Radio receiver is an electronic equipment which pick -ups the desired signal, reject the

unwanted signal and demodulate the carrier signal to get back the original modulating signal.
Function of Radio Receivers
Intercept the incoming modulated signal
Select desired signal and reject unwanted signals
Amplif selected R.! signal
"etect modulated signal to get back original modulating signal
Amplif modulating frequenc signal
Design of Receiver
#he radio receiver has to be cost effective
Requirements$
%as to work according to application as for A& or !& signals
#une to and amplif desired radio station
!ilter out all other stations
"emodulator has to work with all radio stations regardless of carrier frequenc
Classification of Radio Receivers
Depending upon application
A& Receivers - receive broadcast of speech or music from A& transmitters which
operate on long wave, medium wave or short wave bands.
!& Receivers ' receive broadcast programs from !& transmitters which operate in (%!
or )%! bands.
Depending upon fundamental aspects
#uned Radio !requenc *#R!+Receivers
Super-heterodne Receivers
#uned Radio !requenc *#R!+ Receiver$
,omposed of R! amplifiers and detectors.
-o frequenc conversion
It is not often used.
"ifficult to design tunable R! stages.
"ifficult to obtain high gain R! amplifiers
#R! receiver includes an
R! stage
a detector stage
and an audio stage .
#wo or three R! amplifiers are required to filter and amplif the received signal to a level
sufficient to drive the detector stage.
R! section *Receiver front end+
used to detect the signal
bandlimit the received R! signal
and amplifing the received R! signal.
A& detector
"emodulates the A& wave and converts it to the original information signal.
Audio section
)sed to amplif the recovered signal
Advantages of TRF
#R! receivers are simple to design and allow the broadcast frequenc ./. 0%1 to 2345
0%1.
%igh senstivit.
Disadvantages of TRF
At the higher frequenc, it produces difficult in design.
It has poor audio qualit.
Instabilit
(ariation in 67
8oor Selectivit
SUPER HETRODYNE RECEIER
Heterodyne ' to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to transmit one
frequency to another using nonlinear mixing.
Also known as frequency conversion , high frequenc down converted to low
frequenc.*I!+
A super heterodne receiver converts all incoming radio frequenc *R!+ signals to a
lower frequenc known as an intermediate frequenc *I!+.
"RA76A,0S 9(:R,9&:"
Stabilit ' as high frequenc is down converted to I! the reactance of stra
capacitances will not decrease as it was at higher frequencies resulting in
increased feedback.
-o variation in 67 - as I! range is 4/; to 43. 0%1 *in case of A& receivers+
mostl 4..0%1 ,appropriate for < limit *2=5+.
6etter selectivit - as no adjacent channels are picked due to variation in 67.
RF section
,onsists of a pre-selector and an amplifier
8re-selector is a broad-tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable center frequenc
used to reject unwanted radio frequenc and to reduce the noise bandwidth.
R! amplifier determines the sensitivit of the receiver and a predominant factor in
determining the noise figure for the receiver.
!i"er#converter section
,onsists of a radio-frequenc oscillator and a mi>er.
,hoice of oscillator depends on the stabilit and accurac desired.
&i>er is a nonlinear device to convert radio frequenc to intermediate
frequencies *i.e. heterodning process+.
#he shape of the envelope, the bandwidth and the original information contained in the
envelope remains unchanged although the carrier and sideband frequencies are translated from
R! to I!.
IF section
,onsists of a series of I! amplifiers and bandpass filters to achieve most of the
receiver gain and selectivit.
#he I! is alwas lower than the R! because it is easier and less e>pensive to
construct high-gain, stable amplifiers for low frequenc signals.
I! amplifiers are also less likel to oscillate than their R! counterparts.
Detector section
#o convert the I! signals back to the original source information *demodulation+.
,an be as simple as a single diode or as comple> as a 8?? or balanced
demodulator.
Audio a$%lifier section
,omprises several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more speakers
A&C ' Auto$atic &ain Control (
Adjust the I! amplifier gain according to signal level*to the average amplitude
signal almost constant+.
A@, is a sstem b means of which the overall gain of radio receiver is varied
automaticall with the variations in the strength of received signals, to maintain
the output constant.
A@, circuit is used to adjust and stabili1e the frequenc of local oscillator.
#pes of A@, '
-o A@,
Simple A@,
"elaed A@,
!R:<):-,A ,9-(:RSI9- in the mi>er stage is identical to the frequenc conversion
in the modulator e>cept that in the receiver, the frequencies are down-converted rather
that up-converted.
In the mi>er, R! signals are combined with the local oscillator frequenc
#he local oscillator is designed such that its frequenc of oscillation is alwas
above or below the desired R! carrier b an amount equal to the I! center
frequenc.
#herefore the difference of R! and oscillator frequenc is alwas equal to the I!
frequenc
#he adjustment for the center frequenc of the pre-selector and the local
oscillator frequenc are gang-tune *the two adjustments are tied together so that
single adjustment will change the center frequenc of the pre-selector and at the
same time change the local oscillator+
when local oscillator frequenc is tuned above the R! ' high side injection
when local oscillator frequenc is tuned below the R! ' low side injection
&athematicall e>pressed $
%igh side injection
?ow side injection
IF RF lo f f f + =
IF RF lo f f f =
CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO RECEIERS
Sensitivit)
Abilit to amplif weak signals.
&inimum R! signal level that can be detected at the input to the receiver and still
produce a usable demodulated information signal.
6roadcast receiversB radio receivers should have reasonabl high sensitivit so that it
ma have good response to the desired signal
6ut should not have e>cessivel high sensitivit otherwise it will pick up all undesired
noise signals.
It is function of receiver gain and measures in decibels.
Sensitivit of a receiver is e>pressed in microvolts of the received signal.
#pical sensitivit for commercial broadcast-band A& receiver is .5 C(.
Sensitivit of the receiver depends on $
-oise power present at the input to the receiver
Receiver noise figure
6andwidth improvement factor of the receiver
#he best wa to improve the sensitivit is to reduce the noise level.
Selectivit)
Selectivit of radio receiver is its abilit to differentiate desired signal from unwanted
signals.
Selectivit is obtained b using tuned circuits, which are tuned to desired frequenc. #he
qualit factor of these ?, circuits determines the selectivit. It is given b,
<DE?BR
!or better selectivit F<G should be high.
!idelit is defined as ' a measure of the ability of a communication system to produce
an exact replica of the original source information at the output of the receiver.
An variations in the demodulated signal that are not in the original information signal is
considered as distortion.
Radio receiver should have high fidelit or accurac.
:>ample- In an A.&. broadcast the ma>imum audio frequenc is . 0%1 hence receiver
with good fidelit must produce entire frequenc up to .0%1.