D10 COMMITTEE ON PIPE AND TUBE

WELDING
INFORMATION ON-HAND, PROBLEMS
SOLVED, QUESTIONS ANSWERED
NO MATTER WHAT LEVEL OF THE
INDUSTRY YOU WORK
THE D10 DOCUMENT COLLECTION HAS
THE INFORMATION YOU SHOULD HAVE
AT YOUR FINGERTIPS
MATERIALS & METHODS
COVERED
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM
ALUMINUM
CHROME-MOLY
LOCAL HEAT TREATING
ROOT PASS WELDING
MILD STEEL
COPPER TUBE
WELDING PROCESS
GTAW
SMAW
FCAW
GMAW
BRAZING
William F. Newell, Jr.
PE, IWE, Chair D10C
D10.4
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING AUSTENITIC
CHROMIUM-NICKEL
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE AND
TUBING
to provide information which may
be used to avoid, or at least minimize,
difficulties in welding austenitic
stainless steel piping and tubing.
Often overlooked
Excellent resource for:
Developing Corporate Procedures &
Specifications
Training Engineers, Supervision and Welders
General Reference Guide
AWS D10.4 - History
First published in August 1955 under
the title, The Welding of Austenitic
Chromium-Nickel Steel Piping and
Tubing. A Committee Report and
published as AWS D10.4-55T
AWS D10.4-55T was revised in 1966
AWS D10.4 - History
In 1979, a major updating of the
document was completed and published
as AWS D10.4-79, Recommended
Practices for Welding Austenitic
Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Piping
and Tubing. This version presented a
detailed discussion of the role of delta
ferrite in austenitic chromium-nickel
steel welds.
AWS D10.4 - History
In 1986, the document was expanded
and given an Annex which gives
recommendations for welding high-
carbon stainless steel castings.
In 1992 and 1999, the document was
reaffirmed.
AWS D10.4 - History
The current document, ANSI/AWS D10.4M/D10.4:199X,
Guide for Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless
Steel Piping and Tubing has extended safety and health
information and provides information on super
austenitic stainless steels and flux cored arc welding.
Tables listing specific chemical composition ranges for
base metal and weld metal that fall under the jurisdiction
of other codes or documents have been omitted from this
revision. Where helpful, however, comparison data is
presented.
AWS D10.4 - Content
Base Metals & Weld Filler Metals
Ferrite
Welding Processes, Technique &
Problems
Dissimilar Joining
Inspection
Safety
AWS D10.4 Base Metals
Austenitic
300-series
Super Austenitic
4% & 6% Mo
High Carbon
HX Grades
Coming !
D10.18 (DRAFT)
Guide for Welding
Ferritic/Austenitic Duplex Stainless
Steel Piping and Tubing
Welding Engineer
Detroit Edison Company
D10.6
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR GAS TUNGSTEN ARC
WELDING OF TITANIUM PIPING
AND TUBING
Applications for Ti Pipe & Tube
Where Ti is selected for its corrosion
resistance rather than its high strength to
weight ratio
Chemical processing
Petrochemical
Desalination
Power generation plants
Navy to replace Cu-Ni in seawater piping
Process-GTAW
Other processes may be used to weld Ti but
are not covered in this recommended
practice
Base Metals
6 grades commonly used for piping, all
single phase alpha
Ref: ASTM B337 (seamless & welded pipe)
& B338 (seamless & welded tubing)
Replaced by ASTM B861 and B862
Critical Factors in Welding
Cleanliness-proper means of mechanical
and chemical cleaning using acids and
solvents
Protection from contaminants at elevated
temperatures
Trailing shields
Root shielding
Chamber welding
Quality Control
Simple tests to check the process before
welding & the finished weldment
Describes how weld color is an indication
of weld quality
Other References
AWS G2.4 to be published this year
Addresses CP and Ti alloys, such as
Ti-6Al-4V
Helpful guide in base metal selection
Other welding processes included
Tables of reference documents
Tony Anderson
ESAB Welding & Cutting
D10.7
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR GAS SHIELDED ARC
WELDING OF ALUMINUN AND
ALUMINUM ALLOY PIPE
Presented By: Tony Anderson, ESAB North America
< >
The Number One I ssue
Fi l l er Al l oy Sel ec t i on
For Al umi num Wel di ng
A Need To Up Dat e
Thi s I nf or mat i on
Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting
< >
Many Base Alloys And Base Alloy
Combinations Can Be Joined Using Several
Different Filler Alloys
Only one filler alloy may be optimum for a
specific application
When Choosing The Optimum Filler Alloy, the
End Use Of The Weldment And Its Desired
Performance Must Be The Prime Consideration.
< >
Weldability Or Freedom From Cracking
Strength Of Weld - Tensile Or Shear
Ductility Of Weld
Corrosion Resistance
Temperature Service
Match in color after anodizing
Post Weld Heat Treatment
Fi l l er Al l oy Sel ec t i on Pr i mar y Char ac t er i st i c s
W
S
D
C
T
M
*
*
< >
Hot Wel d Cr ac k i ng
Hot Cracking On 2014 Base Alloy Plate
Adjacent To A Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA)
Welded 4043 Alloy Fillet
< >
Wel d Cr ac k i ng - HOT
Choice Of Filler Metal
Lower Melting & Solidification Point - Molten
During Maximum Contraction Stresses
Smaller Freezing Zone
Avoid Critical Chemistry Ranges
Si 0.5% To 2.0%
Example: 4043 20% ( Electrode )
1100 80% ( Base )
Avoid Welding 5xxx Esp.. ( 5086, 5083, 5456 )
With 4043 Or 4xxx. Mgsi Eutectic Problems
Avoid Mg Range Up To 3.0% In Weld
Al l oy Cont ent vs. Cr ac k Sensi t i vi t y
< >
0
0
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Al - Cu
Al - Mg
Al - Mg Si
2
COMPOSITION OF WELD - PERCENT ALLOYING ELEMENT
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Di l ut i on Ef f ec t On Wel d Composi t i on
< >
60% Filler Metal
40% Base Metal
20% Filler Metal
80% Base Metal
1.7% Mg
3.2% Mg
Base Plate 6061 Filler Metal 5356
< >
Wel d St r engt h - Gr oove Wel ds
The Heat Of Welding Softens the
Aluminum Base Alloy Adjacent To The Weld
In Most Groove Welds
the H.A.Z. of the Base Alloy Will Control
the As-welded Tensile Strength of the Joint
Heat Af f ec t ed Zone
< >
A B C D E
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
RT
A-
B-
- A
- B
C-
- C
D-
- D
- E E-
Non Heat Treatable
A - Weld Metal
As Cast Structure Of Base &
Filler Metal
B - Fusion Zone
Where Partial Melting
Of Base Metal Occurs
C - Anneal Zone
Where Base Metal Is Fully
Recrystallized - Full Soft
D - Partial Anneal Zone
Where Base Alloy Is
Recovered And Partially
Softened
E - Unaffected
Heat Treatable
A - Weld Zone
B - Fusion Zone
C - Solid Solution Zone
Where Alloy Elements
Are Solutioned & Cooled
To Retain Solid Solution
D - Partially Annealed
Overaged Zone
Where Heat Has Caused
Precipitation And/or
Coalescence Of Particles
Of Soluable Constituents
E - Unaffected
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
580 J /c m
756 J /c m
1128 J /c m
AWS D1.2 MIN TENSILE
-O TEMPER
Har dness Pr of i l es of 6061-T6
< >
Distance From Weld Interface
H
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R
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Made At Thr ee Heat I nput s
< >
Wel d St r engt h - Fi l l et Wel ds
The Shear Strength Of Fillet
Welds Is The Significant Factor And
Is Controlled By The Shear Strength
Through The Weld Metal
5356 Produces Greater Fillet
Weld Strength In The As Welded
Condition Compared To 4043
Shear St r engt h
< >
TRANSVERSE Fillet Size (Inch)
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 1/ 8 1/ 4 3/ 8 1/ 2 5/ 8 3/ 4
5556
5356
4643
5554
5654
4043
1100
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L
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< >
Shear St r engt h
Typical Shear Strengths Of Fillet Welds
Filler
Alloy
1100
2319
4043
4643
5183
5356
5554
5556
5654
Longitudinal
Shear
Strength
( Ksi )
7.5
16.0
11.5
13.5
18.5
17.0
15.0
20.0
12.0
Transverse
Shear
Strength
( Ksi )
7.5
16.0
15.0
20.0
28.0
26.0
23.0
30.0
18.0
< >
Fr ac t ur e Char ac t er i st i c s
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
R
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1600
1200
800
400








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Heat - Tr eat abl e Al l oys
Ratio =
Tear
Resistance
Unit Propagation
Energy In.-lb. / In
3
Notch Tensile Strength
Tensile Yield Strength
2219 2219 6061 6061 6061 7005 7039
2319 4043 2319 4043 5356 5356 5180
Base Met al
Fi l l er Al l oy
Aged
< >
Cor r osi on Fac t s As Wel ded
Alloy 7075-T6 Welded With 5356 Filler
-849mv -876mv -900mv -810mv
Post Weld Heat Treated and Aged
-810mv -810mv -840mv -806mv
Note: Fusion Zone Mechanical Properties Not Restored to PreWeld Properties
< >
Col or Mat c h Af t er Anodi ze
M
Rating Scale: A - B
Ratings Scale Measures Uniformity Of Color
Comparing Base Alloy And Weld Metal
After Anodizing.
Either There Is A Good Or Reasonable Match
Or There Is Not.
A Blank Space Indicates No Reasonable Match.
< >
Col or Mat c h Af t er Cl ear Anodi ze
Base Metal: 6061
6061 6061
6061 6061
WELDED WITH 5356 WELDED WITH 4043
< >
Post Wel d Heat Tr eat ment
Filler Alloys Have Been Developed
Which Will Respond To Postweld
Heat Treatment.
4643 Was Developed For Welding The
6xxx Base Alloys, Has Additions Of
Mg And Is Less Dependant On
Dilution Of The Base Alloy To
Achieve Desired Composition.
Filler Alloys For Welding Castings Have
Been Developed With Chemistries
Which Will Respond To Post Weld
Heat Treatment.
Conc l usi on
Can only be made after a full analysis of a
welded components performance
requirements
Should involve the consideration of
metallurgical effects (changes in crack
sensitively) when combining base alloy
chemistry with filler alloy chemistry
Can substantially influence the strength
and performance of a welded component
Fi l l er Al l oy Sel ec t i on For Al umi num
< >
Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting
William F. Newell, Jr.
PE, IWE, Chair D10I
D10.8
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING OF CHROMIUM-
MOLYBDENUM STEEL PIPING
AND TUBING
AWS D10.8
provide recommendations for welding
chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and
tubing to itself and to various other
materials. Subjects covered in detail are
filler metal selection, joint design,
preheating, and postheating.
AWS D10.8 - Uses
Often overlooked
Excellent resource for:
Developing Corporate Procedures & Specifications
Training Engineers, Supervision and Welders
General Reference Guide
AWS D10.8 - History
First presented in 1961 as a Committee Report
by the AWS Committee on Piping and
Tubing.
Revised in 1978 and became a
Recommended Practice
Subsequent revisions/reaffirmations in 1986
and 1996
AWS D10.8 - Content
Base Metals
Weld Filler Metals
Joint Design & Preparation (purging)
Preheating
Post Weld Heat Treatment
Repair/Maintenance of Service Exposed
Material
Safety
AWS D10.8 Base Metals
C-Steel
C-Mo
1-1/4Cr-Mo
2-1/4Cr-Mo
5Cr-Mo
7Cr-Mo
9Cr-Mo (Standard Grade Only)
AWS D10.8 Filler Metal
Recommendations
Process
AWS Classification Options [C, CrMo
& Ni-base]
Similar v. Dissimilar
AWS D10.8 Priorities !
Preaheat w/recommendations
Interpass
Post Weld Heat Treat
w/recommendations
Pending !
D10.08 (DRAFT)
Removing information on 9CrMoV
(P91)
Removing References to Standard
Welding Procedures
Coming !
D10.21 (DRAFT)
Guideline for Welding Advanced
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel
Piping and Tubing
P91, P911, P92, P122, T23
D10.10
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR LOCAL HEATING OF
WELDS IN PIPING AND TUBING
Definition of Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment is generally defined as
heating to a suitable temperature then
cooling at a suitable rate of a solid metal
or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific
conditions and/or properties by
changing the physical, chemical and/or
mechanical properties of the steel, metal
or alloy
Methods Of Localized Heat
Treating
Electrical Resistance
Induction
Combustion / Flame
Quartz Lamps
Exothermic Kits.
Electrical Resistance
Inductive Heating
Combustion / Flame
Quartz Lamps
Reasons for Localized Heat
Treating
Bake Out
Preheating and Inter-pass
Temperatures
Post Heating
Post-weld Heat Treatment
Comparison of Heating
Processes
Attribute
Applicability to bake-
out
Applicability to
preheat/inter-pass
Applicability to
postheating
Applicability to
PWHT
Induction - Resistance
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Advantages and disadvantages of
heating processes
Induction Heating
Advantages
High heating rates
Ability to heat a narrow band adjacent to a region
which has
temperature restrictions
Disadvantages
High initial equipment cost.
Equipment large and less portable.
Limited ability to create control zones around the
circumference.
Advantages and disadvantages of
heating processes
Electrical Resistance
Advantages
Ability to continuously maintain heat from welding
operation to PWHT
Good ability to vary heat around the
circumference
Disadvantages
Elements may be damaged during welding
Quantity of heaters required on thicker
components
High Frequency Induction
heating
Uniform product quality
Increased surface wear-proof
characteristics
Increased material fatigue strength
Minimum strain due to local surface
hardening
Very localized heating
Why Preheat?
Reduce the level of thermal stress.
Compensate for high heat losses.
Minimize the rate of weld hardening.
Reduce porosity.
Reduce hydrogen cracking.
Improve the microstructure.
Typical Preheat Set-up
Boiler Tube Welds
Wireless Thermocouple
Transmission
AWS D10.11
Walter J. Sperko, P.E.
Sperko Engineering
Services, Inc.
Guide for
Root Pass Welding
of Pipe Without Backing
AWS D10.11 Keywords
Root pass welding, pipe, gas
purging, consumable insert, gas
tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc
welding, shielded metal arc welding
AWS D10.11 Introduction
This publication was intended to be a
how to guide in the use of open root
and consumable insert welding
techniques for root pass welding of
groove welds joining metal pipe.
AWS D10.11 Introduction
Joint designs, fitting techniques, consumable
insert configurations, filler and base metal
combinations, purging, and welding
processes are discussed. This publication
made no provision for joints which include
backing rings
AWS D10.11 Introduction
This standard is a best practices guide to
making high-quality pipe butt welds where
backing cannot be used
Welders should have excellent reasons for
deviating from what this standard
recommends
AWS D10.11
What is Root Pass Welding?
Lets look at some root passes. . . .
AWS D10.11
A single-vee Butt weld between two
pipes
AWS D10.11
Root pass on a Socket Weld
AWS D10.11
Root pass on a Double Vee-Groove
Weld
AWS D10.11
All of these Root Passes are on backing
AWS D10.11
Take away the Backing Strip and you
have a weld without backing. . . .
Welding without Backing
You now have a pool of liquid metal
hanging in space suspended between
the ends of two pipes. . .
Welding without Backing
Torch
Blast the arc force through the root opening and
melt the edges of the metal, then fill the opening
with filler metal
Welding without Backing
Electrode
Blast the arc force through the root opening and
melt the edges of the metal, then fill the opening
with filler metal
Effect of Included Angle
LARGE included angle makes it easy to
get the electrode close to the root and
easy to direct the arc into the root.
Effect of Included Angle
SMALL included angle holds the electrode
away from the root and makes it difficult
to direct the arc into the root.
Full Root Penetration
Continuous metal surface from
one member across the weld
to the other member
Forces on the weld pool?
Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint
Gravity
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint
Surface Cohesion (wetting) between the
weld pool and the solid metal
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint
The arc must melt both edges of the root face and the weld
pool must fill the gap without becoming too large
Forces on the weld pool
Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint
If the weld pool becomes too large, the surface cohesion
forces are overcome. The result is root concavity or drop-
through.
Parts of a Groove Weld Joint
Design
Root Face (Land)
Parts of a Groove Weld Joint
Design
Root Opening (Root Gap)
Root Opening vs. Root Face
Thick Root Face Thin Root Face
Small Root opening Incomplete Penetration
Proportional Root opening Complete Penetration
Excessive Root opening Root concavity or burn-through
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Root Opening
1/8
3/32
1/16
1/8 3/32 1/16
Root opening - Root face thickness relationship
Cleaning
Cleanliness is important in all welding,
but it is especially important in root pass
welding.
Contamination affects wetting which
affects bead shape.
Purging
Purging
A purge is required for stainless and
nonferrous piping systems (except
aluminum) if a smooth root surface is to
be obtained.
Standard describes how to set up for
purging
Purging time
Purging
The following oxygen limits are
recommended:
For carbon and low alloy steels: 2%(20,000 ppm)
For stainless steels: 1/2% (5000 ppm)
For nickel alloys: 1/2% (5000 ppm)
For titanium and zirconium alloys: 1/4% (2500
ppm)
Purging
Welding technique for Open Root
Welding Technique for Consumable
Insert
Maintaining purge during welding
Fitting and tack welding
Size, spacing, feathering ends
Root spacing depends on process to be
used.
Inspection after fit-up. This is the most
important step in pipe welding
GTAW
Tungsten size, shape of end
Grinding methods
GTAW Joint design and fit up
GTAW
Purge containment
Arc initiation
Keyhole technique
Wire feed techniques
Orientation of torch and filler
GTAW
GTAW
GTAW
Walking the Cup
Welding with zero root opening
(autogenous welding)
Welding in different positions
Using consumable inserts
Consumable Inserts
Class 1 Insert, formerly the EB (Electric Boat) or
A type insert.
1/32 maximum mismatch
Consumable Inserts
Class 2 Insert, formerly the J type insert.
1/16 maximum mismatch
Consumable Inserts
Class 3 Insert, formerly the Grinnell or flat
insert.
1/16 maximum mismatch
Consumable Inserts
SMAW
Cellulosic Electrodes (EXX10, EXX11)
Low Hydrogen Electrodes (EXX15,
EXX16, EXX18)
Rutile electrodes (E6013)
GMAW
Joint design
Fit-up
Welding parameters
Fill Passes
Use any suitable process
Dont melt through the root
Aluminum
Tungsten type, shape of tip
Shielding gas cups, lenses
Power supplies
Techniques
Recommended joint design
Aluminum
Machine and Automatic
Not much said
Summary
AWS D10.11 gives very specific
recommendations about techniques
that have proven successful in making
pipe welds without backing
Recommendations should be familiar to
welders supervision
Recommendations should not be take
lightly
D10.12
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING
MILD STEEL PIPE
D10.12
Welding Mild Steel Pipe
This document provides
recommendations for the welding of
mild steel pipe such as A106 type. This
material is found in many scopes of
work, and extensively in commercial
building construction.
A106 material is often used as a starting
point for welder training.
Covered Processes
SMAW
GTAW
GMAW
FCAW
D10.12
A Document for All Reasons
As with other D10 documents, you will find
excellent attention to detail presented in a
manner for all to understand.
For these reasons D10.12 is a welcome
addition to your library or a valuable resource
for training.
United Association
of Plumbers & Pipefitters
D10.13
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR BRAZING OF COPPER
PIPE AND TUBING FOR
MEDICAL GAS SYSTEMS
What is Medical Gas Piping?
There are many perceptions of Medical
Gas Piping but the facts are:
Cleanliness is entirely dependant on
installation practices
Poor installation can produces
conditions that harbor bacteria and
diseases
These systems are not cleanable
These are life critical systems
Purpose
The governing document for all Medical
Gas Piping is NPFA Code 99C which
dictates the methods and installation
practices that shall be used in system
construction
However this document does not cover
actual brazed joint construction or
the tools and practices needed for
system construction
Important Notes
D10.13 is a Recommended Practice
developed to work with NFPA 99C.
All recommendations have been used in
actual jobsite conditions with a 100%
success rate
The use of these practices have
produced consistent profitable results
Needed Equipment
Use and Care
Torch Selection
Tube Cutting
Purge Monitoring
Consumables
Pre Braze J oint Cleaning
Pre Braze Chemical Cleaning
Post Braze Cleaning
BCuP Brazing Alloys
Bag Brazing Alloys
Something you will only find in
D10.13
The only document that provides joint
heating and filler metal application
methods.
These methods continually produce a
99% acceptance rate in accordance
with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code Section XI.
And Purging Methods
Purging is possibly the most important
component to internal cleanliness. This
document provides methods and
parameters for the use of oxygen
analyzers.
We also provide purge timing matrix
charts for estimating purge times for
long runs of piping. These charts should
be used in conjunction with an O2
analyzer.
D10.13
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR
BRAZING OF COPPER PIPE AND
TUBING FOR MEDICAL GAS
SYSTEMS
Proven Success
You Can Trust
BECOME A COMMITTEE MEMBER FOR
DETAILS CONTACT Brian McGrath at
bmcgrath@aws.org
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