INDEX

Sl.
No.

NAME OF PRACTICAL
PART 1(a)

1
2
3

ELECTRICAL STUDIES
STUDY - 1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL WIRING

PRECAUTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK
CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

STUDY - 2
4

STUDY OF WIRING TOOLS

STUDY - 3
5

STUDY OF WIRING ACCESSORIES

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

STUDY - 4
STUDY - 5
7
8

STUDY OFFLURESCENT TUBE

STUDY OF ENERGY METER

PART 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

PART 2
19
20

EXPERIMENTS

(a)

STUDY - 6

STUDY ABOUT ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS

STUDY ABOUT C. R.O.

PART 2
21
22
23
24

(b)

ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH

TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH
(SERIES)
TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCHES
(PARALLEL)
ONE LAMP, ONE CALLING BELL AND A SOCKET
INDIPENDENTLY CONTROLLED BY THREE
SWITCHES
STAIRCASE WIRING
GODOWN WIRING
SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER WITH
DISTRIBUTION BOARD (Including two sub circuits)

(b)

EXPERIMENTS

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER (Center Tapped)
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
LED FLASHING TEST

1
DATE

PAGE
NO.

STUDY - 01

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL WIRING

Electricity- The unidirectional flow of electrons in a conductor from a higher potential to
the lower potential.

For the smooth conduction of electricity a well maintained wiring system is needed. In
general electrical wiring refers to insulated conductors used to Carry electricity, and
associated devices
Before wiring the following factors should be considered,
1

life of installation

building to be wired

future expansions

safety against fire

type of wiring material

nature of load etc

RULES FOR WIRING

While deciding a wiring layout the below mentioned rules have to followed.
1. All switch boards are to be installed at a height of 5 feet (1.5 meters) from the
ground or floor level.
2. All sockets should be of 3 pin type in which the earth wiring system must be
connected.
3. There should be a separate 15A 3 pin socket for A C, refrigerator and water heater.
4. All lamp points are to be installed 8 feet from the floor level (except mirror lamp,
ceiling fitting lamp and hanging fancy lamp)
5. The phase wire must be connected in the right side of a DP switch.
6. The earth resistance should not exceed 1 ohm.
7. All metallic body equipments or appliances must be connected to the earth wiring
system.
8. The phase and neutral wires should be connected in switch and load respectively.
9. Neutral links should be used for power looping.

DESCRIPTION OF WIRING

The generation, transmission and distribution of power are solely the

responsibility of K S E B in our state. Before applying for the electric connection, the
premise should be wired using good quality materials complying the safety standards,
should have good earthing system and a cut out fuse for connecting to the energy meter.
Wiring should be done only through licensed contractors or electricians approved by the
Electrical inspectorate and licensing board. The type of wiring, quality of materials used,
the kind of earthing system, the number and positions of electric points required, and the
position where the energy meter to be placed are decided by the contractor in consultation
with the consumer. The wires from energy meter are connected to the distribution board
through D P switch. . It is important that the phase wire should be connected to the switch
and it should be connect to the contact on right side of socket and D P switch.

Series Circuit- The resistors are connected end to end, so that they from only one path
for the flow of current, then it is said to be connected in series and the circuit is known as
series circuit.

Parallel Circuits- When a number of resistors are connected in such a way that one end
of each of them is joined to a common point and the other ends being joined to another
common point, then the resisters are said to be connected in parallel and such circuits are
known as parallel circuits.

4
Most of the single phase equipments have two terminals. If we connect phase and neutral
on these terminals, the equipment will function. For example the figure-4 shows an
electrical connection of a lamp.

For controlling purpose a

switch is provide on the
phase. The below shown
figure is such a
connection.

We can just modify that the above circuit as One Lamp controlled by one switch. The
below figure show it.

5
When the switch (S) is open there is no current flow to the lamp (L). When the switch is in
closed condition the current flows through the switch and ends in neutral through lamp.
Then the lamp glows.
When we select equipment some points should be noted, that is its power and
voltage. For example the rating of a lamp is230 Volt and 100 Watts, it means that when we
apply 230Volt across it then the lamp will deliver 100 watt.
From 6.00 PM to 10.00 PM the connected loads is very high and the voltage
during this time will be very low. So this period is called Peak Load Time.

Figure -7 shows the parallel connection of two lamps. The next figure shows two parallel
lamps independently controlled by two switches. Here the voltage is perfectly applied
across each lamp.

We can extent the above circuit with a plug socket. It is shown in the figure below.

Here the two lamps are independently controlled by separate switches and a plug socket.

Figure 10 shows two lamps connected in series. The main difference between parallel and
series connection is described below.
In parallel connection same voltage is applied across all equipments connected in the
circuit. But current is different.
In series connection same current flows through all equipments connected in the circuit.
But voltage is different. The above circuit can be modified as follows.

Here the two lamps are controlled by a single switch.

TYPES OF WIRING
Wiring systems are classified according to the type of wire used in the installation.
Different types of wiring are

1)
2)
3)
4)

Cleat wiring
Casing and capping wiring (wooden and p v c)
C T S or T R S wiring (clip wiring)
Conduit wiring (open and concealed)
Cleat Wiring- This is a temporary wiring method and is not used in damp walls

and ceilings. A cleat has two parts. One is base part and the other is cap. There will be a
centre screw hole in those two plates. There will be holes in the base part for the wires to
be inserted. The cap is put over the base part and screwed through the centre screw hole on
to the supporting wall. The cleats fixed should not exceed 50 cm. In cleat wiring P V C or
V I R wires are used.

(Fig- 12)

Casing and capping wiring- The type of wiring consists of cables running through a
case and fixing a cap over it. First the case is fixed on the supporting wall by wooden plugs
and steel screws (plug may be either wood or PVC). In wooden type cap will be screwed on
the case. In P V C type the cap will be locked in the top of the case. (There will be a lock
strip in both case and cap)

C T S or T R S wiring- In this method a well varnished wooden reaper of a size of 10

mm to 40 mm width is fixed on the supporting wall or ceiling with wooden plugs and steel
screws. Then a small clip is fixed on the reaper with brass nails in an equal distance of
10cm. Then wiring is done through the clips fixed on the reaper and the clip is locked
tightly. One of the main features of this wiring is that it is of good appearance. It is
cheaper than conduit wiring. Mainly it is used for lighting purpose.

(Fig- 13)

Conduit wiring- It is of two types. Surface conduit wiring and concealed wiring. In this
method two types of materials are used.

1) Steel conduit, 2) P V C rigid conduit.

In both the two types P V C or V I R wires are used. In surface conduit wiring the conduits
are fixed with saddles by using steel screws and wall plugs. The saddles are fixed at a
maximum gap of 1 Mtr. between two saddles. Suitable bends or elbows are used in the wall
on bending. If there is long straight runs of conduit, inspection type couplers should be
provided in adequate. P V C insulated multi stranded cables are used in this type of
wirings.
In concealed wiring, conduits are buried under the plaster. P V C insulated
multi stranded copper wires is mainly used in this wiring. This method of wiring is used
for domestic and commercial buildings.

PRECUATION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK AND FIRST AID

Aim: To study Precautions of electric shock and first aid
1) Electric shocks are easily received and for avoid the risk is not always apparent
but be careful.
2) In case of electric shock, when a person is still on contact with a charged wire of you
must immediately insulate yourself on newspaper before attempting to get him clear, even
dont touch his body, pull him down by cloths. If he is on a wet place, take a piece of wood
to remove the electric lines.
3) Dont forget to put your safety belt before starting work above the ground level.
4) Beware of charged line wiring or conductor base or insulated.
5) When a ladder is in use it must be held from slipping by at least one helper.
6) Never tamper unnecessarily with any electrical apparatus.
7) Before switching on current to equipment, make sure that it is properly earthed and
insulation is correct.
8) Never disconnect a plug point by pulling the wire.
9) Never touch on an overhead line unless you have made sure that it is dead and properly
earthed.
10) Never change a line unless you are sure that it is clear and there is no work on that.
11) When a person is shocked by electricity, remove the electric supply and for saving him
one person should stand on dry wood chair and pull with the help of a dry cloth or dry
rope.

PRELIMINARY STEPS
If the persons cloths are son fire, it should be extinguished and he should be taking
on to a doctor. If he has no breathing gives any of artificial respiration. Do not give him
any liquid to drink.

10
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Conductors and Insulators are mainly classified in to three types.
That is, Conductor, semi conductor and Insulator.

1. Conductors -: The free flow of electrons allowed in a material, that type of

materials is called Conductors
eg. Silver, copper, Brass, Aluminum, Iron, Lead, Tin, Eureka, Zink, Nichrome,
Tungsten, Carbon etc..

2. Semi Conductors-: Substance which are neither good conductor or good insulator
are called Semi Conductors
eg. Germanium, silicon
3. Insulators-: A material is not allowed the flow of electrons such materials are called
Insulators.
eg. Mica, Plastic, Dry Wood, Paper, Glass, Fiber, Asbestos, Cotton, Rubber,
Backlit, etc..

11

Use of conductors in Wires

Silver is a good conductor and it has low specific resistance. But it has costly so it cant be
used as a conductor. Copper and aluminum are mostly used as conductors.
How to measure the gauge of wire
Measure the gauge (Size) of wires by using wire gauge. It is made of steel and it has 36
slots of wire gauge.
The following types of wire gauges are in use.
1. American or brown and sharp standard wire gauge.
2. Brimming harm wire gauge
3. American S and W Co wire gauge
4. Imperial standard wire gauge
5. U S standard wire gauge
We commonly used Imperial standard wire gauge and it is called standard wire gauge
(SWG)

SPECIFICATIONS OF CABLES
Sl No.Size of size of cable

Type of cable

Maximum
current
carrying capacity

01

1/18

Single stranded. 1 no. of 18 gauge

5 Amps. / 230Volt

02

3/20

Single stranded. 3 nos. of 20 gauge

15 Amps. / 230Volt

03

7/20

Single stranded. 7 nos. of 20 gauge

25 Amps. / 230Volt

04

7/16

Single stranded. 7 nos. of 16 gauge

40 Amps. / 230Volt

05

12mm

Multi stranded

5-11 Amps. / 230Volt

06

1.52mm

Multi stranded

10-15 Amps. / 230Volt

07

2.52mm

Multi stranded

15-20 Amps. / 230Volt

08

42mm

Multi stranded

20-25 Amps. / 230Volt

09

62mm

Multi stranded

40 Amps. / 230Volt

10

102mm

Multi stranded

60 Amps. / 230Volt

11

162mm

Multi stranded

80 Amps. / 230Volt

Classification of Insulators

Solid Insulators
Soft Insulators
Liquid Insulator.

STUDY 02

12

GENERAL STUDY OF ELECTRICAL WIRING TOOLS,

WIRING ACCESSORIES AND SYMBOLS
ELECTRICAL WIRING TOOLS
CONNECTOR SCREW DRIVER

HEAVY DUTY SCREW DRIVER

Screw drivers are used more often than any other tools. Screw drivers are available in
different size, length and shape of handles. Vanadium steel is mostly used for making
screw drivers blade. It is used to tighten and loosen the screws. Flat type and star type
screw drivers are available in the market. In some cases square blade screw drivers may
be required.
LINE TESTER

HEAVY DUTY LINE TESTER

It is a device used to check electric supply. The shape of the tester is almost a screw driver.
But it cant used for high screwing and unscrewing purpose. At inside it contains a spring,
a Carbon make Resistor and a Neon lamp.

LONG NOSE PLIERS

13

It is used to forming edges of the wires which are to be used where they are held fast under
the screw by the use of its long nose. Also its shapes just like a combination plier and it
have a cutting edge too.
POKER
It is used to making holes in wooden work piece and it is very useful in the fitting of the
switches\, sockets etc. It should not be used on metals. It tip should not be much pointed
and round. It is mainly use full for electricians and carpenters.

BALL PEEN HAMMER

It is a striking tool and it is used for chipping, fitting, punching etc. It have a heavy iron
body with a wooden handle, the weight ranges 250 gm to 2.5 Kg. one side of its shape is
peen and other side is ball or spherical shape. So it is called Ball Peen hammer.

COMBINATION PLIERS

14

A plier is used for cutting the wires, gripping operation by hand, twisting and a number of
other operations in electrical work. It is usually provided with a snob nosed jaws and have
cutting edge. Normally 150 mm and 225 mm pliers are preferred.
WIRE STRIPPER
A wire stripper is used to remove the insulation of connection wires and cut it. It have a
plastic insulated sleeve in its hands. Also a cutting sharp edge in both sides of its top end
and a small angle corner (V shape) is in it.

GRIP PLIERS

15

Grip pliers are also known as Slip joint pliers. This type of pliers is used for removing the
bearing from shaft and to lock an armature shaft before tightening or losing the key nuts
and split or slip rings. Such a pliers has a slip joint so that it jaws can be opened to a
greater width.

KNIFE
Knife is used to remove the insulation of electrical cables. It has two parts, one is body and
it made by P V C, and then the other is blade and it made by stainless steel. In that body a
sliding part is inside it. The sliding part moved to forward or reverse to the knife edge.

WOOD CHISEL

16

It is made by steel and it is used to cut or break the wall, wood, P V C etc.. It has a sharp
edge in the cutting side. In wood cutting chisel wooden handle is used.

HACK SAW FRAME SET

It is used to cut the metallic parts, P V C etc. Different size of blades and frames are
available in the market.

STUDY 03

17

ELECTRICAL WIRING ACCESSORIES

SWITCHES

A switch is used to make or break electrical circuits. There are different kinds of
switches available. The switches are used generally surface switches or tumbler switches
and piano type switches.

18

CEILING ROSE
The ceiling roses are used to provide a tapping to the Pendent holder, Fluorescent
tube, Ceiling Fan, Wall Fan and Exhaust Fan etc. The ceiling rose consists of a circular
porcelain or backlit base provided with two or three terminals. In each terminal have one
out going and one incoming screw holes.

19

PLUG AND SOCKETS

The socket will have three terminal sleeves. The two thin terminal sleeves are meant
for phase and neutral connection. The third terminal sleeve is larger and is used for the
earth connection.

LAMP HOLDER
The lamp holders are used to fix incandescent lamps, C F Ls etc. We can easily remove
and re fix a lamp by using a holder. There are different types of holders available
(Pendent, steady and angle batten).

20

FUSE A fuse is used to protect an electric device when a high current flow (more
than the capacity of the device) through the circuit. The fuse wire burns out and the circuit
is protected. There are different types of fuses (Kit Kat, flush type open, flush type
concealed, glass fuse type and H R C type.)

TEST LAMP HOLDER WITH LAMP

As is clear from it name. It is used to hold the lamp for lightning and testing purpose.
Holders are mainly classified in to its shape and the making of its body material. They are
as fallows. It is made by porcelain, Bakelite and brass.
Angle Batten, Steady batten and Pendent

21

STUDY 4
SYMBOLS
Sl No.

Name of item

Symbol

01

Direct current

02

Alternating current

03

Neutral

04

D C Positive polarity

05

D C Negative polarity

06

Earth

07

Terminals

08

Over head Lines

09

Junction

10

Underground cable

11

Single phase

12

Resistance, Resister (Fixed)

13

Resistance Variable

14

Impedance

15

Inductance, Inductor

16

Capacitance, Capacitor(Fixed)

17

Capacitance Variable

18

Winding

19

Frequency meter

20

Plug

21

Fuse

22

Socket (5, 15 Amp.)

23

Fault

24

Buzzer

25

Wall mounted lamp

26

Ceiling mounted Lamp

27

Lamp outlet

28

Ceiling fan

29

Exhaust Fan

30

Bracket fan

31

Fan regulator

32

Bell

33

Siren

34

Starter

35

Isolator

36

Circuit breaker

37

Ammeter

38

Volt meter

39

Multi meter

40

Watt meter

41

Ohm meter

42

Power factor meter

43

A C Motor, D C Motor

44

A C Generator

45

D C Generator

46

Concealed wiring

47

General wiring

48

Wiring on wall Surface

49

Surface Conduit wiring

50

Concealed Conduit wiring

51

Main fuse board without switches (Lightning

circuit)

52

Main fuse board with switches (Lightning circuit)

53

Distribution fuse board with switches

54

Distribution fuse board without switches

55

Change over contact (break before make)

56

Time switch

57

Wire crossing

58

Main fuse board for power without switches

59

Main fuse board power with switches

60

Distribution fuse board for power without

switches

61

Distribution fuse board for power with switches

62

Neutral Link

63

Contact normal open

64

Contact normally closed

65

Two way contact with normal position

66

Single pole single throw switch (S P S T)

67

Single pole double throw switch (S P D T)

68

Ceiling Rose 2 plate

69

Ceiling Rose 3 plate

70

Energy Meter

71

Motor Generator set

72

Transformer with two separate windings

73

Slip ring with brush on

74

Commutate with brush on

75

Cell Primary & secondary

76

Battery

26

FLUORESCENT TUBE

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FLUORESCENT TUBE

When switch in the circuit is closed, current flows through the Fluorescent Lamp (F.L.).
When the supply flows through the Filament, then it will heat and vaporize the Argon gas in the
tube. Since the current is flowing through the heater inside the starter the bimetallic strips gets
heated. Then the bimetallic strip will bend and the circuit is opened. Then the current flows
through the ballast suddenly become zero. The sudden change of the current in the inductive
ballast coil induces a large voltage for a short time. This high voltage appears between the two
filaments and the argon gas will ionize and gets a continuing supply between the two filaments.
The FLs are negative differential resistance device, so more currents flows
through it. Then the ballast limits the uncontrolled flow of current.
A capacitor is connected across the FL circuit, for improving the power factor.

Result The study of Fluorescent tube was done.

27

STUDY OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY BMRTER

Aim -: To Study About Single Phase Energy Meter

Induction Type single phase Energy meter consists of

1. Driving System
2. Moving System
3. Breaking System
4. Registering System
The driving system consists of two Electro Magnets, called Shunt and Series Magnet. The
core of Electro magnets are made up of Silicon Steel.
The moving system consists of a rotating aluminum disc mounted on a vertical spindle.
The breaking system consists of a permanent Magnet called Breaking magnet and it is C
shaped.
The registering or counting system consists of a Train gears.
Result-: The Study of single phase Energy meter is done.
28
Exp. No 1

ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH

Exp. No. - 2

TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCHE (SERIES)

Aim- To design, estimate and wire up a circuit of two lamps controlled by one
(Series) by using p.v.c Conduit wiring system

Lay Out

Circuit Diagram

Exp. No. - 3

29

TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCHES (PARALLEL)

switch

Lay Out

Circuit Diagram

Exp. No. 4
ONE LAMP, ONE CALLING BELL AND A SOCKET INDIPENDENTLY
CONTROLLED BY THREE SWITCHES
Lay Out

Circuit Diagram

Exp. No. 5
STAIR CASE WIRING

30

Lay Out

Circuit Diagram

Exp. No. 6
GODOWN WIRING
Lay Out

Circuit Diagram

31

Exp. No. 7

Single Phase Distribution board with Energy meter

32

Exp. No. 8

Half-Wave Rectifier

Exp. No. 9

Exp. No. 10

33

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Exp. No. 3

34

TWO LAMPS CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCHES

(PARALLEL)
Aim- To design, estimate and wire up a circuit of two lamps controlled by one

switch

(Series) by using p.v.c Conduit wiring system

(Space for Lay Out)

(Space for Circuit diagram)

MATERIALS REQUIRE
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

PVC Conduit Pipe

PVC Round Block
PVC gang Box
PVC Junction Box (3way)
PVC Junction Box (3way)
Metal Saddle
PVC Insulated Cu. Wire
Steady Batten Holder
S P S T Switch
Kit Kat Fuse Unit
Neutral Link

12

Steel screws

13

Incandescent lamp

Item

TOOLS REQUIRED

Range

Qty

20 mm.
25 * 75 mm
4*4
20 mm.
20 mm.
20 mm.
1 Sq mm.
5 A 230 V
6 A 230 V
6A - 230 V
6A - 230 V
13*4 mm.
16*6 mm.
25*6 mm.
38*6 mm.
60W 230 V

120 cm.
2 Nos.
2 Nos.
1 No.
1No.
8 Nos.
400 cm.
2 Nos.
2Nos.
1 No.
1 No.
12Nos.
24Nos.
4Nos.
2 Nos.
2 Nos.

35

Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Item
Wire stripper
Line tester
Connecter Screw driver
Screw driver
Ball Peen Hammer
Mallet
Combination Plier
Poker

Qty
230/500 V
4
8
200 gm.
Pound
200 mm.
200 mm.

1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1 No.
1No.
1 No.
1 No.

Procedure
Prepare a lay out at minimum length.
1) Draw the circuit diagram as per the lay out and conditions (Conditions to be need )
2) Estimate the tools and materials
3) Cut the pipes and wires as per the lay out.
4) Wire up the circuit as per the lay out and circuit diagram and connect the
accessories.
5) Trace the connection diagram once again before connected the supply.
6) Apply the wiring tests before connect the supply as below.
a) Polarity test
b) Continuity test
c) Leakage test
7) Apply the rated voltage and satisfy the conditions (Conditions to be need)

Safety Precautions
1) Phase wire should be connected in fuse and switch only.
2) Obey the standard color cord as per I S rule.
a) Phase Red
b) Neutral - Black
c) Green Earth
3) Protect the circuit with rated fuse.
4) Insulation of wire and end of conductors are very close to the terminal.
5) Avoid over tight and breakage of accessories.

Result:Wire up the circuit of two lamps controlled by two switches in parallel, in PVC
conduit wiring system, as per the lay out, operations and found working in good condition.