CHAPTER 5 THE STRAIGHT LINE

1 Gradient of a straight line

- A straight line is the shorter distance beteen to !oints"
- #or an$ straight line% there are to co&!onents of distance% na&el$ the vertical distance
and the horizontal distance"
- The straight line% together ith the to co&!onents% ala$s for& a right-angled"
- The gradient of a straight line is a &eas're of its steepness.
- The gradient of a straight line P( is the ratio of the )ertical distance to the hori*ontal
distance
Gradient% m +
distance Hori*ontal
distance ,ertical
+
PR
(R
+ tan
1 In each of the folloing fig'res% deter&ine the )ertical and hori*ontal distances beteen the !oints A and -" #ind the gradient of the line A-"
.a/ .b/ .c/
.d/ .e/ .f/
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 1
P
(

Hori*ontal distance
,ertical
distance
R
Gradient % mPQ +
PR
(R
-
A

12 &
32 &
.i/ ,ertical distance +
.ii/ Hori*ontal distance +
.iii/ Gradient +
-
A

4 &
14 &

4 &
-
A

5 &
11 &
0 &
A A
A
-
-
-
Gradient A- + Gradient A- +
Gradient A- +
.i/ ,ertical distance +
.ii/ Hori*ontal distance +
.iii/ Gradient +
.i/ ,ertical distance +
.ii/ Hori*ontal distance +
.iii/ Gradient +
1 Gradient of straight line in Cartesian Coordinates
- To find the gradient of a straight line !assing thro'gh the !oints P.x1 % y1/ and
(.x1 % y1/% can be calc'lated 'sing a for&'la"
Gradient of P(% mP( +
distance Hori*ontal
distance ,ertical
+
1 1
1 1
x x
y y

- The gradient of a straight line is also e6'al to tan here is the angle%
&eas'red in the anticloc7ise direction fro& the x-a8is to the straight line"
- Signs of the gradient
m 9 2 m : 2 m + 2 m +
gradient is !ositi)e gradient is negati)e !arallell to x-a8is !arallel to y-a8is
- The steepness of a line is e8!ressed n'&ericall$ b$ the gradientbratio" The larger the gradient of a line% the steeper is the line"
1 #ind the gradient of the line !assing thro'gh each of the folloing !airs of !oints"
.a/ A .3% 0/ -.5% ;/ .b/ C.1% <4/ origin .c/ E.<1% <3/% #.=% <1/
.d/ G.4% <3/% H.<11% <14/ .e/ >.1% =/% ?.5% =/ .f/ @.<1% = /% N .<1% <;/
.g/ .h/ .i/
3 #ind the gradient of straight line P( in each of the folloing
.a/ .b/ .c/
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 1
y
x

(.y1 % x1/


P.y1 % x1/

y1
y1

x1

x1
y1 < y1
x1 < x1
m 9 2 m : 2
m + 2 m +

(
P
mP( + tan
mP( 9 2 . is ac'te/
(
P

mP( + tan
mP( : 2 . is obt'se/
(.3% 5/
P.<5% <3/
A.<0% 0/
-.4% 2/
A
0

< <1
42
P
(
135
P
(
32
P
(
0 Sol)e each of the folloing
.a/ #ind the )al'e of p if the gradient of
straight line !assing thro'gh T.<3% 4/ and
R.p% 10 / is 1
.b/ #ind the )al'e of k if the straight line
Boining the !oints L .1% k/ and @.k% 3k/
has a gradient 3
.c/ Gi)en that the !oints .<1% <3/% .1% <1/ and
.a % 3/ lie on a straight line% find the )al'e
of a
.d/ #ind the )al'e of c if the straight line
Boining the !oints .c% <4/ and .<1c% 1/ has a
gradient of
3
1

.e/ If A.1% =/% -.<1% 4/ and C.<3% q/ lie on

the sa&e straight line% find the )al'e of q"
.f/ A line !asses thro'gh !oints P.<1% 1/ and
(.2% q/" The gradient of line P( is <3"
#ind the )al'e of q"
.g/ Gi)en that R.<3%1/% S.a% 2/ and T.1% <3/
lie on the sa&e straight line% find the )al'e
of a.
.h/
Gi)en the gradient of P( is 0%find the )al'e
of k
.i/
Gi)en the gradient of @N is <1% find the
)al'e of k
.B/
#ind the gradient of the line PR
.7/
Gi)en that H> + >G% fnd the )al'e of g "
.l/
Gi)en that @NP is a straight line and @N +
NC% find the )al'e of p.
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 3
@.2% k/
D
N.0% 2/

P.2% 1/

D (.3% k/

D

D

P.0% ;/

C

R

G.14% 5/

>

H.0% g/




+


AA

P.<3% p/

N.3% 2/

@

+


AA




.p =1/ .k =3/ .a =;/
.c =0/ .q =0/ .q = <1 /
.q = <1/ .k =10/ .k =;/
.m =1/ .g =15/
C
.p =<3/
3 Interce!t
- The x-intercep tis the x-coordinate of the !oint of intersection of a line ith the x-a8is"
- The y-intercep tis the y-coordinate of the !oint of intersection of a line ith the y-a8is
Gradient% m +
a
b
a
b
=

2
2
+
interce!t -
interce!t -
x
y

5 Eeter&ine the x-interce!t and y-interce!t of the folloing line " Then% find the gradient
.a/ .b/ .c/
4 Sol)e each of the folloing%
.a/ Gi)en that the y-interce!t of a straight line
is 4 and the gradient is <3% calc'late the x-
interce!t of the line"
.b/ Gi)en that the x-interce!t of a straight
line is 5 and the gradient is 1% calc'late
the y-interce!t of this line
.c/ Gi)en that the x-interce!t and gradient of
a straight line are <4 and 3 res!ecti)el$%
calc'late the y-interce!t of the straight
line"
.d/ #ind the gradient A- .e/
The diagra& shos to straight lines% E#
and #G" Gi)en that E# + 12 'nits and #G +
15 'nits% calc'late
.i/ the gradientof E#
.ii/ the x-interce!t of #G and gradient of
#G
.f/
The diagra& shos to straight the
gradient of ST is 1
#ind the x-interce!t of ST" and gradient of
SR"
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 0

.2% b/ <


F
.a% 2/


y-interce!t is b and not .2% b/

x-interce!t is a and not .a, 2/

4


0


=


<3


<4


<3


S


#


T


R.4% 1/


<4


E


G


4


;

.1% 0/


A

-

.<3% 0/

.m =3/ .m = <1/
.m =
1
3
/
.2/ .<10/ .1;/
.<3/ .m +
3
1
/
.m =
1
1

/ .m =
3
0
/.15/.m +
0 E6'ation of a straight line
- y = mx + c is the e6'ation of a straight line ith the gradient% m% and the y-interce!t% c"
- hen c = 2, y + mx re!resents a straight line !assing thro'gh the origin ith a gradient% m"
- hen c 2% y = mx + c re!resents a straight line c'tting the y-a8is at a distance fro& the origin
#or&ation an e6'ation of a Straight Line
y = mx + c% here m + gradient c = y-interce!t
5 Grite each of the folloing straight line in the for& " y = mx + c"
State the gradient% y-interce!ts and x-interce!ts of the folloing straight lines"
.a/ 1x H 3y + 1 .b/ <5x H y + 12 .c/ 3x H 0y + 2
.d/ 3x < ; y H 1 + 2 .e/ y = 8 < 5" .f/ 3y = 18 H 4"
.g/ 5x H 1y < 3 + 2 .h/ 5y < 1x < 4 + 2 .i/ 5y < 11x < 11 + 2
; Grite the e6'ation of each of the folloing straight lines% gi)en the gradient and the y-interce!t of the line
.a/ gradient + 5
y <interce!t +
5
1
.b/ gradient + <
1
1
y <interce!t +
1
3
.a/ gradient +
5
3

Thro'gh .2% 4/
.a/ gradient + <3
Thro'gh .2% 2/
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 5
= #ind the e6'ations of PQ the folloing straight lines hih are !arallel to the x-a8is or the y-a8is
.a/ .b/ .c/ .d/
.e/ State the e6'ation of the straight line P(
that !ass thro'gh !oint P.1% 3/ and !arallel
to y-a8is
.i/ State the e6'ation of P( the straight line
that !ass thro'gh !oint (.5% <1/ and
!arallel to x-a8is
.g/ Straight line ST is !aralle to y-a8is" State
the e6'ation of the straight line ST
.h/ Straight line P! is !arallel to the y-a8is"
#ind the e6'ation of the straight line P!
.i/ Straight line (R is !arallel to y-a8is
#ind the e6'ation of the straight line R(
.B/ ?L is !arallel to the x-a8is
State the e6'ation of the straight line ?L
.7/ Straight line PR is !aralle to x-a8is" State
the e6'ation of the straight line PR
.l/ CP is !arallel to (R" The e6'ation of P( is
1 x + y + 5" State the e6'ation of the
straight line (R
.&/ RT is !arallel to y-a8is"
State the e6'ation of the straight line RT
12 #ind the e6'ation of the folloing straight lines ith folloing gi)en conditions
.a/ gradient of 5 and !asses thro'gh a !oint
.1% 1/
.b/ Passes thro'gh the !oints P.5% 5/ and
(.1% <5/
.c/ m + 3 and !sses thro'gh .5 %<1/
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 4

12


.3% <0/


.<1 % 1/


0





x


x


x


x


y


y


y


y


P (

P (


P


(


P



(


A


- .0% <1/


y


x

y + "38 + 4
!
#
3
.y = 3x < 14/ .y = 3x < ;/ .y = 5x < 3/
.d/ Passes thro'gh the !oints P.3% <4/ and
origin
.e/ Passes thro'gh the !oints P.2% <4/ and
(.<1% 2/
.f/ m +
1
3
and !sses thro'gh .; %2/
.g/ !asses thro'gh .<1% 5/ and .5% 1/ .h/ .i/
.B/ .7/ .l/
5 Parallel Lines
- If to lines are parallel% their gradients are eq$al" Con)ersel$% if to lines ha)e the sa&e gradient% then the$ are !arallel"
y% = m%x + c , y2 = m2x + c are !arallel% then m% = m2
11 Sol)e the folloing !roble&"
.a/ #ind the e6'ation of a line A- that !asses thro'gh .3% <1/ and is
!arallel to the straight line 4x H 3y + 1
.b/ #ind the e6'ation of a line A- that !asses thro'gh .1% <4/ and is
!arallel to the straight line 1y + 3x < 11
.c/ #ind the e6'ation of a line A- that !asses thro'gh .<3% 0/ and is
!arallel to the straight line y +
4
3
1
x

.d/ #ind the e6'ation of a line A- that !asses thro'gh .4% 0/ and is
!arallel to the straight line 3x < 1y + 11
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 5

.<3% 5/


m +
3
1

1


0


5


<5


.<3% <1/


.;% 12/


.3% <3/


.<=% 1/

.y = <1x H 0/
.y =
1
3
x < =/
.y =
3
1
x H 1/
.y =
1
3
x < 5/
.y =
3
1
x < 1/
.y = x H 1/
.y =
5
5
x H 5/
.y = <1x H 1/
.y =
3
1
x H 5/ .y =
;
3
x <
;
35
/
.y =
1
3
x H 11/
.y = <3x < 4/ .y = <1x/
.e/ In the diagra&% the to gi)en lines are !alallel" #ind the e6'ation of
P(
.f/ In the diagra&% CP(R is a !arallelogra&" #ind the e6'ation of (R"
.g/ In the diagra&% P( is !arallel to SR" #ind the e6'ation of SR .h/ In the diagra&% @N is !arallel to the line y ="1x + =. #ind the
e6'ation of line @N
.i/ In the diagra&% P(RC is rectangle" #ind the e6'ation of line R( .B/ In the diagra&% the to lines are !arallel and one of it has a gradient
of 3" #ind the e6'ation of P(
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas ;

P


(


.;% 2/


y+ 4
1
3
+ x

C


(


P.3% 5/


R.=% 1/


P


(

<4

<0


R


1


S


N


@

<0


y ="1x + =

P.12% 5/


(.4% ;/


R


C


(


m%= 3

P.<1% 5/

.y = <1x < ;/
.y =
1
3
x H 3/
.y =
1
1
x H 5/
.y = 3x H 13/
.y =
3
5
x < 11/
.y =
1
3
x < 11/
1 Eiagra& shos to !arallel lines &P and Q!. Straight line P! is
!arallel to the y-a8is and & is the origin" .'P( 2)%/

.a/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line P!
.b/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line Q!
.c/ #ind the x-interce!t of the straight line Q!
1 Eiagra& shos straight lines P(% (R and SR dran on a Cartesian
!lane" Straight line (R is !arallel to y-a8is and P( is !arallel to SR"
The e6'ation of the straight line SR is y + <1x H 0" .'P( 2)%2/

.a/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line P(
.b/ #ind the x-interce!t of the straight line P(
3 In diagra&% P(RS is a tra!e*i'& dran on a Cartesian !lane" P( is
!arallel to SR and C is the origin" The e6'ation of the straight line
P( is 3y + kx H 5 and the e6'ation of straight line SR is y +
1
1
x H 1"

.a/ #ind the )al'e of k
.b/ The x-interce!t of the straight line P(
0 In Eiagra&% C is the origin" Straight line >? !arallel to straight line
CP " .'P( 2)%)/
.a/ #ind the e6'ation 2f the straight line >?
.b/ #ind the x-interce!t of the straight line >?
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas =
.'P( 2)%%/
.
1
3
= k /.
3
14
/
.y = <1x H 11/.4/
.y=1x < 3/.
1
3
/
.x= <1/. ;
1
3
+ = x y /.
3
14
/
5 Eiagra& shos a !arallelogra& >?L@ dran on a Cartesian !lane"
?L is !arallel to the x-a8is" The e6'ation of straight line >? is
y + 1x H 13" .'P( 2))*/
.a/ State the y-interce!t of the straight line >?
.b/ State the e6'ation of the straight line ?L
.c/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line L@
4 Eiagra& shos a tra!e*i'& P(RS dran on a Cartesian !lane" SR
is !arallel to P(" .'P( 2))+/
5 In the diagra&% C is the origin" Straight line ?L is !arallel to straight
line @N" The e6'ation of straight line ?L is 1x H y + 0

"
#ind
.a/ the e6'ation of the straight line @N
.b/ the x-interce!t of the straight line @N
; The diagra& shos a straight line P( and a straight line RS dran on
a Cartesian !lane" P( is !arallel to RS .'P( 2)),/
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 12

#ind
.a/ the e6'ation of the straight line P(
.b/ the x-interce!t of the straight line P(


#ind
.a/ the e6'ation of the straight line SR
.b/ the y-interce!t of the straight line SR

.13/.y ==/.y + 1x < 3/
. 13
1
1
+ = x y /.13/
. 1 1 + = x y /.
1
1
/
.y= <1x H 11/.
1
11
/
.'P( 2))-/
. 11 1 + = x y /.
1
11
/
= In the diagra&% C is the origin% !oint R lies on the x-a8is and !oint P
lies on the y-a8is" Straight line PI is !arallel to the x-a8is and
straight line PR is !arallel to straight line ST" The e6'ation of
straight line PR is x + 1y + 10" .'P( 2))./
.a/ State the e6'ation of the straight line PI
.b/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line ST and hence% state its x-
interce!t
12 In the diagra&% CP(R is a !arallelogra& and C is origin"
.'P( 2))//
11 In the diagra&% the gra!h shos that P(% (R and RS are straight
lines" P is on the y-a8is" CP is !arallel to (R and P( is !arallel to
RS" .'P( 2))/
The e6'ation of P( is 1 x + y + 5"
.a/ State the e6'ation of the straight line (R
.b/ #ind the e6'ation of the straight line RS and hence% state
its y-interce!t
11 In the diagra&% the straight line P( and RS are !arallel" C is the
origin" Gi)en that the e6'ation of the straight line P( is
4
1
3
+ = x y " .'P( 2))2/
#ind%
.a/ the x-interce!t of the straight line P(%
.b/ the gradient of the straight line (R%
.c/ the e6'ation of the straight line RS"
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 11

S


R.3% <4/


( .0% 11/

8P


#ind
.a/ the e6'ation of the straight line P(
.b/ the y-interce!t of the straight line (R

.y = -//. 0
1
1
= y /.<;/
.y = 3x < 15/.y = " 1x H 12/.12/
.x +
1
5
/. = 1 + = x y /.=/
.<0/.1;/.
1
11
1
3
. = x y /
13 In the diagra&% the straight line A- and EC are !arallel" C is
the origin" .'P( 2))%/
#ind%
.a/ the gradient of the straight line A-%
.b/ the e6'ation of the straight line EC%
.c/ the x-interce!t of the straight line EC""
10 In the diagra&% C is the origin" The !oint C is on the x-a8is
hile the !oint E is on the y-a8is" The straight line -A is
!arallel to the x-a8is" The straight line C- and EA are
!arallel" Gi)en that the gradient of the straight line EA is
1
5

.'P( 2)))/
#ind
.a/ the )al'e of k%
.b/ the e6'ation of the straight line EA
.c/ the coordinates of the !oint C"
15 In the diagra&%A-CE is a !arallelogra& and C is the origin"
Point A is on x-a8is hile !oint - is on the y-a8is" The
straight line CA is !arallel to the y-a8is and the e6'ation of
the straight line -C is
0
3
;
+ = x y
" .'P( %***/
#ind%
.a/ the x-interce!t of the straight line -C%
.b/ the gradient of the straight line A-%
.c/ the e6'ation of the straight line EC"
14 In the diagra&% the straight line CR is !arallel to the straight
line TS and C is origin"
Gi)en that the gradient of TS is 3% find%
.a/ the y-interce!t of TS
.b/ the )al'e of h
.c/ the e6'ation of straight line RS"
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 11

R.h% 4/


T.<0% <1/


S

C


E


C.<3%11/


-

8A


E


-.<1 k/


C


A .0% 5/


C


E


-.4% ;/


C .10% 11/


A .1% 2/

. 0 1 = x y /.y = 1x " 14/.;/
.k + 5/.y + 3
1
5
x /.
5
10
/
.
1
3
/.
3
0
/. 14
3
0
+ = x y /
.12/.h + 3/ 12
3
0
+ = y /
Point of intersection of to Straight line
The Point o0 intersection of to straight lines can be deter&ined b$
.a/ draing the to straight lines%
.b/ sol)ing a !air of si&'ltaneo's e6'ations
11 Eeter&ine the !oint of intersection for gi)en !ais of straight lines
.a/ y + <1x H 1
y + x H 5
.b/ 1x H y + ;
y H x + 5
.c/ 1x < y + =
3x H y + 4
.d/ 0x H 1y + 11
x H 0y + ;
.e/ y + 3x H 0
y H 5x + <;
.f/ 3y + 1x < 1
y +
5
3
5
1
+ x
.g/ y + 1 <
1
x

5
5
1
5
1
+ = x y
.h/ 5y + x < 32
5x H y + 4
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 13
#0 Cha!ter 5 The straight Line P'sat T'is$en Ga$a Pintas 10