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Unnat: Hi Uttam, it's Govind's birthday on Look at the following sentences from the
Monday next. (Do you) know that? conversation above:
(´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç íÓNçü˛ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV. 1) ... it's Govind's birthday on Monday
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 2) That was on the 12th, the birth day is on the
Uttam: Yea! He told me of it when we met last. 18th
That was on the 12th I think. The birth 3) He is quite popular on the campus
day is on the 18th, that is, on Monday
4) He is on the list of those selected
next, as you say.
5) I first happened to meet him on a train
(Å´¤†’. ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¢Ë’ç §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ
6) Did you read that book on personality devel-
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒpúø’, 12´ û√Kê’ Å†’-
opment?
èπ◊çö«. ÅûªE °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV 18†, Åçõ‰
†’´¤yîÁ°æ¤ûª’-†oô’x, ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç) 7) ... it is available on the market They came here last Thursday = c) The food sold on the train (in the train
Unnat: He is going to have a good number of 8) I think a good number of books on show are They came here on Thursday last is expensive=
é¬ü¿’)
guests that day. useful (ûËD© N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË) train ™ Ţ˒t ǣ慮Ωç êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´.
(Ç®ÓV Åûª-EéÀ î√™«-´’çC ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ Öçúø- 1, 2) On Monday, on the 12th, on the 18th. 3) He is quite popular on the campus. d) He is now on (in é¬ü¿’) the bus to
¶-ûª’Ø√o®Ω’) Days of the week
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! (¢√®√© Ê°®Ω’x) Campus = Nü∆u-©-ߪ÷© Ç´-®Ωù (College/ Hyderabad=
Uttam: He is quite popular on the campus, and ´·çü¿’, dates on
´·çü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. School/ University buildings, ¢√öÀ ô÷d ´¤†o Åûª-E-°æ¤úø’ Hyderabad ¢Á∞Ïx bus ™ ÖØ√oúø’.
he is quite rich too. So he is making a Å®·ûË û√Kê’© v°æü˨¡ç éπL°œ) e) The Maoists shot him dead on the bus=
grand event of it. ´·çü¿’, on ûª®√yûª Campus ´·çü¿’, on
bus
'the'
´÷NÆˇd x (´÷¢Ó-ÉÆˇd x é¬ü¿’) ÅûªEo ™
(Campus ™ ¢√úÕéÀ ´’ç* Çü¿-®Ωù ÖçC, ´Ææ’hçC. °j† ´Ææ’hçC, in ®√ü¿’. é¬La-îªç-§ƒ®Ω’.
a) He is the tallest stu-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
f) The Police arrested him on the plane to
ü∆E-éÀ-ûÓúø’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o¢√úø’. Åçü¿’-éπ-E-¢√úø’
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: Day, 325 dent on our campus
London=
°æ¤öÀd-†-®Ó-V†’ °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.)
Unnat: Yes. He is good at studies too, and ÅC ´îËa date °æéπ\- ´÷ Nü∆u-©-ߪ’ç™ Åûª-
London ¢Á∞Ïx plane ™ ÅûªEo Åü¿’-°æ¤™ éÀ
equally good at games. He is high on °æ-éπ\† ®√Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’, †ç-ü¿®Óx §Òúø’í∫’.
the list of those selected for some date ´·çü¿’ on ®√ü¿’. b) He is the best player on the cam-
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ (in the plane é¬ü¿’).
award. The college reopens on Monday pus = Å™«Íí Å´’t-é¬-E-èπ◊çC/ Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
(îªü¿’´¤™, véÃúø-™ x†÷ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË the 12th June. Ç Nü∆u-©-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ Åçü¿®Óx íÌ°æp – On the market Åçö«ç, In the market é¬ü¿’
(order of days, dates and time: Çô-í¬úø’. a) The book is on the market=
Öçö«úø’. àüÓ •£æ›-´’-AéÀ áç°œ-éπ-îËÆœ† ¢√∞¡x
ñ«G-û√™ Åûª†’ v°æü∑¿-´·úø’) ¢Á·ü¿ô, day, date, month,
ûª®√yûª Å™«Íí on the premisses Åçö«ç. In/ The book is available in shops
Uttam: I first happened to meet him on a train. year, time - within the premisses é¬ü¿’. (He is in the market =
M.SURESAN
ÉD ´®Ω’Ææ) Åûª†’ àüÓ éÌØË
We were sur- market
°æE-O’ü¿ ™ ÖØ√oúø’)
prised to know b) There are very good
that we were
the same col-
lege. On the
occasion his
... it is available on the market books on the subject on
the market =
Market ™ Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°j†
î√™« ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·.
parents were with him too. The meeting will be held on Tuesday, the premisses (á°æ¤púø÷ plural) = ã ¢√u-§ƒ®Ω 6) A book on a subject = äéπ N≠æߪ÷EéÀ
(ÅûªúÕo ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ã train ™ 17th of July 2007 at 5 P.M. ÆæçÆæn/hotel/ factory éÀ îÁçC† buildings, Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o†’. äÍé college ¢√∞¡xç ÅE Day, dates on
a) There are many books on the subject=
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√öÀ ô÷d ´¤†o Ç´-®Ωù
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Úߪ÷ç. Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·ûË Days, dates ´·çü¿’, last, this, that, a) No smoking on the premisses.
every and next on
Ç N≠æߪ÷EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™«
¢√∞¡x parents èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´ÊÆh ¢√úøç. b) I can't allow this on the premisses of my ÖØ√o®·
Unnat: He insists on our being at the function a) He will start here next Monday. company = company
Ø√ Ç´-®Ω-ù™ ï®Ω-í∫ôç b) He wrote a book on fashions =
punctually. (´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç–No 'on' before next ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. fashions
Monday. On next Monday
(´’†ç function èπ◊ time
Åûª†’ O’ü¿ ã °æ¤-Ææhéπç ®√¨»úø’.
èπ◊ -Öçú≈-©E é¬ü¿’) Å™«Íí on ¢√ú≈-Lq† Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿®√s¥©’ (Ñ Ææçü¿- 8) On sale, on show:
°æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.) b) I see him here every 1st. ®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ ûª°æ¤pí¬ in NE°œ-Ææ’hç-ô’çC) On sale:
Uttam: By the way, did you read that book on
Å´’t-éπç™ Öçúøôç
4) On the list (ñ«G-û√™)– In the list é¬ü¿’
(v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ û√Kê’ Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø éπE°œ-≤ƒhúø’
personality development our lecturer Åûª†’– on every first é¬ü¿’) a) The book is on sale=
a) His name is the first on the list=
was talking about? c) I will meet him this Saturday. °æ¤Ææhéπç ©¶µºu´’´¤-ûÓçC / Å´’téπç™ ÖçC.
Ç ñ«G-û√™ ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC b) The flowers on show are very attractive=
(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, ´’† lecturer Åçô’†o (ÅûªúÕo ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’ ؈’–
b) On the train -
´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-¢√¢√?) on this Saturday ņç) v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ -°æ‹©’ î√™« Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.
I met him on the train to Mumbai=
Unnat: I don't think it is available on the mar- Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.
I'll meet him next Monday = Mumbai train
ket.
¢Á∞Ïx ™ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†-ûªEo.
(ÅC market ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûÓç-ü¿E ؈-†’- I will meet him on Monday next. (in the train é¬ü¿’)
éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.) A. i) She broke the
Uttam: It's on sale in the book exhibition at a Q. D. i) and ii) correct. F. Employee=
bat in two,
éÀçC ¢√é¬u™x àN ÆæÈ®j-†-N? ņôç È®çúø÷ ÖüÓu-í∫-Ææ’húø’/ ÖüÓuT.
discount. I am going to buy it. A) i) She broke the bat in two ii) could you tell me the Employer =
correct, bat
Ç¢Á’ †’ Å®·ûË ™ ÖüÓuí∫ç ÉîËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÖüÓu-
ii) She broke the bat into two time of arrival / arrival time of the
(
°æ¤Ææh-éπ -v°æ-ü¿-®Ωz-†™ Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo discount ™ È®çúø’ ´·éπ\-©’í¬ NJ- í∫ç™ Eߪ’-N’ç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
express clear
B) i) Let's have a break for lunch e.g: The proprietors of any com-
Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç í¬
i) and ii)
Å´·t-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ؈’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’) *çC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Öçô’çC. èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰
Unnat: I think a good number of books on ii) Lets break for lunch È®çúø’ ´·éπ\™‰ Å®·ûË pany are the employers and the
into two ®√ü¿’.
Å®·Ø√, °j† Ææ÷*ç-*† Ææ´-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ
show there are very useful. It's a good iii) Lets break lunch È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·Ø√, Could you people who work for salaries or
opportunity for those who love books. C) i) It's better you consult a doctor
´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\-©’í¬ please tell me when the express wages are the employees.
arrives, better.
NJ-*çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ éπç°-F -ߪ’-ï-´÷-†’-©’– employers.
ii) It's better you to consult a
(Åéπ\úø v°æü¿-®Ωz-†™ Ö†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√-™« Å®·ûË She broke ÅØËC
doctor E. '-ing' form, verb
the bat into pieces correct.
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. °æ¤Ææh-é¬Lo à ûÓ Å®·Ø√ ¢√R}-ûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÖüÓu-í¬™x Eߪ’-N’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
His loving her
ņôç ¢√úø-´îª’a. (Åûª-ú≈-¢Á’†’ Ç ÆæçÆæn™ @û√-EéÀ °æEîËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx
vÊ°N’ç-îË-¢√-∞¡x-éÀC ´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç) D) i) Could you please tell me í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:break in two (È®çúø’ is known to all
Uttam: Let's go there this evening. when the express arrives ´·éπ\©’) break into pieces
vÊ°N’-Ææ’hç-úøôç)
(Åçü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-ÆœçüË)– loving Ééπ\úø (ÖüÓu- í∫’©’) employees. Å™«Íí
(É¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«lç) ii) Could you tell me the arrival (´·éπ\©’, ´·éπ\-©’í¬ N®Ω-´ôç) ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’. '-ing' form áéπ\-úÁj-Ø√ à a) Trainer - Péπ~-èπ◊úø’,
of the express B. i) and ii) È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰, verb Trainee - Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
ûÓ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa.
E) ing form ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøE °æü∆-™‰çöÀ? È®çúø÷ correct. iii) let's break lunch ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-EC:am + ing/ is + ing/ are b) Examiner - °æK-éÀ~ç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx
´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ éÌEo prepositions í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- love ing form
éÀ Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. i) and ii) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, + ing. Åçõ‰ am/ is/ are ©ûÓ éπL°œ Examinee - °æK-éÀ~ç-îª-•-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æK-éπ~
lunch éÀ N®√´’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç ÅE.
™ ¢√úÌî√a?
èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ lesson ™ English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ´îËa yours lovingly éÌEo '-ing' forms ¢√úøç. Å™«çöÀ -®√-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx. É™« -er (ã °æE -îË-®·çîË
C. i) and ii) È®çúø÷ ûª°æ¤p. †’´¤y doc-
ÅE ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? love Am loving/ is
'on' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ing form
¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ. ¢√∞¡Ÿx) -ee (Ç °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ûÓ ´îËa
tor †’ consult îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C
N’T-L-†N ™ ®√ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´- loving/ are loving - wrong. DE ´÷ô©’
On the table, on the box, on the desk - É™«çöÀ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English ™, You had bet- love/ loves
ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ? •-ü¿’©’ Åçö«ç. °æ-J-Q-Lç-îª-çúÕ.
¢√öÀ™x on Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, O’ü¿, °j† ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ F) Employee, employer ™ ûËú≈©’ ter consult a doctor, or It's better am+ing/ is+ing/ are+ing ¢√úøE
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† English ™ on ¢√úø-鬩’ for you to consult a doctor verbs list lessons
– úÕ.í∫-ù‰≠ˇ, °®Ω’-´÷R
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ņôç -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ ™,
´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. correct. Pratibha plus
-É-öÃ-´-© -™ -É-î√aç.
Archana: It isn't as good as your other dress- (Å´¤†’ v°æA-®ÓW ؈’ TV ™ üµ¿®Ω©’ 2) Expenditure on something. d) Without waiting for any one, she started on
es are. Why do I see you in bad îª÷≤ƒh†’.) (üËE-ÈéjØ√ °õ‰d ê®Ω’a, ´uߪ’ç) her own=
dresses on occasion? Archana: That reminds me. Did you watch the a) His expenditure on luxuries is little = á´JéÓÆæ-´‚ -á-ü¿’®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ûª†ç-ûªô û√ØË/
(F Éûª®Ω dress -©ç-ûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿C. programme on channel 99 yester- N™«≤ƒ-©èπ◊ Åûª†’ °õ‰d ê®Ω’a ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰†õ‰x/ äçô-Jí¬ •ßª’©’ üËJçC.
Å°æ¤-púø°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y ¶«í¬-™‰E dresses ™ day? It was really exciting. Åûª†’ N™«≤ƒ©èπ◊ ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-†õ‰x. 7) Depend on = äéπJ O’ü¿, äéπ ü∆E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-
éπE°œ-≤ƒh-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊?) (Ç ´÷ôçõ‰ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o †’´¤y b) Her expenditure on her dresses is very high °æ-úøôç.
Vennela: You know, my expenditure on channel 99 ™ = Ç¢Á’ -ü¿’Ææ’h-©-O’ü¿ Depend ûª®√yûª on/ upon.
clothes isn't much. It doesn't exceed ´*a† pro-
a) Kumar depends on his mother for everything =
áèπ◊\¢Ëê®Ω’a °úø’ûª’çC.
Rs 3000/- to Rs 4000 on average. gramme 3) on average =
îª÷¨»¢√?. Ææí∫ô’. v°æA N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπ◊´÷®˝ ¢√∞¡x´’t O’ü¿
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ -ü¿’Ææ’h© O’ü¿ Ø√ ê®Ω’a Çüµ∆-®Ω°æúøû√úø’.
a) I see two movies a
î√™« Ö-û√q£æ«ç
Ææí∫ô’† ØÁ©èπ◊ 3000 †’ç* 4000 éπLTç-îË™« 327 month on average b) Her mother and father gone, Sasi has none
®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ N’çîªü¿’. ÖçC.) = to depend upon =
(exceed = N’çîªôç/ ÅCµí∫N’çîªôç) Ææí∫-ô’† ØÁ©èπ◊
Vennela: I missed it. OK. I must be
Archana: You don't seem to spend much on È®çúø’ ÆœE-´÷©’ -ûª-† -ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ -¨¡-P Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ö«-
going. Bye.
conveyance either. I see you most îª÷≤ƒh†’. E-Èé-´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.
of the time going on foot. Not often
(؈’ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. Bye) b) On average we spend Rs 200 (Sentence ´’üµ¿u™ depend on, sentence *´-
do I see you on your scooter. Preposition 'on' ¢√úË ´’JéÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ on transport = ´÷ Ææí∫ô’ ®Ω¢√ù« È®jûË depend upon)
8) On the road/ on the way =
(†’´¤y áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢ÁRxØ√ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ îª÷ü∆lç. ê®Ω’a©’ ØÁ©èπ◊ 200 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’.
Look at the following sentences 4) On Scooter:
Åçûª ê®Ω’a °úø’ûª’-†oô’d éπE-°œç-¤.-á°æ¤p- road on the street =
from the conversation above: M.SURESAN
ü∆J™, ™; Ç OCµ™
úø÷ -†-úÕ-*-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-ö«-´¤. F scooter O’ü¿
I go on my own...
¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†oô’x èπÿú≈ Åçûª éπ†°æ-úø´¤.)
(Conveyance = ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ-©èπ◊ ¢√úË ¢√£æ«-Ø√©’)
[Pramod: What's your conveyance to office?
(Office èπ◊ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡û√´¤?)
Prasanna: The city bus. 1) Why do I see you in bad dresses on occa- a) I met him on the road
(conveyance allowance = (°æEîÓô’ sion ´÷´‚-©’í¬ top Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x v°æߪ÷ùç b) The bank is on the next road
†’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ ÅßË’u v°æߪ÷ù ê®Ω’a©éÀîËa 2) My expenditure on clothes isn't much Å®·ûË, by bus, by car, by plane, by train, etc 9) On the left, on the right =
¶µºûªuç)] 3) It doesn't exceed... on average Åçö«ç. Top ™‰E ¢√£æ«Ø√™„jûË, on bike, on áúø´’¢Áj°æ¤, èπ◊úÕ¢Áj°æ¤
Vennela: Who do you take with you when you 4) I see you most of the time going on foot scooter, on cycle, on horse, etc.
a) The shop is on the left of the bank =
buy your dresses? 5) on foot =
5) Not often do I see you on your scooter é¬L †úø-éπ†. shop, bank
(†’´¤y dresses éÌØË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ á´J-E 6) I am on my own/ I go on my own a) I went all the way on foot =
Ç èπ◊ áúø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC.
BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√´¤.) (To the left, to the right ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)
7) I depend on myself Ç ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-î√†’.
b) The bank is to the right of the shop.
Archana: Mom. What about you? b) He is too old to come here on foot =
8) It is on the road to the railway station
(´÷ Å´’t†’. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) (Shop èπ◊ èπ◊úÕ ¢Áj°æ¤ Bank ÖçC).
9) It is on the left of the National Bank Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª °ü∆l-ߪ’† Çߪ’†.
Vennela: Iam on my own. I walk because I get (He went on foot = He footed the distance 10) On last year =
10) But gold prices are up by 10% on last year
excercise. I go on my own because I = He walked.) éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç O’ü¿/ éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
depend on myself. 11) I watch the prices on the TV
6) I am on my own - éπçõ‰ – Å®·ûË É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, upon Åçö«ç.
12) Did you watch the programme on channel
(؈’ äçöÀ-Jí¬ØË ¢Á∞¡û√. ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† expression. DE a) The percentage of passes this year are
†úø’≤ƒh exercise éÓÆæç. Ø√O’üË ØËØ√-üµ∆-®Ω- 99?
up on last year =
1) On occasion: occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç. Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË/ äçô-Jí¬.
a) I don't have any company. I am on my own =
°æ-úøôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ é¬-•öÀd ؈’ äçôJí¬ Ñ àú≈C ÖBh-®Ωgû√ ¨»ûªç í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçéπçõ‰
¢Á∞¡û√.) on that occasion– Ç Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™.
Ø√èπ◊ á´J ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË áèπ◊\´.
Archana: But you are yet to tell me where you on occasion = Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’.
ÖØ√o†’/ äçô-Jí¬ ÖØ√o†’. b) His earnings are up on last year =
bought the dress? a) He does smoke but on occasion =
b) Once you join the hostel, you are on your ÅûªE Ææ秃-ü¿† í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éπçõ‰ °J-TçC.
dress smoke own. You have no one to take care of you =
(ÅÆæ-Lç-ûªéÃ Ç áéπ\úø éÌØ√o¢Ó Åûª†’ îË≤ƒhúø’ Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’. 11), 12). TV, Radio ™ Programme îª÷úøôç,
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’) b) On occasions like the Independence Day, Hostel ™ îËJûË, F Åçûªô †’¢Ëy Öçö«´¤. E†’o Programme ®√´ô癫çöÀ ¢√öÀE, on the
Vennela: Not so well known. It is on the road We specially honour the national flag =
¢√öÀ™x
to the railway station. It is on the left
îª÷Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’. TV, on the radio, on the channel Åçö«ç In é¬ü¿’.
≤ƒyûªçvûªu CØÓ-ûªq´ç ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç c) He did it on his own. No one helped him =
of the National Bank there. ñ«Bߪ’ °æû√é¬-EéÀ v°æûËuéπ íı®Ω-¢√-Eo≤ƒhç.
(Åü¿çûª Ê°®Ω’†o / Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† shop Åûª-úø-C ûª†ç-ûªô û√ØË î˨»úø’. á´®Ω÷ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
É™« occasion ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ 'on' ¢√úøû√ç. îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
àçé¬-ü¿’™‰. Railway station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx
b) He threw cold water on our plans for a picnic
éÀçC ¢√é¬u© Å®√n©’, v°æßÁ÷-í¬-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. He was at arm's length from me = Åûªúø’ Öç-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊. by refusing to lend his van in the last minute =
1. Be on cloud nine 2. Herculean Task Ø√ îË®· î√*-†çûª ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. 4) To pour cold water: Öû√q-£æ…Eo van
3. At arm's length 4. To pour cold water DçûÓ ´îËa idiom: Keep (somebody) at F®Ω’-í¬-®Ωa-ôç/-E-®Ω’-û√q-£æ«-°æ-®Ω-îªôç, ´’† °œéÀoé˙èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊ *´J EN’-≠æç™ ûª† É´y-
arm's length = DE-éπ®Ωnç, äéπJE ´’†ûÓ áèπ◊\´ Ç™-îª-†Lo, plans †’ N´’-Jzç-îª-ôç/-Ç-¢Á÷- ú≈-EéÀ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç* ´÷ Öû√q£æ«ç F®Ω’-í¬-J-§Ú-ßË’-™«
5. To cry over spilt milk. î˨»úø’.
á.´-úÕ-¢Ë©’, Ç--üÓE. ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ áçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™ Öçî√™ Cç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç.
5) To cry over spilt milk =
1. Be on cloud nine = Åçûª’-™‰E džç-ü¿çûÓ
Åçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™ Öçîªúøç. (DEéÀ ÉçéÓ ®Ω÷°æç: To throw cold water.)
Öçúøôç.He was on cloud nine when the girl a) Keep him at arm's length = a) Our manager pours cold water
äL-éÀ-§Ú-®·† §ƒ©éÓÆæç *çAç-îªôç.
he loved agreed to marry him. FûÓ ÅûªúÕE áèπ◊\´ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-Fèπ◊. on every plan we come up with (äéπ-®Ωéπçí¬ îËûª’©’ 鬙«éπ Çèπ◊©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç).
= e.g. Someone has stolen your bike. True. You
2. Herculean task = £æ«èπÿu-L-ߪ’Ø˛ task - ÅA-éπ≠dæ (Åûª-úÕûÓ †’´¤y ´’Jçûª ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’©-
íÌü¿’l). ´÷ ¢Ë’ØË-ï®˝ ¢Ë’ç v°æA-§ƒ-CçîË -v°æ-A ought to have been more careful. No use
crying over split milk=
¢Á’i†/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å≤ƒ-üµ¿u-¢Á’i† °æE.
freeing India from poverty is a Herculean b) Though she talks to the boys of her class, v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿-††÷ A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-* /- N-´’-Jzç* ´÷èπ◊
she keeps them at arm's length to avoid Eï¢Ë’. F bike á´®Ó üÌçTç-î√®Ω’. †’Nyç-
task = ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ Ê°ü¿-Jéπç †’ç* N´·éÀh îËߪ’ôç E®Ω’-û√q£æ«ç éπL-T-≤ƒhúø’.
î√™«, î√™« éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE. trouble = class
Ç¢Á’ ûª† ´’í∫-°œ-©x-©ûÓ ´÷ö«x- (He can't accept any plan that it isn't his éÌçîÁç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC. É°æ¤púø’ *çAç*
3. At arm's length = ´’†ç îË®· î√îËçûª ü¿÷®Ωç. úÕØ√, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ’-N-´yü¿’, à Ææ´’-Ææu©÷ ®√èπ◊ç-úø - own) v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’.
-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√é¬u-©-†’ -á-™« -v°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L? 2) Upset the apple cart = The former friends are now sur-
†´’téπç 鬢√L Fèπ◊)
Chalam: You've hit the nail on the head. äéπJ plans †’ ¶µºí∫oç prisingly at daggers drawn with
î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ áèπ◊\´
(î√™«correct í¬ îÁ§ƒp´¤) 1. As light as a feather îËߪ’ôç. each other =
v§ƒ´·êuç É´y-ôç/ -íÓ-®Ωç-ûª©’
Kundan: Just go on taking this medicine for 2. Upset the apple cart Duryodhana and compa-
éÌçúøç-ûª©’ îËߪ’ôç.
The first warnings about AIDS
Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’-ôçõ‰ Åçûª N’vûª’-L-°æ¤púø’
another week. You will be rid of the 3. At daggers drawn ny wanted to bind Lord
were taken as making mountain
äéπ-J°j äéπ®Ω’ éπûª’h©’ †÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.
trouble for ever. 4. As cool as a cucumber Krishna, but he upset the apple 4) As cool as cucumber = àç Ç¢Ë-¨¡- of mole hill =
5. Make a mountain of a mole hill cart by exhibiting his universal form
AIDS
(ÉçéÓ-¢√-®Ωç-§ƒô’ Ñ ´’çü¿’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç- °æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Ææçߪ’-´’†ç §ƒöÀç-îªôç. í∫’Jç-* ¢Á·ü¿öÀ £«îªa-J-éπ-©†’
Dharmaraj was as cool as
-ï-¢√-•’:
ô÷çúø’. Ñ ¶«üµ¿ ¨»¨¡yûªçí¬ N®Ω-í∫-úø-´¤- – -á.-N-.-Ç-î√-J, -¢Áj-ñ«í˚
ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-Ø√--ü¿’©’ Xéπ%≠æflgúÕE •çCµç-î√- ¢Á·ü¿ô íÓ®Ωçûª éÌçúøç-ûª©’ îËߪ’ôç
ûª’çC) ©-†’-èπ◊-ØËç-ûª™, Çߪ’† ûª† N¨¡y- Cucumber even when provoked ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷.
be rid of = ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç/ N®Ω-í∫-úø-´ôç 1) As light as a feather = î√™« î√™« ®Ω÷-§ƒEo îª÷°œç* ¢√∞¡x ´‹u£æ…Eo éπNyç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V Figures of speech: °j ¢√öÀ™
¶µºí∫oç î˨»úø’. î√™« expressions, figures of
Chalam: Thank you again and again. ûËL-Èéj-† (°æéÀ~ Ñéπçûª ûËLéπ) Ææ£æ«†ç éÓ™p-èπ◊çú≈, Ç¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈
3) At daggers drawn = Éü¿l-®Ω’-í¬F,
thanks) Though she is fat, she thinks
Ææçߪ’-´’-†çûÓ ÖçúË-¢√úø’. speech (Å©ç-é¬-®√©’). English
(´’Sx ´’Sx È®çúø’´®√_-©’-í¬F äéπ-J-°æôx äéπ®Ω’ Cucumber = üÓÆæ-é¬ßª’. ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊, figures of
Kundan: Not at all. she is as light as a feather =
(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’) î√™« éÓ°æç-ûÓ/ -véÓ-üµ¿çûÓ Öçúøôç/ 5) Make a mountain of a mole hill = speech Åçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. O©’-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
Ç¢Á’ ™«´¤í¬ ÖØ√o, ûª†’ î√™« ûËLéπ éπûª’h©’ †÷®Ωúøç. *†o -N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo °ü¿lC îËߪ’-ôç/- ¢Áç-•úÕ -Å-Fo ûÁ-L-ߪ’-•-®Ω’≤ƒhç.
(•®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC. Dagger - *†o êúø_ç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. é¬F ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰†’. -v°-¨æ ¡o: 1. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ÂÆpLxçí˚ N’ÊÆdé˙q 2. Verb ™‰éπ-§ÚûË sentence é¬-ØË é¬ü¿’. 6 verb 2. †’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ØËE-*a† Å°æ¤p B®Ωa-éπ-§Úí¬,
Ñ É•sç-C-ØÁ™« ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-î√L? °æ-üÓ -ûª®Ωí∫-A ®√èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúÕ, pronunciation forms ™ àüÓ äéπ-õ„jØ√ ™‰E group of words ´’Sx Å°æ¤p Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.
sentence On the other hand - È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-
-v°æ-¨¡o:
N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©-†’, -™‰-ê-©-†’ ®√-ߪ’-úøç éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ àçîÁߪ÷u™ é¬ü¿’.
á-™« -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-îÓa -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. †o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å°æ¤p îÁLxç-îª-éπ-
2. ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ 6 verb forms Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- 1. My father earns Rs.3000 whereas my moth-
-ï-¢√-•’: The best way to speak English is to
– ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛. Èé, Hµ´’-´®Ωç §Úí¬ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Å°æ¤p Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’. Å®·ûË
í¬©’, v§ƒ´·êuç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. er earns Rs.7000. Ééπ\úø, on the contrary Åçõ‰ better (ü∆EéÀ
start speaking English in daily life whenever Verb forms Ç-Jç-öÀ™ à äéπ- 2. You have not cleared my earlier loan on ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬).
you have an opportunity. Read as much õ„jØ√ Öçõ‰ØË Ç ¢√éπuç éπÈ®èπ◊d ÅE other hand you are asking for another loan. 3. Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ Gߪ’uç 鬢√-©†o demand Éçé¬
English as you can - short story books. Lis- îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.verb forms ™‰E 3. Kerala demand for more rice yet to be con- É´y-•-úø-™‰ü¿’– ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’J-éÌçûª
ten to TV English news casts. In the begin- ¢√é¬u©’ èπÿú≈ éÌEo éπÈ®Íéd éπü∆. ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-°æçúÕ. ceded. Gߪ’uç 鬢√-©ØË Íé®Ω∞¡ demand -†’ Éçé¬ ä°æ¤p-
ning you may not understand all of it, keep 4. Kumaraswamy to meet Manmohan.
-ï-¢√-•’: 1. Spoken English lesson No.1 †’ç*
– áç. Nvéπ¢˛’ éÓ-™‰ü¿’ (Íéçvü¿ç)
listening. These are the ways you can speak 4. ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†’†o èπ◊´÷-®Ω-≤ƒyN’.
-ï-¢√-•’: 1. ´÷ Ø√†o- ØÁ©èπ◊ ®Ω÷.3000 Ææ秃-CÊÆh,
– ≤ƒy-N’, é¬u-ûªí¬-†ÈéÈ® (éπ®√g-ôéπ)
good English. computer ™ download (Eenadu.net) îËÆæ’èπ◊E
10th class students, write a few sentences on ¢Á·ü¿öÀ lesson †’ç*, 1st 50 lessons ´÷ Å´’t ØÁ©èπ◊ 7000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Ææ秃-C-Ææ’hçC.
any topic. Write longer passages. This is the ¢Á·ü¿ô îªü¿-´çúÕ. O’ ÆæçüË-£æ…-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Whereas - ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûËú≈†’ Ææ÷*ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊
only way. üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC. ¢√-úø-û√ç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Excuse, forgive, pardon - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ ¢√∞¡x†÷ éÌCl-í¬--ØÁj-Ø√ °æ‹Jh-í¬-ØÁj-Ø√ B) The Judge pardoned the misbehaviour of
the accused in the court = Court ™
b) I can never forgive her for the way she
insulted me = ††’o Å´-´÷†ç îËÆœ† Nüµ∆-Ø√-
-Å®Ωn-´‚ éπ~-N’ç-î√-©-ØË éπ-ü∆! -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x - PéÀ~ç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ éπ~N’ç* ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç. EéÀ Ç¢Á’†’ ØËØÁ-°æp-öÀéà éπ~N’ç-îª-™‰†’.
a) We excuse his coming
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-ç-î√-™ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ´·ü∆l ® · ü¿’v≠æp-´-®Ωh-††’ Ø√uߪ ’-´‚Jh éπ ~N’ç*
– -áç.-Çç-ï-ØË-ߪ·-©’, Èé.-Ø√Íí-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, late.
´C-™‰-¨»úø’. ÉC πÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
Presidential pardon = éπ~´÷-Gµéπ~. i) éÌûªh-¢√-∞¡x† ’, °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x† ÷, ™«ç-†-v§ƒ-ߪ ’çí¬
b) The teacher excused the
-ï-¢√-•’: ÉC Eïçí¬ î√-™« íÌ°æp v°æ¨¡o. Excuse, for-
-¢Á·-©í∫-´-Lx (éπ®Ω÷o-©’ ->-™«x) (formal í¬) ņ’-´’A BÆæ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ excuse
3) Forgive: ÉC Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀ™ x íÌ°æpC. ´’†èπ◊
students for their misbe- me Åçö«ç!
give, pardon ©èπ◊ common meaning haviour
éπ-L-T-† £æ…EE, Å°æ-é¬-®√Eo, vüÓ£æ…Eo ´’† ´’†-Ææ’-
Excuse me/ If you don't mind, (May I sit
c) I can't excuse his disre-
ûª°æ¤p-©†÷, ØË®√-©†÷, ûª°æ¤p-îË-Æœ† ¢√∞¡x†÷ ™ç* °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÌ©-Tç--èπ◊E, Å™«çöÀ £æ…E, Å°æ-
here?)
éÌçûª-®·Ø√/ °æ‹Jh-í¬-ØÁjØ√ Péπ~/ ûªT† ¨»Æœh specting me
鬮Ωç vüÓ£æ«ç îËÆœ-†-¢√∞¡x°æôx, véÓüµ¿ç, éÓ°æç, v°æ-B-é¬-®Ω-
™‰èπ◊çú≈ éπ~N’ç* ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç. ¢√ç, PéÀ~çîË éÓJéπ àO’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ éπ~N’ç* É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ´’†-èπ◊
2) Pardon: ÉC ´·êuçí¬ ØË®√© N≠æ-ߪ ’ç™ -Åéπ\Í®x-ü¿’. Íé-´-©ç ´’®√uü¿ éÓÆæç Åçö«ç.
Ééπ Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéà ûËú≈©’:
1) Excuse: äéπJ EJl-≠d-¢ æ Á’i† ûª°æ¤p-©†’ (specific ¢√úøû√ç. ØË®Ωç °ü¿l-üÁj-Ø√ *†o--üÁj-Ø√, ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©èπ◊ NCµç- ´C- ™‰-ߪ’ôç.
a) Gandhi always advised us to forgive even
á´-È®j oØ√ Åúø’f ûÌ©-í¬-©-E -Å-úøí∫-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈
excuse me Åçö«ç.
offenses †’)– Åçõ‰ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç,
î√-Lq† Péπ~†’ éÌClí¬-ØÁj-Ø√ °æ‹Jh-í¬--ØÁj-Ø√ ®Ωü¿’l-îË-ߪ’ôç. our enemies for whatever they do to us =
îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îË-ߪ’úøç, °æE™ Åv¨¡ü¿l¥, Å©-Ææûªyç A) The President of India can pardon a con- ii) Éûª-®Ω’©’ îÁ°œpçC ´’†èπ◊ N-E°œç-îªéπ-§Ú-ûË, ¢√∞¡x†’
v°æü¿-Jzç-îªúøç, Ææ´÷-ïç™ v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ Eߪ’-´÷-©†’ vict. (Péπ~ °æúÕ-†-¢√-∞¡x†’ ®√≠æZ-°æA éπ~N’ç-îª-´îª’a –
´’†-èπ◊ -à -£æ…E îËÆœ-† ¨¡vûª’-´¤-©-ØÁj-Ø√ éπ~N’ç--î√-©-E ´’Sx îÁ°æp-´’-†-ö«-EéÀ: Pardon me/ Pardon/
§ƒöÀç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀ ûª°æ¤p-©†’, ûª°æ¤p îËÆœ† Ç ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ÖçC) í¬çDµ Ææ©£æ…. Beg your pardon Åçö«ç.
(¢Á·ØÌo-éπ®ÓV ã ÆœE´÷ £æ…™x, Éü¿l®Ω’ Preposition 'to' ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J-éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’- Ñ To some/ a little/ a úø•’s üÌçT-Lç-*-†ô’x Åûª†’ äÊ°p-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
üÁ•s-™«-úø’-éÓ-´ôç îª÷¨»†’ î√™« *†o èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™. great/ a large/ to a Admitted to ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ noun í¬F/ ...ing
N≠æߪ’ç O’ü¿. ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™xE èπ◊Ka-O’ü¿ Look at the following sentences from the greater or lesser form í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. 1st Regular Doing
á´®Ω’ îË®· °ô’d-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ conversation above: extent ¶«í¬practice Word ®√ü¿’.
¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô.) 1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to them. îËÆœ O’ conversation 7) Éûª-®Ω’-©-°æôx äéπJ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ èπÿú≈ 'to' ¢√úøû√ç:
English ™ cinema Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, cinema 2) I saw two men coming to blows èπ◊ ≤Òí∫Ææ’ éπLpç-îªçúÕ. a) Lord Rama was very kind to his subjects
hall; ü∆E™ îª÷°œçîË îª©† *vûªç = movie / 3) To some extent ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÉüË ¶µ«´çûÓ, X®√-´·úø’ ûª† v°æï© °æôx î√™« ü¿ßª’ûÓ ÖçúË-
picture / film. Arm rest = èπ◊Ka îË®· ´’† îË®· 4) The singer sang the songs to perfection ¢√úø’. (Subjects = ®√V© §ƒ©-†-éÀçü¿ ÖçúË
M.SURESAN
Åçõ‰ '¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË
ÇEç--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ 5) I am opposed to songs in movies
¶µ«´çûÓ ¢√úË ´’®Ó v°æï©’. citizens = v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´’uç™E v°æï©’)
Laxman: Perhaps that was more entertaining expression:
6) The villain admitting to his crimes is abrupt b) Some parents are very cruel to their chil-
to the spectators than the movie. 4) To perfection = dren =
and unconvincing.
à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰†ç-ûª-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊. éÌçü¿®Ω’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ûª´’ °œ©x-©-°æôx
a) She sang to perfection =
(•£æ›¨» ÆœE-´÷-éπØ√o èπÿú≈ ÅüÁ-èπ◊\´ 7) The good are very good to others, the bad, î√™« vèπÿ®Ωçí¬ Öçö«®Ω’.
NØÓü¿ç éπLTç*çüË¢Á÷ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊) very cruel to others à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ™°æç ™‰†çûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúÕçC. (Å™«Íí, faithful to = N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ/ í¬, loyal to
Sri Ram: To some extent. It began with a fight 8) I don't want to be bored to death perfection = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgûª/ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ™°æ´‚ = NüµË-ߪ’-ûªí¬, obedient to = NüµË-ߪ’-ûªí¬ etc.)
on the screen, and ended with it. So 1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to
™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. 8) be bored to death = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
the audience did not miss much. them: b) He directed the movie to perfection = à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
(éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. ¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ §Úö«x- ÆœE-´÷™x àO †Ø√o-éπ-J{ç-¤ ¢√öÀ¢Áj°æ¤. ÅûªØ√ ÆœE´÷†’ à üÓ≠æç ™‰E-N-üµ¿çí¬ EÍ®l-Pç- a) I don't want to meet him. He bores me to
ôûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵º¢Á’i ü∆EûÓ Åçûª-¢Á’içC) Attract (Some one) to (something) =
î√úø’. (Direction/ ü¿®Ωz-éπ-ûªyç™ à ™°æç death =
Laxman: What was the movie? You told me it äéπ-JE äéπ-ü∆-E-°æôx Çéπ-J{ç-îªôç. ™‰ü¿’.) ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. îªîËaçûª/
was Naaku Nene Neeku Neeve, did- 5) be opposed to = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç
a) The songs in the movie attracted me to it îªîËa-´-®Ωèπ◊/ îªîËa-¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’.
n't you. I've seen it too. The songs in a) Gandhi was opposed to any kind of vio-
= b) His classes bore us to death =
lence =
Ç ÆœE-´÷-™E §ƒô©’ ††’o Çéπ-J{ç-î√®·.
it are very good. The playback singer í¬çDµ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† £œ«çÆæèπÿ ´uA-Í®éÀ/
b) What attracted the parent to the school ÅûªE class ©’ îªîËaçûª bore.
sang the songs to perfection. was its discipline and tuition =
ÅEo Nüµ∆™« £œ«çÆæ†÷ ´uA-Í®-éÀç-î√úø’.
(àçö« ÆœE´÷? Ø√èπ◊ ØËØË, Fèπ◊ F¢Ë Ç school ™E véπ´’-P-éπ~ù, ¶üµ¿Ø√ Ç ûªLxE/
-v°æ-¨¡o: -éÀç-C -¢√é¬u-©-†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™
ÅØ√o´¤ í∫ü∆? ؈÷ îª÷¨»†’ ü∆Eo. ûªçvúÕE Çéπ-J{ç-î√®·.
4. O’ Sentence ™ íÌ°æp-¢√úø’ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ Å®Ωnç
2) come to blows = üÁ•s-™«-úø’-éÓ-´ôç.
ü∆ØÓx §ƒô©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç í¬ßª’-
a) What started as a small quarrel led to
èπ◊-®√©’ §ƒô-©-Eoç-öÀE E®Ω’l-≠ædçí¬ á™« -Å-Ø√L? Ææp≠ædçí¬ ™‰ü¿’– üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’-úøØ√, àüÓ äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™
their coming to blows =
§ƒúÕçC.) 1. îÁ°œpçC îËߪ’-úø¢Ë’ F °æE. ®√ùÀç-*-†-¢√-úøØ√, FA, üµ¿®Ωtç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, ´’£æ…-û√t-
Sri Ram: I am opposed to songs in movies. 2. †’¢Áyçûª F •ûª’-Èéçûª F´¤ í¬ç-Dµ™«, íÌ°æp-¢√-úøØ√? *´J Å®Ωnç BÆæ’èπ◊-†o-ôx-
The best of English movies have no
*†o ûªí¬ü∆í¬ ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-∞¡x-O’ü¿ äéπ∞¡Ÿx
îË®·-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆é¬ ¢ÁR}çC. ††’o áí∫-û√R îË≤ƒh¢√? ®·ûË a righteous person ņ-´îª’a. Å™«Íí
songs in them. Still they hold our Ééπ\úø to äéπ N≠æߪ’ç à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-TçD ûÁ©’-
v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç Åçõ‰ v°æ´÷ü¿ç éπ©’í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿Ø√? éÃúø’
attention.
3. áCÍíéÌDl äCT Öçú≈L. Ææ÷*-Ææ’hç-ü¿Ø√? v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ danger-
°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. ÉüË Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ 'to' ¢√úøéπç 4. ã Ŷµ«-í∫’uúÕ Ç¢Ë-ü¿† éπçõ‰ ã ous ņ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’ O’ ¶µ«´ç English ™:
(ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒô-©†’ ؈’ ´uA-Í®-éÀ-≤ƒh†’. éÀçC sentences ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷úø-´îª’a. The silence of a righteous (È®jîªÆˇ) person is
´’ç* English ÆœE-´÷™x ÅÆæ©’ §ƒô- 3) To some extent: éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
íÌ°æp-¢√úÕ ´’¯†ç Ñ ü˨»-EéÀ
more dangerous than the agony of a needy
áçûÓ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç.
©’ç-úø´¤. Å®·Ø√ ÅN ´’† ü¿%≠œdE Çéπ-ô’d- a) To some extent he is responsible for his person. (needy = AçúÕ, •ôd î√L-†ç-ûª™‰E
éÌç-ö«®·.) own troubles =
5. íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·çúÕ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
Ŷµ«-í∫’u©’)
hold attention = ÇÆæéÀh éπLpç-îªôç 6. ¢Á®·u-≤ƒ-È®kxØ√ ´’®Ω-ùÀç* FéÓÆæç äéπ\-≤ƒJ ïEt≤ƒh.
ÅûªE éπ≥ƒd©èπ◊ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅûªØË é¬®Ωùç. 5. The great are always firm.
Laxman: In the movie we are talking about, the Å™«Íí to a large extent/ to a great extent ÅE 7. ÅÆ晉ç ïJTçüÓ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ Ææp%£æ« ™‰ü¿’.
(Ééπ\úøí∫÷ú≈ ¢Á·çúÕ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿ éπL-
villain admitting to his crimes is quite ¢√úøû√ç– î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 8. àüÁjØ√ É≠æd-°æúÕ îËߪ÷-L-í¬E éπ≠æd°æúÕ é¬ü¿’. TçîË ¢Á·çúÕ ÅØ√, °æô’d-ü¿© í∫L-T† ÅØ√? Ééπ\úø
abrupt and unconvincing. b) The students of the school to a great – ->.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’ °æô’d-ü¿© ÅØË ¶µ«´ç English ™.)
(´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o ÆœE-´÷™ extent/ to a large extent are from rural
areas =
-ï-¢√-•’: 6. Even if I die a thousand times, I'll be form
N©Ø˛ ûª† ØË®√-©Fo ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªúøç î√™«
1. Your business is just to do what I tell you to once again for you/ another time/ a thou-
sudden í¬ †´’t-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC) Ç school Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ví¬O’ù sand and first time for you.
do.
(O’ ¶µ«¢√Eo•öÀd)
abrupt = sudden. unconvincing = †´’t-¨¡éπuç v§ƒçû√©¢√∞¡Ÿx. 7. I wasn't conscious to know/ to see what
c) To a certain extent we lost the contract 2. You mock at/ scoff at/ ridicule me? What are
é¬èπ◊çú≈/ Ææ•-•-E-°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o happened.
Sri Ram: In our movies the good are very good because of our fault = you worth, after all?
8. Work willingly. Don't drudge. (Drudge -
to others, and the bad are very cruel ´’†èπ◊contract §Ú´ôç, éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’† 3. You ought to be somewhat obedient. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ î√éÀJ îËߪ’ôç)
to others. ûª°æ¤p-´™‰x.
}
dare + 1st RDW be form +arriving - ing forms) should + 1st RDW
ã °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç Åçûª úø•’s ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç
V form: can have+, pp, ought have+ pp, dare III) be form + past participle - passive voice
Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’.
will
c) He doesn't mind parting with any amount
have+pp, need have+pp The work has been done (has been - be would, etc
of money for the site, as it is very valuable
– -áç.-¶µ-T-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’ form + done past participle) a) He will go there tomorrow
Ç Ææn©ç ¶«í¬ N©’-¢ÁjçC 鬕öÀd ü∆E-éÓÆæç
-ï-¢√-•’:
IV) Have, has, had, shall have, should have, (will go - will + go - 1st RDW)
will have, would have, etc + past partici-
Åûª-ØÁçûª úø¶„jsØ√ °õ‰dç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£œ«ç-îªôç
b) she can sing very well
ple
The six forms of the verbs in English are:
™‰ü¿’.
(can sing - can + sing - 1st RDW)
-v°æ-¨¡o: -ï-¢√-•’: Desert Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç E®√t-†’≠æuç îËߪ’ôç– -v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
1. Abandon- ed Abandon, desert, forsake- Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéà A deserted village - E®√t-†’≠æuç Å®·† ví¬´’ç. 1. ؈’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç †´’téπç. ؈’
2. Desert- ed Å®Ωnç™ ≤ƒ®Ω÷-°æuûª ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE. ÉC é¬Ææh í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ņ’-éÓ-´úøç Å£æ«ç-鬮Ωç
3. leave- left- left Abandon Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ àç °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, The building was deserted = Å´¤-ûª’çC.
4. Forsake, forsook, forsaken é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v¨¡ü¿l¥ îª÷°œç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ü∆E éπ®Ωtèπ◊ Ç building †’ ´C-™‰Æœ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. 2. àüÁjØ√ îÁGûË Å®Ωnç é¬ü¿’, ņ’-¶µº-N-ÊÆhØË
Oô-EoçöÀ Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´C-L- ü∆ØÌo-C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE. The abandoned building - Ç building †’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
The driver abandoned the lorry after the acci- 3. ä∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÖçC. °œ*a °œ*a ¢Ë≥ƒ©’ ¢Ëߪ’-
¢Ëߪ· ÅØË éπü∆? dent. (Accident driver
ûª®√yûª Ç ™«KE Åéπ\úø ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’– ü∆Eo ´’S} ¢√úø’-èπ◊ØË ÖüËl¨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. ´ü¿’l.
ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ 1. abate- ed Lorry
´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’– éÀ à´’´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E Forsake Åçõ‰ ´C-™‰-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´’† ÆæEo-£œ«-
4. -O’ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-© éÓÆæç -¢Ë®· éπ-∞¡x-ûÓ -á-ü¿’®Ω’-
2. lessen- lessened- lessened °æöÀdç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈). ûª’©’ ¢√∞¡x Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ö†o Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™
´’†Lo ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç forsake. îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«-†’.
3. mitigate- ed 4. diminish- ed The match was abandoned because of the rain
-ï-¢√-•’:
All his close friends forsook him when he
– ->.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, í∫’ç-ô÷®Ω’
5. alleviate-ed 6. allay- allayed, allayed match
(´®Ω{ç ´©x ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’). (°æ¤†”v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ™‰ü¿’)
7. reduce- reduced- reduced badly needed their help=
Some woman abandoned her child at the railway 1. That you can do it is confidence.
8. decrease- ed station
(á´®Ó Æ‘Y ûª† Gúøf†’ ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC) ÅûªE ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¢√∞¡} Å´-Ææ®Ωç Åûª-E-èπ◊-†o- That you alone can do it is conceit.
Ñ verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ äÍé Å®Ωnç – ûªT_ç-îª-úøç– ÅØËØ√ Desert Åçõ‰ ´÷†´ Ææç•ç-üµ∆-©†’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç. °æ¤púø’ ¢√úÕo ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’.
2. To be merely told can't help you to
The man deserted his wife and children = If you continue like this, every one will for-
™‰-ü∆ ¢√öÀéÀ ¢ËÍ® Å®√n-©’-Ø√oߪ÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™? äÍé understand. Experience alone can.
Å®√n-EéÀ English ™ OöÀ™ àüÓ äéπöÀ ¢√ú≈™« ™‰-ü∆ sake you =
Åûª†’ ¶µ«®√u °œ©x-©†’ ¢√∞¡x éπ®Ωt-éÌ-C-™‰-¨»úø’. 3. Don't try to be smart? (ä∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÖçCéÀ
Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Ñ verbs Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? English The lover deserted the girl after eloping with É™«Íí †’´¤y é̆-≤ƒ-TûË, á´®Ω÷ F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷-EéÀ English ™‰ü¿’, O’ ¶µ«´çûÓ)
°æü¿-ñ«©ç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ àç îËߪ÷L? her - ®√®Ω’. (á´y®Ω÷ -F ¢Á·®Ω Ç©-éÀç-îª®Ω’) 4. I'll be waiting eagerly for your answers.
– Èé.-v°æé¬-¨¸, -Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç Ç Å´÷t-®·ûÓ ™‰*-§Ú®· ûª††’ ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. Ééπ leave Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 2) ®√ߪ’´- a. É°æ¤pú- Cø accepted form. Letter A sentence must have a verb to have com-
plete meaning, but just by having a verb, a
-v°æ-¨¡o:
a) Communication gap Åçõ‰ Writing N≠æß - ª’ç™ éπ*a-ûçª í¬ §ƒöÀçî- √-Lq† Rupees three thousand and forty only. É™«çöÀ
rules Åçô÷ Öçúø´¤. àüÁØ group of words may not have complete mean-
àN’öÀ? (´÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ j √ äéπ ´÷®Ω’p ´*a, ¢√é¬u™x rupees ÅØË °æü∆Eo amount éÀ ´·çü¿’
'Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h© ´’üµ¿u lan- ü∆Eo áèπ◊\´ ´’çC §ƒöÀÊÆh Å-üË rule Å´¤û- ª’çC. ing. Because a sentence has a verb (with îªü¿-¢√™«? -™‰-ü∆ ûª®√yû√?B.A.(Honours), M.A.
guage Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´úøç ´·êuçí¬ Commercial Correspondence ™ the meaning complete), so it is also a clause. (Honours) ´÷´‚©’ úÕvUéÀ, dž®˝qéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.) Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ (¢√ùÀïu Öûªh®Ω v°ûæ ª’u-ûhª ®- √©’) variety éÓÆæç, A clause has a verb and may/may not have
-ï-¢√-•’: i) ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Rs (Rupees), amount
´÷®Ω’p©’ ´Ææ’hçö- «®·. Å¢Ë éÌçûªé- ¬-™«-EéÀ rules – °œ. XE-¢√Æˇ, ûª÷®Ω’p-íÓ-ü∆-´J >™«x.
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. complete meaning. So a clause is not always
G) Letter writing Dear sir,
™ Å´¤û- √®·. É°æpöÀ Correspondence ™ Mr a sentence.
(Mister) Mrs, etc., ™«çöÀ abbreviations °æéπ\†
yours faithfully, Signature
´·çü¿’ ®√≤ƒhç. é¬E îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’, ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
fullstops ´C-™Æ -‰ æ’hØ- √o®Ω’. ûª®√yûª éÌçîÁç space When he comes here - a group of words ´÷vûªç, ´·çü¿’ -áç-ûª -¢Á·-ûªh-¢Á÷ îÁ°œp, ûª®√yûª
left side
rupees Åçö«ç.
™«çöÀN ÅFo
´-ü¿’©- ’-ûª’Ø- √o®Ω’. É™« trends ´÷®Ω’û- ª’ç-ö«®·. with a verb- meaning not complete, so not a
-v°æ-¨¡o:
´îËa™« ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ®√ߪ’ôç: Rs 15000.00/ Rs 15000/-
sentence. It is a subordinate clause. When he
-ï-¢√-•’:
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I would like to know the clear difference comes here, his mother will be happy. In this
between "clause" and a "sentence". sentence, 'his mother will be happy' is a
¢Á†’éπ ´îËa™« Åçö«ç. Å™«ØË ÅØ√L.
i) Communication gap =
ii) éÌEo Universities ™ Ñ course ©’ Öçö«®·.
Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™, Öûªh®Ω
Do all the collective nouns come under neuter clause with complete meaning, so it is the
v°æûª’u-ûªh-®√--™x, äéπ®Ω’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ
gender?
ÉN ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ degree/graduation éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-
main clause.
ûªT-†N é¬éπ-§Ú--´ôçûÓ, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ (NØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, îªC¢Ë ≤ƒn-®·™ Öçö«®·. MA (Hons) ™«çöÀ degree ©’ Ç
-ï-¢√-•’: A clause is a group of words with a He knows English - A word group with com-
¢√∞¡Ÿx) ü∆Eo ÆæJí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú--´ôç/-Å-§ƒ®Ωnç – áÆˇ. džç-ü¿-®√´¤, -T-úø’-ûª÷®Ω’-. Course ™ î√™« v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-J-*-†-¢√-JéÀ v°æûËu-éπçí¬
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† tone (íÌçûª’ üµ¿yE) plete meaning - a sentence (It is also a group É≤ƒh®Ω’. BA (Hons) graduation éπçõ‰ £«îª’a-≤ƒn-®·F,
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†C é¬éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´©x èπÿú≈ com- verb. A sentence is a group of words with
MA (Hons), Post graduate éπçõ‰ £«îª’a ≤ƒn®·E
of words with a verb - so a clause).
munication gap ®√´îª’a. complete meaning.
Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·.