Module2/Lesson3

1
Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju



NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
Example 2.1
When the stress tensor at a point with reference to axes (x, y, z) is given by the array,
8 0 2
0 6 1
2 1 4
MPa
show that the stress invariants remain unchanged by transformation of the axes by 45
0

about the z-axis,
Solution: The stress invariants are
I
1
= 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 MPa
I
2
= 4 6+6 8+4 8-1 1-2 2-0 = 99 MPa
I
3
= 4 48-1 8+2 (-12) = 160 MPa

The direction cosines for the transformation are given by
x y z
x
2
1

2
1

0
y
-
2
1

2
1

0
z 0 0 1
Using Equations (2.21a), (2.21b), (2.21c), (2.21d), (2.21e), (2.21f), we get
MPa
x
6
0 0
2
1
1 2 0
2
1
6
2
1
4

MPa
y
4
0 0
2
1
1 2 0
2
1
6
2
1
4

MPa
z
8
0 0 0 1 8 0 0

Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


MPa
y x
1
0 0
2
1
2
1
1 0
2
1
6
2
1
4

MPa
z y
2
2
1
2 0 0 0 0 0

MPa
z x
2
2
1
2 0 0 0 0 0

Hence the new stress tensor becomes
8 2 2
2 4 1
2 1 6
MPa
Now, the new invariants are
18 8 4 6
1
I MPa
99 2 2 1 8 6 8 4 4 6
2
I MPa
160
2
5
2 10 1 30 6
3
I MPa
which remains unchanged. Hence proved.

Example 2.2

The state-of-stress at a point is given by the following array of terms

4 2 3
2 5 6
3 6 9
MPa
Determine the principal stresses and principal directions.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
3
I
1

2
+ I
2
- I
3
= 0
Here 18 4 5 9
1
I MPa
52 3 2 6 4 9 4 5 5 9
2 2 2
2
I MPa
27 3 2 6 2 36 4 9 5 4 9 4 5 9
3
I MPa
The cubic equation becomes
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju



3
- 18
2
+ 52 - 27 = 0
The roots of the cubic equation are the principal stresses. Hence the three principal
stresses are
1
= 14.554 MPa;
2
= 2.776 MPa and
3
= 0.669 MPa
Now to find principal directions for major principal stress
1

) 554 . 14 4 ( 2 3
2 ) 554 . 14 5 ( 6
3 6 ) 554 . 14 9 (

=
554 . 10 2 3
2 554 . 9 6
3 6 554 . 5

A =
554 . 10 2
2 554 . 9
=100.83 - 4 = 96.83
B =
554 . 10 3
2 6
= -(-63.324 - 6) = 69.324
C =
2 3
554 . 9 6
= 12 + 28.662 = 40.662
2 2 2
C B A
=
2 2 2
662 . 40 324 . 69 83 . 96
= 125.83
l
1
=
2 2 2
C B A
A
=
83 . 125
53 . 96
= 0.769
m
1
=
2 2 2
C B A
B
=
83 . 125
324 . 69
= 0.550
n
1
=
2 2 2
C B A
C
=
84 . 125
662 . 40
= 0.325
Similarly, the principal stress directions for
2
stress and
3
stress are calculated.
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


Therefore, l
2
= 0.596 l
3
= - 0.226
m
2
= - 0.800 m
3
= - 0.177
n
2
= 0.057 n
3
= 0.944

Example 2.3
At a point in the structural member, the stresses (in MPa) are represented as in Figure
2.18. Employ Mohrs circle to determine:
(a) the magnitude and orientation of the principal stresses
(b) the magnitude and orientation of the maximum shearing stresses and associated
normal stresses.
In each case show the results on a properly oriented
element.
Solution: Centre of the Mohrs circle = OC
=
2
2 . 55 6 . 27
= 41.4 MPa
(a) Principal stresses are represented by points A
1
and B
1
.
Hence the maximum and minimum principal stresses,
referring to the circle are Figure 2.18
1,2
=41.4
2 2
7 . 20 6 . 27 2 . 55
4
1

1
=66.3 MPa and
2
=16.5 MPa
The planes on which the principal stresses act are given by
p
2 =tan
-1

0
30 . 56
8 . 13
7 . 20

and
0
30 . 236 180 30 . 56 2
p

Hence,
0
15 . 28
p
and
0
15 . 118
p

Mohrs circle clearly indicates that
p
locates the
1
plane.
(b) The maximum shearing stresses are given by points D and E. Thus
max
=
2 2
7 . 20 6 . 27 2 . 55
4
1

= 24.9 MPa
The planes on which these stresses act are represented by
0 0 0
15 . 73 45 15 . 28
s

and
0
15 . 163
s



X
Y
27.6
y
20.7
xy
55.2
x
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


30
0
Y
X
y
14 10
6
x
28 10
6
Figure 2.20

Figure 2.19 Mohrs stress circle

Example 2.4
The stress (in N/m
2
) acting on an element of a loaded body is shown in Figure 2.20.
Apply Mohrs circle to determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a plane
defined by = 30
0
.


Solution: The Mohrs
circle drawn below
describes the state of
stress for the given
element. Points A
1
and
B
1
represent the
stress components on the
x and y
faces, respectively.
The radius of the circle
y
x
66.3
1
16.5
2
28.15
0
x
y
24.9
max
41.4
73.15
0
X
Y
O
E
D
.
.
F
A
1
B
1 C
B(27.6, 20.7)
A(55.2, 20.7)
2
s
2
p
.
.
.
.
.
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


is
6
6
10 21
2
10
28 14 . Corresponding to the 30
0
plane within the element, it is
necessary to rotate through 60
0
counterclockwise on the circle to locate point A . A 240
0

counterclockwise rotation locates point B .






















(a)


(b)


Figure 2.21 Mohrs stress circle


From the above Mohrs circle,
2 6 6 0
/ 10 5 . 17 10 60 cos 21 7 m N
x

O
C
.
60
0
Y
X
B ( 14 10 ,0)
1
6
A (28 10 ,0)
1
6
.
. . .
.
A
B
y
x
30
0
y
x
x y
18.186 10
6
x
17.5 10
6
y
3.5 10
6
O
C
.
60
0
Y
X
B ( 14 10 ,0)
1
6
A (28 10 ,0)
1
6
.
. . .
.
A
B
y
x
30
0
y
x
x y
18.186 10
6
x
17.5 10
6
y
3.5 10
6
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


2 6
/ 10 5 . 3 m N
y

2 6 0 6
/ 10 86 . 18 60 sin 10 21 m N
y x


Example 2.5
A rectangular bar of metal of cross-section 30mm 25mm is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 180KN. Calculate the normal, shear and resultant stresses on a plane whose
normal has the following direction cosines:
(i) 0 and
2
1
n m l
(ii)
3
1
n m l
Solution: Let normal stress acting on the cross-section is given by
y
.
area sectional cross
load Axial
y


25 30
10 180
3


2
/ 240 mm N
Now, By Cauchys formula, the stress components along x, y and z co-ordinates are
n m l T
n m l T
n m l T
z yz xz z
yz y xy y
xz xy x x
(a)
And the normal stress acting on the plane whose normal has the direction cosines l, m and n
is,
n T m T l T
z y x
(b)
Case (i) For
0
2
1
n and m l

Here
2
/ 240 , 0 , 0 mm N
y xy x

0 , 0 , 0
z yz xz

Substituting the above in (a), we get
0 ,
2
240
, 0
z y y x
T m T T
Substituting in (b), we get
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


2
/ 120 0
2
1
2
240
0 mm N
Resultant Stress on the plane is
2 2 2
z y x
T T T T

= 0
2
240
0
2


2
/ 706 . 169 mm N T
But shear stress can be determined from the relation
2 2 2
T
or
2 2
T
2 2
120 706 . 169
2
/ 120 mm N
Case (ii) For
3
1
n m l
Again from (a),
0 ,
3
240
, 0
z y y x
T m T T
Normal Stress =
2
/ 00 . 80 0
3
1
3
240
0 mm N
Resultant Stress on the plane is
2 2 2
z y x
T T T T
0
3
240
0
2
T
2
/ 13 . 113 mm N
Shear Stress =
2 2
80 56 . 138
2
/ 13 . 113 mm N

Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


Example 2.6
A body is subjected to three-dimensional forces and the state of stress at a point in it is
represented as
MPa
100 200 200
200 100 200
200 200 200

Determine the normal stress, shearing stress and resultant stress on the octahedral
plane.
Solution: For the octahedral plane, the direction cosines are
3
1
n m l
Here MPa
x
200
MPa
y
100
MPa
y
100
MPa
zx yz xy
200
Substituting the above in Cauchys formula, we get
MPa T
x
41 . 346
3
1
200
3
1
200
3
1
200
MPa T
y
20 . 173
3
1
200
3
1
100
3
1
200
MPa T
z
20 . 173
3
1
100
3
1
200
3
1
200
Normal stress on the plane is given by
n T m T l T
z y x
. .

3
1
20 . 173
3
1
20 . 173
3
1
41 . 346
MPa 400
Resultant Stress =
2 2 2
z y x
T T T T

2 2 2
20 . 173 20 . 173 41 . 346
MPa T 26 . 424
Also, Tangential Stress =
2 2
400 26 . 424
MPa 41 . 141
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju



Example 2.7
The state of stress at a point is given as follows:

kPa kPa kPa
kPa kPa kPa
zx yz xy
z y x
500 , 600 , 400
400 , 1200 , 800

Determine (a) the stresses on a plane whose normal has direction cosines
2
1
,
4
1
m l
and (b) the normal and shearing stresses on that plane.
Solution: We have the relation,

4
11
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
2 2
2 2 2
n
n
n m l

(a) Using Cauchys formula,
kPa T
x
60 . 414
4
11
500
2
1
400
4
1
800
kPa T
y
51 . 202
4
11
600
2
1
1200
4
1
400
kPa T
z
66 . 506
4
11
400
2
1
600
4
1
500
(b) Normal stress,
n T m T l T
z y x

=
4
11
66 . 506
2
1
51 . 202
4
1
60 . 414
kPa 20 . 215
Resultant Stress on the Plane =
2 2 2
66 . 506 51 . 202 60 . 414 T
= 685.28 MPa
Shear Stress on the plane =
2 2
20 . 215 28 . 685
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


= 650.61 kPa
Example 2.8
Given the state of stress at a point as below

40 0 0
0 60 90
0 80 100
kPa
Considering another set of coordinate axes, z y x in which z coincides with z and x
is rotated by 30
0
anticlockwise from x-axis, determine the stress components in the new
co-ordinates system.
Solution: The direction cosines for the transformation are given by
X y z
x 0.866 0.5 0
y -0.5 0.866 0
z 0 0 1


Figure 2.22 Co-ordinate system

Now using equations 2.21(a), 2.21(b), 2.21(c), 2.21(d), 2.21(e) and 2.21(f), we get

0 0 5 . 0 866 . 0 80 2 0 5 . 0 60 866 . 0 100
2 2
1
x

kPa
x
3 . 129
30
0
30
0
Z z
X
Y
y
x
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


0 0 866 . 0 5 . 0 80 2 0 866 . 0 60 5 . 0 100
2 2
y

kPa
y
3 . 89
0 0 0 2 1 40 0 0
2
z

kPa
z
40
0 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 866 . 0 866 . 0 80 0 866 . 0 5 . 0 60 5 . 0 866 . 0 100
y x
kPa
y x
3 . 29
0
z y
and 0
x z


Therefore the state of stress in new co-ordinate system is

40 0 0
0 3 . 89 3 . 29
0 3 . 29 3 . 129
(kPa)

Example 2.9
The stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
) (
30 10 40
10 20 20
40 20 50
kPa
Determine the stress-vectors on the plane whose unit normal has direction cosines
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1

Solution: The stress vectors are given by
n m l T
xz xy x x
(a)
n m l T
yz y xy y
(b)
n m l T
z yz xz z
(c)
Substituting the stress components in (a), (b) and (c) we get
2
1
40
2
1
20
2
1
50
x
T = kPa 35 . 45
2
1
10
2
1
20
2
1
20
y
T = kPa 858 . 0
2
1
30
2
1
10
2
1
40
z
T = kPa 28 . 48
Now, Resultant Stress is given by
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


kPa k j i T

28 . 48

858 . 0

35 . 45

Example 2.10
The Stress tensor at a point is given by the following array
) (
20 40 30
40 30 20
30 20 40
kPa
Calculate the deviator and spherical stress tensors.
Solution: Mean Stress =
z y x m
3
1

20 30 40
3
1

kPa 30
Deviator stress tensor =
m z yz xz
yz m y xy
xz xy m x


=
30 20 40 30
40 30 30 20
30 20 30 40

= kPa
10 40 30
40 0 20
30 20 10

Spherical Stress tensor =
m
m
m
0 0
0 0
0 0

= kPa
30 0 0
0 30 0
0 0 30


Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju




Example 2.11
The Stress components at a point in a body are given by

z y y x
xy z xy y xyz
x z xy
z
xz yz y
xy x
2 2
2
2
2 3 3 5
0 , 2 3

Determine whether these components of stress satisfy the equilibrium equations or not
as the point (1, -1, 2). If not then determine the suitable body force required at this
point so that these stress components are under equilibrium.
Solution: The equations of equilibrium are given by
0
z y x
xz
xy
x
(a)
0
z y x
yz y xy
(b)
0
z y x
z
yz
xz
(c)
Differentiating the stress components with respective axes, we get
2 2
3 , 0 , 2 3 xy
z y
z y
x
xz
xy
x

Substituting in (a),
2 2
3 0 2 3 xy z y
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 11 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 which is not equal to zero
Similarly,
0 3 , 3 5
2
xy
z
xz
y
yz y

(ii) becomes
2
3 3 5 0 xy xz
At point (1, -1, 2), we get 16 1 1 3 3 2 1 5 which is not equal to zero
And y z y
x
x xyz
y
y
z
xz
yz
z
2 3 , 2 6 ,
2 2

Therefore (iii) becomes
2 2
2 6 2 3 y x xyz y z y
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


At the point (1, -1, 2), we get
2
1 1 2 2 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 3 = -5 which
is not equal to zero.
Hence the given stress components does not satisfy the equilibrium equations.
Recalling (a), (b) and (c) with body forces, the equations can be modified as below.
0
x
xz
xy
x
F
z y x
(d)
0
y
yz y xy
F
z y x
(e)
0
z
z
yz
xz
F
z y x
(f)
Where F
x
, F
y
and F
z
are the body forces.
Substituting the values in (d), (e) and (f), we get body forces so that the stress components
become under equilibrium.
Therefore,
11
0 1 1 3 2 2 1 3
x
x
F
F

Also, 0 1 1 3 3 2 1 5
y
F
16
y
F
and 0 ) 1 ( 1 2 2 ) 1 ( 1 6 ) 1 ( 2 2 1 3
2
z
F
5
z
F
The body force vector is given by
k j i F

16

11


Example 2.12
The rectangular stress components at a point in a three dimensional stress system
are as follows.

2 2 2
2 2 2
/ 20 / 60 / 40
/ 80 / 40 / 20
mm N mm N mm N
mm N mm N mm N
zx yz xy
z y x

Determine the principal stresses at the given point.
Solution: The principal stresses are the roots of the cubic equation
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


0
3 2
2
1
3
I I I
The three dimensional stresses can be expressed in the matrix form as below.
2
/
80 60 20
60 40 40
20 40 20
mm N
z yz xz
yz y xy
xz xy x

Here
z y x
I
1

= ) 80 40 20 (
= 60
zx yz xy
x z z y y x
I
2 2 2
2

=
2 2 2
) 20 ( ) 60 ( ) 40 ( ) 20 ( 80 ) 80 )( 40 ( ) 40 ( 20
= -8000

xz yz xy
xy
z
zx
y
yz
x z y x
I 2
2 2 2
3

= 20(-40)(80)-(20)(-60)
2
-(-40)(20)
2
-80(40)
2
+2(40)(-60)(20)
= -344000
Therefore Cubic equation becomes
0 344000 8000 60
2 3
(a)
Now cos 3 cos 4 3 cos
3

Or 0 3 cos
4
1
cos
4
3
cos
3
(b)
Put
3
cos
1
I
r
i.e.,
3
60
cos r
20 cos r
Substituting in (a), we get
0 344000 20 cos 8000 20 cos 60 20 cos
2 3
r r r
0 344000 20 cos 8000 20 cos 60 20 cos 20 cos
2 2
r r r r
0 344000 160000 cos 8000
cos 40 400 cos 60 20 cos cos 40 400 cos
2 2 2 2
r
r r r r r

0 168000 cos 9200 cos
3 3
r r
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


0
168000
cos 9200
1
cos ., .
3 2
3
r r
e i (c)
Hence equations (b) and (c) are identical if
4
3 9200
2
r

3
4 9200
r
755 . 110
and
3
168000
4
3 cos
r

3
755 . 110
4 168000
3 cos
= 0.495
or 495 . 0 3 cos
0
1
9 . 39 65 . 119 3 or

0
2
1 . 80 and
0
3
9 . 159
3
cos
1
1 1
I
r

3
60
) 9 . 39 cos( 755 . 110

2
/ 96 . 104 mm N

3
cos
1
2 2 2
I
r

3
60
) 1 . 80 cos( 755 . 110

2
2
/ 04 . 39 mm N

3
cos
1
3 3 3
I
r

3
60
) 9 . 159 cos( 755 . 110

2
3
/ 84 mm N

Example 2.13
At a point in a given material, the three dimensional state of stress is given by
Module2/Lesson3

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2 2
/ 20 , / 10 mm N mm N
xy z y x
and
2
/ 10 mm N
zx yz

Compute the principal planes if the corresponding principal stresses are
2
3
2
2
2
1
/ 7 . 2 , / 10 , / 3 . 37 mm N mm N mm N
Solution: The principal planes can be obtained by their direction Cosines l, m and n
associated with each of the three principal stresses, . ,
3 2 1
and
(a) To find Principal plane for Stress
1

3 . 27 10 10
10 3 . 27 20
10 20 3 . 27
) 3 . 37 10 ( 10 10
10 ) 3 . 37 10 ( 20
10 20 3 . 37 10

Now,
3 . 27 10
10 3 . 27
A = 745.29-100
A = 645.29

646
) 100 546 (
3 . 27 10
10 20
B
B


10 10
3 . 27 20
C
= 200 + 270.3
C = 470.3

08 . 1027
) 3 . 470 ( ) 646 ( 29 . 645
2 2 2 2 2 2
C B A

628 . 0
08 . 1027
29 . 645
2 2 2
1
C B A
A
l
628 . 0
08 . 1027
646
2 2 2
1
C B A
B
m
Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


458 . 0
08 . 1027
3 . 470
2 2 2
1
C B A
C
n

(b) To find principal plane for Stress
2


20 10 10
10 20 20
10 20 20
) 10 10 ( 10 10
10 ) 10 10 ( 20
10 20 10 10

300 100 400
20 10
10 20
A
300 ) 100 400 (
20 10
10 20
B
0 ) 200 200 (
10 10
20 20
C
26 . 424 ) 0 ( ) 300 ( 300
2 2 2 2 2 2
C B A
707 . 0
26 . 424
300
2 2 2
2
C B A
A
l
707 . 0
26 . 424
300
2 2 2
2
C B A
B
m
0
2 2 2
2
C B A
C
n




(c) To find principal plane for Stress
3

3 . 7 10 10
10 3 . 7 20
10 20 3 . 7
) 7 . 2 10 ( 10 10
10 ) 7 . 2 10 ( 20
10 20 7 . 2 10

Module2/Lesson3

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Applied Elasticity for Engineers T.G.Sitharam & L.GovindaRaju


71 . 46 100 29 . 53
3 . 7 10
10 3 . 7
A
46 ) 100 146 (
3 . 7 10
10 20
B
127 ) 73 200 (
10 10
3 . 7 20
C
92 . 142 ) 127 ( ) 46 ( 71 . 46
2 2 2 2 2 2
C B A

326 . 0
92 . 142
71 . 46
2 2 2
3
C B A
A
l
322 . 0
92 . 142
46
2 2 2
3
C B A
B
m
888 . 0
92 . 142
127
2 2 2
3
C B A
C
n