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Airport Remote
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WLAN
Home
WLAN
Campus
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802.2
ppp 802.2 802.2 802.2 802.2
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Bluetooth 802.3 802.3 802.3 Bluetooth
802.3
IEEE802.11
Client Access Point Access Router Server
n Difficult media
– interference and noise
– quality varies over space and time
– shared with “unwanted” 802.11 devices
– shared with non-802 devices (unlicensed spectrum, microwave ovens)
n Full connectivity cannot be assumed
– “hidden node” problem
n Mobility
– variation in link reliability
– battery usage: requires power management
– want “seamless” connections
n Security
– no physical boundaries
– overlapping LANs
n Multiple international regulatory requirements
WLAN-IEEE802.11 Tutorial (Maximilian Riegel), 021018-wlan-tutorial.ppt Page 11 © Siemens, 2002
Part 2: IEEE802.11 Overview
n Independent
– one “Basic Service Set”, BSS
Station
– “Ad Hoc” network AH2
– direct communication Ad Hoc Network Station
AH3
– limited coverage area
Station
AH1
n Infrastructure Server
n Station Management
– interacts with both MAC Management
and PHY Management
n MAC Layer Management Entity LLC = 802.2
– power management
MAC Layer
– handover MAC
Management
Sublayer
– MAC MIB MAC
n MAC Entity
– basic access mechanism PHY Layer
PLCP Sublayer Station
– fragmentation PHY Management Management
– encryption PMD Sublayer
n PHY Layer Management
– channel tuning
– PHY MIB
n Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP)
– PHY-specific, supports common PHY SAP
– provides Clear Channel Assessment signal (carrier sense)
n Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer (PMD)
– modulation and encoding
WIG
Wireless
Interworking Group
IEEE 802.11 ETSI BRAN
802.11f: Inter Access Point Protocol 8076,QWHJUDWLRQ
802.11e: 4R6(QKDQFHPHQWV
Frequency
n 2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
– 2/4 FSK with 1/2 Mbps
– 79 non overlapping frequencies
Time
of 1 MHz width (US)
n 2.4 GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
– DBPSK/DQPSK with 1/2 Mbps
Power
Power
spreading
– Spreading with 11 Bit barker Code
– 11/13 channels in the 2.4 GHz band
Frequency Frequency
n 2.4 GHz High Rate DSSS Ext. (802.11b)
– CCK/DQPSK with 5.5/11 Mbps
f5
f4
f3 FREQUENCY
f2
f1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME
Signal
Spectrum
Transmitter baseband signal before spreading Receiver baseband signal before matched filter (Correlator)
Transmitter baseband signal after spreading Receiver baseband signal after matched filter (De-spread)
, © Siemens, 2002
DSSS Transmit Spectrum and Channels
Transmit Unfiltered
Spectrum Sinx/x
Mask 0 dBr
-30 dBr
-50 dBr
fc
fc -22 MHz fc -11 MHz fc +11 MHz fc +22 Mhz
n Specifications
– Modulation type OFDM
– Data rates: 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54Mbps
– 48 sub-carriers
– Sub-carrier modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
– Bit interleaved convolutional coding, K=7, R=1/2, 2/3, 3/4
– OFDM frame duration: 4µs guard interval: 0.8ms
– 18MHz channel spacing, 9-10 channels in 200MHz bandwidth
n Key milestones
– First letter ballot by working group from November 1998 meeting
– January 1999 joint meeting with ETSI-BRAN
, © Siemens, 2002
IEEE802.11g: Further Speed
Extension for the 2.4GHz Band
n Mandatory: CCK w/ short preample (802.11b)
and OFDM (802.11a applied to 2.4 GHz range).
n Optional: PBCC proposal for 22 Mbit/s from Texas Instruments
n Optional: CCK-OFDM proposal for up to 54 Mbit/s from Intersil
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, © Siemens, 2002
Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
(PLCP)
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Slot time
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DIFS
Src Data
SIFS
Contention Window
Dest Ack
DIFS
Other Next MPDU
Defer Access Backoff after Defer
, © Siemens, 2002
“Hidden Node” Provisions
Problem – Stations contending for the medium do not Hear each other
Solution – Optional use of the Duration field in RTS and CTS frames with AP
CTS-Range
STA “B”
cannot receive
data from RTS-Range
STA “A”
RTS Data
STA A
AP CTS Ack
STA “B” cannot detect carrier from STA “A” Next MPDU
STA B
Time period to defer access
is based on duration in CTS Back off after defer
, © Siemens, 2002
IEEE802.11e: MAC Enhancements
for Quality of Service (EDCF)
n EDCF (Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function)
– differentiated DCF access to the wireless medium for
prioritized traffic categories (4 different traffic categories)
– output queue competes for TxOPs using EDCF wherein
• the minimum specified idle duration time is a distinct value
• the contention window is a variable window
• lower priority queues defer to higher priority queues
Mapping to
Access Category
Transmit Queues
Per-queue
channel access
functions with
internal collision
resolution
Access
Beacon D1+Poll D2+Poll CF end
Point
Bits: 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, © Siemens, 2002
Part 5: MAC layer management
Beacon Interval
"Actual time" stamp in Beacon
Time Axis
X X X X
Steps to Association:
Access Point C
Station sends Probe.
Access Point A
APs send Probe Response.
Station selects best AP.
Station sends Association
Request to selected AP.
AP sends Association
Response.
TIM-Interval
DTIM interval
Time-axis
TIM TIM Busy Medium DTIM TIM TIM DTIM
AP activity Broadcast Broadcast
PS Station
PS-Poll Tx operation
n Beacon
– Timestamp, Beacon Interval, Capabilities, ESSID, Supported Rates, parameters
– Traffic Indication Map
n Probe
– ESSID, Capabilities, Supported Rates
n Probe Response
– Timestamp, Beacon Interval, Capabilities, ESSID, Supported Rates, pars
– same for Beacon except for TIM
n Association Request
– Capability, Listen Interval, ESSID, Supported Rates
n Association Response
– Capability, Status Code, Station ID, Supported Rates
n Reassociation Request
– Capability, Listen Interval, ESSID, Supported Rates, Current AP Address
n Reassociation Response
– Capability, Status Code, Station ID, Supported Rates
n Disassociation
– Reason code
Peer-to-Peer Network
n Independent networking
– Use Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
– Forms a Basic Service Set (BSS)
– Direct communication between stations
– Coverage area limited by the range of individual stations
BSS-A BSS-B
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, © Siemens, 2002
Shortcomings of plain WEP security
Associate
EAP Identity Request Authentication
EAP Identity Response Access Request Server
EAP Request Access Challenge
EAP Response Access Request
EAP Success Access Accept
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802.11 WEP 802.3 802.3 802.3 Bluetooth
802.3
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Airport Remote
Public
Access
WLAN
Home
WLAN
Campus
n Cost issues:
– The lower bound:
Investment: WLAN Access Point /w DSL Router (~ 350 ¼
Monthly operation cost: ~ 60 ¼IRU'6/)ODW5DWH
– Most commercial installations are much more expensive
due to charging and billing.
n It is very easy and extremely cheap to become a WLAN
operator, but most people did not yet know about it.
...but wait until they have installed WLAN in their living rooms!
Free
local content
services
Authentication for Internet access
Selection of billing method
html
Username: RADIUS
Password:
max.riegel
********** client auth
auth
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When you can’t stop them, when you can’t beat them,
then you should join them.
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internet
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n 3GPP
– R5: SA1
Requirements of 3GPP system – WLAN interworking.
– R6: SA2
Continuation with architectural considerations
n ETSI BRAN
Subgroup on “Interworking between HiperLAN/2 and 3rd generation cellular
and other public systems”.
– Detailed architectural description mainly based on the Siemens ‘loose
coupling’ principle established
– IEEE802.11 and MMAC are now joining this effort.
=> Wireless Interworking Group (WIG).
n WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance)
‘Wireless ISP Roaming Initiative’
– Detailed functional specification for roaming (loose coupling) between
IEEE802.11 WLAN networks available.
– Mainly aimed for roaming between ISPs but also applicable for MNOs.
Literature:
n The IEEE 802.11 Handbook – A Designer‘s Companion
Bob O‘Hara, Al Patrick; IEEE press, ISBN 0-7381-1855-9