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Southeast
Northeast
Northwest
Southwest
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p
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Fig. 4. Temperature distribution of drum 2.
4.3. Survey of coke drum
Vibrating and swing of drum are easy found in
Maoming refinery during the process of daily.
Incline/bend of body may be calculated according
to the level degree of seal face of flange with
DN700, which on the top of upper head. It could
be survey by vertical hanging line when the suit
is shut down for maintenance. The results are
showed in Table 1. The locations of the slack nuts
have been checked and described as the black
points in Figure 5.
In 1991, J ingmen refinery had been inspected
and found that the height difference of two drums
might be 138 mm and the level difference of head
top might be 105 mm as the change of tempera-
ture [22].
In 1986, Daqing refinery had been surveyed
the incline/bend of body by transit on two direc-
tions of east and south separately. There was not
any incline/bend on west-east direction but had
inclined 15 mm on south north.
In China, another coke drum had inclined 7
toward the east and 15 toward the south [21].
There was reported that one coke drum had went
down 0.8 m and inclined 3 because the weld was
creaked [23].
In American, there was one kinds of coke
drums as long and thin, which had a diameter of
Dg3810 mm and a clad of 12Cr steel. The top of
the drum had a displacement of 305-610 mm as
the bad operating condition. Every drum was be-
come a permanent bend deformation likes a ba-
nana when excused its used life, and the convex
face was the bend certain[24].
N. A. Weil point out, two drums had incline
obviously toward to this side of an open line be
used to feed medium in horizontal direction. One
of them had its top displaced 410 mm as incline
in half past six years [25]. H.T. Bohuojinke etc.
had though the location were changed, which the
medium flow touch the inside wall. Coke drum
was inclined to one side of the vertical axial line
as hot and could not came back to its original
place, so it would swung 20-150 mm in different
direction and induce deformation [20].
4.4. Discussion
The survey results have showed the basic dis-
tribution of circumferential temperature.
(1) Every operate processes have induced cir-
G.C. Sih, S.T. Tu & Z.D. Wang (Eds.) / FM2005 - Multiscale Damage Related to Environment Assisted Cracking / 215-220
219
cumferential temperature difference. It is about
40-70 on the shell of coke drum of in
Maoming refinery. It is correct that the medium is
flow in the drum, but its regulation is some weak.
(2) According to the survey, processes of
stream per-heat, oil gas per-heat, feed in oil &
feed in cooling water would made the tempera-
ture change sharply. It is identical with the nu-
merical analysis of two-dimensional temperature
field of shell by FEM.
It has showed the uneven and steady of distri-
bution of circumferential temperature that there is
interval and do not intersect each other of the
temperature lines of feed in oil and feed in water.
The circumferential temperature difference
during feed water is the largest.
(3) The intersection of temperature lines during
coking is the mostly. It has showed the uneven
and unsteady of distribution of circumferential
temperature.
(4) The value about the circumferential tem-
perature stress with the membrane stress of pres-
sure is in a same class and the difference is small.
Although the axial stress that inducing by cir-
cumferential temperature difference is little small,
but the combination stress by three- dimensional
temperature difference is much large to make
some uneven plastic strain. The strain accumu-
lating in every operate cycles and make the body
incline or bend. So that, circumferential tempera-
ture difference that inducing by the uneven flow
is the main cause.
Fig. 5. Location mark of slack nuts.
Table 1. Results of the coke drum Incline of Maoming
refinery.
Drum
Incline
direction
Verticality
(mm/m)
Out-of-
center
(mm)
Date
1
West 4 108 94.12
Southwest 2.6 69 99.1
2 Northeast 2.5 67 99.1
3
Northwest 6 162 94.12
Southeast 0.7 18 99.1
4 Southwest 0.8 21 99.1
Table 2. Flat-circle deformation of transverse section.
Situa-
tion
defor-
mation
Most
diameter
differ-
ence in
the same
section
Loca-
tion
con-
vex of
lowest
course
Diameter
difference
on circle
weld of
skirt to
nominal
diameter
Diameter
differ-
ence on
lowest
course to
nominal
diameter
No. 1 40
(mm)
19
(mm)
/ /
No. 2 10
(mm)
26.5
(mm)
/ /
No. 3 / / 6.02
(mm)
34.03
(mm)
No. 4 / / 10.16
(mm)
30.85
(mm)
5. Flat-circle deformation of transverse section
5.1. Survey
In 1999, the situation about the flat-circle de-
formation of transverse section of Maoming re-
finery had been checked as Table 2.
In 1984, one of the drums of Nanjing refinery
had a convex of one quarter of shell in circum-
ferential deformation much obvious as its radius
had enlarged 55-60 mm.
In 1994, one of the drums of Shengli refinery
that was run in 1976 had been found the most
diameter difference to its original diameter are 71
mm on the east-west and 45 mm on the
south-north.
5.2. Discussion
The nature of axial force of shell that on the
inside of the bend is contrary to what on the out-
side of the bend. The combine of the force make
the shell compress in radium direction as it is
No.1 No.2 No.3
Starting
Stream
per-heat
Oil feed in
Coking
Water
feed in
S.Y. Chen & Z.D. Wang / Investigation of temperature distributions and deformations for coke drums
220
compress on inside wall and it is tend force on
outside wall. That compress would let the circle
of the transverse section change into flat-circle.
The short radium is identical with the bend radi-
um. Others reason are the force of piping and the
residual stress of shell.
The subsidiary stress of bend by the flat-circle
would not take place unstable because not only
the membrane stress is small and the heat stress is
limit itself, but also the drum is fit fully with hard
coke while the shell get the most stress.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank for the advice from
Professor Wu Dongdi and Professor Liu
Cengdian, East China University of Science and
Technology.
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