Primary Sources

Articles:
Ransom, Victor. My Story. Asbury Park Press. Print.
This article written by Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman interviewe by us, gave us his backgroun
story. !ot only i this article e"#lain the reasons why Mr. Ransom $oine the war, but it also escribe
how he was e"tremely #ersistent in %ighting racism. &y reaing this article, we %oun Mr. Ransom's
contact in%ormation, an we were able to interview him #ersonally.
Audio:
(raw%or, Arthur. The ).S. Air *orce Song. The )nite States Air *orce &an, +,-.. MP-.
/e use this song in our (onclusion #age. This song is re#resentative o% our to#ic because it sings o%
the #rie o% the ).S. Air *orce, or what was back then the ).S. Army Air (or#s. Also, this is aroun the
time #erio o% the Tuskegee Airmen, since the song was written $ust be%ore /orl /ar 00.
Books:
1ryen, (harles /. A-train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa2 )niversity o% Alabama,
+,,3. Print.
These memoirs %rom a member o% the Tuskegee Airmen was one o% our most valuable sources4 it
e"#laine the backgroun o% a young A%rican American solier who ha a #assion %or air#lanes an
eventually utili5e it when given the o##ortunity to %ly at Tuskegee Army Air *iel. 6is insights gave
us an unerstaning about the i%%iculty o% entering the #rogram, the iscrimination the Re Tails
con%ronte, an their outstaning escort missions. /e also took several 7uotes %rom this book.
Motley, Mary Penick. 8The S#ookwa%%e.8 The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak
Soldier" #orld #ar II. 1etroit2 /ayne State )P, +,39. +,:;<93. Print.
This book %ille with #rimary interviews o% the Tuskegee Airmen was also one o% our most valuable
sources. The interviews com#ile in this book hel#e us unerstan all as#ects o% the Tuskegee
Airmen's lives, an hel#e us visuali5e ourselves as the Re Tails to #lace our to#ic in a historical
#ers#ective. These sources not only hel#e us unerstan about the rights an res#onsibilities involve
with our to#ic, but also the iscrimination an everyay lives o% the Tuskegee Airmen.
Documents:
A bill to authori5e the Presient to awar a gol meal on behal% o% (ongress, collectively, to the
Tuskegee Airmen in recognition o% their uni7ue military recor, which ins#ire revolutionary
re%orm in the Arme *orces, <==9. >ibrary o% (ongress. . ?anuary. <=+:.
This bill issue by (ongress summari5e the achievements o% the Tuskegee Airmen, such as
esegregating the military. @ther accom#lishments similar to these le to the conclusion that the %ighter
grou# shoul be aware the (ongressional Aol Meal. !ot only i this ocument hel# us with the
#ages o% the website, but also #rovie interesting in%ormation to analy5e.
1emocracy2 1ouble Victory at 6ome;Abroa, +,:<. Annenburg >earner. /eb. +9 ?anuary. <=+:.
This letter written by ?ames A. Thom#son to The Pittsburgh $ourier about the suggestion to start a
1ouble Victory (am#aign was one o% our key #rimary sources. 0t hel#e us truly unerstan the
origins o% the movement, showing that it serve to ensure that emocracy was en%orce abroa an in
the )nite States. Analy5ing this source hel#e us gain knowlege about the Pittsburgh $ourier's
motive %or getting involve in the cam#aign.
*ive !ews#a#ers ?oin B1ouble V' (am#aign, +,:<. !ew Cork Public >ibrary. /eb. +: ?anuary.
<=+:.
This news#a#er %rom The Pittsburgh $ourier, the news#a#er that starte the 1ouble Victory (am#aign,
#rovie in%ormation about the great e%%orts o% su##orters o% the movement. The in%ormation on the
activities the #eo#le o% the cam#aign use to encourage others to $oin the %ight %or civil rights hel#e us
unerstan that #eo#le were active in attem#ting to s#rea the movement everywhere. This was one
by selling 1ouble V merchanise such as #ins, songs, an stickers, an by holing 1ouble V clubs,
#icnics, an contests.
Roosevelt, Dleanor. The Tuskegee Airmen, +,:<. *ranklin 1. Roosevelt Presiential >ibrary an
Museum. /eb. +: ?anuary. <=+:.
This collection o% letters e"change by Dleanor Roosevelt an Tuskegee Army Air *iel caet (ecil
Patterson showe the *irst >ay's involvement in the Tuskegee Airmen's growth. 0t also #rovie us
with in%ormation on the aily li%e o% Tuskegee caets.
S.(on.Res.++ ; A concurrent resolution honoring the Tuskegee Airmen %or their bravery in %ighting %or
our %reeom in /orl /ar 00, an %or their contribution in creating an integrate )nite States
Air *orce, <==9. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. . ?anuary. <=+:.
This ocument honoring the Tuskegee Airmen hel#e us unerstan their accom#lishments2 assisting in
the integration o% the air %orce, their outstaning combat recor, an their achievement o% ins#iring
numerous A%rican Americans to #ursue careers in air an s#ace as well as the army.
Truman, 6arry. D"ecutive @rer ,,.+, +,:.. Truman >ibrary. /eb. +, May. <=+:.
/e use an e"cer#t o% this ocument in our *inal Move to 0ntegration #age. This #rimary source
hel#e show what the e"ecutive orer's #ur#ose was an what Truman's goals were in esegregating
the military. This ocument was a very valuable source, as it showe us how revolutionary integrating
the military was.
Interviews (not self-conducted):
&arlan, 6erbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
D"#laining the travels o% the Tuskegee Airmen aroun countries such as 0taly, this interview hel#e us
unerstan a i%%erent #ers#ective %rom the Tuskegee Airmen. !ot only were they segregate, but in
several locations, they were honore as members o% the best escort grou# in the business. This
o%%ere a new as#ect o% the Tuskegee D"#erience.
&owman, ?ames D. 0nterview by Ann (arothers. Veterans' 6istory Pro$ect. !ovember ++, <=+=.
This interview o% a Tuskegee Airman in the Veterans' 6istory Pro$ect gave us great insight into li%e as a
caet in Tuskegee 0nstitute an various other locations in which the Re Tails were statione. This
%light o%%icer recounte the horrible iscrimination the Tuskegee Airmen %ace %rom his #ersonal
e"#erience, showing that almost everyone aroun at the time i not believe that these A%rican
American soliers woul succee. ?ames D. &owman also s#oke about the great achievements o% the
Tuskegee Airmen, an #rovie interesting 7uotes %or us to utili5e in the website.
&rown, 6arol 6aywoo. 0nterview by Rebecca /iggenhorn. Veteran's 6istory Pro$ect. May +9,
<=+=.
This Tuskegee Airman tol o% his e"#eriences as a caet training %or combat. As a young man in the air
%orce, he e"#laine the various stages o% training E#rimary, basic, avanceF an the knowlege he
ac7uire about #iloting as he continue to learn in Tuskegee. 6e also e"#laine the ty#es o% #lanes the
airmen %lew an the i%%erent locations in which caets were statione, hel#ing us unerstan about the
#ersonal li%e o% a #ilot in Tuskegee.
&ryant, /arren. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This engineer %rom Tuskegee elaborate on the Tuskegee Airmen's e"#erience in !orth A%rica in
locations such as &engha5i. 6e e"#laine how many white #eo#le there were controlling, an the level
o% iscrimination increase rastically. The #hysical an verbal abuse they receive was escribe in
this interview. 0n aition, /arren &ryant e"#laine the e%%ects o% segregation in !orth A%rica.
(argill, Ailbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This civilian instructor's interview gave us an overview o% the amission an training #rocesses the
Tuskegee Airmen ha to #ass. 0t also #rovie us with a escri#tion o% the number o% soliers
eliminate %rom the #rogram, since the o%%icials were critical in their selection o% soliers. The
interview #rovie insight into how this selective #rocess actually hel#e the Tuskegee Airmen
succee, since each iniviual ha to have a substantial eucation an 7uali%ications.
1owns, /alter. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
>ieutenant (olonel /alter 1owns's interview introuce us to the Tuskegee Airmen's combat abroa.
The interview containe accounts o% the the battles o% the %ighter s7uarons. 0n this interview, we
sense the #rie o% a Tuskegee Airmen who state that the Re Tails were the %irst to sink a Aerman
estroyer. Also, the solier e"#laine the 7uali%ications neee to enter the Tuskegee #rogram.
*uller, Samuel. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This interview #rovie lots o% in%ormation on Tent (ity an an interesting escri#tion o% it through
elo7uent language. Aitionally, it gave in%ormation on the Tuskegee Airmen's entrance into 1etroit,
where the Tuskegee Airmen %ace great iscrimination. 0t escribe one o% the riots going on in one o%
the segregate army bases, showing us the violence that occurre at the time. Samuel *uller also
o%%ere in%ormation on the missions the Tuskegee Airmen went on to escort bomber #lanes in 0taly,
which hel#e us unerstan the risks they took.
6ill, (harles A. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This interview %rom (harles A. 6ill was mainly about the Tuskegee Airmen's e"#erience overseas. 6e
e"#laine their missions in etail, as well as small etails about aily li%e on the base. (harles A. 6ill
e"#laine numerous %acts about how the Air *orce was segregate, an how the Tuskegee Airmen were
calle the S#ookwa%%e to mock the Aerman >u%twa%%e. @verall, this interview hel#e us unerstan
the as#ect o% aily li%e overseas.
?e%%erson, Ale"aner. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II.
&y Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This interview e"#laine the start o% the Tuskegee %light #rogram all the way to missions the Tuskegee
Airmen com#lete in #laces such as Ploesti an Ramitelli in 0taly. The solier showe how numerous
soliers were e"tremely nervous uring the i%%erent stages o% training, an that it was e"hilarating to
%ly abroa. 6e also elaborate on the etails o% various #lanes the Tuskegee Airmen %lew throughout
their training an missions.
?ones, Ral#h. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
Sergeant;Ma$or Ral#h ?ones's interview escribe the #oint %rom which the Tuskegee %light #rogram
starte. 6e not only elaborate on the a##earance o% Tent (ity, the cluster o% tents in the air%iel
while construction was going on, but the %irst instructors as well. The %act that all o% the instructors
were white introuce us to the iscrimination the Tuskegee Airmen %ace.
Genney, Darl. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
>ieutenant Darl Genney's recollection escribe the overall Tuskegee D"#erience2 aily li%e,
iscrimination, an missions. 6e also hel#e us unerstan the im#act o% the black #ress on soliers
abroa an how numerous Tuskegee Airmen #eruse the Pittsburgh $ourier even though it violate
rules on the base. This Tuskegee Airman's interview also #rovie 7uotes %or us to utili5e throughout
our website.
!utt, Ambrose &. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
(or#oral Ambrose &. !utt's interview hel#e us unerstan the #rocess by which Tuskegee Airmen
were acce#te into the %light #rogram. 6e also articulate how the o%%icers were e"tremely meticulous
in their choice o% caets, an how numerous talente #eo#le were re$ecte. This Tuskegee Airman was
also able to escribe the unceasing iscrimination he con%ronte almost everywhere. This interview
#rovie us with in%ormation an 7uotes %or our website.
Peo#les, 6enry. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
>ieutenant (olonel 6enry Peo#les's interview escribe the Tuskegee D"#erience overall. *rom Tent
(ity to i%%erent #lanes %lown by the Re Tails to missions in 0taly, this account was abunant with
etails. 0t truly hel#e us unerstan the #ers#ectives o% the Tuskegee Airmen.
Pitts, Robert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experiene of the !lak Soldier% #orld #ar II. &y
Mary Penick Motley. +,39. /eb ?anuary. <+. <=+:.
This intelligence o%%icer's account o% the Tuskegee D"#erience elaborate on the iscrimination the Re
Tails %ace. Several minor etails were mentione, such as the way the Tuskegee Airmen ha to move
to the back o% buses an the rule that they coul not #ossess The Pittsburgh $ourier or any other
in%lammatory material. This interview o%%ere us insight into the iscrimination the Tuskegee Airmen
enure an #roteste against in subtle ways.
Personal Interviews:
6olmes, Milton. Personal 0nterview. +< A#ril. <=+:.
/e were able to interview Reveren Milton 6olmes, a Tuskegee Airman, in his own home. Reveren
6olmes' story was so ins#iring to us, since he grew u# in a #oor community an worke his way to
Tuskegee, Alabama, where he traine as a #ilot. Reveren 6olmes gave us a #lethora o% in%ormation on
how the tests to enter Tuskegee were the most i%%icult ones he ha ever taken. 0n aition, he
e"#laine how the training he com#lete was e"tremely challenging an re7uire much skill. !ot only
i he e"#lain this, but he also e"#laine his strong views on iscrimination in America. @ur interview
with Reveren 6olmes gave us a true iea o% the hy#ocrisy o% segregation in America an how the
Tuskegee Airmen took great risks in %ighting in /orl /ar 00.
McAee, (harles. Tele#hone 0nterview. +- A#ril. <=+:.
/e interviewe (olonel (harles McAee, a Tuskegee Airman who engage in combat missions abroa.
(olonel McAee was able to escribe his training e"#eriences vivily, as well as etails about the
iscrimination he con%ronte. 6e was also able to tell us the reasons why he chose to $oin the Army Air
(or#s es#ite the %act that he knew he woul be iscriminate against. (olonel McAee truly gave us
insight into the #ers#ective o% a Tuskegee Airman an showe the #atriotism an courage these airmen
ha in serving America.
Ransom, Victor. Personal 0nterview. : A#ril. <=+:.
/e interviewe Secon >ieutenant Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman who #artici#ate in the
*reeman *iel Mutiny. Mr. Ransom gave us in%ormation about his #ersonal backgroun an etails o%
how he ecie to $oin the Army Air (or#s. 0n aition, Mr. Ransom escribe his e"#erience in the
*reeman *iel Mutiny, a #rotest in which one hunre an one A%rican American o%%icers entere a
white o%%icers' club an were arreste. Mr. Ransom hel#e us unerstan why the Tuskegee Airmen
were so etermine to %ight racism at home.
Pictures:
&'st (t) (ee *ayford)))+ho has returned to the ,nited States from Italy +here he served
+ith the --th .ighter S/uadron) The nature of his assignment here has not been
announed) 0ther pilots formerly assigned to the --th no+ bak in Ameria
inlude 'st (ts) #alter I) (a+son" $harles #) 1ryden" 2raham Smith and (ouis *)
Purnell)& 3)d) 456-3P-7EEE-') !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <9 ?anuary.
<=+:.
/e use this #icture o% >ieutenant >ee Ray%or seate in his #lane in our 6ome #age. This
#hotogra#h shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were not only e"cite to go on missions abroa, but to
return %rom them sa%ely. >ieutenant Ray%or, as can be seen here, is grinning with the thought o% how
much he has accom#lishe.
A $ourier driver appears to give the latest soop to a reporter. !.. Photogra#h. Po+er in !lak
and #hite, )niversity o% Pittsburgh. /eb. +. May. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% a Pittsburgh $ourier re#orter alongsie a river was use in our S#earheaing
(ivil Rights #age. This image showe us that by riving aroun an accumulating the latest news,
$ourier workers were able to s#rea the aily news to A%rican Americans aroun the country.
Aerial vie+ of Tuskegee Army Air .ield from an altitude of 8"555 feet. . May +,::. Photogra#h.
Air *orce 6istorical Research Agency, Ma"well Air *orce &ase.
This #icture o% Tuskegee Army Air *iel was use in our @rigin #age. The #hotogra#h showe us
how large the air%iel was, an how it was isolate. 0t was astouning to %in that Tuskegee Airmen ha
actually traine in it.
Airman in avance trainer. !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% a Tuskegee Airman climbing onto #lane in avance training was use in our
@rigin #age. The #icture showe us how #rou the airmen were as they were training4 the man's %ace
in this #icture clearly shows his ecstasy in %lying a #lane.
A%rican American %oot solier. !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% an A%rican American Solier in /orl /ar 00 was use in our A%rican American
Soliers #age. /e learne that A%rican Americans other than the Tuskegee Airmen #artici#ate in
/orl /ar 00 %rom this #icture, an that some o% them were %oot soliers.
A%rican American soliers crouche aroun with a white o%%icer, +,:H. Photogra#h. ).S. 1e#artment
o% 1e%ense. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% A%rican American soliers with a white o%%icer in our Re Tails #age. This
#hotogra#h showe us that A%rican American an white soliers o%ten worke together in the Arme
*orces, such as taking care o% woune soliers.
A%rican American soliers o% the +st Gansas (olore Volunteer 0n%antry Regiment. !.. 0llustration.
!ational Park Service. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #ainting o% A%rican American soliers in the (ivil /ar was use in our &ackgroun #age. This
illustration showe us that A%rican Americans %ought in se#arate units in the (ivil /ar.
A%rican American soliers with white solier. !.. Photogra#h. ).S. 1e#artment o% 1e%ense. /eb. <+
?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% A%rican Americans soliers with white soliers was use in the slieshow o% our
1iscrimination #age. This shows that many A%rican American units ha white o%%icers, an that
A%rican Americans an white soliers i %ight together on the battle%iel.
Alston, (harles. 0llustration. !A$9I32 T:E ATTA$9 03 A(( .*03TS;;; !.. Memorial 6all
Museum @nline. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #oster about the black #ress on our Su##orting the (am#aign #age. /e thought that this
#oster was symbolic o% how the black #ress was truly a huge %orce in %ighting %or civil rights an
in%orming others about the war uring the +,:='s.
A) Philip *andolph. !.. 0llustration. )nite States 1e#artment o% >abor. /eb. +- A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% A. Phili# Ranol#h in our *inal Move to 0ntegration #age. This #ainting o%
this in%luential civil rights leaer showe us how #eo#le such as Martin >uther Ging ?r. were not the
%irst civil rights avocates.
A) Philip *andolph to :arry S) Truman" +ith attahed #hite :ouse memos" <uly =" '-86" 0ffiial
.ile" Truman Papers, +,:.. Photogra#h. 6arry S. Truman >ibrary I Museum. /eb. <+
?anuary. <=+:.
This letter to Presient Truman %rom the (ommittee Against ?im (row in Military an Training was
use in our Accom#lishments #age. /e took an e"cer#t %rom this letter an magni%ie it, showing
that a March on /ashington was #ro#ose even be%ore Martin >uther Ging ?r. 0t also showe that the
civil rights movement starte at this time, too.
A Tuskegee Airman's %light ocuments, +,:H. Photogra#h. !ational Park Service, Tuskegee 0nstitute
!ational 6istoric Site. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% a Tuskegee Airman's %light ocuments was use in our *ighting %or America
#age. This ocument shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were rate in terms o% skills an were #lace into
i%%erent grou#s o% #ilots, such as commercial #ilots an bombariers.
&en$amin @. 1avis an another airman. !.. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. << ?anuary.
<=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% &en$amin @. 1avis an another airman was use in our *ighting %or America
#age. This #icture showe us that the Tuskegee Airmen were reay to take numerous risks on missions,
as can be seen %rom the %acial e"#ressions o% &en$amin @. 1avis an another airman.
&en$amin @. 1avis ?r. in a #lane. !.. Photogra#h. *AM) >ibraries Sub$ect Auies. /eb. <+
?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% &en$amin @. 1avis ?r. was use in our @rigin #age. &en$amin @. 1avis looks very
etermine an e"cite %or a taste o% victory in this #icture, so we %elt that it symboli5e what the
Tuskegee Airmen %elt while embarking on missions.
&$apts) (emuel *) $ustis >left? and $harles !) :all" of the --th .ighter S/uadron of the
,)S) Army Air .ores" hat +hile on leave in 3e+ @ork $ity) Their all-3egro
s/uadron first +ent into ation in 3orth Afria on <une 8" '-8A" and is no+ losely
supporting Allied ground fores advaning in Italy) The fighter group flies all types
of ombat missions--bomber esort" dive bombing" patrol for beahheads" and
strafing) In one year" the s/uadron has made more than A"555 sorties and has
shot do+n '= planes" sored A probables and damaged 7 other planes)& $a) <une
'-88) 456-M0-'45:-4-5B8) !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <9 ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% two Tuskegee Airmen, (a#tain >emuel R. (ustis an (a#tain (harles &. 6all,
in our 6ome #age. This #icture o% two %amous #ilots showe us that both Tuskegee Airmen amire
one another an congratulate each other %or their accom#lishments.
$arnegie (ibrary" Tuskegee Institute" Ala) !.. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. << ?anuary.
<=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% Tuskegee 0nstitute was use in our &ackgroun #age. The #hotogra#h showe us
how the Tuskegee 0nstitute really looke in the early #arts o% the <=th century, an showe us how
much e%%ort &ooker T. /ashington #ut into creating the school.
(harles 6all. !.. Photogra#h. Smithsonian !ational Air an S#ace Museum. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% (harles 6all was use in our Accom#lishments #age. The 7uiet yet etermine look
on (harles 6all's %ace shows that although the Tuskegee Airmen may have been iscriminate against,
they still ene in victory.
$0(0*E1 03(@C, +,:<. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. +- A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% a segregate builing in our 8*inal Move to 0ntegration #age. /e %elt that
this #icture #ortraye how segregate %acilities looke in the +,:='s, an how A%rican Americans %elt
the nee to %ight against this as a result.
1ouble V avertisement. +,:<. Avertisement. Public &roacasting Service. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This 1ouble Victory (am#aign avertisement was use in our 1ouble Victory #age. This
avertisement on the 1ouble V (am#aign showe us that moels were also use as a metho o%
s#reaing the wor o% the cam#aign.
1ouble Victory (am#aign Symbol. !.. Photogra#h. !ew Cork Public >ibrary. /eb. <+ ?anuary.
<=+:.
This e#iction o% the 1ouble V emblem was use in our 1ouble Victory #age. This #hotogra#h o% the
1ouble Victory symbol showe that the A%rican American #ress was getting reay to start a
revolutionary movement that woul ins#ire civil rights avocates.
1ouble V logo, +,:<. Photogra#h. Memorial 6all Museum @nline. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% the 1ouble V logo was use in our Rights #age. The logo o% the 1ouble Victory
(am#aign showe that its su##orters were striving %or true emocracy, as can be seen %rom the #icture
o% the eagle s#reaing its wings behin the two vs %or victory.
Eleanor *oosevelt +ith D$hiefC Anderson" '-8', +,:+. Photogra#h. Air *orce 6istorical
Research Agency. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
/e analy5e an utili5e this #hotogra#h o% Dleanor Roosevelt with (hie% Anerson in our
1iscrimination #age. /e thought that this #icture showe how not all white #eo#le were #re$uice
towars A%rican Americans, an a shining e"am#le o% this is Dleanor Roosevelt.
D"tract %rom the 1eclaration o% 0ne#enence, +33H. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. +. May.
<=+:.
This e"cer#t %rom the 1eclaration o% 0ne#enence was use in our 1iscrimination #age. This
e"cer#t shows the te"t stating that all men are create e7ual, when in the +,:=s, all men were not
nearly e7ual. /e learne about the irony o% the situation o% iscrimination by reaing this e"tract.
*a", Dlton. $ome" let us take ounsel together;C Attend 3AA$P #artime $onferene for
Total Peae, +,::. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. +- A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this avertisement %or a !AA(P con%erence in our *inal Move to 0ntegration #age. This
#icture showe us how numerous anti;segregation conventions were hel by numerous organi5ations,
such as the !AA(P.
.irst pilots to beome Tuskegee Airmen. !.. Photogra#h. /est Virginia State )niversity. 6art%or,
(onnecticut. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% the %irst %ive caets in Tuskegee in our @rigin #age. 0t was truly ama5ing
to see this #icture o% the %irst %ive caets to grauate. This almost ramatic #icture hel#e us unerstan
the greatness o% the %eat o% allowing A%rican Americans to $oin the war.
*irst Tuskegee Airmen. !.. Photogra#h. Tuskegee )niversity. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the %irst Tuskegee Airmen is use throughout our website, serving as a heaer. /e
%elt that this #icture truly showe how the Tuskegee Airmen were #rou an e"cite to serve their
country, as can be seen %rom their %acial e"#ressions. /e thought that this #icture is truly the e#itome o%
American #atriotism.
&.liers of a P-B' Mustang 2roup of the 'Bth Air .ore in Italy Eshoot the breeFeG in the
shado+ of one of the Mustangs they fly)& (eft to right: (t) 1empsey #) Morgan" <r)%
(t) $ar roll S) #oods% (t) *obert :) 3elson" <r)% $apt) Andre+ 1) Turner% and (t)
$larene P) (ester) $a) August '-88) 456-3P-7HHH-') !.. Photogra#h. !ational
Archives. /eb. <9 ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% a grou# o% Tuskegee Airmen was use in our 6ome #age. This #icture showe us that
the Tuskegee Airmen worke together to create i%%erent strategies to utili5e in their missions.
*reeman *iel Mutiny, +,:9. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This rare #hotogra#h o% the *reeman *iel Mutiny was use in our Rights #age. @ne o% the only
#ictures o% the *reeman *iel Mutiny, this #hotogra#h showe us that chaos ensue a%ter more than one
hunre Tuskegee Airmen were arreste a%ter entering a white o%%icers' club.
:arry Truman" half-length portrait" seated at desk" faing front" holding penil)C !..
Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. +- A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% Presient Truman in our *inal Move to 0ntegration #age. *rom this
#hotogra#h, we learne how Presient Truman was #ortraye as a harworking #resient, since he is
shown writing intently.
6igh;ranking o%%icers staning at attention, +,9-. Photogra#h. ).S. 1e#artment o% 1e%ense. /eb. +.
May. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% A%rican American o%%icers was use in our 1iscrimination #age. This shows that
A%rican Americans are clearly ca#able o% achieving high military status, an %urther #roves the irony o%
the situation o% segregation in America.
&:o+ard A) #ooten)& 2raduated 1eember '-88 from Air $orps Shool" Tuskegee" A()
$a) 1eember '-88) '6-T-88-9-'=) !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <9 ?anuary.
<=+:.
/e use this #ortrait o% a Tuskegee Airman, 6owar A. /ooten, in our 6ome #age. *rom this
#icture, we were able to see what a Tuskegee Airman truly %elt when he grauate %rom the #rogram.
As can be seen, Mr. /ooten seems serious but has a new satis%action %or the work he has one.
6u%%, Dgar. The reation of a adre of Afrian-Amerian nonommissioned offiers brought
rapid promotion to those +ho had the abilities" as Edgar :uff" sho+n here as a first
sergeant" the Marine $orps needed) Some espeially meritorious mature men +ere
advaned t+o grades on suessive days to plae talented leaders in positions of
responsibility in field organiFations) !.. Photogra#h. The *ight to .ight: Afrian
Amerian Marines in #orld #ar II, Marines in /orl /ar 00 (ommemorative Series. /eb.
+. May. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% A%rican American Marines in our A%rican American Soliers #age. This
#hotogra#h showe us that since Marines were neee in war, many A%rican Americans were acce#te
as Marines an given higher;ranking #ositions.
0nks#ots singing Cankee 1oole Tan, +,:<. Photogra#h. Memorial 6all Museum @nline, (arnegie
Museum o% Art. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the vocal grou# 0nks#ots singing Cankee 1oole Tan was use in our
S#earheaing (ivil Rights #age. This #icture showe us that 1ouble Victory songs were mae to
avertise the cam#aign, in aition to merchanise an articles.
0ntegrate Army, +,:.. Photogra#h. ).S. 1e#artment o% 1e%ense. /eb. <- ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% an integrate unit in our 0m#acts #age. This #hotogra#h o% an integrate
unit in the !avy showe that ue to the struggles o% the Tuskegee Airmen, A%rican American soliers
everywhere were beginning to gain e7ual rights.
0ntegrate soliers, +,:3. Photogra#h. ).S. 1e#artment o% 1e%ense. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% integrate soliers was use in our 0ntegration o% the ).S. Army #age. /e %oun in
this #icture that several white soliers in the #icture ha enthusiastic looks on their %aces, showing that
#erha#s some white soliers i not min working alongsie A%rican American soliers.
?ackie Robinson. !.. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% baseball #layer ?ackie Robinson was use in our S#earheaing (ivil Rights #age.
The etermine look on this baseball #layer's %ace shows that ?ackie Robinson was #ersistent in
#ursuing his goal o% being a %amous A%rican American athlete.
9eep ,s .lying) (olor #oster. Smithsonian !ational Air an S#ace Museum. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #oster asking to buy war bons was use in our 1ouble Victory #age. This #icture showe us
that the eitors o% the $ourier were looking %or new an innovative ways to im#rove u#on the
cam#aign.
>iberman, 6owar. ,nited #e #in. !.. (olor #oster. !ational Archives. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #oster, )nite /e /in, was e"amine an use in our slieshow in the 1iscrimination #age.
/e thought that this #icture o% an A%rican American man an a white man working together showe
that it was ironic that Americans were sening the message that both shoul be e7uals, yet segregation
was still #revalent.
&Members of the --th .ighter S/uadron of the Army Air .ores" famous all-3egro outfit"
+ho are rapidly making themselves feared by enemy pilots" pose for a piture at
the AnFio beahhead) In the foreground" head bared" is 'st (t) Andre+ (ane)& $a)
.ebruary '-88) 65-2-B88'A) !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <9 ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% several Tuskegee Airmen gathere together was use in our 6ome #age. This
#hotogra#h showe us that although the Tuskegee Airmen were e"tremely courageous an bol, they
were o%ten an"ious be%ore missions, too.
&Members of the 3ationGs first 3egro 3avigation $adets" +ho +ill reeive their
ommissions in the Army Air .ores on .ebruary 47th" visited $ity :all as guests of
Mayor .iorello :) (a 2uardia this afternoon) They are sho+n on the steps of $ity :all as
the mayor greeted their ommanding offier" MaI) 2alen !) Prie)& .ebruary '7" '-88) Ame)
456-P,-''AM-47)C !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <9 March. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% Tuskegee Airmen grauates was use in our 6ome #age. These grauates seem to
be giy with the e"citement o% having %inishe the %amous %lying #rogram at Tuskegee 0nstitute, an
are reay %or a new challenge2 %ighting abroa.
Memorial o% the *reeman *iel Mutiny. !.. Photogra#h. 0niana 6istorical &ureau, ?ackson (ounty,
0niana. /eb. +. May. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% a marker showing where the *reeman *iel Mutiny occurre in our
1iscrimination #age. This #hoto commemorates *reeman *iel, an it taught us a little about the
history o% *reeman *iel.
Milton 6olmes. Photogra#h.
/e #ersonally took this #hotogra#h o% Reveren 6olmes in his home when we interviewe him. /e
#lace this #icture in our 0nterviews #age as well. The e"#erience o% interviewing Reveren 6olmes
an being able to take this #hotogra#h was astouning.
!ews#a#er healine stating Presient Truman's signing o% D"ecutive @rer ,,.+, +,:.. Photogra#h.
>ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% a news#a#er healine stating the esegregation o% the military was use in our
0ntegration o% the ).S. Army #age. This historic healine shows that the integration o% the military
was all over the A%rican American #ress, or in this case, the $hiago 1efender. Showing that A%rican
Americans aroun the country must have been e"cite about this news, this e"cer#t %rom a news#a#er
hel#e us unerstan how the esegregation o% the Arme *orces was e"tremely e"citing.
!oel Parrish. !.. Photogra#h. Smithsonian !ational Air an S#ace Museum. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% !oel Parrish was use in the slieshow o% our 1iscrimination #age. The #hotogra#h
o% (olonel Parrish showe that he, similar to Dleanor Roosevelt, was not #re$uice towars A%rican
Americans the way many others were.
0ffiial ,)S) Army Air .ore Training $ommand photograph of 45 Tuskegee Airmen posing in
front of a plane) !.. Photogra#h. !ational Park Service2 Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric
Site. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% Tuskegee Airmen #osing in %ront o% a #lane in our Res#onsibilities #age.
This shows that the Re Tails were #rou that they accom#lishe so much in the air, since they took
numerous #hotos o% themselves in %ront o% #lanes.
0ne of the airmen reeives an a+ard at the Tuskegee Army Air .ield, +,:<. >ibrary o% (ongress.
/eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% an o%%icer haning a Tuskegee Airman an awar was use in our Re Tails #age. /e
learne %rom this #icture that some Tuskegee Airmen were recogni5e within their bases %or
outstaning accom#lishments.
Partici#ants in the 1ouble V (am#aign gathere, o%%ering #osters, +,:<. Photogra#h. !ational
Archives an Recors Aministration, /ashington. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% #artici#ants o% the 1ouble V (am#aign in our S#earheaing (ivil Rights
#age. /e %elt that this #icture showe that %amilies s#rea the 1ouble Victory (am#aign by in%orming
others about the movement an sharing 1ouble V merchanise.
Picture o% a Tuskegee Airman about to escort bombers. !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <<
?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% an airman about to escort bombers was use in our *ighting %or America #age.
(a#tain Anrew Turner, the #ilot in this #icture, is shown as being 7uite e"cite to start a mission. This
shows that the Tuskegee Airmen were #rou an e"cite to serve their country.
Picture o% &ill (linton #inning a star on &en$amin @. 1avis ?r.'s uni%orm, +,,.. Photogra#h. ).S.
1e#artment o% 1e%ense. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% &ill (linton ecorating (a#tain &en$amin @. 1avis ?r. was use in our
Accom#lishments #age. /e %elt that this #hotogra#h showe that the Tuskegee Airmen were only
recogni5e %or their service much later in time.
Picture o% Tuskegee Airmen sitting on #lane. Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% Tuskegee Airmen sitting on a #lane in our Re Tails #age. The #icture o%
the Tuskegee Airman in this #oster showe us that the Re Tails were active #artici#ants in the
cam#aign an that the Pittsburgh $ourier use them as avertisements.
&Pilots of a ,)S) Army Air .ores fighter s/uadron" redited +ith shooting do+n 6 of the
46 2erman planes destroyed in dog-fights over the ne+ Allied beahheads south
of *ome" on <anuary) 4=" talk over the dayGs exploits at a ,)S) base in the
Mediterranean theater) 3egro members of this s/uadron" veterans of the 3orth
Afrian and Siilian ampaigns" +ere formerly lassmates at a university in the
southern ,)S)& .ebruary '-88) 456-M0-'6:-445B', +,::) Photogra#h. !ational Archives.
/eb. <9 ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% a grou# o% Tuskegee Airmen in our (onclusion #age. This #icture
showe us how the Tuskegee Airmen value s#ening time with other airmen an how they truly
showe team s#irit.
Pittsburgh $ourier article an buttons. !.. Photogra#h. !ewseum. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This Pittsburgh $ourier article was use in our 1ouble Victory #age. /e learne %rom this
#hotogra#h that the 1ouble Victory (am#aign was avertise by making buttons, articles, an much
more.
Pittsburgh $ourier article marking the start o% the 1ouble V (am#aign, +,:<. !ews#a#er. Public
&roacasting Service. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This Pittsburgh $ourier article stating the beginning o% the 1ouble V (am#aign was use in our
1ouble Victory #age. This cam#aign article showing the start o% the 1ouble V hel#e us unerstan
that this woul be the beginning o% the revolutionary conce#t o% #eace%ul #rotest.
Pittsburgh $ourier asking about 7uality o% 1ouble V (am#aign, +,:<. !ews#a#er. Public
&roacasting Service. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% a Pittsburgh $ourier avertisement in our 1ouble Victory #age. This
cam#aign article showing the start o% the 1ouble V hel#e us unerstan that this woul be the
beginning o% the revolutionary conce#t o% #eace%ul #rotest.
Presient 6arry Truman. !.. 0llustration. The /hite 6ouse2 Presient Aeorge /. &ush, /ashington.
/eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
This #ainting o% 6arry Truman was use in our 0ntegration o% the ).S. Army #age. 0n this #icture, we
%oun that Presient Truman has a etermine look on his %ace, showing that he was most likely a
#ersistent man.
Roger Terry. !.. Photogra#h. 0niana Military, 0niana. /eb. +. May. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% Roger Terry, a Tuskegee Airman who was arreste an ischarge in the *reeman
*iel Mutiny, was use in our 1iscrimination #age. This #icture showe us that some Tuskegee
Airmen were too bol %or the /ar 1e#artment's stanars an were ishonorably ischarge.
Rowe, Abbie. Photogra#h. Marh on #ashington .or <obs and .reedom >August '-7A?, +,H-)
!ational Park Service. /eb. <- ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% the March on /ashington was use in our 0m#acts #age. This #hotogra#h showe us
that the etermination o% the Tuskegee Airmen was also %oun in civil rights avocates about twenty
years later.
Soliers in #rimary an basic training. !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the airmen in #rimary an basic training was use in our @rigin #age. This
#icture showe us how the Tuskegee Airmen were stuying e"tremely i%%icult material, as one can see
the concentration in their %aces. 0t also showe how luicrous the iea o% A%rican Americans not being
able to train was;;clearly, their ca#abilities were way beyon what #eo#le e"#ecte.
The !uffalo Soldiers. !.. Photogra#h. &u%%alo Soliers o% the American /est. /eb. <+ ?anuary.
<=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the A%rican American &u%%alo Soliers was use in our A%rican American
Soliers #age. The #icture showe us how the Tuskegee Airmen were not the %irst A%rican American
unit to be create.
The !AA(P logo. !.. 1igital image. !AA(P !ew @rleans &ranch, !ew @rleans. /eb. <<
?anuary. <=+:.
The !AA(P logo shown on this website was use in our S#earheaing (ivil Rights #age. *rom this
#icture, we learne that the !AA(P was %oune in +,=,.
The Pittsburgh $ourier >ogo, +,:<. 1igital image. Albany State )niversity. /eb. <- ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% The Pittsburgh $ourier logo on our Res#onsibilities #age. *rom this #icture,
we learne about how news#a#er heaings %rom the +,:='s looke like.
Tuskegee Airmen brie%ing. !.. Photogra#h. Tuskegee Airmen !ational Museum. /eb. <+ ?anuary.
<=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% a #re%light brie%ing was use in our @rigin #age. The #icture shows a brie%ing
be%ore a mission, an showe us that the Tuskegee Airmen were etermine to gain victory in their
missions to #rove that the stereoty#es about A%rican Americans were wrong.
Tuskegee Airmen $ongressional 2old Medal $eremony, <==+. Photogra#h. The /hite 6ouse2
Presient Aeorge /. &ush. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the Tuskegee Airmen's (ongressional Meal Awar (eremony was use in our
Accom#lishments #age. Since this occurre more than hal% a century later, this #hoto shows that the
Tuskegee Airmen were only recogni5e %or their accom#lishments much a%ter the Tuskegee
D"#eriment.
Tuskegee Airmen 0nc. Symbol. !.. Photogra#h. Tuskegee Airmen 0nc., Tuskegee, Alabama. /eb.
<+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #icture o% the Tuskegee Airmen logo was use in our @rigin #age. The symbol o% the Tuskegee
Airmen hel#e show us how the Tuskegee Airmen are still active in sharing their stories.
Tuskegee Airmen staning at attention in %ront o% a white o%%icer. !.. Photogra#h. !ational Archives.
/eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% the Tuskegee Airmen line u# in %ront o% a white o%%icer was use in the slieshow
o% our 1iscrimination #age. This #icture shows that the Tuskegee Airmen serve uner the comman
o% a white o%%icer, an that they always ha to be res#ect%ul towars their su#eriors.
)nite States. ).S. /ar 1e#artment. The ,se of 3egro Manpo+er in #ar. /ashington2 Army /ar
(ollege, +,<9. Print.
/e use a #age o% The )se o% !egro Man#ower in /ar in our A%rican American Soliers #age,
an rea an analy5e the ocument. This ocument hel#e us unerstan the white #eo#le's
#ers#ective on having A%rican Americans #artici#ate in the war e%%ort.
Victor Ransom, <=+:. Photogra#h.
/e use this #icture o% Mr. Ransom in our 0nterviews #age. /e #ersonally took this #hotogra#h o%
him in his &rooklyn home. 0n this #icture o% Secon >ieutenant Ransom holing a #hotogra#h o%
himsel% as a young Tuskegee Airman, one can see that Mr. Ransom is very #rou o% his
accom#lishments.
#ashington" !ooker Taliaferro) $heynes Studio) Photograph" a) '-5A) ($-,SJ74-8-B76, +,=-)
Photogra#h. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. <- ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% &ooker T. /ashington in our Tuskegee 0nstitute #age. This #hotogra#h
showe us the 7uiet etermination o% the man who %oune Tuskegee 0nstitute. /ithout him, the ,,th
Pursuit S7uaron woul have not been create.
/aterhouse, (harles. A blak Amerian served +ith the Marines +hen 2en 2eorge
#ashington fought the !attle of Prineton in <anuary '===) !.. 0llustration. The *ight
to .ight: Afrian Amerian Marines in #orld #ar II, Marines in /orl /ar 00
(ommemorative Series. /eb. +. May. <=+:.
This #ainting o% an A%rican American solier %ighting in Aeorge /ashington's army in the
Revolutionary /ar was use in our A%rican American Soliers #age. *rom this #icture, we learne
that A%rican Americans willingly %ought in the Revolutionary /ar, an many were #romise %reeom i%
they i so.
/.D.&. 1u &ois, +,+,. Photogra#h. 3AA$P: A $entury in the .ight for .reedom, >ibrary o%
(ongress. /eb. +. May. <=+:.
This #hotogra#h o% /.D.&. 1u &ois was use in our A%rican American Soliers #age. The #ersistent
an serious look on /.D.&. 1u &ois' %ace shows that he was etermine to %ight to the last man.
/hite o%%icer in %ront o% Tuskegee Airmen, reay %or e#arture. !.. Photogra#h. Smithsonian !ational
Air an S#ace Museum. /eb. <+ ?anuary. <=+:.
This #hoto o% the Tuskegee Airmen reay to leave abroa in %ront o% a white o%%icer was utili5e in our
1iscrimination slieshow. This shows that A%rican Americans ha to res#ect their su#eriors an that
the Re Tails were oblige to their white o%%icers.
#hy Should #e MarhK, +,:+. Poster. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. << ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #oster #romoting the March on /ashington in our Su##orting the (am#aign #age. /e
learne %rom this #oster that a March on /ashington was #ro#ose by A. Phili# Ranol#h, an that he
as well as other civil rights leaers were etermine %or this movement to be one o% the largest in
American history.
Videos:
The 3egro Soldier. 1ir. Stuart 6eisler. ).S. /ar 1e#artment, +,:-. *ilm.
This %ilm %rom +,:- contains lots o% #rimary %ootage %rom /orl /ar 00 as well as reenactments. The
3egro Soldier introuce us to the #ers#ectives o% A%rican American soliers an citi5ens in the +,:='s.
Proviing in%ormation on the roles o% A%rican American soliers %rom the Revolutionary /ar to /orl
/ar 00, the %ilm hel#e us create numerous #ages in our website.
#ings for this Man) Per%. Ronal Reagan. Army Air *orces, +,:9. 1ocumentary.
This ocumentary containe a #lethora o% %ootage o% the Tuskegee Airmen training an %ighting abroa.
Presient Ronal Reagan narrate this ocumentary, s#eaking mostly about the iscrimination the Re
Tails were %orce to overcome an their challenging training e"#erience. /e use a cli# %rom this
ocumentary.
Websites:
Dlliot, Ray. 8Ray Dlliot ; +,-,;+,:92 8Two /ars to /in88 .irst Person 0ral :istories. Memorial 6all
Museum @nline, n.. /eb. +: ?an <=+:.
This website %ille with #rimary #ictures an auio interviews aie us in gaining an unerstaning o%
how the 1ouble V (am#aign im#acte soliers' lives. This in%ormation came %rom an A%rican
American solier in /orl /ar 00 name Ray Dlliot who e"#laine the role o% the 1ouble V (am#aign.
6is recollections hel#e us unerstan why the black #ress was so success%ul.
Seconary Sources
Articles2
A%rican Americans in /orl /ar 002 *ighting %or a 1ouble Victory. !.. !ational //00 Museum,
!ew @rleans, >ouisiana. /eb. < ?anuary. <=+:.
This source gives a brie% overview o% the e"#erience o% A%rican American citi5ens an soliers in /orl
/ar 00. 0t #rovies in%ormation on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign an how its su##orters %ought %or civil
rights at home an abroa.
Aates, 6enry >ouis. /hat /as &lack America's 1ouble /arJ !.. Public &roacasting Service.
/eb. <= ?anuary. <=+:.
This article hel#e us unerstan the role o% the black #ress uring /orl /ar 00. *ille with e"tensive
in%ormation on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign, it assiste us in com#rehening the cam#aign's
#artici#ants' courage an #ersistence in assuring the esegregation o% the ).S. 0t also #rovie us with
several 7uotes to use.
6oges, Garen. (ontinuity or (hange2 A%rican Americans in /orl /ar 00. !.. )niversity o%
Marylan, &altimore (ounty. /eb. H ?anuary. <=+:.
Aressing a stuent auience, this article written by a teacher gave us insight into the res#onsibilities
o% A%rican Americans in the war4 to not only %ight %or America, but to %ight %or the esegregation o% the
military. The in%ormation on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign shows how it clearly in%luence the rights
o% the Tuskegee Airmen, which hel#e us in our 1ouble Victory #age in our website.
Piggott, *elice. (lassroom (onnections2 /orl /ar 00 an the 1ouble V (am#aign EAr. +=;+<F,
<=+-. !ew Cork Public >ibrary. /eb. H ?anuary. <=+:.
0n%ormation on the role o% #eo#le involve in the 1ouble Victory (am#aign was i%%icult to %in, but
this source #rovie e"tensive in%ormation on the to#ic. The article #ortraye how #eo#le sol war
bons, sent su##lies to soliers abroa, an ha clubs to #romote their cause. 0t also showe several
#rimary #ictures to analy5e.
Pike, &rett. 1iscrimination Against A%rican;American Soliers in /orl /ar 002 Racial Policies an
the
March to 1esegregation, <=++. The )niversity o% South *loria Sarasota;Manatee. /eb. H
?anuary. <=+:.
/hen %irst conucting our research, this #a#er hel#e us gain a soli unerstaning o% the contributions
o% the Tuskegee Airmen an other A%rican;American soliers to the war, which got us more e"cite
about our to#ic. Also, the in%ormation on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign hel#e us unerstan that the
movement was what %acilitate the esegregation o% the military, moving A%rican American society a
ste# closer to e7uality.
Shahi, Sharon. Power o% the &lack Press, <==3. !ewseum. /eb. < ?anuary. <=+:.
*ille with insight on the creation o% the 1ouble Victory (am#aign, this article not only showe the
methos in which the movement was s#rea, but how it truly a%%ecte the lives o% A%rican American
soliers an citi5ens. 0t also #rovie us with a #icture an a 7uote to use in our 1ouble Victory #age.
Taylor, (larence. Patriotism (rosses the (olor >ine2 A%rican Americans in /orl /ar 00. !.. The
Ailer >ehrman 0nstitute o% American 6istory. /eb. H ?anuary. <=+:.
@ne o% our %irst sources on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign, this source showe how the cam#aign
bene%ite not only A%rican American society but also the rest o% America, since it su##orte the war
e%%ort. Showing the e%%ectiveness o% the avertisements %or the 1ouble Victory (am#aign, the article
e"#laine how numerous A%rican American an white #eo#le $oine together to su##ort the cam#aign.
/hite, &ryna. BPatriotism, (ourage, 1isci#line, Skill an 1etermination'2 Tuskegee Airmen 6onore
at Areat 6all Rece#tion. !.. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. 9 ?anuary. <=+:.
This article #rovie in%ormation on the Tuskegee Airmen's receival o% the (ongressional Aol Meal
at a ceremony in the Areat 6all with %ormer Presient Aeorge /. &ush. Several s#eakers outline the
achievements o% the Re Tails, showing how they were willing to sacri%ice their lives %or a country in
which they were being iscriminate. This gave us an iea o% how courageous an noble the Re Tails
were.
Books:
1e, (a#ua Sarah. The Tuskegee Airmen: Afrian-Amerian Pilots of #orld #ar II. (hanhassen,
M!2 (hilKs /orl, <==:. Print.
This seconary source hel#e us obtain an iea about the main leaers o% the Tuskegee Airmen. 0t also
hel#e us in creating a timeline %or our to#ic. The book got us 7uite e"cite about the Tuskegee
Airmen, an mae us curious in knowing more about their achievements.
McGissack, Pat, an *rerick McGissack. *ed-tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of
#orld #ar II. !ew Cork2 /alker an, +,,9. Print.
This book was one o% our %irst seconary sources. 0t hel#e us gain a brie% overview o% our to#ic an
guie us in creating a timeline. /ritten %or a $uvenile auience, this book hel#e us unerstan the
basics o% the Tuskegee Airmen.
Scott, >awrence P., an /illiam M. /omack. 1ouble L: The $ivil *ights Struggle of the Tuskegee
Airmen. Dast >ansing2 Michigan State )P, +,,:. Print.
This book hel#e us ig ee# into our to#ic by searching %or certain etails an analy5ing them. 0t was
an e"tremely valuable resource because it #lace the Tuskegee Airmen in historical #ers#ective an
mae uni7ue conclusions about them. /e also use several 7uotes %rom this book.
Documents:
A &rie% 6istory2 @vercoming Aversity. !.. Tuskegee Airmen 0nc. /eb. < ?anuary. <=+:.
This source was a small outline o% the history o% the Tuskegee Airmen starting %rom the launch o% the
,,th Pursuit S7uaron to Presient (linton's a##roval to create the Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric
Site in +,,.. 0t hel#e us create a timeline %or our research an o%%ere #ieces o% in%ormation to
research %urther on the Re Tails.
6aulman, 1aniel. Summary o% Tuskegee Airmen 6istory. !.. Tuskegee Airmen 0nc. /eb. <
?anuary. <=+:.
0n the beginning o% our research, this source #rovie a brie% overview o% the accom#lishments o% the
Tuskegee Airmen. 0t #rovie in%ormation about several notable missions they achieve, as well as
in%ormation about key leaers in the s7uaron such as (a#tain &en$amin @. 1avis ?r. This source was a
substantial seconary source that #rovoke our curiosity about the to#ic an le us to more research
%rom both #rimary an seconary sources.
!umber o% (ombat Missions o% the Tuskegee Airmen, <=+-. Tuskegee Airmen 0nc. /eb. 9 ?anuary.
<=+:.
This ocument state the number o% missions the Tuskegee Airmen %lew in total E+,:,+ missionsF, how
many each s7uaron com#lete, an the locations o% several notable missions. This in%ormation hel#e
us ienti%y the Re Tails' accom#lishments an why they ha an outstaning %light recor.
Personal Interviews:
Aates, 6enry >ouis. Tele#hone 0nterview. 9 A#ril. <=+:.
/e interviewe 1r. 6enry >ouis Aates ?r., a literary critic, scholar, writer, #ro%essor, an creator o% the
P&S ocumentary The A%rican Americans2 Many Rivers To (ross. 1r. Aates serve as a consultant to
irector Steve McLueen in the movie T+elve @ears a Slave an wrote an article entitle /hat /as
&lack America's 1ouble /arJ, which gave us an abunance o% in%ormation about the 1ouble Victory
(am#aign. 1r. Aates was able to give us insight into the etermination o% the Tuskegee Airmen an
their reasons %or $oining the war, as well as in%ormation about the courage o% the black #ress an their
integral role in securing rights %or A%rican Americans. 1r. Aates was also able to articulate the
#atriotism o% A%rican Americans throughout history, an he also #rovie us with insight on how
A%rican Americans have #rogresse increibly since /orl /ar 00.
?ackson, Ruth. Tele#hone 0nterview. +< A#ril. <=+:.
/e interviewe 1r. Ruth ?ackson, the creator o% the Tuskegee Airmen Archive in )niversity o%
(ali%ornia, Riversie. 1r. ?ackson #rovie us with a #lethora o% in%ormation on the iscrimination the
Tuskegee Airmen %ace as well as insight as to how the Tuskegee Airmen's e%%orts ins#ire the (ivil
Rights Movement, which occurre later in history. 1r. ?ackson also #rovie us with insight into the
reasons why A%rican Americans were willing to %ight es#ite iscrimination, an why numerous white
#eo#le wante the Tuskegee D"#eriment to %ail. @verall, 1r. ?ackson truly gave us a ee#er
unerstaning o% our to#ic an articulate the courage o% the Tuskegee Airmen in serving America.
Pictures:
:enry (ouis 2ates <r, <==H. Photogra#h. 6arvar )niversity Aa5ette. /eb. +: A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% 1r. Aates in our 0nterviews an A%rican American Soliers #age. Tuskegee
Ma#. /e interviewe 1r. Aates via tele#hone.
Ma# o% Tuskegee 0nstitute. !.. Photogra#h. )niversity o% Miami >ibraries. /eb. <9 ?anuary. <=+:.
/e use this #icture o% Tuskegee, Alabama on a ma# in our Tuskegee 0nstitute #age. This #icture
showe us where Tuskegee, Alabama is in relation to the rest o% the )nite States.
Ruth ?ackson. !.. Photogra#h. )niversity o% (ali%ornia, Riversie. /eb. +: A#ril. <=+:.
/e use this #hotogra#h o% 1r. ?ackson in our 0nterviews #age. /e were able to interview 1r.
?ackson via tele#hone.
Videos:
*ed Tails. 1ir. Anthony 6emingway. Per%. (uba Aooing ?r., Aeral McRaney, 1avi @yelowo.
>ucas%ilm. *ilm.
/atching the movie *ed Tails hel#e us gain an overview o% the #ers#ectives o% the Tuskegee Airmen.
0t also change our %irst thoughts about what the Tuskegee Airmen woul be like. 0nstea o% being wary
o% ?im (row, the Tuskegee Airmen were bol an aventurous. This %ilm showe us that es#ite great
obstacles along the way, such as iscrimination, the Tuskegee Airmen were courageous an never lost
sight o% their goals.
The Tuskegee Airmen. 1ogfights. The 6istory (hannel. H 1ec. <==3. 1ocumentary.
This ocumentary on the Tuskegee Airmen %eature several interviews o% Tuskegee Airmen as well as
%ootage %rom /orl /ar 00. 0t #rovie insight into the #ers#ectives o% the original Tuskegee Airmen
an their accom#lishments. /e use the %irst %orty;three secons o% this ocumentary in our 6ome
#age.
Websites:
8About the Tuskegee Airmen.8 ,$* (ibraries Presents The Tuskegee Airmen Arhive. )(
Riversie >ibraries, <9 ?anuary. <=+:. /eb. 9 ?anuary. <=+:.
0n%ormation %rom this site on the Re Tails' training, their service abroa, an their leaers hel#e us
create our @rigin an 1iscrimination #ages. The in%ormation #rovie gave us a better
unerstaning o% the Tuskegee Airmen's achievements.
8A (am#aign %or *reeom.8 :istory Engine: Tools for $ollaborative Eduation and *esearh M
Episodes. )niversity o% Richmon. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
0n this source, there was an abunance o% etails on the 1ouble Victory (am#aign an how motivate
A%rican American men an women were in #romoting this cause. 0t also shows the im#act o% the
cam#aign an how it move America a ste# closer to %ull e7uality in the ).S. Army.
8Airmen @verview.8 &Tuskegee Airmen 3ational :istori Site >,)S) 3ational Park Servie?)& ).S.
1e#artment o% the 0nterior. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
This website's in%ormation on the Tuskegee D"#eriment an the (ivilian Pilot Training Program
hel#e us unerstan why the e"#eriment was starte. &y showing what s#arke the !AA(P's re7uest
%or A%rican Americans to $oin the Army Air (or#s, the website taught us about the attem#ts to integrate
the army be%ore the Tuskegee Airmen came to be.
8&lack Americans in 1e%ense o% @ur !ation.8 !lak Amerians in 1efense of 0ur 3ation.
1e#artment o% 1e%ense, +,.9, +,.9. /eb. <= ?anuary. <=+:.
Showing the accom#lishments an im#acts o% the Tuskegee Airmen on the #resent military, this
website #rovie a #lethora o% in%ormation not only on the Re Tails but on #revious A%rican American
soliers as well. The in%ormation on the history o% A%rican American soliers hel#e us with our
&ackgroun #ages.
8&lack, /hite I &eyon2 Multiculturalism in Areater Akron, An 0nteractive 6istory.8 !lak" #hite N
!eyond: Multiulturalism in 2reater Akron" An Interative :istory. )niversity o% Akron,
<==.. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
A source on the overall history o% A%rican Americans in /orl /ar 00, this website gave in%ormation on
the segregation o% the ?im (row Military. 0t also #rovie in%ormation on the 1ouble Victory
(am#aign, which mae us more in7uisitive about the to#ic.
Musser, Rick. 86istory o% American ?ournalism.8 :istory of Amerian <ournalism. )niversity o%
Gansas, School o% ?ournalism I Mass (ommunications, May <==-. /eb. H ?anuary. <=+:.
This source #rovie a brie% e"#lanation o% why the 1ouble Victory (am#aign was starte an the
message it conveye. 0t mae us intereste about the im#acts o% the cam#aign, an the in%ormation the
site showe that es#ite the in$ustice A%rican Americans were %acing at home, they still wante to $oin
the war.
!elson, Stanley. 8The &lack Press2 Soliers /ithout Swors.8 The !lak Press: Soldiers #ithout
S+ords) Public &roacasting Service. /eb. <= ?anuary. <=+:.
An interesting source base on a ocumentary about the black #ress uring /orl /ar 00, this website
#rovie interviews %rom historians on the to#ic o% the 1ouble Victory (am#aign. /e were able to
utili5e these interviews in our research by e"tracting several #assages an analy5ing them.
8!AA(P2 A (entury in the *ight %or *reeom D"hibition 6ome.8 3AA$P: A $entury in the .ight
for .reedom. >ibrary o% (ongress. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
Proviing in%ormation on the history o% A%rican Americans ating %rom the nineteenth century to the
twentieth century, this source hel#e us create our &ackgroun #ages on our website about the
history o% A%rican Americans be%ore /orl /ar 00.
8TreasonJ8 3e+spapers: The Pittsburgh $ourier. Public &roacasting Service. /eb. H ?anuary. <=+:.
0n this website, there was an abunance o% in%ormation on the creation o% the 1ouble Victory (am#aign
an 6oover's attem#t to 7uench it. These %acts assiste us in creating the 1ouble Victory section o%
our website.
8The 1e#ression, The !ew 1eal, an /orl /ar 00.8 Afrian Amerian 0dyssey: >Part '?. >ibrary
o% (ongress. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
This website #rovie in%ormation on the iscrimination the Tuskegee Airmen %ace while traveling in
the ).S. an other countries. This hel#e us create the 1iscrimination #age %or our website, an gave
us insight into the way the Re Tails were able to overcome racism.
8The Pittsburgh (ourier2 Publisher Robert >ee Vann.8 3e+spapers: The Pittsburgh $ourier. Public
&roacasting Service. /eb. + ?anuary. <=+:.
This article on the history o% The Pittsburgh $ourier showe us how this news#a#er written by A%rican
Americans ins#ire A%rican Americans to $oin the 1ouble Victory (am#aign. 0t also showe us the
means o% s#reaing the cam#aign by creating 1ouble V maga5ines, #ictures, an the 1ouble V logo.
8Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric Site2 Tuskegee, Alabama.8 3ational Parks Servie. !ational
Park Service2 Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric Site. /eb. 9 ?anuary. <=+:.
*ille with in%ormation on key leaers, events, an locations associate with the Tuskegee Airmen, this
site hel#e us obtain an overview o% the Tuskegee D"#erience. 0t also #rovie us with a 7uote an
in%ormation on how the Re Tails %ought %or the 1ouble Victory (am#aign.
8Tuskegee Airmen *acts.8 Tuskegee ,niversity. Tuskegee )niversity. /eb. 9 ?anuary. <=+:.
This site #rovie us with %un %acts about the Tuskegee Airmen such as in%ormation on leaers
&en$amin @. 1avis an (olonel Parrish, an in%ormation on each se#arate s7uaron %rom Tuskegee.
The website's in%ormation on the Re Tails' missions hel#e us create our Accom#lishments #age on
our website.
)nite States. !ational Park Service. 8Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric Site E).S. !ational Park
ServiceF.8 3ational Parks Servie. ).S. 1e#artment o% the 0nterior, -= A#r. <=+:. /eb. +.
May <=+:.
This website written by the Tuskegee Airmen !ational 6istoric Site gave us in%ormation on the
Tuskegee D"#eriment an how #ersistent the Tuskegee Airmen were in their goals o% #roving that
A%rican Americans coul %ly air#lanes as well as any white man. 0t also #rovie vieos, #ictures, an
the legens commonly associate with the Re Tails.