Economic Contributions of The Culture Sector in Ontario

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE — No.
024
ISSN: 1711-831X
ISBN: 0-662-38282-X
Research Paper
Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics
Economic Contribution of the

Culture Sector in Ontario
by Vik Singh
Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Division

2001 Main Building, Ottawa, K1A 0T6
Telephone: 1 800 307-3382 Fax: 1 613 951-9040
This paper represents the views of the author and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Statistics Canada.
Statistics Statistique
Canada Canada
How to obtain more information
Specific inquiries about this product and related statistics or services should be directed
to: Client Services, Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics, Statistics
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0T6 (telephone: (613) 951-7608; toll free at 1 800 307-3382;
by fax at (613) 951-9040; or e-mail: educationstats@statcan.ca).
For information on the wide range of data available from Statistics Canada, you can
contact us by calling one of our toll-free numbers. You can also contact us by e-mail or by
visiting our Web site.
National inquiries line 1 800 263-1136

National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1 800 363-7629
E-mail inquiries infostats@statcan.ca
Web site www.statcan.ca
Ordering information
This product, Catalogue No. 81-595-MIE2004024, is available on the Internet for free.
Users can obtain single issues at: http://www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/studiesfree.cgi.
Standards of service to the public
Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, reliable and courteous
manner and in the official language of their choice. To this end, the Agency has developed
standards of service which its employees observe in serving its clients. To obtain a copy
of these service standards, please contact Statistics Canada toll free at 1 800 263-1136.
Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics
Research papers
Economic Contributions of the

Culture Sector in Ontario
By Vik Singh
Statistics Canada
Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada
© Minister of Industry, 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without prior written permission from Licence Services, Marketing Division, Statistics
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6.
December 2004
Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024
Frequency: Irregular
ISSN: 1711-831X
ISBN: 0-662-38282-X
Ottawa
La version française de cette publication est disponible sur demande (no 81-595-MIF2004024
au catalogue).
Statistics Canada
This paper represents the views of the author and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of Statistics Canada.
Economic Contribution of the Culture Sector in Ontario
Acknowledgements
This report was sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Culture.

The assistance of many people was invaluable to the production of this research
paper. These include Trish Horricks, Marla Waltman Daschko and Michel Durand.
A special thank you is extended to Danielle Baum and Alice Peters for their
indispensable help in preparing the manuscript for publication.
Note of appreciation
Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing co-operative

effort involving Statistics Canada, the citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments
and other institutions. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be
produced without their continued co-operation and good will.
4 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 4
Abstract 6
1. Introduction 7
2. Culture sector GDP 9

2.1 GDP in culture sub-sectors 10
2.2 Growth in GDP in culture sub-sectors 12
3. Impact of culture on employment 13

3.1 Employment in culture sub-sectors 18
3.2 Employment growth in culture sub-sectors 19
4. Economic impact of culture by activity 20
5. Conclusion 22
Key findings 23
References 25
Appendix A: GDP in culture sub-sectors 26

Appendix B: Employment in culture sub-sectors 32
Appendix C: Methodology 38
Endnotes 59
Cumulative index 60
Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 5

Abstract
In this paper, we estimate and analyze the economic impact of the culture sector on
Ontario’s economy. This is done by measuring the contribution of the culture
sector to Ontario’s GDP and employment. We also analyze individual culture
sub-sectors in terms of their contributions to GDP and employment. Results show
that GDP from the culture sector amounted to more than $17 billion (4% of Ontario’s
GDP) in 2001. Similarly, the contribution of the culture sector to Ontario’s
employment numbers was more than 250,000 (4% of Ontario’s employment) in
2001. In addition, GDP and employment in Ontario’s culture sector rose 34% and
18%, respectively, from 1996 to 2001.

1. Introduction
This paper estimates and analyses the economic impact of the culture sector on
Ontario’s economy. The term “economic impact” describes the economic contribution
of an industry or activity to the economy. More specifically, it refers to the
contribution of an industry or an economic activity to Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and employment. This paper estimates the economic impact of the culture
sector on Ontario’s economy in terms of its contribution to the province’s GDP and
employment for the period 1996–2001.1 In addition, the GDP and employment
contributions of individual culture sub-sectors are also calculated for the same period.2
In order to study the economic contribution of the culture sector to Ontario’s
economy, it is vital to be able to define what the culture sector is. The Canadian
Framework for Culture Statistics provides a comprehensive definition of culture.
According to the framework, culture is defined as “creative artistic activity and the
goods and services produced by it, and the preservation of human heritage.”3
It is important to estimate the economic impact of the culture sector, because
just like other sectors of the economy, the culture sector has an effect on the economy.
For example, individuals employed in the “business” of creating, producing,
manufacturing and distributing culture goods and services not only increase
employment but also receive income just like other workers in the economy, further
adding to the country’s GDP. Likewise, whether they are individual artists producing
art, or part of a larger organization staging arts performances, these culture activities
require various goods and services that must be purchased within an economy,
which further adds value to the economy.
In addition to estimating the economic impact of the culture sector on Ontario’s
economy, this paper also answers some questions related to the issue of economic
impact.4 Is the economic impact of the culture sector on Ontario’s economy growing
or declining? How does the culture sector in Ontario compare with the overall
economy in Ontario? Which culture sub-sector saw a rise or decline in its
contribution to GDP and which activities, such as creation, production, etc.,
spearheaded this change? How do culture workers in Ontario compare with the
overall workforce in the province? Are most of the jobs created in the culture sector
part-time or full-time? What conditions prevail for self-employment in the culture
sector?

Although it is important to measure the economic impact of the culture sector,

purely economic considerations can fail to reflect social and aesthetic values that
are fundamental to this sector. There are numerous studies that highlight the “social
benefits” of the culture sector, such as the one by Melo (2002). These indirect
benefits of the culture sector are difficult to quantify and are beyond the scope of
this paper.
This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 explains the impact of culture
GDP on Ontario’s economy and provides an estimate of the GDP from various
culture sub-sectors. Section 3 details the economic impact of culture on employment,
including employment contributions of various culture sub-sectors. This is followed
by a discussion of the economic impact of culture by various types of activities in
Section 4 and a conclusion in Section 5.

2. Culture sector GDP

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important element in studying the concept of
economic impact. The value added method is used to calculate GDP. GDP is
defined as the value added of all industries in a country.
GDP from the culture sector in Ontario amounted to more than $17 billion in
2001, an increase of 34% from the 1996 figure of approximately $13 billion (Table 1).
The culture sector averaged 4% of Ontario’s GDP over the period 1996 to 2001.
Table 1
Culture GDP
Average
Percent- annual
age growth
Average change rate
(1996- (1996- (1996-
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001) 2001) 2001)
GDP from culture sector

in Ontario ($ millions) 13,380 13,524 14,480 15,767 17,539 17,929 15,437 34 6
GDP in Ontario
($ millions) 310,920 331,339 348,261 376,877 406,595 434,801 368,132 40 7
Culture as percentage
of GDP in Ontario 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
GDP from culture sector

in Canada ($ millions) 29,233 30,441 32,375 33,953 37,489 38,486 33,663 32 6
Ontario’s percentage
share of Canadian
culture GDP 46 44 45 46 47 47 46
Note:
For an explanation on the methodology, refer to Appendix C.
Source: Statistics Canada.

Ontario was a major contributor to Canada’s culture sector, accounting for

almost half (47%) of Canadian culture GDP in 2001. The growth rates of culture
sector GDP also indicate that the culture sector has become increasingly important
to Ontario’s economy. Overall, culture GDP showed a steady growth during the
period 1996 to 2001 (Table 1).
Over the 1996 to 2001 period, GDP from Ontario’s culture sector grew more
slowly than did total GDP in Ontario (34% versus 40%) (Table 1). Nevertheless,
GDP from Ontario’s culture sector grew faster than overall GDP in Ontario in
every year except 1996 to 1997 and 2000 to 2001 (Figure 1). The biggest growth
in Ontario’s culture GDP occurred between1999 and 2000 (11%)5 and the smallest
growth (1%) between 1996 and 1997. Meanwhile, Ontario’s culture sector GDP
grew slightly faster than did the overall culture sector GDP in Canada (34% versus
32%) over the same period.
Figure 1
Culture sector GDP grew more slowly than overall GDP in Ontario from 1996 to
1997 and from 2000 to 2001
Percentage change Percentage change

12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001
GDP in Ontario from culture sector GDP in Ontario
2.1 GDP in culture sub-sectors

In this section, the GDP from various culture sub-sectors are estimated using the
Canadian Framework for Culture Statistics (Statistics Canada, 2004). Table 2 breaks
out the culture sub-sector’s contribution to Ontario’s GDP from 1996 to 2001.6
The GDP for culture sub-sectors are mostly calculated using the Value added method.
The data are mainly obtained from the System of National Accounts (SNA) using
the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Where data from the
SNA are not available, various business surveys are used to measure the GDP.7
However, data from these surveys act only as a proxy for the missing information
for a particular industry and should not be used as official GDP data for that industry.

Table 2
Culture GDP by sub-sectors in Ontario
Percentage
share of
culture GDP
Average (average
Culture sub-sectors (1996- 1996-
($ millions) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001) 2001)
Written media 5,659 5,933 6,272 6,859 7,847 8,281 6,809 48

Broadcasting 1,244 1,368 1,402 1,520 1,654 1,796 1,497 11
Film industry 1,077 1,040 1,271 1,376 1,448 1,500 1,285 9
Advertising 843 845 853 1,074 1,240 1,227 1,014 7
Performing arts 645 586 645 655 564 587 614 4
Visual arts 584 510 537 578 547 455 535 4
Libraries 511 519 515 523 507 506 513 4
Sound recording and
music publishing 501 539 568 432 466 455 493 4
Design 411 413 422 455 499 512 452 3
Architecture 305 254 342 367 501 451 370 3
Heritage 282 289 305 331 336 355 316 2
Photography 153 105 106 171 181 165 147 1
Festivals 5 5 7 8 8 11 7 0
Notes:
1. The percentage shares of culture GDP are calculated without including “Support Services,” since this activity is not allocated to any culture
sub-sector.
2. The GDP from culture sub-sectors are calculated mainly using the Value added method.
3. Festival data are derived from Department of Canadian Heritage and only include those festivals which received funding from the Culture
Initiatives Program. Hence, these data are not a comprehensive estimate of the festival sector and the festival estimates should be used with
caution.
Written media, which includes establishments engaged in the publishing

industry (newspapers, books and periodicals), was the biggest contributor to culture
GDP in Ontario. It amounted to more than $6 billion and averaged 48% of culture
GDP in Ontario annually, from 1996 to 2001 (Table 2). Newspaper publishing
generated most of the GDP for this sub-sector. More than half of Written media
GDP came from establishments engaged in production activities.8
Other major contributors to culture GDP were Broadcasting and Film industry,
with 11% and 9% of culture GDP, respectively. Together, the top three sub-sectors,
Written media, Broadcasting and Film industry, saw their respective shares in culture
GDP rise and together generated almost 70% of culture GDP, over the period 1996
to 2001.
Broadcasting, which includes establishments engaged in private and public
broadcasting (radio and television), averaged approximately $1.5 billion annually
in GDP from 1996 to 2001 (Table 2). Private broadcasting averaged most (around
74%) of the GDP for Broadcasting, the majority of which came from television
broadcasting as opposed to radio broadcasting.
The third largest culture sub-sector contributing to GDP was the Film industry,
composed of establishments engaged in the creation, production and distribution of
motion pictures, film and video. This sub-sector averaged approximately $1.3 billion
annually in GDP, over the period (Table 2). Most of the GDP in the Film industry
came from establishments engaged in production (26%) and manufacturing (29%)
activities.
2.2 Growth in GDP in culture sub-sectors

Most of the culture sub-sectors in Ontario, except Sound recording and music
publishing (-9%), Performing arts (-9%), Visual arts (-22%) and Libraries (-1%),
reported an increase in GDP from 1996 to 2001 (Table 3). After Festivals,
Architecture reported the second largest growth (48%) in culture GDP from 1996
to 2001. Establishments engaged in production and distribution activities contributed
the most to the growth in GDP in this sub-sector.
Written media was the third fastest growing culture sub-sector in terms of
GDP, reporting a growth of 46% from 1996 to 2001. Establishments engaged in
creation and production activities contributed the most to the growth in GDP for
this sub-sector (Appendix A). Written media, Broadcasting, Design and Heritage
experienced growth in their GDP for all periods studied in this paper (Table 3).
Table 3
GDP growth rates in culture sub-sectors in Ontario
Average
annual
percentage
Percentage change growth
rate
1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 1996- (1996-
Culture sub-sectors 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 2001)
Festivals -3 36 11 7 29 103 16
Architecture -17 35 7 36 -10 48 10
Written media 5 6 9 14 6 46 8
Advertising 0.2 1 26 15 -1 46 8
Broadcasting 10 3 8 9 9 44 8
Film industry -3 22 8 5 4 39 7
Heritage 2 5 9 2 5 26 5
Design 0.4 2 8 10 2 25 5
Photography -31 1 61 6 -9 8 6
Libraries 2 -1 2 -3 -0.2 -1 -0.2
Performing arts -9 10 2 -14 4 -9 -1
Sound recording and music publishing 8 5 -24 8 -2 -9 -1
Visual arts -13 5 8 -6 -17 -22 -4

3. Impact of culture on employment

The growing importance of the culture sector to Ontario’s economy can also be
measured in terms of employment. Estimating the employment in Ontario’s culture
sector involved calculating the number of all paid employees, including full-time,
part-time and freelancers. The Labour Force Survey (LFS)9 was used to derive
most of the employment numbers, although some were derived from other surveys.10
The term “employment” in our paper refers to individuals, 15 years and over, who
were working during the survey reference period. It should be noted that employment
estimates in this paper do not include volunteers.
In this paper, only the direct jobs created by the culture sector are estimated.
These are jobs that are directly generated by establishments in the culture sector and
do not include jobs created indirectly. Although these direct jobs11 are among the
most visible economic impacts of the culture sector, they do not represent the only
economic impact from employment. Other jobs can be generated indirectly by the
culture sector through the multiplier effect. These indirect jobs are located throughout
the economy in the businesses that provide supplies or business services to the
culture sector. Indirect jobs are also generated when culture sector employees spend
their incomes on items such as groceries, retail shops, personal services, health
care, etc.12 Indirect effects from employment are not estimated in this paper.
On average, close to a quarter million residents in Ontario worked in the
culture sector in any given year in the period 1996 to 2001 (Table 4). Around
253,100 workers were employed in Ontario’s culture sector, accounting for
approximately 4% of Ontario’s workforce in 2001. Ontario also had a significant
share of the total employment generated by the culture sector in Canada (42%),
over the period 1996 to 2001 (Table 4 and Figure 2). However, Ontario’s share of
culture employment was lower than its share of culture GDP in Canada (42% versus
46%), on average, over the same period.

Figure 2
Ontario had a significant share of Canada’s culture employment and culture GDP
Percentage Percentage
48 48
47 47
Ontario share of culture
46 46
GDP in Canada
45 45
44 44
43 43
42 42
41 41
Ontario share of culture
40 40
employment in Canada
39 39
38 38
37 37
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Table 4
Culture employment
Average
annual
percent-
Percent- age
age growth
Average change rate
(1996- (1996- (1996-
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001) 2001) 2001)
Employment from
culture sector in Ontario 215,200 217,600 219,100 232,100 266,950 253,100 234,008 18 4
Employment in Ontario 5,180,800 5,313,400 5,490,000 5,688,100 5,872,100 5,962,700 5,584,500 15 3
Percentage of employ-
ment in Ontario from
culture sector 4 4 4 4 5 4 4
Employment from culture

sector in Canada 517,800 513,100 537,300 554,200 604,900 611,000 556,400 18 3
Percentage of culture
employment in Canada
from Ontario 42 42 41 42 44 41 42

Table 5
Characteristics of culture workers
Average
(1996-
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001)
%
Culture sector workers employed
full-time in Ontario 79 79 79 81 81 82 80
Workers employed full-time in Ontario 81 81 81 82 82 82 82
Culture sector workers employed
full-time in Canada 79 78 78 80 79 80 79
Unemployment rate in culture sector
in Ontario 6 5 4 4 4 4 5
Unemployment rate in Ontario 9 8 7 6 6 6 7
Unemployment rate in culture sector
in Canada 6 6 5 5 4 5 5
Culture sector in Ontario
Employment in public sector 8 6 8 6 6 7 7
Employment in private sector 67 67 64 70 70 69 68
Self-employed 25 27 28 24 24 24 25
Ontario
Self-employed 15 16 16 16 16 15 16
Culture sector in Canada
Self-employed 25 27 28 26 26 25 26
Notes:
1. The total culture employment was calculated by using Labour Force Survey (LFS) and other surveys (where data from LFS was not
available).
2. Please note that employment estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
3. The unemployment rate, full-time rate employment and the breakdown of employment into public, private and self-employed was
calculated using only the Labour Force Survey (LFS).
Overall, employment in the culture sector in Ontario grew more between

1996 and 2001 (18%) than did total provincial employment (15%), with the greatest
increase occurring beween 1999 and 2000. However, employment in Ontario’s
culture sector grew at the same rate as did overall employment in the culture sector
in Canada (18%) between 1996 and 2001 (Table 4).

Figure 3
Growth in culture sector employment varied over the period
Percentage change Percentage change

20 20
Employment in Ontario
from culture sector
15 15
10 10
Employment in Canada
from culture sector
5 5
0 0
-5 -5
-10 -10
1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001
Table 5 shows that the unemployment rate in Ontario’s culture sector was
lower than that of the overall unemployment rate in Ontario. The unemployment
rate in the culture sector averaged 5% compared to 7% for all of Ontario, for the
period 1996 to 2001. A larger proportion of the culture workforce was self-employed
compared to the overall economy of Ontario (25% versus 16%) for the same period
(Figure 4). The higher prevalence of self-employment in the culture sector was due
to the project-based nature of much of the work in this sector. Film industry provides
a good example of project-based work, with each film production designed as a
separate project.
Another important observation is that only 7% of Ontario’s culture sector
workers were engaged in the public sector compared to 17% of all workers in
Ontario, on average, over the period 1996 to 2001. Table 5 also shows that the
proportion of Ontario’s culture workers engaged in the public sector declined from
8% in 1996 to 7% in 2001. This decline was offset by an increase in culture workers
in the private sector and by an increase in self-employment over this period. Average
public sector employment in Ontario’s culture sector was also lower than the average
total public sector employment in Canada’s culture sector (7% versus 8%).
Figure 5 shows that culture workers were less likely to work full-time than
workers in general in Ontario (80% versus 82%), for the period 1996-2001. This is
due to the unique nature of some culture occupations, such as writing, which tend
to be part-time. However, culture workers in Ontario were slightly more likely to
work full-time than were overall culture workers in Canada (80% versus 79%), as
shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4
Self-employment in Ontario’s culture sector was higher than the overall self-
employment in Ontario but slightly lower than the self-employment in Canada’s
culture sector
Percentage self-employed Percentage self-employed

30 30
Self-employment in culture
sector in Canada
25 25
Self-employment in culture
sector in Ontario
20 20
Self-employment in Ontario
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Figure 5
Full-time employment in Ontario’s culture sector was generally higher than the
full-time employment in Canada’s culture sector
Percentage of employees Percentage of employees

working full-time working full-time
83 83
Full-time employment in Ontario
82 82
81 81
80 80
Full-time employment in
Ontario's culture sector
79 79
78 78
Full-time employment in
Canada's culture sector
77 77
76 76
75 75
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

3.1 Employment in culture sub-sectors

The breakdown of culture sector employment in Ontario by sub-sectors from 1996
to 2001 is shown in Table 6.13 Written media was the largest culture sub-sector in
terms of employment, averaging 34% of culture sector employment, over the period
1996 to 2001. Employment in this sub-sector rose by 3,600 workers to 73,500
workers in 2001. As was the case with GDP, newspaper publishing generated the
majority of employment in Written media. Most of the workers in this sub-sector
were employed in establishments engaged in production activities (44%), on average,
over the period 1996 to 2001 (Appendix B).
Table 6
Culture employment by sub-sectors in Ontario
Percentage
share of
culture
employment
Average (average
(1996- 1996-
Culture sub-sectors 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001) 2001)
Written media 69,900 74,100 67,000 68,200 77,300 73,500 71,700 34

Film industry 15,400 17,400 22,700 26,800 33,600 32,200 24,700 12
Advertising 17,400 22,200 20,600 18,700 26,000 24,300 21,500 10
Design 20,100 20,300 19,700 22,200 23,200 21,300 21,100 10
Broadcasting 15,300 13,700 14,800 17,400 21,300 21,800 17,400 8
Libraries 11,100 11,100 11,100 11,000 11,100 11,000 11,100 5
Heritage 10,400 10,500 10,900 11,100 11,500 11,700 11,000 5
Performing arts 10,800 9,000 7,300 7,600 8,300 7,700 8,400 4
Sound recording and
music publishing 5,500 6,600 7,700 6,500 6,500 6,300 6,500 3
Architecture 4,400 3,700 4,600 7,400 9,900 7,900 6,300 3
Visual arts 6,200 5,100 7,700 6,600 5,600 5,000 6,000 3
Photography 5,200 3,100 1,700 4,800 4,400 5,100 4,000 2
Festivals 400 400 500 500 500 600 500 0
Notes:
1. The percentage shares of culture employment are calculated without including “Support Services,” since this activity is not allocated to any
culture sub-sector.
2. Employment estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
3. Festival data are derived from Department of Canadian Heritage and only includes those festivals which received funding from the Culture
Initiatives Program. Hence, these data are not a comprehensive estimate of the festival sector. The festival estimates should be used with
caution.
The other two major culture sub-sectors in terms of employment were Film
industry and Advertising, accounting for 12% and 10% of culture sector employment,
respectively (Table 6). Around 24,700 workers were employed in Film industry,
on average, over the period. Workers in establishments engaged in production (35%)
and distribution (27%) activities accounted for most of the employment in this sub-
sector. On average, employment in the Advertising sub-sector amounted to 21,500
individuals, most of whom were employed by establishments engaged in production
activities.

3.2 Employment growth in culture sub-sectors

Except for Performing arts (-29%), Visual arts (-19%), Photography (-2%) and
Libraries (-0.9%), employment in all culture sub-sectors in Ontario reported a growth
between 1996 and 2001 (Table 7). The Film industry reported the strongest growth
in culture employment, more than doubling over the period, mainly due to the growth
in employment in establishments engaged in production activities. Two other rapidly
growing culture sub-sectors were Architecture and Festivals, with growth rates of
80% and 50% between 1996 and 2001, respectively. Performing arts had the
sharpest decline in employment. This was mainly due to a decline in employment
in establishments engaged in creation activities.
Table 7
Employment growth rates in culture sub-sectors in Ontario
Average
annual
percentage
Percentage change growth
rate
1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 1996- (1996-
Culture sub-sectors 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 2001)
Film industry 13.0 30.5 18.1 25.4 -4.2 109.1 16.5

Architecture -15.9 24.3 60.9 33.8 -20.2 79.5 16.6
Festivals 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 50.0 9.0
Broadcasting -10.5 8.0 17.6 22.4 2.3 42.5 8.0
Advertising 27.6 -7.2 -9.2 39.0 -6.5 39.7 8.7
Sound recording and music publishing 20.0 16.7 -15.6 0.0 -3.1 14.5 3.6
Heritage 1.0 3.8 1.8 3.6 1.7 12.5 2.4
Design 1.0 -3.0 12.7 4.5 -8.2 6.0 1.4
Written media 6.0 -9.6 1.8 13.3 -4.9 5.2 1.3
Libraries 0.0 0.0 -0.9 0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.2
Photography -40.4 -45.2 182.4 -8.3 15.9 -1.9 20.9
Visual arts -17.7 51.0 -14.3 -15.2 -10.7 -19.4 -1.4
Performing arts -16.7 -18.9 4.1 9.2 -7.2 -28.7 -5.9

4. Economic impact of culture by activity

The economic benefit of the culture sector extended to almost every activity of the
economy, such as creation, production, preservation, manufacturing and distribution.
Text Box 1 describes the various activities that make up the chain associated with
culture activities.14
All activity components of Ontario’s culture sub-sectors showed gains in GDP
and employment over the period 1996 to 2001 (Table 8). Establishments engaged
in production activities were the biggest contributors to GDP and employment.
They averaged approximately 51% of culture GDP and 46% of culture employment
over this period.
Table 8
GDP and employment in Ontario’s culture sector by activities
Percentage Percent-
share age
Average (average change
Culture activities (1996- (1996- 1996-
($ millions) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001) 2001) 2001)
GDP
Production 6,685 6,844 7,354 8,064 8,781 9,025 7,792 51 35

Manufacturing 2,628 2,611 2,802 2,968 3,368 3,604 2,997 20 37
Creation 2,045 2,008 2,141 2,370 2,665 2,655 2,314 15 30
Support services 1,159 1,118 1,235 1,418 1,740 1,628 1,383 9 26
Distribution 863 942 948 947 985 1,017 950 6 18
Culture activities Employment
Production 98,400 105,700 102,100 103,600 124,600 117,500 108,700 46 19

Creation 41,800 39,400 40,400 50,200 56,700 51,300 46,600 20 23
Manufacturing 32,800 33,000 35,600 34,500 33,500 36,300 34,300 15 11
Support services 23,200 20,700 22,900 23,200 28,000 24,800 23,800 10 7
Distribution 19,100 18,900 18,100 20,800 24,100 23,200 20,700 9 21
Notes:
1. The Value added method was mainly used to calculate GDP. See Appendix C for an explanation of the methodology.
2. Employment estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Establishments engaged in manufacturing activities were the second biggest

contributor to culture GDP (20%) in Ontario. On the other hand, establishments
engaged in creation activities were the second largest contributor to culture
employment (20%) over the same period. Establishments engaged in manufacturing
activities reported the highest GDP growth (37%), whereas establishments engaged
in creation reported the highest growth in employment (23%) from 1996 to 2001.

Establishments engaged in manufacturing and production reported higher GDP

growth rates than did the overall culture sector. In addition, establishments engaged
in production, creation and distribution activities reported higher employment growth
rates than did those of the overall culture sector.
Text Box 1: Classification of enterprises by type of cultural

activity
• Creation – These are establishments involved in the
development of a creative artistic idea. This would include,
for instance, independent artists, writers and performers
(NAICS 71151). Much of this creative activity, however,
can be undertaken in other establishments whose primary
activity is something other than creation (for example,
newspapers).
• Production – These include establishments involved
primarily in the act or process of producing a creative good
or service that can be readily identified. Goods are tangible
(books, magazines, sound recordings) while services are
intangible (concerts, theatre performances, or exhibitions at
art galleries).
• Manufacturing – These are establishments involved in the
mass reproduction of culture core goods (film duplication,
printing, visual arts posters) from a master copy.
• Distribution – These include establishments that distribute
core culture goods as well as engage in the mass distribution
of visual arts and photography to a variety of players such
as wholesalers and retailers, radio and television broadcasters,
or the Internet.
• Support – These are activities related to culture that help to
finance or support creation and production (copyright
collectives, agents, managers, promoters).
Source: Statistics Canada (2004).

5. Conclusion
This paper explores the role of the culture sector in Ontario’s economy. The culture
sector generated more than $17 billion in GDP in 2001. GDP from Ontario’s culture
sector also grew faster than Ontario’s GDP from 1996 to 2001.
Similar positive trends were found in employment. The culture sector
employed almost a quarter million individuals in 2001. Employment in Ontario’s
culture sector grew at approximately the same rate as employment in Canada’s
culture sector between 1996 and 2001.
Most of the employment reported in Ontario’s culture sector occurred in full-
time activities. However, compared to the overall workforce in Ontario, a lower
proportion of culture workers in Ontario worked full-time.
Self-employment was an important employment generator for the culture sector
in Ontario. Almost a quarter of culture workers in Ontario were self-employed in
2001. This was higher than the proportion of all workers in Ontario who were self-
employed. The culture sector in Ontario was also less reliant on the public sector.
Written media was the biggest sub-sector in terms of contribution to culture
GDP and employment, over the period 1996 to 2001. Establishments engaged in
production activities contributed the most to both GDP and employment in the
culture sector.
Although the culture sector accounted for less than 5% of both Ontario’s
GDP and employment, on average, the results show that GDP from Ontario’s culture
sector increased faster than the overall GDP in Ontario. In addition, the growth rate
reported by culture employment exceeded the growth rate reported by overall
employment in Ontario. These positive trends in GDP and employment contributions
demonstrate the importance of the culture sector as a significant contributor to
Ontario’s economic growth.

Key findings
• In 2001, the culture sector contributed more than $17 billion to Ontario’s
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), an increase of more than $4 billion
from 1996. The culture sector represented 4% of Ontario’s GDP in 2001.
• Compared to the other provinces in Canada, Ontario was a significant
contributor to Canada’s culture sector, accounting for almost half of
Canada’s culture sector GDP in 2001.
• GDP from Ontario’s culture sector grew more slowly than did overall
GDP in Ontario (34% versus 40%) over the period 1996 to 2001.
However, GDP from Ontario’s culture sector slightly exceeded the overall
growth rate of Canada’s culture sector over the same period (34% versus
32%).
• Written media was the biggest culture sub-sector in terms of GDP
generation – it accounted for almost half of culture GDP in Ontario, on
average, over the period 1996 to 2001.
• All culture sub-sectors except Sound recording and music publishing,
Performing arts, Visual arts and Libraries reported growth in GDP from
1996 to 2001.
• In 2001, 4% of Ontario’s workforce, or more than a quarter million
individuals, were employed in the culture sector.
• Employment in Ontario’s culture sector grew faster than total employment
in Ontario from 1996 to 2001 (18% versus 15%).
• Most culture jobs in Ontario were full-time. However, compared to the
overall average in Ontario, a smaller proportion of culture sector jobs
were full-time. On average, over the period, 80% of Ontario’s culture
workers were employed full-time, compared to 82% for Ontario’s
workers as a whole.
• The unemployment rate in the culture sector was lower than the all-
industry average at 5%, compared to 7% overall, on average, between
1996 and 2001.
• Approximately one in four workers in Ontario’s culture sector were self-
employed, compared with 16% across all industries, on average, over
the period 1996 to 2001.
• Only 7% of Ontario’s culture work force was engaged in the public
sector, compared to 17% of all workers, on average, between 1996 and
2001.
• Written media was the biggest culture sub-sector in terms of
employment – it accounted for almost 34% of culture employment in
Ontario, on average, over the period 1996 to 2001.

• Other than Performing arts, Visual arts, Photography and Libraries, all
culture sub-sectors reported growth in employment over the period 1996
to 2001. Film industry reported the highest growth in employment (109%)
over the period.
• Establishments engaged in production activities contributed the most to
culture GDP (51%) and employment (46%) in Ontario. Establishments
engaged in manufacturing (59%) and creation (23%) activities reported
the fastest growth in GDP and employment in Ontario from 1996 to
2001.

References
Melo, D. (2002), “Economics and Culture: Two Case Studies in Colombia,” Presented
at the International Symposium on Culture Statistics, Montreal, available at:
www.colloque2002symposium.gouv.qc.ca, viewed on July 27, 2004.
Singh, V. (2004), “Economic Contribution of Culture in Canada,” Research Paper
Series, Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004023, Culture Statistics Program,
Statistics Canada, available at: http://dissemination.statcan.ca:8083/english/
research/81-595-MIE/81-595-MIE2004023.pdf.
Statistics Canada (2004), “Canadian Framework for Culture Statistics,” Research
Paper Series, Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004021, Culture Statistics Program,
Statistics Canada, available at: http://dissemination.statcan.ca:8083/english/
research/81-595-MIE/81-595-MIE2004021.pdf.

Appendix A: GDP in culture sub-sectors

Table A.1
Culture GDP in Ontario, 1996
Culture sub-sectors Support Manu-

(current $ millions) Creation Production services facturing Distribution Total
Written media 369 2,941 A 2,154 196 6,840

Film industry 223 300 A 294 261 1,077
Broadcasting: 45 886 A … 312 1,244
Private: … 758 … … 184 …
Television … 687 … … 113 …
Radio … 71 … … 71 …
Public and non-commercial … 128 … … 128 …
Sound recording and music publishing 93 155 A 180 74 501
Performing arts 49 597 A … A 645
Visual arts 408 165 A A 10 584
Architecture 305 … A … … 305
Photography 142 . A … 10 153
Design 411 … … … … 411
Advertising A 843 … … … 843
Festivals A 5 A … … 5
Heritage: … 282 A … … 282
Excluding nature parks … 214 … … … …
Nature parks … 68 … … … …
Libraries . 511 A … … 511
Total 2,045 6,685 1,159 2,628 862 13,380
Notes:
A identifies various categories that are combined with other categories
. not available for any reference period
… not applicable
1. The Value added method was mainly used to obtain individual sub-sector GDP. For an explanation of the methodology involved in
estimating the numbers, see Appendix C.
2. The breakdown of various culture sub-sectors are shown in italics.
3. Festival data are derived from Department of Canadian Heritage and only includes those festivals which receive funding from the Culture
Initiatives Program. Hence, these data are not a comprehensive estimate of festival sector in Canada. Therefore, the festival estimates
should be used with caution.
4. Please note that the totals may not add up due to rounding.

Table A.2

Written media 441 3,134 A 2,135 224 7,057

Film industry 243 234 A 300 263 1,040
Broadcasting: 56 949 A … 362 1,368
Private: … 800 … … 214 …
Television … 718 … … 131 …
Radio … 82 … … 82 …
Design 413 … … … … 413
Heritage: … 289 A … … 289
Total 2,008 6,844 1,118 2,611 942 13,524
Notes:
… not applicable

Table A.3

Written media 404 3,415 A 2,262 191 6,271

Film industry 265 346 A 388 272 1,271
Broadcasting: 62 953 A … 388 1,402
Private: … 789 … … 224 …
Television … 685 … … 121 …
Radio … 103 … … 103 …
Design 422 … … … … 422
Heritage: … 305 A … … 305
Total 2,141 7,354 1,235 2,802 948 14,480
Notes:
… not applicable

Table A.4

Written media 404 3,881 A 2,355 219 6,802

Film industry 339 368 A 431 238 1,479
Broadcasting: 83 1,037 A … 400 1,545
Private: … 888 … … 251 …
Television … 789 … … 152 …
Radio … 99 … … 99 …
Design 455 … … … … 396
Advertising A 1,074 … … … 1,077
Heritage: … 331 A … … 352
Total 2,370 8,064 1,418 2,968 947 15,767
Notes:
… not applicable

Table A.5

Written media 504 4,347 A 2,773 223 8,400

Film industry 428 369 A 410 240 1,732
Broadcasting: 87 1,137 A … 430 1,941
Private: … 957 … … 249 …
Television … 845 … … 137 …
Radio … 112 … … 112 …
Design 499 … … … … 501
Advertising A 1,240 … … … 1,320
Heritage: … 336 A … … 423
Total 2,665 8,781 1,740 3,368 984 17,539
Notes:
… not applicable

Table A.6

Written media 553 4,481 A 3,027 220 9,095

Film industry 489 377 A 389 245 1,848
Broadcasting: 96 1,234 A … 466 2,153
Private: … 1,037 … … 270 …
Television … 911 … … 144 …
Radio … 126 … … 126 …
Performing arts 26 560 A … … 667
Visual arts 327 116 A … 13 537
Design 512 … … … … 512
Advertising A 1,227 … … … 1,367
Heritage: … 355 A … … 449
Total 2,655 9,025 1,628 3,604 1,017 17,929
Notes:
… not applicable

Appendix B: Employment in culture sub-sectors
Table B.1
Culture employment in Ontario, 1996
Support Manu-
Culture sub-sectors Creation Production services facturing Distribution Total
Written media 3,341 31,683 A 28,866 6,023 69,913

Film industry 2,518 4,421 A 2,889 5,566 15,394
Broadcasting: 844 9,408 A … 5,081 15,333
Private: … 7,368 … … 2,882 …
Television … 5,888 … … 1,402 …
Radio … 1,481 … … 1,481 …
Public and non-commercial … 2,199 … … 2,199 …
Sound recording and music publishing 866 2,040 A 1,010 1,558 5,473
Performing arts 755 10,050 A … A 10,805
Visual arts 4,194 1,536 A A 459 6,189
Architecture 4,444 … A … … 4,444
Photography 4,772 . A … 459 5,231
Design 20,054 … … … … 20,054
Advertising A 17,365 … … … 17,365
Heritage: … 10,377 A … … 10,377
Excluding nature parks … 7,575 … … … …
Nature parks … 2,802 … … … …
Libraries . 11,142 A … … 11,142
Total 41,788 98,377 23,174 32,764 19,146 215,250
Notes:
… not applicable
1. For an explanation and description of the methodology involved in estimating the numbers, see Appendix C.

Table B.2
Support Manu-
Written media 5,450 33,610 A 28,931 6,125 74,117

Film industry 2,505 5,846 A 3,159 5,927 17,436
Broadcasting: 916 8,043 A … 4,697 13,656
Private: … 6,097 … … 2,751 …
Television … 4,644 … … 1,298 …
Radio … 1,453 … … 1,453 …
Sound recording and music publishing 706 3,498 A 915 1,451 6,570
Visual arts 2,699 2,069 A A 333 5,101
Photography 2,741 . A … 333 3,074
Design 20,287 … … … … 20,287
Advertising A 22,153 … … … 22,153
Heritage: … 10,455 A … … 10,455
Nature parks … 2,835 … … … …
Libraries . 11,087 A … … 11,087
Total 39,438 105,679 20,613 33,005 18,866 217,601
Notes:
… not applicable

Table B.3
Support Manu-
Written media 5,207 26,692 A 30,563 4,510 66,972

Film industry 2,321 9,148 A 3,966 7,237 22,671
Broadcasting: 1,365 8,876 A … 4,575 14,816
Private: … 7,042 … … 2,741 …
Television … 5,563 … … 1,262 …
Radio … 1,479 … … 1,479 …
Sound recording and music publishing 1,161 4,426 A 1,079 1,082 7,747
Visual arts 3,841 3,484 A A 359 7,684
Photography 1,327 . A … 359 1,686
Design 19,713 … … … … 19,713
Advertising A 20,619 … … … 20,619
Heritage: … 10,863 A … … 10,863
Nature parks … 3,015 … … … …
Libraries . 11,076 A … … 11,076
Total 40,385 102,116 22,879 35,607 18,121 219,108
Notes:
… not applicable

Table B.4
Support Manu-
Written media 4,888 28,836 A 29,448 5,050 68,222

Film industry 4,060 9,988 A 4,023 8,719 26,789
Broadcasting: 2,133 10,415 A A 4,832 17,380
Private: … 8,374 … … 2,791 …
Television … 6,878 … … 1,295 …
Radio … 1,496 … … 1,496 …
Sound recording and music publishing 343 3,748 A 1,977 1,416 6,495
Performing arts 1,001 6,638 A … … 7,639
Visual arts 3,615 2,611 A … 366 6,592
Photography 4,443 . A … 366 4,809
Design 22,239 … … … … 22,239
Advertising A 18,744 … … … 18,744
Heritage: … 11,116 A … … 11,116
Nature parks … 3,286 … … … …
Libraries . 11,033 … … … 11,033
Total 50,156 103,618 23,160 34,459 20,747 232,139
Notes:
… not applicable

Table B.5
Support Manu-
Written media 7,117 36,672 A 28,528 4,960 77,276

Film industry 5,987 11,301 A 4,050 12,218 33,556
Broadcasting: 2,672 13,728 A … 4,886 21,285
Private: … 11,665 … … 2,823 …
Television … 10,174 … … 1,332 …
Radio … 1,491 … … 1,491 …
Visual arts 3,047 2,187 A A 410 5,644
Photography 3,980 . A … 410 4,390
Design 23,166 … … … … 23,166
Advertising A 25,964 … … … 25,964
Heritage: … 11,452 A … … 11,452
Nature parks … 3,343 … … … …
Libraries . 11,065 A … … 11,065
Total 56,738 124,620 28,033 33,470 24,120 266,981
Notes:
… not applicable

Table B.6
Support Manu-
Written media 7,552 29,598 A 31,359 4,975 73,485

Film industry 5,536 11,183 A 4,153 11,332 32,203
Broadcasting: 1,111 15,855 A … 4,838 21,805
Private: … 13,825 … … 2,808 …
Television … 12,332 … … 1,315 …
Radio … 1,494 … … 1,494 …
Visual arts 2,617 1,998 A A 419 5,034
Photography 4,672 . A … 419 5,091
Design 21,256 … … … … 21,256
Advertising A 24,322 … … … 24,322
Heritage: … 11,635 A … … 11,635
Nature parks … 3,494 … … … …
Libraries . 11,046 A … … 11,046
Total 51,320 117,472 24,779 36,304 23,242 253,117
Notes:
… not applicable

Appendix C: Methodology
Measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Value Added method: This method calculates GDP by measuring the gross
value of production of each firm and subtracting each firm’s costs of production
in the form of its purchases from other firms. The Value added method is
mainly used to calculate the economic impact at the culture sub-sector level.
Data for this method are mainly obtained from the System of National Accounts
(SNA) using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Where
data from the SNA are not available, we use surveys to measure the GDP.
Employment Statistics
Employment statistics are mainly obtained using the Labour Force Survey (LFS)
based on the NAICS and the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system.
Where data from LFS are not available, various surveys are used to measure the
employment counts. It should be pointed out that the economic contribution
associated with culture workers who work in non-culture industries are not estimated
since these jobs are in industries clearly outside the framework. Similarly, non-
culture workers who are part of the culture industry are included in the employment
counts. The contributions of volunteer workers are not estimated.
Surveys used:
Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the data from the System of National Accounts
(SNA) are mainly used to estimate GDP and employment contributions of the culture
sector in Ontario. Where data from these are not available, other surveys are used
to obtain the missing information. These surveys include Statistics Canada’s Film,
Video and Audio-Visual Production Survey, Motion Picture Laboratory Operations
and Production and Post-Production Services Survey, Film, Video and Audio Visual
Distribution, Motion Picture Theatres Survey, Survey of Heritage Institutions, Annual
Survey of Manufacturers, Annual Wholesale Trade Survey, Annual Retail Trade
Survey, Radio and Television Broadcasting Survey and the Annual Survey of Service
Industries: Specialized Design. Some external sources were also used to collect
data for some of the culture sub-sectors, such as the National Core Library Statistics
Program (NCLSP) for the Libraries sub-sector and data from the Department of
Canadian Heritage for the Festival sub-sector.

Cultural sub-sector (culture industries)
1. Written media
1.1 Written media creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS15 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers and Performers) cross-
tablulated with the following occupations: SOC F021 (Writers), SOC F022 (Editors),
SOC F023 (Journalists) and SOC F025 (Translators, Terminologists and
Interpreters).16 This is done in order to capture only the Written media creation
activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e. these occupational
categories captures the part of NAICS 71151 related only to the Written media
creation category.
Data sources:
• Labour Force Survey (LFS)
• CANSIM table 379-0017
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: The GDP figures are estimated from the CANSIM table
for NAICS 71151 for the occupational categories: SOC F021, F022, F023 and
F025. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required NAICS are not
available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 71 (Arts, entertainment and
recreation) is applied to the national estimate to obtain the required provincial
breakdowns.
• Contribution to employment: The LFS provides employment estimates of NAICS
71151 for the occupational categories: SOC F021, F022, F023 and F025.
1.2 Written media production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 51111 (Newspaper Publishers), NAICS 51112 (Periodical
Publishers), NAICS 51113 (Book Publishers), NAICS 51119 (Other Publishers)
and NAICS 51611 (Internet Publishing and Broadcasting).
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Since provincial breakdown in not available, the
provincial allocation of (NAICS 511 and NAICS 514) is applied to the national
figures for this category. For the national figures, since data for the required
individual NAICS categories are not available, we use the data for NAICS 511
(Publishing Industries) from the CANSIM table, which includes all the above
required NAICS with two extra categories NAICS 51114 (Directory and Mailing
List Publishers) and NAICS 5112 (Software Publishers). To remove NAICS
5112, we use the percentage of employment in NAICS 511 from NAICS 5112
and use this proportion to remove the NAICS 5112 from the NAICS 511.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the Labour Force Survey for
NAICS 5111 (Newspaper, Periodical, Book and Directory Publishers) which
includes the required NAICS category with an extra category NAICS 51114
(Directory and Mailing List Publishers).

1.3 Written media manufacturing: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 323113 (Printing – Commercial screen printing),
NAICS 323114 (Printing – Quick printing), NAICS 323115 (Printing – Digital
printing), NAICS 323119 (Other Printing) and NAICS 32312 (Support activities
for Printing). Since individual data for NAICS 323113, NAICS 323114, NAICS
323115 and NAICS 323119 is not available, we use NAICS 32311 (Printing),
which includes all the NAICS categories with an extra category of NAICS 323116
(Manifold Business Forms Printing).
Data source: Annual Survey of Manufacturers (Cansim table 301-0003).
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: refers to the total manufacturing value added for NAICS
32311 and NAICS 32312 from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers.
Manufacturing value added refers to the value added from manufacturing
activity only.
• Contribution to employment: refers to the production workers from the Annual
Survey of Manufacturers (number of production workers for NAICS 32311
and NAICS 32312).
1.4 Written media distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 41442 (Distributors – Book, Periodical and Newspaper
Wholesalers) and NAICS 45121 (Retail – Book Stores and Newspaper
Wholesalers – Distributors). Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required
NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 51 (Wholesale trade)
and NAICS 44-45 (Retail trade) are applied to the national estimates (for wholesale
and retail, respectively) to obtain the provincial breakdown.
Data sources:
• Annual Wholesale Trade Survey
• Annual Retail Trade Survey
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Since GDP data for NAICS 41442 and NAICS 45121
are not available, we calculate the proportion of total wholesale operating
revenues in Canada (total wholesale operating revenues from all NAICS
categories) from NAICS 451442 and NAICS 45121. We then apply this
proportion to the GDP from total wholesale trade in Canada to derive our
estimate. This step is repeated to calculate GDP for retail trade for NAICS
45121. Wholesale and retail operating revenues are obtained from the Annual
Wholesale Trade Survey and the Annual Retail Trade Survey, respectively.
Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the CANSIM table
379-0025.
• Contribution to employment: Since employment data for NAICS 41442 and
NAICS 45121 are not available, we calculate the proportion of total wholesale
operating revenues in Canada (total wholesale operating revenues from all
NAICS categories) from NAICS 451442 and NAICS 45121. We then apply
this proportion to the employment from total wholesale trade in Canada to
derive our estimate. This step is repeated to calculate employment for retail
trade for NAICS 45121. Wholesale and retail operating revenues are obtained

from the Annual Wholesale Trade Survey and the Annual Retail Trade Survey,
respectively. Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the
CANSIM table 282-0008.
1.5 Written media support services: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 61161 (Fine Arts Schools), NAICS 71141 (Agents
and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers and Other Public Figures), NAICS
81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social Advocacy
Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and other
Membership Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories for support
services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as total
GDP from culture support services.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: is derived from the CANSIM table for NAICS 81321,
81331, 8139 and 71141. GDP data for NAICS 61161 are not available.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the LFS for NAICS 81321, 81331,
8139 and 71141. Employment data for NAICS 61161 are not available.
2. Film industry
2.1 Film industry creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers and Performers) cross-
tabulated with the following occupation categories: SOC F031 (Producers, Directors,
Choreographers and related occupation, SOC F035 (Actors), SOC F122 (Film and
video operators), SOC F125 (Audio and Video Recording Technicians), SOC F126
(Other Technical Occupations in Motion Pictures) and SOC F127 (Support and
Assisting occupations in Motion Pictures). This is done in order to capture only the
Film industry creation activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e.
these occupational categories captures the part of NAICS 71151 related only to the
Film industry creation category.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: The GDP figure is derived from the CANSIM table for
NAICS 71151 for the following occupations categories: SOC F031, F035,
F122, F125, F126 and F127. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required
NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 71 (Arts,
entertainment and recreation) is applied to the national estimate to obtain the
required provincial breakdowns.
• Contribution to employment: The LFS provides employment estimates of NAICS
71151 for the following occupations categories: SOC F031, F035, F122, F125,
F126 and F127.

2.2 Film industry production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 51211 (Motion Picture and Video Production). We use the data
from the Film, Video and Audio-Visual Production Survey as a proxy for the NAICS
category in order to calculate the contribution to GDP and the employment counts.
Data source: Film, Video and Audio-Visual Production Survey
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Net operating surplus (loss) and net income of
unincorporated business + Salaries, Wages and Supplementary Labour Income
+ Depreciation from the Film, Video and Audio-Visual Production Survey.
• Contribution to employment: is obtained from the Film, Video and Audio-Visual
Production Survey.
2.3 Film industry manufacturing: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 51219 (Post-Production and Other Motion Picture
and Video Industries) and NAICS 33461 (Manufacturing and Reproducing Magnetic
and Optical Media). The data from the Motion Picture Laboratory Operations and
Post Production Services Survey are used as proxy for NAICS 51219 for GDP and
employment. NAICS 33461 is allocated to both Film industry manufacturing and
Sound recording and music publishing manufacturing; hence, employment and
GDP is allocated equally to these categories.
Data sources:
• Annual Survey of Manufacturers
• Motion Picture Laboratory Operations and Production and Post Production
Services Industry Survey.
Methodology:
Depreciation from the Motion Picture Laboratory Operation and Production
and Post Production Services Industry Survey for NAICS 51219. GDP for NAICS
33461 refers to the manufacturing value added obtained from the Annual Survey
of Manufacturers.
• Contribution to employment: is obtained from the Motion Picture Laboratory
Operation and Production and Post Production Services Industry Survey.
Employment for NAICS 33461 refers to the production workers obtained from
the Annual Survey of Manufacturers.
2.4 Film industry distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 51212 (Motion Picture and Video Distribution), NAICS 41445
(Video Cassette Wholesalers), NAICS 45122 (Pre-recorded Tape, Compact Disc
and Record Stores), NAICS 51213 (Motion Picture and Video exhibition) and
NAICS 53223 (Video Tape and Disc Rental). Since the NAICS 45122 is also
included in Sound recording and music publishing distribution, we allocate the
employment and GDP equally to Film industry distribution and Sound recording
and music publishing distribution categories. Note: Since provincial breakdown
for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 51
(Wholesale trade) and NAICS 44-45 (Retail trade) are applied to the national figures
(for wholesale and retail, respectively) to obtain provincial estimates.

Data sources:
• Film, Video and Audio Visual Distribution Survey
• Motion Picture Theatres Survey
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: To calculate GDP for NAICS 45122, we calculate the
proportion of all wholesale operating revenues in Canada (total wholesale
operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS 45122. We then
apply this proportion to the GDP from total wholesale trade in Canada to derive
our estimate. This step is repeated to calculate GDP for retail trade for NAICS
45122. Wholesale and retail operating revenues are obtained from the Annual
Wholesale Trade Survey and the Annual Retail Trade Survey, respectively.
Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the CANSIM table
379-0017. The Motion Picture Theatres Survey is used as proxy for the NAICS
51213 to calculate the GDP: Net operating surplus (loss) and net income of
+ Depreciation. Similarly, Film, Video and Audio Visual Distribution Survey is
used to calculate GDP for NAICS 51212 and NAICS 41445: Net operating
surplus (loss) and net income of unincorporated business + Salaries, Wages
and Supplementary Labour Income + Depreciation.
• Contribution to employment: To calculate employment for NAICS 45122, we
calculate the proportion of all wholesale operating revenues in Canada (total
wholesale operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS 45122.
We then apply this proportion to the employment from total wholesale trade in
Canada to derive our estimate. This step is repeated to calculate employment
for retail trade for NAICS 45122. Wholesale and retail operating revenues are
obtained from the Annual Wholesale Trade Survey and the Annual Retail Trade
Survey, respectively. Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived
from the CANSIM table 282-0008.
The Motion Picture Theatre Survey is used as proxy to calculate employment
for NAICS 51213. Similarly, Film, Video and Audio Visual Distribution Survey
is used as a proxy to calculate employment for NAICS 51212 and NAICS
41445.
2.5 Film industry support services: includes the activities of establishments

81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social advocacy
Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and Other
services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as GDP
from culture support services. Employment and GDP data for NAICS 61161 are
not available.
Data sources:

Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: is derived from the CANSIM table for NAICS 81321,
81331, 8139 and 71141.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the LFS for NAICS 81321, 81331,
8139 and 71141.
3. Broadcasting
3.1 Broadcasting creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers and Performers), cross-
tablulated with the following occupation categories: SOC F124 (Broadcast
Technicians), SOC F126 (Other Technical Occupation in Pictures, Broadcasting
and the Performing Arts), SOC F131 (Announcers and Other Broadcasters), SOC
F127 (Support and Assisting Occupations in Motion Pictures, Broadcasting and
the Performing Arts). This is done in order to capture only the Broadcasting creation
activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e. these occupational
categories captures the part of NAICS 71151 related only to the Broadcasting creation
category. Since SOC F126 and SOC F127 are already included in Film industry
creation, these occupational categories are not included in Broadcasting creation in
order to avoid double-counting.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: The GDP figures are computed from the CANSIM table
for NAICS 71151 for the following occupations categories: SOC F124, F126,
F127 and F131. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required NAICS are
not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 71 (Arts, entertainment and
breakdowns.
• Contribution to employment: The LFS provides estimates of NAICS 71151 for
the following occupations categories: SOC F124, F126, F127 and F131.
3.2 Broadcasting production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 51511 (Radio Broadcasting), NAICS 51512 (Television
Broadcasting) and NAICS 5152 (Pay and Specialty Television) and NAICS 51611
(Internet Publishing and Broadcasting). We use the Radio and Television
Broadcasting Survey as proxy for NAICS 51311 and NAICS 51312. We use the
data from the SNA for NAICS 5152. Since NAICS 51511 and NAICS 51512 are
also included in Broadcasting Distribution, we allocate the GDP and employment
numbers for these NAICS categories equally to Broadcasting production and
Broadcasting distribution categories.
Data sources:
• Radio and Television Broadcasting Survey

Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Salaries, Wages and Supplementary Labour Income +
Corporation Profits before Taxes + Depreciation from the Radio and Television
Broadcasting Survey for NAICS 51511 and NAICS 51512. GDP data for
NAICS 5152 are obtained from the CANSIM table.
• Contribution to employment: is obtained from the Radio and Television
Broadcasting Survey for NAICS 51511 and NAICS 51512. Employment data
for NAICS 5152 are obtained from the LFS.
3.3 Broadcasting manufacturing: Not applicable.
3.4 Broadcasting distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 51511 (Radio Broadcasting), NAICS 51512 (Television
Broadcasting) and NAICS 5175 (Cable and Other Program Distribution). Since
these NAICS categories are also included in Broadcasting production, we allocate
the GDP and employment numbers for these NAICS categories equally to the
Broadcasting production and Broadcasting distribution categories.
3.5 Broadcasting support services: includes the activities of establishments

81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social Advocacy
Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and other
services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as total
GDP from culture support services. Employment and GDP data for NAICS 61161
are not available.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: for NAICS 61161, 71141, 81321, 81331 and 8139 are
derived from the CANSIM table.
• Contribution to employment: for NAICS 61161, 71141, 81321, 81331 and
8139 are derived from the LFS.
4. Sound recording and music publishing

4.1 Sound recording and music publishing creation: includes the activities of
establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers
and Performers), cross-tablulated with the following occupation categories: SOC
F031 (Producers, Directors, Choreographers and Related Occupations), SOC F032
(Conductors, Composers and Arrangers), SOC F033 (Musicians and Singers) and
SOC F125 (Audio and Video Recording Technicians). This is done in order to
capture only the Sound recording and music publishing creation activities of
establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e. these occupational categories captures
the part of NAICS 71151 related only to the Sound recording and music publishing
creation category. This category also includes the activities of establishments engaged
in NAICS 71113 (Musical Groups and Artists) for which data are not available.
Since SOC F031 and SOC F125 are already included in Broadcasting creation,
these occupational categories are not included in Sound recording and music
publishing creation in order to avoid double-counting.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: The GDP figures are derived from the CANSIM table for
F033 and F125. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required NAICS are
not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 71 (Arts, entertainment and
breakdowns.
the following occupations categories: SOC F031, F032, F033 and F125.
4.2 Sound recording and music publishing production: includes the activities
of establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 51221 (Record Production) and
NAICS 51222 (Integrated Record Production and Distribution), NAICS 7113
(Promoters of Presenting Arts, Sports and Similar Events) and NAICS 51224 (Sound
Recording Studios).
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Since data for the required individual NAICS categories
are not available, we use the data for NAICS 5122 (Sound Recording Industries)
from the CANSIM table, which includes all the required NAICS categories
(NAICS 51221, NAICS 51222, NAICS 51223 and NAICS 51224) with two
extra categories NAICS 51223 (Music Publishers) and NAICS 51229 (Other
Sound Recording Industries). Since GDP data for NAICS 7113 are not available,
we use the percentage of employed workers for NAICS 71 from NAICS 7113
and apply this proportion to the GDP from NAICS 71. Note: Since provincial
breakdowns for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation
of NAICS 512 (Motion pictures and sound recording industries) is applied to
the national estimates to obtain the required provincial breakdown.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the LFS for NAICS 5122 and
NAICS 7113.
4.3 Sound recording and music publishing manufacturing: includes the

activities of establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 33461 (Manufacturing
and Reproducing Magnetic and Optical Media), NAICS 51222 (Integrated Record
Production/Distribution) and NAICS 512230 (Music Publishers – Publishing and
Printing Combined). Data for NAICS 51222 and NAICS 512230 are already
included in the Sound recording and music publishing production category. NAICS
33461 is allocated to both Film industry manufacturing and Sound recording and
music publishing manufacturing, hence GDP and employment is allocated equally
to these two categories.

Data source: Annual Survey of Manufacturers.

Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: refers to the total manufacturing value added for NAICS
33461 obtained from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers.
• Contribution to employment: refers to the production workers for NAICS 33461
obtained from the Annual Survey of Manufacturers.
4.4 Sound recording and music publishing distribution: includes the activities
of establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 41444 (Sound Recording
Wholesalers), NAICS 45122 (Retail – Pre-Recorded Tape, Compact Disc and
Record Stores and NAICS 51222 (Integrated Record Production and Distribution).
Employment and GDP data for NAICS 51222 are included in the Sound recording
and music publishing production category. Since the NAICS 45122 is included for
both Film industry distribution and Sound recording and music publishing
distribution, we allocate the GDP and employment equally to these two categories.
Note: Since provincial breakdowns for the required NAICS are not available, the
provincial allocation of NAICS 51 (Wholesale trade) and NAICS 44-45 (Retail
trade) are applied to the national estimates (wholesale and retail, respectively) to
obtain the respective provincial breakdown.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Since GDP data for NAICS 41444 are not available, we
calculate the proportion of total wholesale operating revenues in Canada (total
wholesale operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS 41444.
We then apply this proportion to the GDP from total wholesale trade in Canada
to derive our estimate. This step is repeated to calculate GDP for retail trade
for NAICS 45122. Wholesale and retail operating revenues are obtained from
the Annual Wholesale Trade Survey and the Annual Retail Trade Survey,
respectively. Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the
• Contribution to employment: Since employment data for NAICS 41444 are
not available, we calculate the proportion of total wholesale operating revenues
in Canada (total wholesale operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from
NAICS 41444. We then apply this proportion to the employment from total
wholesale trade in Canada to derive our estimate. This step is repeated in
order to calculate employment for retail trade for NAICS 45122. Wholesale
and retail operating revenues are obtained from the Annual Wholesale Trade
Survey and the Annual Retail Trade Survey, respectively. Total wholesale and
retail employment numbers are derived from the CANSIM table 282-0008.
4.5 Sound recording and music publishing support services: includes the
activities of establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 61161 (Fine Arts Schools),
NAICS 71141 (Agents and Managers for Artists, Athletes, Entertainers and Other
Public Figures), NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331
(Social Advocacy Organizations), NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour
and other Membership Organizations) and NAICS 45114 (Musical Instruments

and Supplies Stores). Since many of the NAICS categories for support services are
shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as total GDP from
culture support services. Employment and GDP for NAICS 61161 and NAICS
45114 are not available.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: for NAICS 81321, 81331, 8139 and 71141 are derived
from the CANSIM table.
• Contribution to employment: for NAICS 81321, 81331, 8139 and 71141 are
derived from the LFS.
5. Performing arts
5.1 Performing arts creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers and Performers), cross-
tabulated with the following occupation categories: SOC F031 (Producers, Directors,
Choreographers and Related Occupations), SOC F032 (Conductors, Composers
and Arrangers), SOC F033 (Musicians and Singers), SOC F034 (Dancers) and
SOC F035 (Actors). This is done in order to capture only the Performing arts
creation activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e. these occupational
categories captures the part of NAICS 71151 related only to Performing arts creation
category. This category also includes the activities of establishments engages in
NAICS 71113 (Musical Groups and Artists) for which data are not available. Since
SOC F031 is included in Film industry creation and SOC F032 and SOC F033 are
included in Sound recording and music publishing creation, these occupational
categories are not included in Performing arts creation in order to avoid double-
counting.
Data sources:
Methodology:
F033, FOC 034 and F035. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required
the following occupations categories: SOC F031, F032, F033, FOC 034 and
F035.
5.2 Performing arts production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 71111 (Theatre Companies and Dinner Theatres), NAICS 71112
(Dance Companies), NAICS 71113 (Musical Groups and Artists) and NAICS 71119

(Other Performing Arts) and NAICS 71131 (Live Theatres and Other Performing
Arts Producers (Presenters) with Facilities).
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: for NAICS 71111, 71112, 71119 and 711311 are derived
from the CANSIM table. Note: Since provincial breakdown for the required
• Contribution to employment: for NAICS 71111, 71112, 71119 and 711311
are derived from the LFS.
5.3 Performing arts manufacturing: Not applicable.
5.4 Performing arts distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 711321 (Performing Arts Promoters (Presenters) Without
Facilities). This NAICS category is included in Performing arts production.
5.5 Performing arts support services: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 45114 (Musical Instruments and Supplies Stores),
NAICS 61161 (Fine Arts Schools), NAICS 71141 (Agents and Managers for Artists,
Athletes, Entertainers and Other Public Figures), NAICS 81321 (Grant Making
and Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS
8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and Other Membership Organizations). Since
many of the NAICS categories for support services are shared by various culture
sub-sectors, we combine them all as total GDP from culture support services.
Employment and GDP for NAICS 61161 and NAICS 45114 is not available.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: for NAICS 81321, 81331, 8139, 71141 and 7113 are
derived from the CANSIM table.
• Contribution to employment: for NAICS 81321, 81331, 8139, 71141 and 7113
are derived from the LFS.
6. Visual arts
6.1 Visual arts creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily engaged
in NAICS 71151 (Independent Artists, Writers and Performers), cross-tabulated
with the following occupation category: SOC F036 (Painters, Sculptors and Other
Visual Artists). This is done in order to capture only the Visual arts creation activities
of establishments engaged in NAICS 71151, i.e. these occupational categories
captures the part of NAICS 71151 related to Visual arts creation.

Data sources:
Methodology:
NAICS 71151 for the following occupation category: SOC F036. Note: Since
provincial breakdown for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial
allocation of NAICS 71 (Arts, entertainment and recreation) is applied to the
national estimate to obtain the required provincial breakdowns.
the following occupation category: SOC F036.
6.2 Visual arts production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 32711 (Pottery, Ceramics and Plumbing Fixtures Manufacturing)
Data sources:
Methodology:
for NAICS 3271 which includes the required category (NAICS 32711) but
also include NAICS 32712 (Clay Building Material and Refractory
Manufacturing).
• Contribution to employment: The LFS provides estimates for NAICS 3271
which includes the required category (NAICS 32711) but also include NAICS
32712 (Clay Building Material and Refractory Manufacturing).
6.3 Visual arts manufacturing: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 323113 (Commercial Screen Printing). This NAICS is already
included in Written media manufacturing category.
6.4 Visual arts distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 45392 (Art dealers). Since NAICS 45392 is included for both
Photography distribution and Visual arts distribution categories, we allocate the
GDP and employment numbers for NAICS 45392 equally to these two categories.
Note: Since provincial breakdowns for the required NAICS are not available, the
provincial allocations of NAICS 44-45 (Retail trade) are applied to the national
estimates of retail to obtain the respective provincial breakdown.
Data sources:
Methodology:
calculate the proportion of total retail operating revenues in Canada (total retail
operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS 45392. We then
apply this proportion to the GDP from total retail trade in Canada to derive our
estimate. Retail operating revenues are obtained from the Annual Retail Trade

Survey. Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the CANSIM
table 379-0017.
not available, we calculate the proportion of total retail operating revenues in
Canada (total retail operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS
45392. We then apply this proportion to the employment from total retail
trade in Canada to derive our estimate. Retail operating revenues is obtained
from the Annual Retail Trade Survey. Total wholesale and retail employment
numbers are derived from the CANSIM table 282-0008.
6.5 Visual arts support services: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 61161 (Fine Arts Schools), NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and
Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS
8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and Other Membership Organizations). Since
many of the NAICS categories for support services are shared by various culture
sub-sectors, we combine them all as total GDP from culture support services.
Employment and GDP data for NAICS 61161 are not available.
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: for NAICS 81321, 81331 and 8139 are derived from the
CANSIM table.
• Contribution to employment: for NAICS 81321, 81331 and 8139 are derived
from the LFS.
7. Architecture
7.1 Architecture creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 54131 (Architectural Services) and NAICS 54132 (Landscape
Architectural services), cross-tabulated with the following occupation categories:
SOC C051 (Architects), SOC C052 (Landscape Architects) and SOC C151
(Architectural Technologists and Technicians). This is done to capture only the
Architecture creation activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 54131, i.e.
these occupational categories captures only the part of NAICS 54131 related to
Architecture creation.
Data sources:
Methodology:
NAICS 54131 for the following occupation category: SOC C051, SOC C052
and SOC C151. Note: Since provincial breakdown, for the required NAICS
are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 54 (Professional, scientific
and technical services) is applied to the national estimate to obtain the required
provincial breakdowns.


the following occupation category: SOC C051, SOC C052 and SOC C151.
7.2 Architecture production: Not applicable.
7.3 Architecture manufacturing: Not applicable.
7.4 Architecture distribution: Not applicable.
7.5 Architecture support services: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS
81331 (Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional,
Labour and Other Membership Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories
for support services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all
as total GDP from culture support services.
Data sources:
Methodology:
CANSIM table.
from the LFS.
8. Photography
8.1 Photography creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 54192 (Photographic Services), cross-tabulated with the
following occupation category: SOC F121 (Photographers). This is done to capture
only the Photography creation activities of establishments engaged in NAICS 54192,
i.e. these occupational categories captures the part of NAICS 54192 only related to
the Photography creation category.
Data sources:
Methodology:
NAICS 5419 for the following occupation category: SOC F121. Note: Since
provincial breakdown, for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial
allocation of NAICS 54 (Professional, scientific and technical services) is
applied to the national estimate to obtain the required provincial breakdowns.
the following occupation category: SOC F121
8.2 Photography production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 812921 (Photo Finishing Laboratories). Data for NAICS
812921 are not available.

8.3 Photography manufacturing: Not applicable.
8.4 Photography distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 45392 (Art dealers). Since NAICS 45392 is included for both
Photography distribution and Visual arts distribution categories, we allocate the
employment and GDP for this NAICS equally to these two categories. Note: Since
provincial breakdowns for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial
allocations of NAICS 44-45 (Retail trade) are applied to the national estimates of
retail to obtain the respective provincial breakdown.
Data sources:
Methodology:
calculate the proportion of total retail operating revenues in Canada (total
wholesale retail revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS 45392. We
then apply this proportion to the GDP from total retail trade in Canada to derive
our estimate. Retail operating revenues are obtained from the Annual Retail
Trade Survey. Total wholesale and retail GDP numbers are derived from the
not available, we calculate the proportion of total retail operating revenues in
Canada (total retail operating revenues from all NAICS categories) from NAICS
45392. We then apply this proportion to the employment from total retail
trade in Canada to derive our estimate. Retail operating revenues are obtained
from the Annual Retail Trade Survey. Total wholesale and retail employment
numbers are derived from the CANSIM table 282-0008.
8.5 Photography support services: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 61161 (Fine Arts Schools), NAICS 81321 (Grant
Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331 (Social Advocacy Organizations)
and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour and Other Membership
Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories for support services are shared
by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as total GDP from culture
support services. Employment and GDP data for NAICS 61161 are not available.
Data sources:
Methodology:
CANSIM table.
from the LFS.

9. Design
9.1 Design creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily engaged
in NAICS 54141 (Interior Design Services), NAICS 54142 (Industrial Design
Services), NAICS 54143 (Graphic Design Services) and NAICS 54149 (Other
Specialized Design Services).
Data sources:
• Annual Survey of Service Industries: Specialized Design (CANSIM table 360-
0002)
Methodology:
for NAICS 5414 (Specialized Design Services), which includes NAICS 54141,
54142, 54143 and 54149. Note: Since provincial breakdown, for the required
NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 54 (Professional,
scientific and technical services) is applied to the national estimate to obtain
the required provincial breakdowns.
• Contribution to employment: The LFS provides estimates of NAICS 5414
(Specialized Design Services), which includes NAICS 54141, 54142, 54143
and 54149.
9.2 Design production: Not applicable
9.3 Design manufacturing: Not applicable.
9.4 Design distribution: Not applicable.
9.5 Design support services: Not applicable
10. Advertising
10.1 Advertising creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily
engaged in NAICS 54143 (Graphics Design Services) and NAICS 541899 (All
Other Services Related to Advertising). NAICS 541899 is included in Advertising
production category and NAICS 54143 is included in Design creation category.
10.2 Advertising production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 54181 (Advertising Agencies), NAICS 54185 (Display
Advertising), NAICS 54186 (Direct Mail Advertising) and NAICS 541891
(Specialized Advertising Distribution).
Data sources:
Methodology:
• Contribution to GDP: Since data are not available at the disaggregated NAICS
5-digit levels, hence the contribution to GDP is calculated using an estimate of
GDP for NAICS 5418 (which includes NAICS 54181, 54182, 54183, 54184,
54185, 54186, 54187, 541891 and 541899) from the CANSIM table. Thus,
this estimate includes Advertising creation (NAICS 541899) and Advertising
distribution activities (NAICS 54183, 54184, 54187 and 541899). The only
extra category included is NAICS 54182.
• Contribution to employment: The contribution to GDP is calculated using an
estimate of GDP for NAICS 5418 from the LFS. This estimate also includes
contribution to Advertising creation and Advertising distribution. The only
extra category included is NAICS 54182.
10.3 Advertising manufacturing: Not applicable
10.4 Advertising distribution: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 54183 (Media Buying Agencies), NAICS 54184 (Media
Representatives), NAICS 54187 (Advertising Material Distribution Services) and
NAICS 541899 (All Other Services Related to Advertising). These NAICS
categories are included in Adverting production category.
10.5 Advertising support services: Not applicable
11. Festivals
11.1 Festivals creation: includes the activities of establishments primarily engaged
in NAICS 7111 (Performing Arts Companies). This NAICS is included in
Performing arts production category. This category also includes the activities of
establishments engages in NAICS 71113 (Musical Groups and Artists) for which
data are not available.
11.2 Festivals production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 711322 (Festivals without Facilities). We use the festivals data
obtained from the Department of Canadian Heritage as a proxy for this NAICS
category to calculate the contribution to GDP and the employment counts. It should
be noted that the festival data are used in our estimate is not comprehensive since
the data from Canadian Heritage only includes data on those festivals which receive
funding through the Cultural Initiatives Program. Note: Since provincial breakdown
for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation of NAICS 711322
(Festivals without facility) is applied to the national estimate to obtain the required
Data sources:
• Festivals data obtained from the Department of Canadian Heritage
Methodology:
Net operating surplus (loss) and net income of unincorporated businesses +
Depreciation from the Festivals data obtained from the Department of Canadian
Heritage. In order to calculate the depreciation expense, we calculate the
proportion of depreciation from operating expense for NAICS 71 (Arts,
Entertainment and Recreation) using the Cansim table and apply this proportion
to the operating expenses for festival production derived from the Festivals
data obtained from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the Festivals data obtained from
the Department of Canadian Heritage.

11.3 Festivals manufacturing: Not applicable.
11.4 Festivals distribution: Not applicable.
11.5 Festivals support services: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331
(Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour
and Other Membership Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories for
support services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as
total GDP from culture support services.
Data sources:
Methodology:
CANSIM table.
from the LFS.
12. Heritage
12.1 Heritage creation: Not applicable.
12.2 Heritage production: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 71211 (Museums), NAICS 71212 (Heritage and Historic Sites),
NAICS 71213 (Zoos and Botanical Gardens) and NAICS 71219 (Other Heritage
Institutions). We use the Survey of Heritage Institutions as proxy for these NAICS
categories to calculate the contribution to GDP and the employment counts.
Data sources:
• Survey of Heritage Institutions
Methodology:
Net operating surplus (loss) and net income of unincorporated business +
Depreciation from the Survey of Heritage Institutions. In order to calculate
the depreciation expense, we use the proportion of depreciation expense from
the total operating expense for NAICS 71 (Arts, Entertainment and Recreation)
using the CANSIM table and apply this proportion to the operating expenses
for heritage production derived from the Heritage Institutions Survey.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the Survey of Heritage Institutions.
12.3 Heritage manufacturing: Not applicable
12.4 Heritage distribution: Not applicable
12.5 Heritage support services: includes the activities of establishments primarily

engaged in NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS 81331
(Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional, Labour
and Other Membership Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories for
support services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all as
total GDP from culture support services.
Data sources:
Methodology:
CANSIM table.
from the LFS.
13. Other information services

13.1 Other information services creation: includes the activities of establishments
primarily engaged in NAICS 51911 (News Syndicates). Employment and GDP
data for this NAICS are not available.
13.2 Other information services production: includes the activities of

establishments primarily engaged in NAICS 519121 (Libraries) and NAICS 519122
(Archives). We use the data from National Core Library Statistics (NCLSP) survey
as proxy for these NAICS categories in order to calculate the contribution to GDP
and the employment counts.
Data sources:
• National Core Library Statistics Program (NCLSP) survey
Methodology:
+ Depreciation from the NCLSP survey. In order to calculate the depreciation
expense, we use the proportion of depreciation expense from the operating
expense for NAICS 51 (Information and Cultural Industries) using CANSIM
Table 187–00011 and apply this proportion to the operating expenses derived
from the National Core Library Statistics Program (NCLSP) Survey.
• Contribution to employment: is derived from the NCLSP surveys (“Full-time
equivalent” staff were only reported in the NCLSP). Note: Since provincial
breakdown for the required NAICS are not available, the provincial allocation
of library expenditures is applied to the national estimate to obtain the required
13.3 Other information services manufacturing: Not applicable
13.4 Other information services distribution: Not applicable

13.5 Other information support services: includes the activities of establishments

primarily engaged in NAICS 81321 (Grant Making and Giving Services), NAICS
81331 (Social Advocacy Organizations) and NAICS 8139 (Business, Professional,
Labour and Other Membership Organizations). Since many of the NAICS categories
for support services are shared by various culture sub-sectors, we combine them all
as total GDP from culture support services.
Data sources:
Methodology:
CANSIM table.
from the LFS.

Endnotes
1. Please see Appendix C for more discussion on the methodology.
2. GDP and employment in individual culture sub-sectors in Ontario are calculated mainly using the Value
added method. Please refer to Appendix C for a description of these methods.
3. Statistics Canada (2004).
4. For a similar study which estimated and analysed the economic impact of culture in Canada, see Singh
(2004).
5. The growth during 1999 and 2000 was mainly due to an increase in government and consumer spending.
6. For a detailed breakdown by culture sub-sector, refer to Appendix A.
7. For a list of surveys and a discussion on the methodology, refer to Appendix C.
8. For a description of various culture activities, refer to Text Box 1.
9. The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a household survey of about 50,000 households carried out by
Statistics Canada. It is the only source of monthly estimates of total employment, including self-
employment, full and part-time employment in Canada. The LFS classifies workers to industries using
the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). For occupation, the Standard Occupational
classification (SOC) system is used.
10. For a list of surveys used, please refer to Appendix C.
11. It should be noted that individuals can either work in a culture related occupation in the culture sector, in
a culture related occupation outside the culture sector, or in a non culture related occupation in a culture
industry. For example, a librarian working in a statistical research firm is a culture employee outside the
culture sector, while a window cleaner employed in a library is a non culture employee in the culture
sector.
12. The GDP earned in the culture sector can also be spent in other industries in the economy, thus creating
indirect jobs in these industries.
13. For a detailed breakdown by culture sub-sectors, refer to Appendix B.
14. For further explanation, see Statistics Canada (2004).
15. NAICS refers to the North American Industry Classification System.
16. SOC refers to Standard Occupational Classification.

Culture, Tourism and the

Centre for Education Statistics
Research Papers
Cumulative Index
Statistics Canada’s Division of Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education
Statistics develops surveys, provides statistics and conducts research and analysis
relevant to current issues in its three areas of responsibility.
The Culture Statistics Program creates and disseminates timely and comprehensive
information on the culture sector in Canada. The program manages a dozen regular
census surveys and databanks to produce data that support policy decision and
program management requirements. Issues include the economic impact of culture,
the consumption of culture goods and services, government, personal and corporate
spending on culture, the culture labour market, and international trade of culture
goods and services. Analysis is also published in Focus on Culture (87-004-XIE,
$8, http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=87-004-X).
The Tourism Statistics Program provides information on domestic and international
tourism. The program covers the Canadian Travel Survey and the International
Travel Survey. Together, these surveys shed light on the volume and characteristics
of trips and travellers to, from and within Canada. Analysis is also published in
Travel-log (87-003-XIE, $5, http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/
bsolc?catno=87-003-X).
The Centre for Education Statistics develops and delivers a comprehensive
program of pan-Canadian education statistics and analysis in order to support policy
decisions and program management, and to ensure that accurate and relevant
information concerning education is available to the Canadian public and to other
educational stakeholders. The Centre conducts fifteen institutional and over
ten household education surveys. Analysis is also published in Education
Matters (81-004-XIE, free, http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/
bsolc?catno=81-004-X), and in the Analytical Studies Branch research paper
series (11F0019MIE, free, http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/
bsolc?catno=11F0019M).

Following is a cumulative index of Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education
Statistics research papers published to date
Research papers
81-595-MIE2002001 Understanding the rural-urban reading gap
81-595-MIE2003002 Canadian education and training services abroad:
the role of contracts funded by international
financial institution
81-595-MIE2003003 Finding their way: a profile of young Canadian
graduates
81-595-MIE2003004 Learning, earning and leaving – The relationship
between working while in high school and dropping
out
81-595-MIE2003005 Linking provincial student assessments with national
and international assessments
81-595-MIE2003006 Who goes to post-secondary education and when:
Pathways chosen by 20 year-olds
81-595-MIE2003007 Access, persistence and financing: First results from
the Postsecondary Education Participation Survey
(PEPS)
81-595-MIE2003008 The labour market impacts of adult education and
training in Canada
81-595-MIE2003009 Issues in the design of Canada’s Adult Education and
Training Survey
81-595-MIE2003010 Planning and preparation: First results from the Survey
of Approaches to Educational Planning (SAEP) 2002
81-595-MIE2003011 A new understanding of postsecondary education in
Canada: A discussion paper
81-595-MIE2004012 Variation in literacy skills among Canadian provinces:
Findings from the OECD PISA
81-595-MIE2004013 Salaries and salary scales of full-time teaching staff at
Canadian universities, 2001-2002: final report
81-595-MIE2004014 In and out of high school: First results from the second
cycle of the Youth in Transition Survey, 2002
81-595-MIE2004015 Working and Training: First Results of the 2003 Adult
Education and Training Survey
81-595-MIE2004016 Class of 2000: Profile of Postsecondary Graduates and
Student Debt
81-595-MIE2004017 Connectivity and ICT integration in Canadian
elementary and secondary schools: First results from
the Information and Communications Technologies in
Schools Survey, 2003-2004

Following is a cumulative index of Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education
Statistics research papers published to date
Research papers
81-595-MIE2004018 Education and labour market pathways of young

Canadians between age 20 and 22: an Overview
81-595-MIE2004019 Salaries and salary scales of full-time teaching staff
at Canadian universities, 2003-2004
81-595-MIE2004020 Culture Goods Trade Estimates: Methodology and
Technical Notes
81-595-MIE2004021 Canadian Framework for Culture
Statistics
81-595-MIE2004022 Summary public school indicators for the provinces
and territories, 1996-1997 to 2002-2003
81-595-MIE2004023 Economic Contribution of Culture in Canada
81-595-MIE2004024 Economic Contribution of the Culture Sector in
Ontario

Economic Contributions of The Culture Sector in Ontario

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Economic Contributions of The Culture Sector in Ontario

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE — No.

Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics

Economic Contribution of the

Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics Division

National inquiries line 1 800 263-1136

Standards of service to the public

Economic Contributions of the

Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada

© Minister of Industry, 2004

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

This report was sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Culture.

Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing co-operative

4 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

2. Culture sector GDP 9

3. Impact of culture on employment 13

4. Economic impact of culture by activity 20

Appendix A: GDP in culture sub-sectors 26

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 5

6 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 7

Although it is important to measure the economic impact of the culture sector,

8 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

2. Culture sector GDP

GDP from culture sector

GDP from culture sector

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 9

Ontario was a major contributor to Canada’s culture sector, accounting for

Percentage change Percentage change

GDP in Ontario from culture sector GDP in Ontario

Source: Statistics Canada.

2.1 GDP in culture sub-sectors

10 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

Written media 5,659 5,933 6,272 6,859 7,847 8,281 6,809 48

Written media, which includes establishments engaged in the publishing

2.2 Growth in GDP in culture sub-sectors

Source: Statistics Canada.

12 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

3. Impact of culture on employment

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 13

Source: Statistics Canada.

Employment in Ontario 5,180,800 5,313,400 5,490,000 5,688,100 5,872,100 5,962,700 5,584,500 15 3

Employment from culture

14 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

Overall, employment in the culture sector in Ontario grew more between

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 15

Percentage change Percentage change

Source: Statistics Canada.

16 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

Percentage self-employed Percentage self-employed

Source: Statistics Canada.

Percentage of employees Percentage of employees

Source: Statistics Canada.

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 17

3.1 Employment in culture sub-sectors

Written media 69,900 74,100 67,000 68,200 77,300 73,500 71,700 34

18 Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024

3.2 Employment growth in culture sub-sectors

Film industry 13.0 30.5 18.1 25.4 -4.2 109.1 16.5

Source: Statistics Canada.

Catalogue no. 81-595-MIE2004024 19

4. Economic impact of culture by activity

Production 6,685 6,844 7,354 8,064 8,781 9,025 7,792 51 35