USOO5856934A

Ulllted States Patent [ 1 9] [ 1 1 ] Patent N u m b er : 5, 856, 934

N akajim a et al. [ 45] Date o f Patent: J an. 5, 1 999
[ 54] DIGITAL FILTER SYSTEM 5, 687 , 1 0 9 1 1 /1 997 Lane etal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364/7 24. 0 1 1
_ . . . . _ . . Pr im ar y Exam iner Tan V. Mai
[ 7 5] Inv ento r s Mlc h lo N aka llm a Osaka Welm m Atto r ney, Ag ent, o r Fir m Fr ish au f , H o ltZ , Go o dm an,
Su n, K u nItatI, b o th o f J apan .
Lang er & C h ic k
[ 7 3] Assig nee: Ic 0 m Inc o r po r ated, Osaka, J apan [ 57 ] ABSTRAC T
_ C o nstants {Pb o o b Qb o o , . . . , Pakz i, Qakz , Pc t, QC , Pdi, and
[ 21 ] Appl' N O" 827 40 7 Q dj} f o r c alc u lating eajc h o f ? lter c o ef ? c ients {am } , an, b o o ,
[ 22] Filed: Mar . 27 , 1 997 b kl, b kz , c and d} f o r a dig ital ? lter 1 5 b y u sing no n- linear
_ _ _ _ _ po lyno m ials f o r pass b and po sitio n data X and pass b and
[ 30 ] Fo r elg n Apph c atlo n Pno nty Data Width data y ar e sto r ed in a m em o r y 1 3. Th e c o nstants
Au g . 30 , 1 996 [ J P] J apan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- 231 0 0 1 {Pb OOD Qb 0 0 j> - - - , PM Qak2j> PC T, Qc j, Pdi> and Qdj} ar e
6 deter m ined b y u sing th e least sq u ar e m eth o d so th at th e su m
[ 51 ] Int. C l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G0 6F 1 7 /1 0 o f th e Sq u ar e o f th e er r o r s b etween th e ? lter C o ef f ic ients
U- S- C l- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C alc u lated u sing no n_ liner po lyno m ials and th e ? lter
[ 58] Field o f Sear c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364/7 24. 0 1 1 , 7 24. 1 , c o ef ? c ients o f dig ital ? lter h av ing kno Wn c h ar ac ter istic s
364/7 24. 1 9 b ec o m es th e least o r th e m inim u m . A C PU 1 1 c alc u lates th e
? lter c o ef ? c ients no n- linear ly b y u sing th e c o nstants sto r ed
[ 56] Ref er enc es C ited in th e m em o r y 1 3, and sets th e r esu lts to th e dig ital ? lter 1 5
US PATEN T DOC UMEN TS Wh en neW pass b and po sitio n data X o r pass b and Width data
y Is inpu t at kno b s SC and SW.
5, 47 9, 362 1 2/1 995 Su n et al. .
5, 530 , 660 6/1 996 Su n et al. . 1 0 C laim s, 5 Dr awing Sh eets
V
I1 1
C P U
SC SW
IN PUT V OUTPUT
N ORDER DIGITAL SIGN AL
DIGITAL SIGN AL BAN D PASS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ >
DIGITAL FILTER
1 1 5
5, 856, 934
U. S. Patent J an. 5, 1 999 Sh eet 2 o f 5
N v n m g $ 5 $ 5
TN TN
: 5 + 3m : 5 + 8m
A + + , +
1 22m 2965 5250
N S N N Q N 5 N 5
TN TN
Sn + Sm 3n + In
TN TN
0 0 2
H H + \ _
/_ iz u m
1 2, 50 5 FEE
U. S. Patent J an. 5, 1 999 Sh eet 3 o f 5 5, 856, 934
FIG. 3
1 3
MEMORY I
V
C PU
2/1 1
30 58W
V
IN PUT
DIGITAL SIGN AL
N ORDER
BAN D PASS
DIGITAL FILTER
OUTPUT
DIGITAL SIGN AL
ADC
1 1 5
FIG. 4
23
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> DSP - > DAC
C PU
4/1 1
U. S. Patent
C OEFFIC IEN TS
J an. 5, 1 999 Sh eet 4 0 f 5
5, 856, 934
FIG. 5
C H ARAC TERISTC S OF C OEFFIC IEN TS
WH EN BAN D WIDTH IS C H AN GED
O 0 . 5 l
BAN D WIDTH DATA
5, 856, 934
U. S. Patent J an. 5, 1 999 Sh eet 5 o f 5
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1
DIGITAL FILTER SYSTEM
BAC K GROUN D OF TH E IN VEN TION
1 . Field o f th e Inv entio n
Th e pr esent inv entio n r elates to a dig ital ? lter system ,
m o r e par tic u lar ly, to a dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an c h ang e
th e po sitio n o f th e pass b and and/o r th e Width o f th e pass
b and.
2. Desc r iptio n o f th e Related Ar t
Band Pass type dig ital ? lter s ar e adapted to v ar io u s
tec h nic al ? elds, and r ec ently, dig ital ? lter system s Wh ic h c an
v ar y th e po sitio n ( th e c entr al f r eq u enc y, and th e u pper and
lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y) and/o r th e Width o f th e pass b and
h av e b een pr o po sed.
Fo r exam ple, th e US. Pat. N o s. 5, 47 9, 362 and 5, 530 , 660 ,
Wh ic h is th e div isio nal applic atio n o f th e f o r m er patent,
disc lo se a v ar iab le c entr al f r eq u enc y type b and pass ? lter
system sh o Wn in FIG. 6. As sh o Wn, th e v ar iab le c entr al
f r eq u enc y type b and pass dig ital ? lter system c o m pr ises:
an N o r der b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 21 f o r ? lter ing an inpu t
dig ital sig nal in ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 ,
ak2 and b kl} ( k=1 , 2, . . . , N /2; N is an ev en nu m b er ) ,
and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed sig nal;
a ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3 f o r sto r ing ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 ( f a) ,
ak2( f a) and b k1 ( f a) } and {ak1 ( f b ) > 21 1 6261 7 ) and b k1 ( f b ) } o f
kno Wn b and pass dig ital ? lter s h av ing a c o nstant b and
pass Width Wh o se c enter f r eq u enc ies ar e f a and f b , and
? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 ( f , ) , ak2( f , ) and b k1 ( f , ) } o f th e
kno Wn b and pass dig ital ? lter h av ing a c o nstant pass
b and Width Wh o se c enter f r eq u enc y is f r ;
a sec o nd m em o r y 1 1 5 f o r sto r ing linear c o ef ? c ients K akj
and K b kl, Wh ic h ar e c alc u lated in ac c o r danc e With
eq u atio ns ( 1 ) and ( 2) b y u sing th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients
sto r ed in th e ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3;
displac em ent setting m eans SV f o r setting displac em ent
m Af b etWeen tar g et c enter f r eq u enc y and th e pr edeter
m ined c enter f r eq u enc y f , o f said b and pass dig ital ? lter
1 21 ;
m u ltiplic atio n m eans 1 1 7 f o r o b taining m Af - K akl- and
m Af K b k1 b y m u ltiplying th e displac em ent m Af , su p
plied f r o m said displac em ent setting m eans SV, b y th e
linear c o ef f ic ients K akj- and K b k1 sto r ed in said sec o nd
m em o r y 1 1 5;
adding m eans 1 1 9 f o r o b taining ak1 ( f , ) +m Af - K ak1 , ak2( f , )
+m Af ~ K ak2, and b k1 ( f , ) +m Af ~ K b k1 b y adding th e pr o d
u c ts o b tained b y said m u ltiplic atio n m eans 1 1 7 , to a
c o r r espo nding o ne o f th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients sto r ed in
said ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3; and
setting m eans 1 1 1 f o r setting th e c entr al f r eq u enc y o f said
b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 21 to f r +m Af b y setting th e
v alu es ak1 ( f , ) +m Af ~ K ak1 , ak2( f , ) +m Af - K ak2, and b k1 ( f , )
+m Af ~ K b k1 , o b tained b y said adding m eans 1 1 9, as th e
? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 , ak2 and b kl} o f said b and pass
dig ital ? lter 1 21 .
Th e Patent also disc lo ses a v ar iab le b and Width type b and
pass dig ital ? lter system .
Th is v ar iab le b and Width type b and pass dig ital ? lter
system , as sh o Wn in FIG. 6, c o m pr ises:
1 0
1 5
25
35
45
55
65
2
an N o r der b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 21 f o r ? lter ing an inpu t
dig ital sig nal in ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients {akv
ak2 and b kl} ( k=1 , 2, . . . , N /2; N is an ev en nu m b er ) ,
and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed sig nal;
a ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3 f o r sto r ing ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 ( Ba) ,
ak2( Ba) and b k1 ( Ba) } and {ak1 ( Bb ) > 31 1 620 31 7 ) and b kl
( B1 ) } o f th e kno Wn b and pass dig ital ? lter h av ing a
c o nstant c enter f r eq u enc y Wh o se pass b and Width s ar e
Ba and Bb , and ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 ( B, ) , ak2( B, ) and
b k1 ( Br ) } o f th e kno Wn b and pass dig ital ? lter h av ing th e
c o nstant c enter f r eq u enc y Wh o se pass b and Width is B, ;
a sec o nd m em o r y 1 1 5 f o r sto r ing linear c o ef ? c ients K akj
and K b kl, Wh ic h ar e c alc u lated in ac c o r danc e With
eq u atio ns ( 3) and ( 4) b y u sing th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients
sto r ed in th e ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3;
k=1 , 2, . . . N /2 j=1 , 2 ( 3)
k=1 , 2, . . . N /2 ( 4)
displac em ent setting m eans SV f o r setting displac em ent
m AB b etWeen tar g et pass b and Width and pr edeter
m ined pass b and Width B, o f said b and pass dig ital ? lter
1 21 ;
m u ltiplic atio n m eans 1 1 7 f o r o b taining m AB~ K akj and
m ABK b k1 b y m u ltiplying th e displac em ent m AB, su p
plied f r o m said displac em ent setting m eans SV, b y th e
linear c o ef ? c ients K akj- and K b k1 sto r ed in said sec o nd
m em o r y 1 1 5;
adding m eans 1 1 9 f o r o b taining ak1 ( Br ) +m AB~ K ak1 , ak2
( B, ) +m AB~ K ak2, and b k1 ( B, ) +m AB- K b k1 b y adding th e
pr o du c ts o b tained b y said m u ltiplic atio n m eans 1 1 7 to
a c o r r espo nding o ne o f th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients sto r ed in
said ? r st m em o r y 1 1 3; and
setting m eans 1 1 1 f o r setting th e pass b and Width o f said
b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 21 to Br +m AB b y setting th e
v alu es ak1 ( B, ) +m AB~ K ak1 , ak2( B, ) +m AB- K k2, and b k1
( Br ) +m AB~ K b k1 , o b tained b y said adding m eans 1 1 9, as
th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 , ak2 and b k1 } o f said b and pass
dig ital ? lter 1 21 .
Ac c o r ding to th e tec h niq u e disc lo sed in th e ab o v e
desc r ib ed patent, th e po sitio n o r th e Width o f th e pass b and
o f th e dig ital ? lter c an b e v ar ied With a r elativ ely sm aller
m em o r y c apac ity and less c alc u latio n.
Ac c o r ding to th e dig ital ? lter system disc lo sed in th e
ab o v e desc r ib ed patent, th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients ar e o b tained b y
linear appr o xim atio n.
Wh en th e po sitio n o r th e Width o f th e pass b and c h ang es
r elativ ely lar g e, h o Wev er , th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c h ang e no n
linear ly. Th er ef o r e, an er r o r b etWeen th e c alc u lated ? lter
c o ef ? c ients and th e ideal ? lter c o ef ? c ients o c c u r s. Bec au se
o f th e er r o r , th e ? lter c h ar ac ter istic s ar e deg r aded.
Fo r exam ple, FIG. 5 exem pli? es th e c h ang es in th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients Wh en th e pass b and Width is c h ang ed. It is
appar ent f r o m FIG. 5 th at th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients c h ang e
no n- linear ly Wh en th e pass b and Width is c h ang ed g r eatly,
and th e er r o r o c c u r s Wh en th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e set b y
linear appr o xim atio n.
Fu r th er , it is desir ed th at th e am o u nt o f data and th e
am o u nt o f c alc u latio n, nec essar y f o r o b taining th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients, ar e dec r eased.
Also desir ed ar e a h ig h pass dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an
exac tly c h ang e lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc ies o f th e pass b and With
5, 856, 934
3
less c alc u latio n, as Well as th e v ar iab le b and Width type b and
pass dig ital ? lter system , and a lo W pass dig ital ? lter system
Wh ic h c an c h ang e u pper lim it f r eq u enc ies o f th e pass b and.
SUMMARY OF TH E IN VEN TION
Ac c o r ding ly, an o b jec t o f th e pr esent inv entio n is to
pr o v ide a dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an c h ang e pass b and
c h ar ac ter istic s su c h as th e po sitio n and Width o f th e pass
b and th er eo f With less c alc u latio n, dec line o f th e c h ar ac ter
istic s and a sm aller m em o r y c apac ity.
To ac h iev e th e o b jec t, a dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an
v ar y at least o ne o f th e po sitio n and th e Width o f th e pass
b and, ac c o r ding to th e ? r st aspec t o f th e pr esent inv entio n,
c o m pr ises:
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients {ak1 , akz , b o o , b kl,
b kz , c and d} ( k=1 , 2, . . . , N /2; N is an ev en nu m b er ) ,
and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed sig nal;
c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating eac h o f th e ? lter c o ef
? c ients {ak1 , akz , b o o , b kl, b kz , c and d} in ac c o r danc e
With eq u atio ns ( 5) to ( 1 1 ) b y u sing pass b and po sitio n
data X and pass b and Width data y; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c alc u lated
b y said c alc u latio n m eans to said dig ital ? lter .
Wh er e L and M ar e o r der s f o r appr o xim atio n, and
Pb 0 0 iQb 0 0 j> Pb kli Qb klj Pb k2i> Qb k2j> Pakli Qakli Pak2i> Qak2j>
Pc i, QC ] ; Pdi and Qdi ar e c o nstants.
Ac c o r ding to th e ab o v e desc r ib ed str u c tu r e, th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients ar e c alc u lated alm o st exac tly f o llo Wing th e
c h ang es o f po sitio n data ( f o r exam ple, th e u pper lim it
f r eq u enc y, th e lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y, o r th e c entr al f r e
q u enc y o f th e pass b and) and Width data o f th e pass b and,
b ec au se th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e c alc u lated b ased o n th e
eq u atio ns ( 5) to ( 1 1 ) . Th er ef o r e, th e dig ital ? lter , to Wh ic h
th ese ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e set, c an o b tain th e desir ed c h ar
ac ter istic s.
Said c alc u latio n m eans c o m pr ises a m em o r y f o r sto r ing ,
f o r exam ple, th e plu r ality o f c o nstants ( Pb o o i, Qb o o j, Pb klj,
Qb kip Pb k2i> Qb k2i> Pakli Qakip Pak2i> Qak2j> PC Qc p Pdi> and
Q d1 ) , and m eans f o r r eading o u t th e plu r ality o f c o nstants
sto r ed in said m em o r y and f o r c alc u lating th e ? lter c o ef ?
c ients b ased o n said eq u atio ns ( 5) to ( 1 1 ) .
Th e c o nstants, f o r exam ple, ar e selec ted so th at th e su m
o f th e sq u ar es o f th e er r o r s b etWeen th e ac tu al ? lter
c o ef ? c ients, c alc u lated b y u sing th e c o nstants and c o m b i
natio ns o f xand y, and th e ac tu al ? lter c o ef f ic ients o f th e
1 0
1 5
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dig ital ? lter f o r th e c o m b inatio ns o f xand y b ec o m es th e
least o r th e m inim u m . And th e selec ted c o nstants ar e sto r ed
in th e m em o r y.
Th e tr ansf er f u nc tio n o f said dig ital ? lter is r epr esented,
f o r exam ple, as eq u atio n ( 1 2) .
Wh en said dig ital ? lter c o m pr ises a b and pass dig ital
? lter , th e pass b and po sitio n data xis data f o r a lo Wer lim it
f r eq u enc y, an u pper lim it f r eq u enc y, o r a c enter f r eq u enc y o f
th e pass b and.
Wh en th e dig ital ? lter c o m pr ises a lo W pass dig ital ? lter
o r a h ig h pass dig ital ? lter , th e pass b and po sitio n data xis
data f o r an u pper lim it f r eq u enc y o r a lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y
o f th e pass b and, and said pass b and Width data y is a
c o nstant.
A dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an v ar y at least o ne o f th e
po sitio n and th e Width o f a pass b and, ac c o r ding to th e
sec o nd aspec t o f th e pr esent inv entio n c o m pr ises:
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients FC h ( h =1 , 2, . . . , n;
n is a natu r al nu m b er ) , and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed
sig nal;
c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients
FC , 1 in ac c o r danc e With eq u atio n ( 1 3) b y u sing pass
b and po sitio n data xand pass b and Width data y; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients FC h c alc u
lated b y said c alc u latio n m eans to said dig ital ? lter .
( 1 3)
1
Wh er e L and M ar e o r der s, and Ski and Th ] - ar e
pr edeter m ined c o nstants.
Ac c o r ding to th is str u c tu r e, th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e
c alc u lated alm o st exac tly f o llo Wing th e c h ang es o f po sitio n
data xo f th e pass b and and Width data y o f th e pass b and,
b ec au se ? lter c o ef f ic ients FC h ar e c alc u lated b ased o n th e
eq u atio n ( 1 3) . Th er ef o r e, th e dig ital ? lter , to Wh ic h th ese
? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e set, c an o b tain th e desir ed c h ar ac ter
istic s.
Said c alc u latio n m eans c o m pr ises, f o r exam ple, m em o r y
m eans f o r sto r ing th e c o nstants Sh i and Th ] ; and m eans f o r
inpu tting th e pass b and po sitio n data xand pass b and Width
data y, and r eading o u t th e c o nstants Sh i and Th ] - f r o m said
m em o r y m eans and c alc u lating th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients FC , 1
b ased o n th e po sitio n data x, Width data y, and c o nstants Sh i
and Th j.
Th e c o nstants S M and Th ] ; f o r exam ple, ar e selec ted so th at
th e su m o f th e sq u ar es o f th e er r o r s b etWeen th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients, c alc u lated b y u sing sets o f th e c o nstants, xand
y, and ac tu al ? lter c o ef ? c ients o f said dig ital ? lter to th e x
and y, b ec o m es th e least o r th e m inim u m . And th e selec ted
c o nstants ar e sto r ed in said m em o r y m eans.
A dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to th e th ir d aspec t o f th e
pr esent inv entio n c o m pr ises:
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients, and f o r o u tpu tting
th e ? lter ed sig nal;
par am eter sto r ag e m eans f o r sto r ing par am eter s f o r c al
c u lating said ? lter c o ef ? c ients de? ned b y a no n- linear
po lyno m ial f o r th e po sitio n and/o r th e Width o f th e pass
b and o f said dig ital ? lter ;
? lter c o ef ? c ient c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating said
? lter c o ef ? c ients, b ased o n said par am eter s sto r ed in
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5
said par am eter sto r ag e m eans, and a tar g et po sitio n
and/o r a tar g et Width f o r th e pass b and o f said dig ital
? lter ; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c alc u lated
b y said ? lter c o ef ? c ient c alc u latio n m eans to said
dig ital ? lter .
Ac c o r ding to th is str u c tu r e, th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e
c alc u lated alm o st exac tly f o llo Wing th e c h ang es o f th e
po sitio n data o f th e pass b and and/o r th e Width data o f th e
pass b and, b ec au se th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e c alc u lated b ased
o n th e no n- linear po lyno m ial. Th er ef o r e, th e dig ital ? lter , to
Wh ic h th ese ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e set, c an o b tain th e desir ed
c h ar ac ter istic s.
BRIEF DESC RIPTION OF TH E DRAWIN GS
FIG. 1 is a diag r am sh o Wing th e b asic str u c tu r e o f an IIR
type dig ital ? lter ;
FIG. 2 is a diag r am exem plif ying th e str u c tu r e o f an
eig h th o r der IIR type dig ital ? lter ;
FIG. 3 is a b lo c k diag r am sh o Wing th e str u c tu r e o f a
dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to o ne em b o dim ent o f th is
inv entio n;
FIG. 4 is a diag r am exem plif ying a m o di? c atio n o f th e
dig ital ? lter system sh o Wn in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a diag r am sh o Wing h o W c h ang es in th e ? lter
c h ar ac ter istic s c o r r espo nd to c h ang es in th e Width o f th e
pass b and; and
FIG. 6 is a b lo c k diag r am sh o Wing th e str u c tu r e o f a
c o nv entio nal dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an c h ang e pass
b and Width and pass b and po sitio n.
DETAILED DESC RIPTION OF TH E
PREFERRED EMBODIMEN TS
A dig ital ? lter system em b o dying th e pr esent inv entio n
Will no W b e desc r ib ed With r ef er enc e to th e ac c o m panying
dr aWing s. Th e ter m f r eq u enc y as u sed in th e desc r iptio ns
b elo W m eans no r m aliZ ed f r eq u enc y.
FIG. 1 exem pli? es an IIR type dig ital ? lter f o r m ed b y
c o nnec ting a ? r st o r der IIR ? lter sec tio n and N /2 sec o nd
o r der IIR ? lter sec tio ns in ser ies.
Wh en at least o ne o f ? lter c o ef f ic ients c and d sh o Wn in
FIG. 1 is no t 0 , th e dig ital ? lter b ec o m es ( N +1 ) - th o r der
Wh ic h is an o dd nu m b er ed o r der , and Wh en b o th o f th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients c and d ar e 0 , th e dig ital ? lter b ec o m es N - th
o r der Wh ic h is an ev en nu m b er ed o r der .
Gener ally, a lo W pass ? lter and a h ig h pass ? lter ar e o dd
nu m b er ed o r der s, and a b and pass ? lter and a no tc h ? lter ar e
ev en nu m b er ed o r der s. Th e o r der s, h o Wev er , ar e no t lim ited
to th ese.
A tr ansf er f u nc tio n o f th e dig ital ? lter sh o Wn in FIG. 1 is
r epr esented as eq u atio n ( 1 4) appr o xim ately.
( 1 4)
Giv en th at an ar b itr ar y v alu e f o r th e pass b and po sitio n
data is x, and an ar b itr ar y v alu e f o r th e b and Width data is
y, eac h o f th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e r epr esented as eq u atio ns
( 1 5) to ( 21 ) .
In c ase o f th e b and pass ? lter , th e pass b and po sitio n data
xindic ates th e po sitio n o f th e pass b and, f o r exam ple, th e
lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y, u pper lim it f r eq u enc y o r c entr al
f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and. Th e b and Width data y indic ate
th e Width o f th e pass b and, nam ely dif f er enc e b etWeen th e
u pper lim it f r eq u enc y and lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y.
1 0
1 5
25
35
45
55
65
6
In c ase o f th e lo W pass ? lter , th e pass b and po sitio n data
xindic ate th e u pper lim it f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and, and th e
b and Width data y is a c o nstant. In c ase o f th e h ig h pass ? lter ,
th e pass b and po sitio n data x indic ate th e lo Wer lim it
f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and, and th e b and Width data y is a
c o nstant.
Wh er e L and M ar e o r der s o f appr o xim ate expr es
sio ns f o r po lyno m ial appr o xim atio n.
Pb OOi> Qb OOj> ' ~ - > Pak2i> Qak2j> Pei Q61 , Pdi> and Qdj ar e
c o nstants and c o ef ? c ients o f eq u atio ns to o u tpu t b o o , b kl, b kz ,
akl, ak2, c , and d r espec tiv ely Wh en th e pass b and po sitio n
data xand b and Width data y ar e inpu t.
C o nstants Pb OOi> Qb OOj> - ~ - a Pak2i> Qak2j> Pei Q61 , Pdia and
Qdj- c an b e o b tained b y u sing th e least sq u ar e appr o xim atio n
m eth o d to dec ide th e to tal er r o r s o f th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients to
b e th e least ( th e m inim u m ) .
Fo r exam ple, g iv en th at L=2 and M=1 , c o ef ? c ients b 0 , b kl,
b kz , akl, akz , c , and d c an b e appr o xim ated b y eq u atio ns ( 22)
to ( 28) .
Wh en th e IIR type dig ital ? lter sh o Wn in FIG. 1 is an
eig h th o r der IIR type b and pass ellipse dig ital ? lter Wh ic h
c o m pr ises 4 ( =8/2) sec o nd o r der IIR ? lter sec tio ns c o n
nec ted in ser ies as sh o Wn in FIG. 2, eq u atio n ( 1 4) c an b e
exc h ang ed With eq u atio n ( 29) , and eq u atio ns ( 22) to ( 28) c an
b e exc h ang ed With eq u atio ns ( 30 ) to ( 36) .
5, 856, 934
Fo r exam ple, eq u atio n ( 31 ) c an b e exc h ang ed With eq u a
tio n ( 37 ) b y u sing c o ef ? c ients A, B, C and D.
( 37 )
An er r o r e, b etween b k1 c alc u lated b y eq u atio n ( 37 ) f o r a
g iv en X and y, and kno wn ac tu al b klR o f th e dig ital ? lter
sh o Wn in FIG. 2 c o r r espo nding to th e g iv en X and y, c an b e
expr essed b y eq u atio n ( 38) , and e2, th e sq u ar e th er eo f , c an
b e expr essed b y eq u atio n ( 39) . Th er ef o r e, th e to tal o f th e
sq u ar es o f er r o r s c an b e r epr esented as eq u atio n ( 40 ) .
e=Ay2+By+C +Dxb k1 R ( 3s)
e2={Ay2+By+C +Dxb k1 R} 2 ( 39)
E = E 6, 2 = E {Ayiz + Byi + C + DX, b k1 Ri} 2
i=1 i=1
Wh er e n is th e nu m b er o f c o m b inatio ns o f x, y and
ac tu al ? lter c o ef ? c ient b k1 R f o r appr o xim atio n.
As sh o Wn in eq u atio ns ( 41 ) to ( 44) , E is dif f er entiated
b y A, B, C and D so th at it is th e least ( o r th e m inim u m ) .
n ( 41 )
i = 2 E yi2( Ayi2 + Byi + C + DX, b klRi)
6A i=1
n n n
= 2 E Ayi4+2 E Byi3+2 E C yi2+
i=1 i=1 i=1
n n
2 E DXLYi22 E yiz b klRi
i=1 i=1
n ( 42)
i = 2 E yi( Ayi2 +Byi + C +DX, b kLRi)
6B i=1
n n n n
= 2 E Ayi3+2 E Byi2+2 E C yi+2 E Dxiy, -
i=1 i= i= i=1
n
2 21 yib kLRi
, :
n ( 43)
i = 2 E ( Ayiz + Byi + C + DX, b kLRi)
6C i=1
n n n n
= 2 E Ayi2+2 E Byi+2nC +2 E Dx, - 2 E b kLRi
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n ( 44)
i = 2 E Xi( Ayi2 +Byi + C +DX, b kLRi)
6D i=1
n n n n
= 2 E Axiyi2+2 E Bxiyi+2 E C xi+2 E Dxi2
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
2 E Xib kLRi
i=1
In eq u atio ns ( 41 ) to ( 44) , c o nditio ns b y Wh ic h th e to tal o f
th e er r o r s E b ec o m es th e least, eac h o f A, B, C and D is
intr o du c ed, as sh o Wn in eq u atio n ( 45) , b y setting eac h
dif f er entiated v alu e to 0 .
1 0
1 5
25
35
45
55
60
Eq u atio n 46 is o b tained f r o m eq u atio n ( 56) , and c o ef
? c ients A, B, C and D c an b e o b tained b y so lv ing eq u atio n
( 46) .
( 46)
Th e ? lter c o ef f ic ient b k1 c an b e o b tained f r o m eq u atio n
( 37 ) b y u sing c o ef f ic ients A, B, C and D, o b tained b y so lv ing
eq u atio n ( 46) , th e pass b and po sitio n data x, and th e pass
b and Width data y.
Filter c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kz , akl, akz , c , and d c an b e
o b tained in th e sam e m anner .
Adig ital ? lter With a desir ed pass b and po sitio n xand pass
b and Width y c an b e o b tained b y setting th e o b tained ? lter
c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b kz , akl, akz , c , and d to eac h o f th e
m u ltiplier s sh o Wn in FIGS. 1 and 2, as m u ltiplier f ac to r s.
In c ase o f th e lo W pass dig ital ? lter and th e h ig h pass
dig ital ? lter , c o nstants Pb o o i, Pb kli, Pb kz i, Pakli, Pakz i, Pc i, Pdi,
Qb OOi> Qb k1 i> Qb k2i> Qakli Qak2i> Qc i and Qdi f o r C alc u lating
? lter c o ef ? c ients ar e also pr ev io u sly o b tained f r o m th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients o f th e kno Wn dig ital ? lter . Th en, th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b kz , akl, akz , c , and d ar e o b tained b y
u sing th ese c o nstants and th e po sitio n data xo f th e pass
b and. Th e pass b and Width data y is a c o nstant. Th er ef o r e,
th e ter m s P ar e c o nstants. And a lo W pass dig ital ? lter and
a h ig h pass dig ital ? lter h av ing a desir ed pass b and po sitio n
xc an b e o b tained b y setting th e o b tained ? lter c o ef ? c ients
to eac h o f th e m u ltiplier s, sh o Wn in FIG. 1 , as m u ltiplier
f ac to r s.
Th e str u c tu r e o f a b and pass dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h
c an v ar y th e c enter f r eq u enc y and pass b and Width b y u sing
th e ab o v e desc r ib ed m eth o d Will no W b e desc r ib ed With
r ef er enc e to FIG. 3.
As sh o Wn in FIG. 3, a b and pass dig ital ? lter system
c o m pr ises a C PU 1 1 , a m em o r y 1 3, an N - th o r der IIR type
b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 5, a sh if t kno b SC f o r c h ang ing th e
c enter f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and, and a sh if t kno b SW f o r
c h ang ing th e pass b and Width .
Th e b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 5, f o r exam ple, c o m pr ises th e
str u c tu r e sh o Wn in FIG. 1 , and takes th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients
{ak1 , akz , b o o , b kl, b kz , c and d} , su pplied f r o m th e C PU 1 1 ,
o o m a>
5, 856, 934
to ? lter an inpu t dig ital sig nal in ac c o r danc e With th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients. Adig ital sig nal su pplied to th e b and pass dig ital
? lter 1 5 is o b tained, f o r exam ple, b y A/D c o nv er sio n o f an
analo g au dio sig nal at an ar b itr ar y sam pling f r eq u enc y. A
dig ital sig nal o u tpu t f r o m th e b and pass dig ital ? lter 1 5 is
su pplied to , f o r exam ple, an analo g c ir c u it af ter b eing
su b jec ted to D/A c o nv er sio n.
Th e m em o r y 1 3 sto r es c o ef ? c ients Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . . . , Pakz i,
Qak2j, Pei, QC ] ; P di, and Q d] - to b e u sed f o r c alc u lating ? lter
c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b kz , akl, akz , c and d b y eq u atio ns ( 1 5)
to ( 21 ) . Eac h o f th e c o ef ? c ients Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . . . , Pakz i, Qakz j,
Pc i, Qc i, P di, and Q d] - ar e pr ev io u sly c alc u lated With eq u atio ns
( 22) to ( 46) u sing , f o r exam ple, pass b and c enter f r eq u enc y
x, pass b and Width y, and th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients b OOR, b klR,
b m , aklR, akQR, c R and dR o f a b and pass dig ital ? lter With
kno Wn c h ar ac ter istic s and th e c alc u lated c o ef ? c ients ar e set
in th e m em o r y 1 3.
Th e m em o r y 1 3 f u r th er sto r es pr o g r am f o r c alc u lating th e
? lter c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b kz , akl, akz , c and d, and f o r
setting th e c alc u lated c o ef ? c ients to th e dig ital ? lter 1 5.
Desig natio n v alu es o f th e sh if t kno b s SC and SW, ar e
su pplied to th e C PU 1 1 af ter b eing c o nv er ted to dig ital data
b y an u nillu str ated A/D c o nv er ter o r th e like. A u ser inf o r m s
desir ed c enter f r eq u enc y x( no r m aliZ ed f r eq u enc y b ased o n
sam pling f r eq u enc y) f o r th e pass b and o f th e dig ital ? lter
system to th e C PU 1 1 b y o per ating th e sh if t kno b SC , and
inf o r m s th e pass b and Width y ( no r m aliZ ed f r eq u enc y b ased
o n sam pling f r eq u enc y) to th e C PU 1 1 b y o per ating th e sh if t
kno b SW.
Th e C PU 1 1 o per ates in ac c o r danc e With th e pr o g r am
sto r ed in th e m em o r y 1 3, and c o ntr o ls th e o per atio n o f th e
Wh o le dig ital ? lter system . Ev er y tim e a neW c entr al f r e
q u enc y xand pass b and Width y ar e desig nated b y m eans o f
th e sh if t kno b s SC and SW, th e C PU 1 1 c alc u lates th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b k2, akl, ak2, c and d o f eq u atio ns ( 1 5)
to ( 21 ) b y u sing th e c o ef ? c ients ( c o nstants) Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . .
. , Pakz i, Qakz j, Pc i, QC ] ; Pdi, and Q d] - sto r ed in th e m em o r y 1 3,
and sets th e r esu lts to th e dig ital ? lter 1 5.
Ac c o r ding to th e str u c tu r e, th e po sitio n and Width o f th e
pass b and c an b e c h ang ed With less deter io r atio n o f th e
c h ar ac ter istic s b y o per ating th e kno b s SC and SW.
In c ase o f a lo W pass dig ital ? lter and a h ig h pass dig ital
? lter , eac h o f th e c o ef f ic ients Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . . . , Pakz i, Qakz j,
Pc i, QC ] ; Pdi, and Qdj, f o r c alc u lating th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients
b o o , b k1 , b kz , akl, akz , c and d With eq u atio ns 1 5 to 21 ar e
pr ev io u sly o b tained f r o m ? lter c o ef ? c ients o f a lo W pass
dig ital ? lter and a h ig h pass dig ital ? lter With kno Wn
c h ar ac ter istic s and ar e sto r ed in th e m em o r y 1 3. Th e C PU 1 1
c alc u lates th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients b o o , b kl, b kz , akl, akz , c and
d b y u sing eac h o f th e c o ef ? c ients Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . . . , Pakz i,
Qakz j, Pc i, QC ] ; Pdi, and Q d] - and th e u pper lim it f r eq u enc y o r
lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y xo f th e pass b and. And sets th e r esu lts
to th e dig ital ? lter 1 5. In th is c ase, th e sh if t kno b SW is no t
u sed.
Ac c o r ding to th is em b o dim ent, th e o nly data th at need to
b e sto r ed in th e m em o r y 1 3 ar e th e c o nstants Pb o o i, Qb o o j, .
. . , Pakz i, Qakz j, Pc i, QC ] ; Pdi, and Qdj- in c ase o f th e b and pass
? lter , and th e c o nstants Pb o o i, Qb o o j, . . . , Pakz i, Qakz j, Pc i, Qc i,
Pdi, and Q d] - in c ase o f th e lo W pass ? lter and th e h ig h pass
? lter . Th er ef o r e, a dig ital ? lter system , Wh ic h needs a
sm aller m em o r y c apac ity and less c alc u latio n, and h as an
ar b itr ar y po sitio n and Width f o r th e pass b and, c an b e
o b tained.
Th e pr esent inv entio n is no t lim ited to th e ab o v e
desc r ib ed em b o dim ent, and v ar io u s m o di? c atio ns and a
v ar iety o f applic atio ns ar e po ssib le. Fo r exam ple, alth o u g h
th e m em o r y 1 3 and th e b and pass ? lter 1 5 ar e c o nstr u c ted as
5
1 5
25
35
45
55
1 0
separ ate h ar dWar e c o m po nents, th ey m ay b e c o nstr u c ted as
a DSP ( Dig ital Sig nal Pr o c esso r ) 23 as sh o Wn in FIG. 4.
Th e o r der s L and M ar e ar b itr ar y v alu es L=2 and
M=0 m ay b e ado pted f o r exam ple.
Th e pass b and po sitio n data xdo es no t need to b e th e
c enter f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and, it m ay b e th e u pper lim it
f r eq u enc y o r th e lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y.
Th e dig ital ? lter is no t lim ited to th e str u c tu r e sh o Wn in
FIG. 1 , and it is ar b itr ar y. Th e pr esent inv entio n m ay b e
adapted to a dig ital ? lter f o r o u tpu tting an inpu t dig ital sig nal
af ter ? lter ing is per f o r m ed in ac c o r danc e With ar b itr ar y ? lter
c o ef ? c ients FC , 1 ( h =1 , 2, . . . , n; n is a natu r al nu m b er ) . In
th is c ase, a dig ital ? lter h av ing ar b itr ar y ? lter c h ar ac ter istic s
c an b e o b tained b y setting th e ? lter c o ef f ic ients FC h , c alc u
lated b y u sing th e pass b and po sitio n data xand pass b and
Width data y in ac c o r danc e With eq u atio n ( 47 ) , to th e dig ital
? lter .
In th is c ase, c o nstants Sh i and TM, Wh ic h ar e pr ev io u sly
o b tained f r o m ? lter c o ef ? c ients f o r a kno Wn dig ital ? lter , ar e
sto r ed in th e m em o r y.
As stated ab o v e, ac c o r ding to th e pr esent inv entio n, a
dig ital ? lter system , h av ing a g o al pass b and po sitio n and/o r
a g o al pass b and Width , f o r Wh ic h a sm aller m em o r y
c apac ity and less c alc u latio n, c an b e o b tained.
Wh at is c laim ed is:
1 . A dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an v ar y at least o ne o f
po sitio n and Width o f a pass b and th er eo f , c o m pr ising :
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients {akv akz , b o o , b kl,
b kz , c and d} ( k=1 , 2, . . . , N /2; N is an ev en nu m b er ) ,
and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed sig nal;
c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating eac h o f th e ? lter c o ef
? c ients {ak1 , akz , b o o , b kl, b kz , c and d} in ac c o r danc e
With eq u atio ns ( 48) to ( 54) b y u sing pass b and po sitio n
data xand pass b and Width data y; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c alc u lated
b y said c alc u latio n m eans to said dig ital ? lter ;
L and M ar e th e o r der s f o r th e appr o xim atio n, and
Pb 0 0 i> Qb OOj> Pb k1 i> Qb klp Pb k2i> Qb k2j> Pakli Qaklp Pak2i>
Qakz j, Pei, QC ] ; Pdi and Q d] - ar e c o nstants.
2. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 1 , Wh er ein
said c alc u latio n m eans c o m pr ises a m em o r y f o r sto r ing said
plu r ality o f c o nstants, and m eans f o r r eading said plu r ality
5, 856, 934
1 1
o f c o nstants sto r ed in said m em o r y and f o r c alc u lating said
? lter c o ef ? c ients b ased o n said eq u atio ns ( 48) to ( 54) .
3. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 2, Wh er ein
said m em o r y sto r es said c o nstants selec ted so th at th e su m
o f th e sq u ar es o f er r o r s b etWeen th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c al
c u lated b y u sing said c o nstants and g iv en X and y, and ac tu al
? lter c o ef ? c ients f o r said dig ital ? lter s f o r th e g iv en X and y,
b ec o m es th e least o r th e m inim u m in r eg ar d to a plu r ality o f
c o m b inatio ns o f th e X and y.
4. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 1 , Wh er ein
th e tr ansf er f u nc tio n o f said dig ital ? lter is r epr esented b y
eq u atio n ( 55) ;
( 55)
5. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 1 , Wh er ein
said dig ital ? lter c o m pr ises a b and pass dig ital ? lter ; and
said pass b and po sitio n data X ar e data f o r a lo Wer lim it
f r eq u enc y, an u pper lim it f r eq u enc y o r a c enter f r e
q u enc y o f th e pass b and.
6. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 1 , Wh er ein
said dig ital ? lter c o m pr ises a lo W pass ? lter o r a h ig h pass
? lter ;
said pass b and po sitio n data X c o m pr ises an u pper lim it
f r eq u enc y o r a lo Wer lim it f r eq u enc y o f th e pass b and;
and
said pass b and Width y is a c o nstant.
7 . A dig ital ? lter system Wh ic h c an v ar y at least o ne o f a
po sitio n and a Width o f a pass b and th er eo f , c o m pr ising :
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With a ? lter c o ef ? c ient FC , 1 ( h =1 , 2, . . . , n;
n is a natu r al nu m b er ) , and f o r o u tpu tting th e ? lter ed
sig nal;
c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating th e ? lter c o ef ? c ient FC h
in ac c o r danc e With eq u atio n ( 56) With pass b and po si
tio n data X and pass b and Width data y; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ient FC h c alc u
lated b y said c alc u latio n m eans, to said dig ital ? lter ;
1 5
25
30
L and M ar e o r der s, and S M and Th ] - ar e pr edeter m ined
c o nstants.
8. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 7 , Wh er ein
said c alc u latio n m eans inc lu des m em o r y m eans f o r sto r ing
th e c o nstants S M and Th ] ; and m eans f o r c alc u lating th e ? lter
c o ef ? c ients FC h b ased o n th e eq u atio n ( 56) and g iv en inpu ts
X and y.
9. Th e dig ital ? lter system ac c o r ding to c laim 8, Wh er ein
said m em o r y m eans sto r es th e c o nstants Sh i and Th ] - so th at
th e su m o f th e sq u ar es o f er r o r s b etWeen c alc u lated ? lter
c o ef ? c ients FC , 1 c o r r espo nding to g iv en X and y and ac tu al
? lter c o ef ? c ients FC h c o r r espo nding to th e g iv en X and y,
b ec o m es th e least o r th e m inim u m .
1 0 . A dig ital ? lter system c o m pr ising :
a dig ital ? lter f o r ? lter ing an inpu t dig ital sig nal in
ac c o r danc e With ? lter c o ef ? c ients, and f o r o u tpu tting
th e ? lter ed sig nal;
par am eter sto r ag e m eans f o r sto r ing par am eter s f o r c al
c u lating said ? lter c o ef ? c ients Wh ic h ar e de? ned b y a
no n- linear po lyno m ial f o r a po sitio n and/o r a Width f o r
a pass b and o f said dig ital ? lter ;
? lter c o ef ? c ient c alc u latio n m eans f o r c alc u lating th e
? lter c o ef ? c ients, b ased o n th e par am eter s sto r ed in said
par am eter sto r ag e m eans, and th e po sitio n and/o r Width
o f th e pass b and o f said dig ital ? lter ; and
setting m eans f o r setting th e ? lter c o ef ? c ients c alc u lated
b y said ? lter c o ef ? c ient c alc u latio n m eans to said
dig ital ? lter .
UN ITED STATES PATEN T AN D TRADEMARK OFFIC E
C ERTIFIC ATE OF C ORREC TION
PATEN TN O. 5, 856, 934
DATED : J anu ar y 5, I999
IN VEN T0 R( S) : N AK AJ IMA et al
It is c er tif ied th at er r o r appear s in th e ab o v e- identif ied patent and th at said Letter s Patent is h er eb y
c o r r ec ted as sh o wn b elo w:
Title pag e, Item [ 56] Ref er enc es C ited, u nder
" U. S. PATEN T DOC UMEN TS, c h ang e " 5, 687 , 1 0 9" to
- 5, 68' 7 , 1 0 4- , ~
C o lu m n 2, line 41 , c h ang e, " . . . +m AB- K k2" to . . . +m AB- K ak2- ;
C o lu m n 3, line 47 , c h ang e " Pb OOiQb OOJ - to Pb 0 o i, Qb 0 0 j;
C o lu m n 6, line 38, c h ang e " b 0 " to " b o o " ;
line 66, ( eq u atio n 31 ) , c h ang e " . . . +Qb kl1 x' Pb k1 D"
C o lu m n 9, line 45, c h ang e " b kl" to b k1 .
Sig ned and Sealed th is
Th ir teenth Day o f Mar c h , 20 0 1
N IC H OLAS P. GODIC I
Af leSf ir lg O? ic er Av liu g Dir ec to r o f lh e United Sr u r m ' Par ent and Tr adem ar k O/f ir c