MACHINE DYNAMICS LABORATORY

VIVA - QUESTIONS
Q-01. What is the function of a governor ? How does it differ from that of a flywheel ?
Ans. The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified
limits whenever there is a variation of speed. In petrol engine governor controls throttle
valve of the carburetor and in diesel engine it controls position of fuel pump rack.
Q-02. What is the stability of a governor ?
Ans. If the governor sleeve is displaced from its equilibrium position without any change
in speed, and thereafter if it tends to return to its original equilibrium position, then the
governor is said to be stable.
Q-03. Define the Sensitiveness of governor.
Ans. If a governor operates between the speed limits N1 and N2, then sensitiveness is
defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds. Thus,
Sensitiveness = =
Q-04. Which of the governor is used to drive a gramophone ?
Ans. Pickering governor
Q-05. What is power of a governor ?
Ans. The power of a governor is work done at sleeve to raise or lower it for a given
percentage change of speed. It is the product of effort and distance through which sleeve
moves.
Q-06. What is hunt ?
Ans. Hunting is the name given to a condition in which the speed of the engine controlled
by the governor fluctuates continuously above and below the mean speed. It is caused by
a governor which is too sensitive and which, therefore, changes by large amount the
supply of fuel to the engine.
Q-07. Explain the term height of the governor.
Ans. It is the vertical distance between the centre of the governor balls and the point of
intersection of the upper arm (produced if necessary) on the axis of the spindle.
Q-08. For same lift of sleeve, range of speed of Proell governor as compared to Porter governor
is -----------------
Ans. More

Q-09. In a Hartnell governor, if the stiffness of spring is increased governor will become --------
Ans. More sensitive
Q-10. Hartnell governor could be classified under the head of ---------------------type governor.
Ans. Centrifugal type governor
Q-11. Porter governor could be classified under the head of ---------------------type governor.
Ans. Dead weight type governor
Q-12. Watt governor could be classified under the head of ---------------------type governor.
Ans. Pendulum type governor
Q-13. What is isochronous ?
Ans. If a governor is in equilibrium at one particular speed at all radii of rotation, it is
called isochronous governor. The sensitiveness of an isochronous governor is infinite,
because the range of an isochronous governor is zero.
Q-14. Whenever the axis of rotation or spin of a body changes its direction a --------------- must
be applied to it.
Ans. Gyroscopic couple
Q-15. How the gyroscopic effect acts on a body ?
Ans. When any rotating body change its direction (spin axis change its direction about a
vertical or precession axis), the gyroscopic effect will act on the body.
Q-16. Write the mathematical formula to find the magnitude of gyroscopic couple.
Ans. C = I
Where, I = Moment of inertia of the rotating body
= Angular velocity of rotating body
= Precession velocity of rotating body
Q-17. The gyroscopic couple is mathematically equal to the rate of change of ----------------
Ans. Angular momentum
Q-18. The angular motion of the axis of spin of a body is known as ------------
Ans. Precession

Q-19. The engine of an aeroplane rotates in clock wise direction when seen from the tail end
and the aeroplane takes a turn to the left. The effect of gyroscopic couple on the
aeroplane will be ----
Ans. To raise the nose and dip the tail
Q-20. Explain the terms static balancing and dynamic balancing.
Ans. Static balancing: Static balance occurs when the centre of gravity of an object is on
the axis of rotation. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal,
without the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force
of gravity.
Dynamic balancing : A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation
does not produce any resultant centrifugal force or couple. The system rotates without
requiring the application of any external force or couple, other than that required to
support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to avoid the stress upon the
bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights must be added
Q-21. When a system is called dynamically balanced ?
Ans. A system is called dynamically balanced if,
(i) The net dynamic force acting on the system is equal to zero.
(ii)The net couple due to dynamic forces acting on the system is equal to zero.
Q-22. A dynamically balanced system is also statically balanced but the reverse is not true.
(true/false)
Ans. true
Q-23. In case of the complete balancing of the apparatus, the dynamic reactions at the bearings
will be -------------
Ans. zero
Q-24. What are the methods of balancing of different masses revolving in the different planes ?
Ans. Analytical method, graphical method
Q-25. In case of turbines, compressors, generators etc., Mechanical Balancing generally
implies balancing of --------------- masses.
Ans. rotating
Q-26. Define the terms amplitude, time period and frequency.
Ans. Time period Time required for one oscillation or cycle is called time period.
Frequency Number of oscillations or cycles per second is called as frequency.
Amplitude The distance of crest or trough from the mean position is called amplitude.
Q-27. When there is a reduction in amplitude over each cycle of vibration, then the body is said
to have ---------------
Ans. Free vibration
Q-28. What is magnification factor?
Ans. The ratio of maximum displacement of forced vibration to deflection due to static
force is known as magnification factor.
Q-29. What is resonance ?
Ans. When natural frequency of a body is matched with forced frequency, then resonance
occurs. In resonance amplitude of vibration is maximum.
Q-30. What is maximum efficiency of screw jack ?
Ans. Maximum Mechanical Advantage / Velocity Ratio = 1 / m x V. R.
Q-31. What is efficiency for non-reversible m/c ?
Ans. Less than 50%
Q-32. If a m/c having an efficiency greater than 50% is known as m/c. reversible or non-
reversible m/c.
Ans. Reversible machine
Q-33. What is self locking m/c ?
Ans. A machine which is self locked at any position and its efficiency is less than 50%
Q-34. What is the max. M.A. of a lifting m/c ?
Ans. 1 / Slope = 1/m
Q-35. What is Mechanical Advantage ?
Ans. Effort applied / Load to be lifted = W / P
Q-36. What is Velocity Ratio ?
Ans. Distance moved by the effort / Distance moved by the load.
Q-37. Define Coriolis acceleration ?
Ans. When a body is moving in a linear path and the path is also rotating simultaneously,
so the body is subjected to both linear and angular acceleration, then an extra component
of acceleration acts on the body is called Coriolis acceleration. Due to this acceleration
body accelerates more and the velocity of the body will increase.
Q-38. How is Coriolis acceleration related to linear and angular velocity mathematically ?
Ans. Coriolis acceleration (a) = 2 v w
Q-39. In which direction Coriolis acceleration component acts ?
Ans. Perpendicular to the radial distance.
Q-40. What is the radius of gyration of a disc type flywheel of diameter D ?
Ans. D / 4
Q-41. Critical damping is a function of --------------------
Ans. mass and stiffness
Q-42. At node of shaft, the vibrations are ------------------
Ans. zero
Q-43. A shaft carrying two rotors at ends will have ------------ number of nodes.
Ans. 2
Q-44. A shaft carrying three rotors will have ------------ number of nodes.
Ans. 3
Q-45. The rate of decay of oscillations is known as --------------------
Ans. Logarithmic decrement

Q-46. If the damping factor for a vibrating system is unity, then the system is ----------------
Ans. critically damped
Q-47. In a damped vibration system, the damping force is proportional to -----------------
Ans. velocity


Q-48. What is the moment of inertia of a solid disc having mass(M) and radius(R) ?
Ans. 1 / 2MR
Q-49. What are the units of mass and area moment of inertia ?
Ans. KgM ,
Q-50. 1 LPH is equal to -------------m3/sec.
Ans.

Q-51. In an ideal machine, the output as compared to input is --------------
Ans. equal
Q-52. Critical speed of a shaft depends on --------------
Ans. mass, stiffness, and eccentricity.
Q-53. What is spring index ?
Ans. Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter.
Q-54. What is spring stiffness ?
Ans. It is the load required to produce unit deflection.
Q-55. If the controlling force of a governor increases with increase in speed, the governor is
said to be ----------------
Ans. insensitive
Q-56. What are the factors which affect the critical speed of a shaft ?
Ans. mass, stiffness and eccentricity.
Q-57. What is the cause a rotating shaft tends to vibrate violently at whirling speed ?
Ans. Resonance occurs.
Q-58. When a system of masses rotating in different parallel planes is in dynamic balance ?
Ans. If the resultant force and resultant couple are both equal to zero.
Q-59. What is critical speed ?Which critical speed is more dangerous than other ?
Ans. All rotating shafts, even in the absence of external load, will deflect during rotation.
The unbalanced mass of the rotating object causes deflection that will create resonant
vibration at certain speeds, known as the critical speeds.
Lower critical speed is more dangerous than upper critical speed.
Q-60. For balancing a single disturbing mass, the minimum number of the balance masses
required to be introduced in a plane parallel to the plane of rotation of the disturbing mass
will be ----------
Ans. two