SLIDE-01

Sejarah Komputer

Achmad Choiron
Teknik Informatika
Universitas Dr. Soetomo
Present and Future
http://www.aleutia.com/products/h2
• Intel Quad Core PC with 4GB
RAM and Superb Graphics.
• The H2 is the first Quad Core
PC you can fit in your hands.
At only 2.5 liters in volume, it
offers server class
performance (up to 8GB
RAM!) in a thin client form
factor. Larger than the Mac
Mini, but with equal graphics
capability, better I/O, and far
greater processing power
Information System
Computer on Military
CNC and Industry
 Kilas Balik

• http://www-03.ibm.co
m/ibm/history/exhibits
/vintage/vintage_tech
nology.html
 Electromechanical systems
• Electromechanical machines
to punch, tabulate and sort
cards at high speed were the
heart of data processing
through the mid-1940s. In
1940, the electromechanical
system seen here multiplied
two 10-digit numbers in five
seconds. It used electric relays
and punched cards. Soon,
though, even the fastest
punched card machines were
bypassed by technological
change in the late-1940s, as
vacuum tubes began to
replace electromechnical
wheels and levers. (VV2109)
 Vacuum tube systems
• The electronic computer
was born of the vacuum
tube. Developed for the
radio industry, the
vacuum tube permitted
machines to calculate
several times faster than
did earlier
electromechanical relays.
This tube system from
1946 could multiply two
10-digit numbers 40 times
a second. (VV2111)
 Magnetic cores
• Magnetic cores originated with
two inventors: A. Wang and F.
W. Viehe, who independently
began experimenting with
cores for computer memories
in the 1940s. Later
development work was done
by others, including the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, RCA and IBM. In
the 1950s and 1960s, cores
were progressively
miniaturized to produce high-
speed memories. In this 1955
view, a group of IBM cores is
compared in size to a pencil
and a printed circuit. (VV2116)
 Transistor & printed circuit
• By 1958, new, small,
solid-state transistors,
accompanied by printed
circuit techniques,
permitted greater speed
and better reliability.
Ferrite core technology
replaced vacuum tubes
for stored programs. That
advance meant that two
10-digit numbers could be
multiplied 100,000 times
per second. (VV2118)
 Tube, transistor & chip
• Seen here in 1964 are three
eras of computer technology:
the vacuum tube (at left) of the
late-1940s and early-1950s,
the transistor (middle) of the
late-1950s and early-1960s,
and the chip transistor (that
little dot at right). At first,
transistors, whose wire
connector legs made them
look like spiders, were wired
with other components, such
as resistors, on circuit cards to
form logic and control
elements of processors. But,
starting with the IBM
System/360 in 1964, circuits
were closely combined on half-
inch ceramic modules. The era
of microelectronics had begun.
(VV2124)
 Thermal conduction module
• By 1987 the information processing power
of electronic computers of the 1960s could
be held in one hand. The Thermal
Conduction Module seen here was the
marrow of the large IBM 308X computers.
Six inches square, the TCM had room for up
to 133 chips, each with 704 circuits. Each
ceramic block of the material had 28 to 33
differently wired layers. More than 350,000
holes provided paths for the vertical wiring
for layer-to-layer communication. The chips
were joined to the substrate through a total
of nearly 16,000 contact points, using IBM's
unique chip-joining technology. All that
circuitry generated 300 watts of heat --
enough to destroy the chips. But the heat
was drawn off through spring-loaded
aluminum pistons (seen in the cutaway
section) that pressed gently against each
chip. In turn, the pistons were housed in a
"hat" filled with helium, an excellent heat
conductor. Chilled water flowing through a
conduit attached to the hat whisked the heat
away. One TCM alone -- there were about
two dozen in a 3081 computer -- packed as
much computing punch as a medium-size
System/370 of only a decade before.
(VV2137)
 Circuit card
• To form circuits in the early
1960s, transistors were
combined with capacitors,
resistors and other electrical
elements on circuit cards such
as this. On the reverse side,
electrical paths were printed --
to improve reliability and speed
manufacturing. The circuit
cards were then plugged into
"gates" and the cards
interconnected by wires to
form the logic and control
elements of processors.
(VV3071)

•
 SABRE terminals
• The SABRE reservation
system for airline
passengers was the first
large, high-speed
commercial
computer/communication
s network that operated in
"real time" -- handling
transactions at the time
they occurred. It was
developed by IBM for
American Airlines over six
years of joint research
and became operational
in 1962. (VV3072)
 Stretch console
• This is the maintenance
console of IBM's Stretch, the
industry's most powerful
computer when first delivered
in 1961. Stretch had 150,000
transistors and could perform
100 billion computations a day.
Stretch pioneered in various
advanced systems concepts,
such as look-ahead,
overlapping/pipelining of
instructions, error-checking
and correction, control-
program operating systems
and the 8-bit byte. (VV3073)
 SLT circuits
• The Solid Logic
Technology (SLT),
introduced in 1964 by
IBM in System/360, was
the industry's first high-
volume, automatic,
microminiature production
of semiconductor circuits.
Mounted on 1/2-inch-
square ceramic modules
seen here, the SLT
circuits were denser,
faster and required less
power than the previous
generation of transistor
technology. (VV3081)
 64K-bit chips
• This 3 1/4-inch
production wafer
contains 109 silicon
memory chips, each
able to store 64,000
bits of information. In
1978, IBM was the
first to mass-produce
64,000-bit chips for
use in production line
computers. (VV3101)
 IBM 3081 logic module
• By the early-1980s, the
information processing
power of electronic
computers of the 1960s
could be held in one
hand. The logic module
used in the large IBM
3081 system, introduced
in 1980, was part of the
industry's densest circuit
packaging technology. Up
to 133 electronic chips
mounted in each module
(shown above) contained
a total of 45,000 logic
circuits, as well as other
circuitry. (VV3121)
 Copper plane
• This 24 x 28-inch copper
plane is part of the
densest computer
packaging seen in the
late-1980s. Used in large
IBM computers, the plane
was one of 20 layers in a
1/5-inch-thick printed
circuit board that
contained nearly a mile of
wire interconnections.
(VV3122)
 1MB chip
• This IBM computer memory
chip, 3/8-inch long, stored
more than one million bits of
information. IBM was the first
to develop and mass-produce
chips of this density. At the
beginning of 1987, the only
such chips operating in the
industry were in the IBM 3090,
System/38 and System/36
computers and in the IBM
3880 disk "cache" control unit.
(VV3131)

•
 Chip testing
• By 1981, more than 50
computer-controlled
systems designed by IBM
were quality-testing
thousands of different
circuit parts on IBM
production lines. In less
than a minute, this device
could test a silicon wafer
that had more than 100
complex logic or memory
chips containing
thousands of transistors.
(VV3132)
 Diskette
• In 1971, IBM began producing
computer systems using a new form of
magnetic storage medium. The
medium, ultimately called a "diskette,"
would in a short time be adopted
around the world in the design of small
and low-cost systems. The diskette
was a flexible magnetic disk enclosed
in a jacket measuring eight inches
square and one-sixteenth of an inch
thick, and weighing just a few ounces.
Originally intended for loading
microprograms and diagnostics, users
soon began to employ diskettes as a
medium to distribute, exchange and
archive data, programs, microcode
and other digital information. The first
diskette had a formatted disk capacity
of 81.6 kilobytes on 32 tracks; six
years later, the formatted capacity had
been increased to 1.2 megabytes on
154 tracks. (VV2132)
 Komputer Digital Pertama
weighed 28 tons,
consumed
170,000 watts of
power and
required several
operators. It
conducted 5,000
operations a
second. Since the
1930s, Bell Labs
had been looking
to replace tubes
with an electronic
switch.

• Fine-tuning ENIAC. J. Presper Eckert (the man in the foreground turning a knob)
and John Mauchly (center) designed ENIAC to calculate the trajectory of artillery
shells. The machine didn't debut until February 1946, after the end of World War II,
but it did launch the computer revolution. Credit: Computer History Museum
Intel
AMD
Benchmarking
Vacum Tube, Transistor, IC, hingga VLSI
 Hukum Moore
• Moore's law describes an important trend
in the history of computer hardware: that
the number of transistors that can be
inexpensively placed on an integrated
circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling
approximately every two years.
• The observation was first made by Intel
co-founder Gordon E. Moore in a 1965
paper
Super Conductor
Nanotechnology
 Kesimpulan
Perkembangan komputer terjadi pada
1. Bahan / komponen, semakin ditemukan
super conductor yang lebih baik maka akan
semakin cepat kemampuan komputer.
2. Tujuan penggunaan, komputer sebagai alat
hitung berubah menjadi berbagai fungsi
seperti otomatisasi pekerjaan, pengolahan
informasi, hiburan, edukasi, riset,
komunikasi, dan lain sebagainya.
3. Perkembangan Aplikasi Komputer menjadi
isue utama pemanfaatan komputer dalam
ruang lingkup Information Technology (IT)