume velocity at x = 0 and x = L;
solve for power reflection coefficient, then subtract from unity to get
the power transmission coefficient:
The Transmission Loss (TL) in decibels (dB) is defined:
) ( log log dB W W TL
t i
1 10 10
10 10

8 - 25
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
TL of an Expansion Chamber Muffler
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
kL = 2(L/)
T
L

(
d
B
)
Area Ratio = 2 Area Ratio = 5 Area Ratio = 10
8 - 26
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Side Branch (T-Junction) Muffler
Volume velocity continuity
( )

S z Z
Z Z Z
Q Q Q
c b j
c b j
+
+
1 1 1
~ ~ ~
S
S
b
x = 0
A
B
j
p
~
Assumption: that the frequency is
sufficiently low so that the junction
sound pressure is constant
everywhere in the junction
j
p
~
,
_

j
j
j j
z
p
S u S Q
~
~
~
,
_

c
j
c c
z
p
S u S Q
~
~
~
,
_

b
j
b b b b
z
p
S u S Q
~
~
~
impedance. acoustical the is that recall
as defined impedance acoustical the is Here
specific z
S z Q p u S p Z
Z

~ ~ ~
Pressure continuity:
j
x
p B A x p
~
~ ~
) (
~
0
+

8 - 27
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Side Branch (T-Junction) Muffler
1
/
/
/
/ / /
+
b
b
j
o c
o
c
c
o
b
b
o
j
j
c b
c b
j
Z
Z
Z
S c Z
S c
Z
Z
S c
Z
Z
S c
Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
(anechoic) let simplicity for
follows as impedances normalized define

Z
j
Z
b
Z
c
{ } { }
2
/
/
2
2
2
/
2
/ /
/
1 2
4
*
1 Re
~ ~
2
1
*
1 Re
~
2
1
1 2
1
~
~
1 2
1
1
1
~
~
+

+
+

+
b
b
i
t
c
c c j t
c
b
r
b j
j
Z
Z
W
W
Z B A Z p W
Z
Z
A
B
Z Z
Z
A
B
t coefficien on transmissi power sound the

is into d transmitte power sound The
t coefficien reflection power sound the so
t coefficien reflection pressure the recall
8 - 28
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
The Helmholtz Resonator
Mx Kx p S x j u x
u
j
j M
K
u p S
z
p
u
j
S
M
K K
M
c
S
LV
j b b
b
b j b
b
j
b b
b
o
n
&& &&
+
_
,

_
,

_
,

when

1
0
K
c S
V
M S L
o b
o
o b
2 2
F = p
j
S
b
x
V
o
S
b
L
8 - 29
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
TL of a Helmholtz Resonator
V
o
= 0.001 m
3
L = 25 mm
S
b
= 2 x 10
-4
m
2
S = 8 x 10
-4
m
2
f
n
= 154 Hz
Anechoic termination
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 100 200 300
Frequency (Hz)
T
L

(
d
B
)
TL dB
c
L
S
S
n
b
n
( ) log +
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,

'
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
10 1
1
2
1
10
2
2
2
90 Hz
8 - 30
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Network Interpretation: Electrical to Acoustical
z u
p
source
load
Z i
e
source
load
Electrical System Acoustical System
8 - 31
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Source u
Any acoustic
system
u
p
(sound pressure
reaction)
z
t
z
p
u
r jx +
z
p
u
r x
t
t
t
t t
+
Input or load
impedance
Termination
impedance
Acoustic System Components
8 - 32
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
{ }
{ } = { }
=
W
S
p f u f
S
z(f)u f u f
Su f
z f S r f u f
_
,
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
Re
~
( )
~
* ( ) Re
~
( )
~
* ( )
~
( )
Re ( ) ( )
~
( )
Sound Power and Impedance
z u
p
source
load
W
8 - 33
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Performance Measures Transmission Loss
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
W
i
W
r
W
t
Anechoic
Termination
Muffler
TL dB Log
W
W
i
t
( ) 10
10
8 - 34
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Sound Intensity and Sound Power
{ } I p t u t p f u f
t
( ) ( ) Re
~
( )
~
* ( )
1
2
{ } W I dS I S
S
p f u f
S

2
Re
~
( )
~
* ( )
power
work
time
(force distance)
time

N m
s
J
s
W
power
area
intensity = pressure velocity
W
m
2

_
,
_
,
Time-average active intensity:

u
p
S
W
8 - 35
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Performance Measures Insertion Loss
IL (dB) = SPL
1
SPL
2
Insertion loss depends on :
TL of muffler
Lengths of pipes
Termination (baffled vs. unbaffled)
Source impedance
Muffler
SPL
1
SPL
2
8 - 36
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example TL and IL
24
12
12
2 6 Source
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)
T
L

a
n
d

I
L

(
d
B
)
Insertion Loss
Transmission Loss
Pipe resonances
Inlet Pipe
Outlet Pipe
Expansion Chamber Muffler
8 - 37
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example Branch Impedance
z
z
t
z
B
z
z z
z z
B t
B t
+
Can we make z
B
zero?
z
t
u
p
z
B
z
(any system)
8 - 38
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
The Quarter-Wave Resonator
z
B
L
z j c L c L c n n
n c
L
f
nc
L
L
nc
f
n
B o

_
,
cot( / ) / / , , ... 0 2 13 5
2
4 4 4
when
or
(produces a sound pressure node at junction)
8 - 39
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Aside: Mechanical and Acoustic Impedance
M
C
K
x, u
~
Fe
j t
( )
( )
Mx Cx Kx Fe
x ue x j ue x u j e
Z F u C j M K
j t
j t j t j t
m
&& &
~
&
~
&&
~ ~
~
~
+ +

+

Because the applied force is split among all three elements,
while all experience the same velocity, we say the three
elements are in series (element impedances add).
8 - 40
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Aside: Mechanical and Acoustic Impedance
Average power supplied by the force to the system:
W F t u t Fu uZ u
W u Z Cu
W CF Z
m m
m m
m m

( ) ( ) Re{
~
~
*} Re{(
~
)
~
*}
~
Re{ }
~
~
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
or

10
1
10
2
10
3
0
0.00
0.0
0.01
5
C
3C
Frequency (1/s)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

Resonance occurs when the
average power is maximum:
Im{ } ( ) Z M K
K
M
m
n

0
8 - 41
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example
An engine running at 2400 rpm has a fundamental firing
frequency of 80 Hz. An exhaust pipe 2 m long and 0.1 m
diameter is connected to the exhaust manifold. The sound
pressure amplitude at the entrance to the exhaust pipe is 100
Pa at 80 Hz. How much sound power is injected into the
exhaust pipe and what is the sound pressure amplitude at the
termination of the pipe?
100 Pa
p = ?
8 - 42
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example (cont.)
x=0
x=-L=-2 m
p(-L)=100 Pa
@ 80 Hz
Open end
(unbaffled)
p(0) ?
a=0.05 m
ka
kL S
z ka j ka j
t

+ +

( ) . / .
( ) / . ( . ) .
( ) . . .
2 80 005 343 7 33 10
2 80 2 343 2 93 005 785 10
06 537 10 4 40 10
2
2 3
2 3 2
m
2
8 - 43
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Example (cont.)
( )
( )

+
+

+
+

+
+

z L
z j kL
jz kL
j
W
S p
c z L
z L
p
p L B A
e B A e
B A
z
z
j
p j
t
t
in
o
jkL jkL
t
t
( )
tan
tan
. .
~
( )
Re{ ( )} .
~
( )
~
( )
~
/
~
~
/
~
~
/
~
. .
~
( ) . .
1
551 10 168 10
2
184 10
0
1
1
1
9 90 10 8 68 10
0 26 3 4 06
3 1
2
2
2
1 2
W
Pa
Pa (119.5 dB)
~
( ) . p 0 26 6
8 - 44
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Input Impedance and Sound Power
80 Hz
0 100 200 300 400 500
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
Frequency (Hz)
Sound power injected into pipe
(100 Pa at each frequency)
S
o
u
n
d

P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)
Resonances: Re(z) minimum
0 100 200 300 400 500
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Frequency (Hz)
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

r
a
t
i
o
Impedance ratio at x = -L
Real Part
Imag Part
0 100 200 300 400 500
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Frequency (Hz)
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

r
a
t
i
o
Impedance ratio at x = -L
Real Part
Imag Part
80 Hz
8 - 45
ME 610 Engineering
Acoustics
Termination (Radiation) Impedance
z
p
u
r x
c
S
D
c
f j
D
c
f
c
S
D
c
f j
D
c
f
( D)
t
t
t
t t
o
o
+
_
,
+

_
,
1
]
1
1
_
,
+

_
,
1
]
1
1
>
(unbaffled termination)
(baffled termination)

2
0 6
2
2
2
0 85
2
17
2
2
2
2
.
.
.
Baffle (flange)
u
t
p
t
D

Chapter 8 Sound in Waveguides

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Chapter 8 Sound in Waveguides

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Sound in Waveguides

Slides to accompany lectures in ME 610:

Consider harmonic wave propagation in only the x direction:

: waves traveling x - and x represent these with

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

t coefficien on transmissi power sound the

Time-average active intensity:

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