TRAINS:

1. km/hr to m/s conversion:

a km/hr = a x
5
m/s.
18
2. m/s to km/hr conversion:
a m/s = a x
18
km/hr.
5
3. Formulas for finding Seed! Time and "istance
4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is
equal to the time taken by the train to coer l metres.
5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery ob!ect of length bmetres is the
time taken by the train to coer "l # b$ metres.
%. &uppose t'o trains or t'o ob!ects bodies are moing in the same direction at um/s and v m/s(
'here u ) v( then their relatie speed is = "u * v$ m/s.
+. &uppose t'o trains or t'o ob!ects bodies are moing in opposite directions at um/s and v m/s(
then their relatie speed is = "u # v$ m/s.
8. ,f t'o trains of length a metres and b metres are moing in opposite directions atu m/s
and v m/s( then-
The time taken by the trains to cross each other =
"a # b$
sec.
"u # v$
.. ,f t'o trains of length a metres and b metres are moing in the same direction atu m/s
and v m/s( then-
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slo'er train =
"a # b$
sec.
"u * v$
1/. ,f t'o trains "or bodies$ start at the same time from points 0 and 1 to'ards each other and
after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching 1 and 0 respectiely( then-
"02s speed$ - "12s speed$ = "b - a$
1. #ork from "a$s:
,f 0 can do a piece of 'ork in n days( then 02s 1 day2s 'ork = 1.
n
2. "a$s from #ork:
,f 02s 1 day2s 'ork =
1
( then 0 can finish the 'ork in n days.
n
%. Ratio:
,f 0 is thrice as good a 'orkman as 1( then-
3atio of 'ork done by 0 and 1 = 4 - 1.
3atio of times taken by 0 and 1 to finish a 'ork = 1 - 4.
1. &dd "a$s:
5e are supposed to find the day of the 'eek on a gien date.
6or this( 'e use the concept of 2odd days2.
,n a gien period( the number of days more than the complete 'eeks are calledodd da$s.
2. 'ea (ear:
"i$. 7ery year diisible by 4 is a leap year( if it is not a century.
"ii$. 7ery 4
th
century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.
8ote- A lea $ear has %)) da$s.
*+amles:
i. 7ach of the years 1.48( 9//4( 1%+% etc. is a leap year.
ii. 7ach of the years 4//( 8//( 19//( 1%//( 9/// etc. is a leap year.
iii. 8one of the years 9//1( 9//9( 9//4( 9//5( 18//( 91// is a leap year.
%. &rdinar$ (ear:
The year 'hich is not a leap year is called an ordinar$ $ears. 0n ordinary year has 4%5 days.
,. -ounting of &dd "a$s:
1. 1 ordinary year = 4%5 days = "59 'eeks # 1 day.$
1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.
9. 1 leap year = 4%% days = "59 'eeks # 9 days$
1 leap year has 9 odd days.
4. 1// years = +% ordinary years # 94 leap years
= "+% x 1 # 94 x 9$ odd days = 194 odd days.
= "1+ 'eeks # days$ 5 odd days.
8umber of odd days in 1// years = 5.
8umber of odd days in 9// years = "5 x 9$ 4 odd days.
8umber of odd days in 4// years = "5 x 4$ 1 odd day.
8umber of odd days in 4// years = "5 x 4 # 1$ / odd day.
&imilarly( each one of 8// years( 19// years( 1%// years( 9/// years etc. has / odd
days.
2. "a$ of the #eek Related to &dd "a$s:
No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
1. Factorial Notation:
:et n be a positie integer. Then( factorial n( denoted n; is defined as-
n. / n0n 1 120n 1 22 ... %.2.1.
*+amles:
i. 5e define 3. / 1.
ii. 4; = "4 x 4 x 9 x 1$ = 94.
iii. 5; = "5 x 4 x 4 x 9 x 1$ = 19/.
2. 4ermutations:
The different arrangements of a gien number of things by taking some or all at a
time( are called permutations.
*+amles:
i. 0ll permutations "or arrangements$ made 'ith the letters a( b( c by taking
t'o at a time are "ab! ba! ac! ca! bc! cb$.
ii. 0ll permutations made 'ith the letters a( b( c taking all at a time are-
" abc! acb! bac! bca! cab! cba$
%. Num5er of 4ermutations:
8umber of all permutations of n things( taken r at a time( is gien by-
n
<r = n"n * 1$"n * 9$ ... "n * r # 1$ =
n;
"n * r$;
*+amles:
i.
%
<9 = "% x 5$ = 4/.
ii.
+
<4 = "+ x % x 5$ = 91/.
iii. -or. num5er of all ermutations of n things! taken all at a time / n..
,. An Imortant Result:
,f there are n sub!ects of 'hich p1 are alike of one kind= p9 are alike of another
kind= p4 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of r
th
kind(
such that "p1 # p9 # ... pr$ = n.
Then( number of permutations of these n ob!ects is =
n;
"p1;$."p9$;....."pr;$
6. -om5inations:
7ach of the different groups or selections 'hich can be formed by taking some or all
of a number of ob!ects is called a com5ination.
*+amles:
1. &uppose 'e 'ant to select t'o out of three boys 0( 1( >. Then( possible
selections are 01( 1> and >0.
8ote- 01 and 10 represent the same selection.
9. 0ll the combinations formed by a( b( c taking ab! bc! ca.
4. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a( b( c taken all at
a time is abc.
4. ?arious groups of 9 out of four persons 0( 1( >( @ are-
A7! A-! A"! 7-! 7"! -".
5. 8ote that ab ba are t'o different permutations but they represent the same
combination.
2. Num5er of -om5inations:
The number of all combinations of n things( taken r at a time is-
n
>r =
n;
=
n"n * 1$"n * 9$ ...
to r factors
.
"r;$"n * r;$ r;
Note:
i.
n
>n = 1 and
n
>/ = 1.
ii.
n
>r =
n
>"n * r$
*+amles:
i.
11
>4 =
"11 x 1/ x . x 8$
= 44/.
"4 x 4 x 9 x 1$
ii.
1%
>14 =
1%
>"1% * 14$ =
1%
>4 =
1% x 15 x
14
=
1% x 15 x
14
= 5%/.
4; 4 x 9 x 1
,n a group of % boys and 4 girls( four children are to be selected. ,n ho' many different 'ays can they
be selected such that at least one boy should be thereA

1. Factors and 8ultiles:
,f number a diided another number b exactly( 'e say that a is a factor of b.
,n this case( b is called a multile of a.
2. 9ighest -ommon Factor 09.-.F.2 or :reatest -ommon 8easure 0:.-.8.2 or :reatest
-ommon "ivisor 0:.-.".2:
The B.>.6. of t'o or more than t'o numbers is the greatest number that diided each of them
exactly.
There are t'o methods of finding the B.>.6. of a gien set of numbers-
,. Factori;ation 8ethod: 7xpress the each one of the gien numbers as the product of
prime factors. The product of least po'ers of common prime factors gies B.>.6.
,,. "ivision 8ethod: &uppose 'e hae to find the B.>.6. of t'o gien numbers( diide
the larger by the smaller one. 8o'( diide the diisor by the remainder. 3epeat the
process of diiding the preceding number by the remainder last obtained till Cero is
obtained as remainder. The last diisor is required B.>.6.
Finding the 9.-.F. of more than t<o num5ers: &uppose 'e hae to find the B.>.6.
of three numbers( then( B.>.6. of D"B.>.6. of any t'o$ and "the third number$E gies
the B.>.6. of three gien number.
&imilarly( the B.>.6. of more than three numbers may be obtained.
%. 'east -ommon 8ultile 0'.-.8.2:
The least number 'hich is exactly diisible by each one of the gien numbers is called their
:.>.F.
There are t'o methods of finding the :.>.F. of a gien set of numbers-
,. Factori;ation 8ethod: 3esole each one of the gien numbers into a product of
prime factors. Then( :.>.F. is the product of highest po'ers of all the factors.
,,. "ivision 8ethod 0short1cut2: 0rrange the gien numbers in a r'o in any order.
@iide by a number 'hich diided exactly at least t'o of the gien numbers and carry
for'ard the numbers 'hich are not diisible. 3epeat the aboe process till no t'o of
the numbers are diisible by the same number except 1. The product of the diisors
and the undiided numbers is the required :.>.F. of the gien numbers.
,. 4roduct of t<o num5ers / 4roduct of their 9.-.F. and '.-.8.
5. -o1rimes: T'o numbers are said to be co*primes if their B.>.6. is 1.
). 9.-.F. and '.-.8. of Fractions:
1. B.>.6. =
B.>.6. of 8umerators
:.>.F. of @enominators
9. :.>.F. =
:.>.F. of 8umerators
B.>.6. of @enominators
=. 9.-.F. and '.-.8. of "ecimal Fractions:
,n a gien numbers( make the same number of decimal places by annexing Ceros in some
numbers( if necessary. >onsidering these numbers 'ithout decimal point( find B.>.6. or :.>.F.
as the case may be. 8o'( in the result( mark off as many decimal places as are there in each
of the gien numbers.
>. -omarison of Fractions:
6ind the :.>.F. of the denominators of the gien fractions. >onert each of the fractions into
an equialent fraction 'ith :.>.F as the denominator( by multiplying both the numerator and
denominator by the same number. The resultant fraction 'ith the greatest numerator is the
greatest.
1. Alligation:
,t is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in 'hich t'o or more ingredients at the gien
price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
2. 8ean 4rice:
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
%. Rule of Alligation:
,f t'o ingredients are mixed( then

Guantity of cheaper
=
>.<. of dearer * Fean <rice
Guantity of dearer Fean price * >.<. of cheaper
5e present as under-
>.<. of a unit quantity
of cheaper>.<. of a unit quantity
of dearer
"c$
Fean <rice
"m$
"d$
"d * m$ "m * c$
">heaper quantity$ - "@earer quantity$ = "d * m$ - "m * c$.
4. &uppose a container contains x of liquid from 'hich y units are taken out and replaced by
'ater.
0fter n operations( the quantity of pure liquid = x 1 *
y n
units.
x
1. *+eriment:
0n operation 'hich can produce some 'ell*defined outcomes is called an experiment.
2. Random *+eriment:
0n experiment in 'hich all possible outcomes are kno' and the exact output cannot be
predicted in adance( is called a random experiment.
*+amles:
i. 3olling an unbiased dice.
ii. Tossing a fair coin.
iii. @ra'ing a card from a pack of 'ell*shuffled cards.
i. <icking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.
"etails:
. 5hen 'e thro' a coin( then either a Bead "B$ or a Tail "T$ appears.
i. 0 dice is a solid cube( haing % faces( marked 1( 9( 4( 4( 5( % respectiely. 5hen 'e
thro' a die( the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
ii. 0 pack of cards has 59 cards.
,t has 14 cards of each suit( name Sades! -lu5s! 9earts and "iamonds.
>ards of spades and clubs are 5lack cards.
>ards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each unit.
There are ?ings! @ueens and Aacks. These are all called face cards.
%. Samle Sace:
5hen 'e perform an experiment( then the set & of all possible outcomes is called the samle
sace.
*+amles:
1. ,n tossing a coin( & = HB( TI
9. ,f t'o coins are tossed( the & = HBB( BT( TB( TTI.
4. ,n rolling a dice( 'e hae( & = H1( 9( 4( 4( 5( %I.
2. *vent:
0ny subset of a sample space is called an event.
%. 4ro5a5ilit$ of &ccurrence of an *vent:
:et & be the sample and let 7 be an eent.
Then( 7 &.
<"7$ =
n"7$
.
n"&$
,. Results on 4ro5a5ilit$:
i. <"&$ = 1
ii. / < "7$ 1
iii. <" $ = /
i. 6or any eents 0 and 1 'e hae - <"0 1$ = <"0$ # <"1$ * <"0 1$
. ,f 0 denotes "not*0$( then <"0$ = 1 * <"0$.
1. 4rincial:
The money borro'ed or lent out for a certain period is called the rincial or thesum.
2. Interest:
7xtra money paid for using other2s money is called interest.
4. &imple ,nterest "&.,.$-
,f the interest on a sum borro'ed for certain period is reckoned uniformly( then it is
called simle interest.
:et <rincipal = <( 3ate = 3J per annum "p.a.$ and Time = T years. Then
"i$. &imple ,ntereest =
< x 3 x
T
1//
"ii$. < =
1// x &.,.
= 3 =
1// x &.,.
and T
=
1// x &.,.
.
3 x T < x T < x 3
1. :et <rincipal = <( 3ate = 3J per annum( Time = n years.
2. #hen interest is comound Annuall$:
0mount = < 1 #
3 n
1//
%. #hen interest is comounded 9alf1$earl$:
0mount = < 1 #
"3/9$ 2
n
1//
,. #hen interest is comounded @uarterl$:
0mount = < 1 #
"3/4$ 4
n
1//
6. #hen interest is comounded Annuall$ 5ut time is in fraction! sa$ % $ears.
0mount = < 1 #
3
4
x 1 #
3
1// 1//
%. #hen Rates are different for different $ears( say 31J( 39J( 34J for 1
st
( 9
nd
and 4
rd
year
respectiely.
Then( 0mount = < 1 #
31
1 #
39
1 #
34
.
1// 1// 1//
B. 4resent <orth of Rs. x due n $ears hence is given 5$:
<resent 5orth =
x
.
1 #
3
1//
1. Seed! Time and "istance:
&peed =
@istance
( Time =
@istance
( @istance = "&peed x Time$.
Time &peed
2. km/hr to m/sec conversion:
x km/hr = x x
5
m/sec.
18
%. m/sec to km/hr conversion:
x m/sec
=
x x
18
km/hr.
5
4. ,f the ratio of the speeds of 0 and 1 is a - b( then the ratio of the
the times taken by then to coer the same distance is
1
-
1
or b - a.
a b
5. &uppose a man coers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr. Then(
the aerage speed during the 'hole !ourney is
9xy
km/hr.
x #
y
FCN"A8*NTA' -&N-*4TS
1. Results on Triangles:
i. &um of the angles of a triangle is 18/K.
ii. The sum of any t'o sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
iii. 4$thagoras Theorem:
,n a right*angled triangle( "Bypotenuse$
9
= "1ase$
9
# "Beight$
9
.
i. The line !oining the mid*point of a side of a triangle to the positie ertex is called
the median.
. The point 'here the three medians of a triangle meet( is called centroid.The centroid
diided each of the medians in the ratio 9 - 1.
i. ,n an isosceles triangle( the altitude from the ertex bisects the base.
ii. The median of a triangle diides it into t'o triangles of the same area.
iii. The area of the triangle formed by !oining the mid*points of the sides of a gien
triangle is one*fourth of the area of the gien triangle.
2. Results on @uadrilaterals:
i. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
ii. 7ach diagonal of a parallelogram diides it into triangles of the same area.
iii. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.
i. The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
. The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles.
i. 0 parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and bet'een the same parallels are
equal in area.
ii. Lf all the parallelogram of gien sides( the parallelogram 'hich is a rectangle has the
greatest area.
I84&RTANT F&R8C'A*
,. 1. 0rea of a rectangle = ":ength x 1readth$.
:ength =
0rea
and 1readth =
0rea
.
1readth :ength
,,. 9. <erimeter of a rectangle = 9":ength # 1readth$.
,,,. 0rea of a square = "side$
9
= "diagonal$
9
.
,?. 0rea of 4 'alls of a room = 9 ":ength # 1readth$ x Beight.
?. 1. 0rea of a triangle = x 1ase x Beight.
9. 0rea of a triangle = s"s*a$"s*b$"s*c$
'here a( b( c are the sides of the triangle and s = "a # b # c$.
4. 0rea of an equilateral triangle =
4
x "side$
9.
4
4. 3adius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =
a
.
94
5. 3adius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =
a
.
4
%. 3adius of incircle of a triangle of area and semi*perimeter s =
s
?,. 1. 0rea of parallelogram = "1ase x Beight$.
9. 0rea of a rhombus = x "<roduct of diagonals$.
4. 0rea of a trapeCium = x "sum of parallel sides$ x distance bet'een them.
?,,. 1. 0rea of a circle = 3
9
( 'here 3 is the radius.
9. >ircumference of a circle = 9 3.
4. :ength of an arc =
9 3
( 'here is the central angle.
4%/
4. 0rea of a sector =
1
"arc x 3$ =
3
9
.
9 4%/
?,,,. 1. >ircumference of a semi*circle = 3.
9. 0rea of semi*circle =
3
9
.
9
1. Ratio:
The ratio of t'o quantities a and b in the same units( is the fraction and 'e 'rite it as a - b.
,n the ratio a - b( 'e call a as the first term or antecedent and b( the second term
or conseDuent.
7g. The ratio 5 - . represents
5
'ith antecedent = 5( consequent = ..
.
Rule: The multiplication or diision of each term of a ratio by the same non*Cero number does
not affect the ratio.
7g. 4 - 5 = 8 - 1/ = 19 - 15. 0lso( 4 - % = 9 - 4.
2. 4roortion:
The equality of t'o ratios is called proportion.
,f a - b = c - d( 'e 'rite a - b :: c - d and 'e say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.
Bere a and d are called e+tremes( 'hile b and c are called mean terms.
<roduct of means = <roduct of extremes.
Thus( a - b :: c - d "b x c$ = "a x d$.
%. Fourth 4roortional:
,f a - b = c - d( then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
Third 4roortional:
a - b = c - d( then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
8ean 4roortional:
Fean proportional bet'een a and b is ab.
,. -omarison of Ratios:
5e say that "a - b$ ) "c - d$
a
)
c
.
b d
6. -omounded Ratio:
%. The compounded ratio of the ratios- "a - b$( "c - d$( "e - f$ is "ace - bdf$.
B. "ulicate Ratios:
@uplicate ratio of "a - b$ is "a
9
- b
9
$.
&ub*duplicate ratio of "a - b$ is "a - b$.
Triplicate ratio of "a - b$ is "a
4
- b
4
$.
&ub*triplicate ratio of "a - b$ is "a
1/4
- b
1/4
$.
,f
a
=
c
( then
a #
b
=
c #
d
. Dcomponendo and diidendoE
b d a * b c * d
=. Eariations:
5e say that x is directly proportional to y( if x = ky for some constant k and 'e 'rite( x y.
5e say that x is inersely proportional to y( if xy = k for some constant k and
'e 'rite( x
1
.
y
1. Trigonometr$-
,n a right angled L01( 'here 1L0 = (
i. sin =
<erpendicular
=
01
=
Bypotenuse L1
ii. cos =
1ase
=
L0
=
Bypotenuse L1
iii. tan =
<erpendicular
=
01
=
1ase L0
i. cosec =
1
=
L1
=
sin 01
. sec =
1
=
L1
=
cos L0
i. cot =
1
=
L0
=
tan 01
2. Trigonometrical Identities:
i. sin
9
# cos
9
= 1.
ii. 1 # tan
9
= sec
9
.
iii. 1 # cot
9
= cosec
9
.
%. Ealues of T1ratios:
0

!6"
30
!4"
45
!3"
60
!2"
#0
sin 0
1
9
4
9 1
$os 1
4
9
1
9 0
tan 0
1
1
4
not defined
4
,. Angle of *levation:
&uppose a man from a point L looks up at an ob!ect <( placed aboe the leel of his eye.
Then( the angle 'hich the line of sight makes 'ith the horiContal through L( is called
the anlge of elevation of < as seen from L.
0ngle of eleation of < from L = 0L<.
6. Angle of "eression:
&uppose a man from a point L looks do'n at an ob!ect <( placed belo' the leel of his eye(
then the angle 'hich the line of sight makes 'ith the horiContal through L( is called the angle
of deression of < as seen from L.
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