POLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION
PROFESSIONAL WRITING (PWR611S)
ASSIGNMENT 1: QUESTIONNAIRE AND REPORT WRITING
AUGUST 2013 DUE DATE: 4 6 SEPTEMBER 2013
MAR!S: 100
TAS!S:
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TOPICS: S"3".* ONE +5 *4" 5+33+6$&% *+2$.# 5+, 0+), '##$%&1"&*7
17 THE IMPACT OF PO8ERTY ON THE NAMIBIANS
Africa Hunger and Poverty Facts
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 239 million eole in su!"#aharan
Africa $ere hungry%undernourished in 2&'& (its most recent estimate)* 92+ million eole
$ere hungry $orld$ide* Africa $as the continent $ith the second largest num!er of hungry
eole, as Asia and the Pacific had +-. million, rincially due to the much larger oulation
of Asia $hen comared to su!"#aharan Africa* #u!"#aharan Africa actually had the largest
roortion of its oulation undernourished, an estimated 3& ercent in 2&'&, comared to
'/ ercent in Asia and the Pacific (FAO 2&'&)* Thus almost one in three eole $ho live in
su!"#aharan Africa $ere hungry, far higher than any other region of the $orld, $ith the
e0cetion of #outh Asia*
1n 2&&., 2- ercent of the oulation of su!"#aharan Africa lived on 3'*2+ a day or less*
(United Nations 2&'2)*
4hat are the causes of hunger and overty in Africa5
1n general, the rincial causes of overty are harmful economic systems, conflict,
environmental factors such as drought and climate change, and oulation gro$th (4H6#
2&'2)* Poverty itself is a ma7or cause of hunger* All are very imortant as causes of overty
and hunger in su!"#aharan Africa*
P+/",*0
Poverty is the rincial cause of hunger in Africa and else$here* #imly ut, eole do not
have sufficient income to urchase enough food* 8onflict and drought, for e0amle, are
certainly imortant causes of hunger, !ut the most tyical situation is that eole 7ust do not
have enough income to urchase the food that they need9they could !e starving in some
slum some$here, for e0amle* As noted a!ove, in 2&&., 2- ercent of the oulation of
1
su!"#aharan Africa lived on 3'*2+ a day or less, a rincial factor in causing $idesread
hunger*
H',15)3 ".+&+1$. #0#*"1#
Hunger Notes !elieves that the rincial underlying cause of overty and thus hunger in
Africa and else$here is the ordinary oeration of the $orld:s economic and olitical systems*
6ssentially control over resources and income is !ased on military, olitical and economic
o$er that tyically ends u in the hands of a minority, $ho live $ell, $hile those at the
!ottom !arely survive* 4e have descri!ed the oeration of this system in more detail in our
secial section on Harmful economic system* The role that harmful economic systems lay
cannot !e demonstrated !riefly and should not !e ta;en as confirmed truth !y students, $ho
should nevertheless consider it seriously* 8ontrolling the government and other sources of
o$er and income is a fundamental $ay of o!taining income* Freedom in the 4orld is an
annual inde0 that measures the degree that eole have olitical rights and civil li!erties*
#ee its (mainly lo$) freedom ran;ings for su!"#aharan African countries
htt<%%$$$*freedomhouse*org%reort"tyes%freedom"$orld* One $ay that those in ositions of
o$er o!tain income is through corrution* The 2&'' ma of the erceived corrution
$orld$ide done !y Transarency 1nternational (2&'') sho$s that many su!"#aharan African
nations are vie$ed as corrut*
C+&53$.*
2011 saw suffering on an epic scale. For so many lives to have been thrown into turmoil
over so short a space of time means enormous personal cost for all who were affected. We
can be grateful only that the international system for protecting such people held firm for the
most part and that borders were kept open. =Antonio >uterres, UN High 8ommissioner for
?efugees (UNH8? 2&'')*
8onflict is a rincial source of human misery, including overty and hunger* Poverty rates
are 2& ercentage oints higher in countries affected !y reeated cycles of violence over the
last three decades* 6very year of violence in a country is associated $ith lagging overty
reduction of nearly one ercentage oint* Peole living in countries currently affected !y
violence are t$ice as li;ely to !e undernourished and +& ercent more li;ely to !e
imoverished* Their children are three times as li;ely to !e out of school * 8ountries $ith
serious human rights a!uses or $ea; government effectiveness, rule of la$, and control of
corrution have a 3& " 2+ ercent higher ris; of civil $ar, and significantly higher ris; of
e0treme criminal violence than other develoing countries (4orld @an; 2&''!)*
The threat of death and serious in7ury resulting from conflict can result in such a deserate
situation that eole leave their homes* This is in site of the fact that this reAuires leaving
nearly everything !ehind< house and land, sources of income, and most ossessions,
!ecoming urooted from the lace $here you have lived ($hich $as home and loved), to
go""tyically a 7ourney of great danger""in search of a !etter alternative, $hich is usually a
very !are !ones refugee cam or other marginal situation* Africa had an estimated '3*+
million refugees and internally dislaced ersons in 2&'', as Ta!le ' indicates* 4hile not all
refugees are caused !y conflict%violence, most of them are*
A-'2*"- 5,+1 UNHCR 2012
2
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27 E:4"'3*4 ,$#;
8ell Phones and 8ancer ?is;
@y National 8ancer 1nstitute 2&'3
Bey oints
8ell hones emit radiofreAuency energy, a form of non"ionizing electromagnetic radiation,
$hich can !e a!sor!ed !y tissues closest to $here the hone is held*
The amount of radiofreAuency energy a cell hone user is e0osed to deends on the
technology of the hone, the distance !et$een the honeCs antenna and the user, the e0tent
and tye of use, and the userCs distance from cell hone to$ers*
#tudies thus far have not sho$n a consistent lin; !et$een cell hone use and cancers of the
!rain, nerves, or other tissues of the head or nec;* Dore research is needed !ecause cell
hone technology and ho$ eole use cell hones have !een changing raidly*
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There are three main reasons $hy eole are concerned that cell hones (also ;no$n as
E$irelessF or Emo!ileF telehones) might have the otential to cause certain tyes of cancer
or other health ro!lems<
8ell hones emit radiofreAuency energy (radio $aves), a form of non"ionizing radiation*
Tissues nearest to $here the hone is held can a!sor! this energy*
The num!er of cell hone users has increased raidly* As of 2&'&, there $ere more than
3&3 million su!scri!ers to cell hone service in the United #tates, according to the 8ellular
Telecommunications and 1nternet Association* This is a nearly threefold increase from the
''& million users in 2&&&* >lo!ally, the num!er of cell hone su!scritions is estimated !y
the 1nternational Telecommunications Union to !e + !illion*
Over time, the num!er of cell hone calls er day, the length of each call, and the amount of
time eole use cell hones have increased* 8ell hone technology has also undergone
su!stantial changes*
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3
?adiofreAuency energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation* 6lectromagnetic radiation can
!e categorized into t$o tyes< ionizing (e*g*, 0"rays, radon, and cosmic rays) and non"
ionizing (e*g*, radiofreAuency and e0tremely lo$"freAuency or o$er freAuency)*
60osure to ionizing radiation, such as from radiation theray, is ;no$n to increase the ris;
of cancer* Ho$ever, although many studies have e0amined the otential health effects of
non"ionizing radiation from radar, micro$ave ovens, and other sources, there is currently no
consistent evidence that non"ionizing radiation increases cancer ris;*
The only ;no$n !iological effect of radiofreAuency energy is heating* The a!ility of
micro$ave ovens to heat food is one e0amle of this effect of radiofreAuency energy*
?adiofreAuency e0osure from cell hone use does cause heatingG ho$ever, it is not
sufficient to measura!ly increase !ody temerature*
A recent study sho$ed that $hen eole used a cell hone for +& minutes, !rain tissues on
the same side of the head as the honeCs antenna meta!olized more glucose than did
tissues on the oosite side of the !rain* The researchers noted that the results are
reliminary, and ossi!le health outcomes from this increase in glucose meta!olism are still
un;no$n*
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Hevels of radiofreAuency e0osure are indirectly estimated using information from intervie$s
or Auestionnaires* These measures include the follo$ing<
Ho$ EregularlyF study articiants use cell hones (the minimum num!er of calls er $ee; or
month)
The age and the year $hen study articiants first used a cell hone and the age and the
year of last use (allo$s calculation of the duration of use and time since the start of use)
The average num!er of cell hone calls er day, $ee;, or month (freAuency)
The average length of a tyical cell hone call
The total hours of lifetime use, calculated from the length of tyical call times, the freAuency
of use, and the duration of use
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Although there have !een some concerns that radiofreAuency energy from cell hones held
closely to the head may affect the !rain and other tissues, to date there is no evidence from
studies of cells, animals, or humans that radiofreAuency energy can cause cancer*
1t is generally acceted that damage to INA is necessary for cancer to develo* Ho$ever,
radiofreAuency energy, unli;e ionizing radiation, does not cause INA damage in cells, and it
has not !een found to cause cancer in animals or to enhance the cancer"causing effects of
;no$n chemical carcinogens in animals*
?esearchers have carried out several tyes of eidemiologic studies to investigate the
ossi!ility of a relationshi !et$een cell hone use and the ris; of malignant (cancerous)
!rain tumors, such as gliomas, as $ell as !enign (noncancerous) tumors, such as acoustic
4
neuromas (tumors in the cells of the nerve resonsi!le for hearing), most meningiomas
(tumors in the meninges, mem!ranes that cover and rotect the !rain and sinal cord), and
arotid gland tumors (tumors in the salivary glands)*
1n one tye of study, called a case"control study, cell hone use is comared !et$een
eole $ith these tyes of tumors and eole $ithout them* 1n another tye of study, called
a cohort study, a large grou of eole is follo$ed over time and the rate of these tumors in
eole $ho did and didnCt use cell hones is comared* 8ancer incidence data can also !e
analyzed over time to see if the rates of cancer changed in large oulations during the time
that cell hone use increased dramatically* The results of these studies have generally not
rovided clear evidence of a relationshi !et$een cell hone use and cancer, !ut there have
!een some statistically significant findings in certain su!grous of eole*
Findings from secific research studies are summarized !elo$<
The 1nterhone #tudy, conducted !y a consortium of researchers from '3 countries, is the
largest health"related case"control study of use of cell hones and head and nec; tumors*
Dost u!lished analyses from this study have sho$n no statistically significant increases in
!rain or central nervous system cancers related to higher amounts of cell hone use* One
recent analysis sho$ed a statistically significant, al!eit modest, increase in the ris; of glioma
among the small roortion of study articiants $ho sent the most total time on cell hone
calls* Ho$ever, the researchers considered this finding inconclusive !ecause they felt that
the amount of use reorted !y some resondents $as unli;ely and !ecause the articiants
$ho reorted lo$er levels of use aeared to have a slightly reduced ris; of !rain cancer
comared $ith eole $ho did not use cell hones regularly* Another recent study from the
grou found no relationshi !et$een !rain tumor locations and regions of the !rain that $ere
e0osed to the highest level of radiofreAuency energy from cell hones*
A cohort study in Ienmar; lin;ed !illing information from more than 3+.,&&& cell hone
su!scri!ers $ith !rain tumor incidence data from the Ianish 8ancer ?egistry* The analyses
found no association !et$een cell hone use and the incidence of glioma, meningioma, or
acoustic neuroma, even among eole $ho had !een cell hone su!scri!ers for '3 or more
years*
The rosective Dillion 4omen #tudy in the United Bingdom found that self"reorted cell
hone use $as not associated $ith an increased ris; of glioma, meningioma, or non"central
nervous system tumors* The researchers did find that the use of cell hones for more than +
years $as associated $ith an increased ris; of acoustic neuroma, and that the ris; of
acoustic neuroma increased $ith increasing duration of cell hone use* Ho$ever, the
incidence of these tumors among men and $omen in the United Bingdom did not increase
during '99. to 2&&., even though cell hone use increased dramatically over that decade*
An early case"control study in the United #tates $as una!le to demonstrate a relationshi
!et$een cell hone use and glioma or meningioma*
#ome case"control studies in #$eden found statistically significant trends of increasing !rain
cancer ris; for the total amount of cell hone use and the years of use among eole $ho
!egan using cell hones !efore age 2&* Ho$ever, another large, case"control study in
#$eden did not find an increased ris; of !rain cancer among eole !et$een the ages of 2&
and /9* 1n addition, the international 86FAHO study, $hich comared children $ho $ere
diagnosed $ith !rain cancer !et$een ages - and '9 $ith similar children $ho $ere not,
found no relationshi !et$een their cell hone use and ris; for !rain cancer*
5
N81:s #urveillance, 6idemiology, and 6nd ?esults (#66?) Program, $hich trac;s cancer
incidence in the United #tates over time, found no increase in the incidence of !rain or other
central nervous system cancers !et$een '9.- and 2&&-, desite the dramatic increase in
cell hone use in this country during that time* #imilarly, incidence data from Ienmar;,
Finland, Nor$ay, and #$eden for the eriod '9-2=2&&. revealed no increase in age"
ad7usted incidence of !rain tumors* A 2&'2 study !y N81 researchers, $hich comared
o!served glioma incidence rates in #66? $ith ro7ected rates !ased on ris;s o!served in
the 1nterhone study, found that the ro7ected rates $ere consistent $ith o!served U*#*
rates* The researchers also comared the #66? rates $ith ro7ected rates !ased on a
#$edish study u!lished in 2&''* They determined that the ro7ected rates $ere at least 2&
ercent higher than, and incomati!le $ith, the actual U*#* rates*
#tudies of $or;ers e0osed to radiofreAuency energy have sho$n no evidence of increased
ris; of !rain tumors among U*#* Navy electronics technicians, aviation technicians, or fire
control technicians, those $or;ing in an electromagnetic ulse test rogram, lastic"$are
$or;ers, cellular hone manufacturing $or;ers, or Navy ersonnel $ith a high ro!a!ility of
e0osure to radar*
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$&.+&#$#*"&*<
A limited num!er of studies have sho$n some evidence of statistical association of cell
hone use and !rain tumor ris;s, !ut most studies have found no association* ?easons for
these discreancies include the follo$ing<
R".'33 9$'#, $hich may haen $hen a study collects data a!out rior ha!its and e0osures
using Auestionnaires administered after disease has !een diagnosed in some of the study
articiants* 1t is ossi!le that study articiants $ho have !rain tumors may remem!er their
cell hone use differently than individuals $ithout !rain tumors* Dany eidemiologic studies
of cell hone use and !rain cancer ris; lac; verifia!le data a!out the total amount of cell
hone use over time* 1n addition, eole $ho develo a !rain tumor may have a tendency to
recall using their cell hone mostly on the same side of their head $here the tumor $as
found, regardless of $hether they actually used their hone on that side of their head a lot or
only a little*
I&'..),'*" ,"2+,*$&%, $hich may haen $hen eole say that something has haened
more or less often than it actually did* Peole may not remem!er ho$ much they used cell
hones in a given time eriod*
M+,9$-$*0 '&- 1+,*'3$*0 among study articiants $ho have !rain cancer* >liomas are
articularly difficult to study, for e0amle, !ecause of their high death rate and the short
survival of eole $ho develo these tumors* Patients $ho survive initial treatment are often
imaired, $hich may affect their resonses to Auestions* Furthermore, for eole $ho have
died, ne0t"of";in are often less familiar $ith the cell hone use atterns of their deceased
family mem!er and may not accurately descri!e their atterns of use to an intervie$er*
P',*$.$2'*$+& 9$'#, $hich can haen $hen eole $ho are diagnosed $ith !rain tumors
are more li;ely than healthy eole (;no$n as controls) to enroll in a research study* Also,
controls $ho did not or rarely used cell hones $ere less li;ely to articiate in the
1nterhone study than controls $ho used cell hones regularly* For e0amle, the 1nterhone
study reorted articiation rates of -. ercent for meningioma atients (range +/=92
ercent for the individual studies), /2 ercent for the glioma atients (range 3/=92 ercent),
and +3 ercent for control su!7ects (range 22=-2 ercent)* One series of #$edish studies
6
reorted articiation rates of .+ ercent in eole $ith !rain cancer and .2 ercent in
control su!7ects*
C4'&%$&% *".4&+3+%0 '&- 1"*4+-# +5 )#"* Older studies evaluated radiofreAuency
energy e0osure from analog cell hones* Ho$ever, most cell hones today use digital
technology, $hich oerates at a different freAuency and a lo$er o$er level than analog
hones* Iigital cell hones have !een in use for more than a decade in the United #tates,
and cellular technology continues to change* Te0ting, for e0amle, has !ecome a oular
$ay of using a cell hone to communicate that does not reAuire !ringing the hone close to
the head* Furthermore, the use of hands"free technology, such as $ired and $ireless
headsets, is increasing and may decrease radiofreAuency energy e0osure to the head and
!rain*
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The 1nternational Agency for ?esearch on 8ancer (1A?8), a comonent of the 4orld Health
Organization, has recently classified radiofreAuency fields as Eossi!ly carcinogenic to
humans,F !ased on limited evidence from human studies, limited evidence from studies of
radiofreAuency energy and cancer in rodents, and $ea; mechanistic evidence (from studies
of genoto0icity, effects on immune system function, gene and rotein e0ression, cell
signaling, o0idative stress, and aotosis, along $ith studies of the ossi!le effects of
radiofreAuency energy on the !lood"!rain !arrier)*
The American 8ancer #ociety (A8#) states that the 1A?8 classification means that there
could !e some ris; associated $ith cancer, !ut the evidence is not strong enough to !e
considered causal and needs to !e investigated further* 1ndividuals $ho are concerned
a!out radiofreAuency e0osure can limit their e0osure, including using an ear iece and
limiting cell hone use, articularly among children*
The National 1nstitute of 6nvironmental Health #ciences (N16H#) states that the $eight of
the current scientific evidence has not conclusively lin;ed cell hone use $ith any adverse
health ro!lems, !ut more research is needed*
The U*#* Food and Irug Administration (FIA), $hich is resonsi!le for regulating the safety
of machines and devices that emit radiation (including cell hones), notes that studies
reorting !iological changes associated $ith radiofreAuency energy have failed to !e
relicated and that the ma7ority of human eidemiologic studies have failed to sho$ a
relationshi !et$een e0osure to radiofreAuency energy from cell hones and health
ro!lems*
The U*#* 8enters for Iisease 8ontrol and Prevention (8I8) states that, although some
studies have raised concerns a!out the ossi!le ris;s of cell hone use, scientific research
as a $hole does not suort a statistically significant association !et$een cell hone use
and health effects*
The Federal 8ommunications 8ommission (F88) concludes that there is no scientific
evidence that roves that $ireless hone use can lead to cancer or to other health ro!lems,
including headaches, dizziness, or memory loss*
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7
A large rosective cohort study of cell hone use and its ossi!le long"term health effects
$as launched in 6uroe in Darch 2&'&* This study, ;no$n as 8O#DO#, has enrolled
aro0imately 29&,&&& cell hone users aged '. years or older to date and $ill follo$ them
for 2& to 3& years*
Particiants in 8O#DO# $ill comlete a Auestionnaire a!out their health, lifestyle, and
current and ast cell hone use* This information $ill !e sulemented $ith information from
health records and cell hone records*
The challenge of this am!itious study is to continue follo$ing the articiants for a range of
health effects over many decades* ?esearchers $ill need to determine $hether articiants
$ho leave are someho$ different from those $ho remain throughout the follo$"u eriod*
Another study already under $ay is a case"control study called Do!i"Bids, $hich $ill include
2&&& young eole (aged '&"22 years) $ith ne$ly diagnosed !rain tumors and 2&&& healthy
young eole* The goal of the study is to learn more a!out ris; factors for childhood !rain
tumors* ?esults are e0ected in 2&'/*
Although recall !ias is minimized in studies that lin; articiants to their cell hone records,
such studies face other ro!lems* For e0amle, it is imossi!le to ;no$ $ho is using the
listed cell hone or $hether that individual also laces calls using other cell hones* To a
lesser e0tent, it is not clear $hether multile users of a single hone $ill !e reresented on a
single hone comany account*
The N16H#, $hich is art of the National 1nstitutes of Health, is carrying out a study of ris;s
related to e0osure to radiofreAuency energy (the tye used in cell hones) in highly
secialized la!s that can secify and control sources of radiation and measure their effects
on rodents*
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1n theory, children have the otential to !e at greater ris; than adults for develoing !rain
cancer from cell hones* Their nervous systems are still develoing and therefore more
vulnera!le to factors that may cause cancer* Their heads are smaller than those of adults
and therefore have a greater roortional e0osure to the field of radiofreAuency radiation
that is emitted !y cell hones* And children have the otential of accumulating more years of
cell hone e0osure than adults do*
#o far, the data from studies in children $ith cancer do not suort this theory* The first
u!lished analysis came from a large case"control study called 86FAHO, $hich $as
conducted in Ienmar;, #$eden, Nor$ay, and #$itzerland* The study included children $ho
$ere diagnosed $ith !rain tumors !et$een 2&&2 and 2&&., $hen their ages ranged from -
to '9* ?esearchers did not find an association !et$een cell hone use and !rain tumor ris;
in this grou of children* Ho$ever, they noted that their results did not rule out the ossi!ility
of a slight increase in !rain cancer ris; among children $ho use cell hones, and that data
gathered through rosective studies and o!7ective measurements, rather than articiant
surveys and recollections, $ill !e ;ey in clarifying $hether there is an increased ris;*
?esearchers from the 8entre for ?esearch in 6nvironmental 6idemiology in #ain are
conducting another international study9Do!i"Bids9to evaluate the ris; associated $ith ne$
communications technologies (including cell hones) and other environmental factors in
young eole ne$ly diagnosed $ith !rain tumors at ages '& to 22 years*
8
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The FIA and F88 have suggested some stes that concerned cell hone users can ta;e to
reduce their e0osure to radiofreAuency energy<
?eserve the use of cell hones for shorter conversations or for times $hen a landline hone
is not availa!le*
Use a hands"free device, $hich laces more distance !et$een the hone and the head of
the user*
Hands"free ;its reduce the amount of radiofreAuency energy e0osure to the head !ecause
the antenna, $hich is the source of energy, is not laced against the head*
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The F88 rovides information a!out the secific a!sortion rate (#A?) of cell hones
roduced and mar;eted $ithin the last ' to 2 years* The #A? corresonds $ith the relative
amount of radiofreAuency energy a!sor!ed !y the head of a cell hone user* 8onsumers
can access this information using the honeCs F88 1I num!er, $hich is usually located on
the case of the hone, and the F88Cs 1I search form*
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The most common e0osures to radiofreAuency energy are from telecommunications
devices and eAuiment* 1n the United #tates, cell hones currently oerate in a freAuency
range of a!out ',.&& to 2,2&& megahertz (DHz)* 1n this range, the electromagnetic radiation
roduced is in the form of non"ionizing radiofreAuency energy*
8ordless hones (hones that have a !ase unit connected to the telehone $iring in a
house) often oerate at radio freAuencies similar to those of cell honesG ho$ever, since
cordless hones have a limited range and reAuire a near!y !ase, their signals are generally
much less o$erful than those of cell hones*
Among other radiofreAuency energy sources, AD%FD radios and JHF%UHF televisions
oerate at lo$er radio freAuencies than cell hones, $hereas sources such as radar,
satellite stations, magnetic resonance imaging (D?1) devices, industrial eAuiment, and
micro$ave ovens oerate at some$hat higher radio freAuencies*
H+6 .+11+& $# 9,'$& .'&.",< H'# *4" $&.$-"&." +5 9,'$& .'&.", .4'&%"- +/", *$1"<
@rain cancer incidence and mortality (death) rates have changed little in the ast decade* 1n
the United #tates, 23,'3& ne$ diagnoses and '2,&.& deaths from !rain cancer are
estimated for 2&'3*
The +"year relative survival for !rain cancers diagnosed from 2&&3 through 2&&9 $as 3+
ercent* This is the ercentage of eole diagnosed $ith !rain cancer $ho $ill still !e alive +
years after diagnosis comared $ith the survival of a erson of the same age and se0 $ho
does not have cancer*
9
The ris; of develoing !rain cancer increases $ith age* From 2&&/ through 2&'&, there $ere
fe$er than + !rain cancer cases for every '&&,&&& eole in the United #tates under age /+,
comared $ith aro0imately '9 cases for every '&&,&&& eole in the United #tates $ho
$ere ages /+ or older*
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P)93$#4"-: S"2*"19", @? 2012
Harge"scale cheating has !een uncovered over the last year at some of the nationCs most
cometitive schools, li;e #tuyvesant High #chool in Danhattan, the Air Force Academy and,
most recently, Harvard*
8ommencement at Harvard* Officials said last month that they $ere investigating ossi!le
cheating on an undergraduate ta;e"home test*
#tudies of student !ehavior and attitudes sho$ that a ma7ority of students violate standards
of academic integrity to some degree, and that high achievers are 7ust as li;ely to do it as
others* Doreover, there is evidence that the ro!lem has $orsened over the last fe$
decades*
60erts say the reasons are relatively simle< 8heating has !ecome easier and more $idely
tolerated, and !oth schools and arents have failed to give students strong, reetitive
messages a!out $hat is allo$ed and $hat is rohi!ited*
E1 donCt thin; thereCs any Auestion that students have !ecome more cometitive, under more
ressure, and, as a result, tend to e0cuse more from themselves and other students, and
thatCs a!etted !y the adults around them,F said Ionald H* Dc8a!e, a rofessor at the
?utgers University @usiness #chool, and a leading researcher on cheating*
EThere have al$ays !een struggling students $ho cheat to survive,F he said* E@ut more and
more, there are students at the to $ho cheat to thrive*F
1nternet access has made cheating easier, ena!ling students to connect instantly $ith
ans$ers, friends to consult and $or;s to lagiarize* And generations of research has sho$n
that a ma7or factor in unethical !ehavior is simly ho$ easy or hard it is* A recent study !y
Keffrey A* ?o!erts and Iavid D* 4asieles;i at IuAuesne University found that the more
10
online tools college students $ere allo$ed to use to comlete an assignment, the more li;ely
they $ere to coy the $or; of others*
The 1nternet has changed attitudes, as a $orld of instant do$nloading, searching, cutting
and asting has loosened some ideas of o$nershi and authorshi* An increased emhasis
on having students $or; in teams may also have layed a role*
E#tudents are surrisingly unclear a!out $hat constitutes lagiarism or cheating,F said Dr*
4asieles;i, an associate rofessor of management*
Ho$ard >ardner, a rofessor at the Harvard >raduate #chool of 6ducation, said that over
the 2& years he has studied rofessional and academic integrity, Ethe ethical muscles have
atrohied,F in art !ecause of a culture that e0alts success, ho$ever it is attained*
He said the attitude he has found among students at elite colleges is< E4e $ant to !e
famous and successful, $e thin; our colleagues are cutting corners, $eCll !e damned if $eCll
lose out to them, and some day, $hen $eCve made it, $eCll !e role models* @ut until then,
give us a ass*F
Numerous ro7ects and research studies have sho$n that freAuently reinforcing standards,
to !oth students and teachers, can lessen cheating* @ut e0erts say most schools fail to do
so*
E1nstitutions do a oor 7o! of ma;ing those !oundaries clear and consistent, of educating
students a!out them, of enforcing them, and of giving teachers a clear rocess to follo$
through on them,F said Haurie H* Hazard, director of the Academic 8enter for 60cellence at
@ryant University* 1n the rograms that colleges run to hel ne$ students ma;e the transition
from high school, students are counseled on everything from food to friendshis, !ut Elittle or
no time is sent on cheating,F she said*
A 2&'& survey of Lale undergraduates !y The Lale Iaily Ne$s sho$ed that most had never
read the schoolCs olicy on academic honesty, and most $ere unsure of the rules on sharing
or recycling their $or;*
1n surveys of high school students, the Kosehson 1nstitute of 6thics, $hich advises schools
on ethics education, has found that a!out three"fifths admit to having cheated in the revious
year 9 and a!out four"fifths say their o$n ethics are a!ove average*
Fe$ schools Elace any meaningful emhasis on integrity, academic or other$ise, and
colleges are even more indifferent than high schools,F said Dichael Kosehson, resident of
the institute*
E4hen you start giving ta;e"home e0ams and telling ;ids not to tal; a!out it, or you let them
carry smarthones into tests, itCs an invitation to cheating,F he said*
The case that Harvard revealed in late August involved a ta;e"home final e0am in an
undergraduate course $ith 2-9 students* The university has not yet held hearings on the
charges, $hich may ta;e months to resolve*
Officials said similarities in test aers suggested that nearly half the class had !ro;en the
rules against lagiarism and $or;ing togetherG some of the accused students said their
!ehavior $as innocent, or fell into gray areas*
11
Dr* Dc8a!eCs surveys, conducted around the country, have found that most college
students see colla!orating $ith others, even $hen it is for!idden, as a minor offense or no
offense at all* Nearly half ta;e the same vie$ of arahrasing or coying someone elseCs
$or; $ithout attri!ution* And most high school teachers and college rofessors surveyed fail
to ursue some of the violations they find*
60erts say that along $ith students, schools and technology, arents are also to !lame*
They cite surveys, anecdotal imressions and the $or; of researchers li;e Kean D* T$enge,
author of the !oo; E>eneration De,F to ma;e the case that since the '9/&s, arenting has
shifted a$ay from emhasizing o!edience, honor and resect for authority to romoting
childrenCs hainess $hile sto;ing their am!itions for material success*
E4e have a culture no$ $here $e have real trou!le acceting that our ;ids ma;e mista;es
and fail, and $hen they do, $e tend to !lame someone else,F said Tricia @ertram >allant,
author of E8reating the 6thical Academy,F and director of the academic integrity office at the
University of 8alifornia at #an Iiego* EThirty, 2& years ago, the arent $ould come in and
gra! the ;id !y the ear, yell at him and drag him home*F
6ducators tell tales of students $ho gre$ u ta;ing for granted not only that their highly
involved arents $ould hel $ith school$or; !ut that the EhelF $ould strain the definition of
the $ord*
Ds* >allant recalled giving integrity counseling to a student $ho $ould send research aers
to her mother to revie$ !efore turning them in 9 and sa$ nothing $rong in that* One aer,
it turned out, her mother had e0tensively re$ritten 9 and e0tensively lagiarized*
E1 said, M#o $hatCs the lesson here5C F Ds* >allant said* EAnd she said, comletely serious,
M8hec; the $or; my mom does5C F
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R".+11"&-'*$+&# '," ,"()$,"-7
12
47 G"&-",:9'#"- /$+3"&." $& N'1$9$'
GENDER BASED /$+3"&." *';"# $*# *+33 +& N'1$9$'
4ritten !y Francios Olivier
Iesite Nami!ia !eing a signatory to various conventions and rotocols rotecting the rights
of individuals, >ender @ased Jiolence (>@J) " esecially against $omen and children "
continues una!ated*
>ender @ased Jiolence (>@J) is a cause for concern in Nami!ia according to the Dinistry of
>ender 6Auality and 8hild 4elfare (D>684)G hence a current camaign to educate eole
on their rights* Physical and se0ual a!use against $omen and children is descri!ed as the
greatest form of a!use reorted in the country* Dost incidents of the ;ind haen in homes,
$here ositions of o$erC are !eing misused to erform such acts*
Den ho$ever also fall victim of >@J, esecially under the form 6motional a!use, according
to the director of the Iirectorate of >ender eAuality at the D>684, Jictor #hioh* #hioh
emhasized to Nami!ian #un that the reort of >@J cases have increased over the ast fe$
years*
4hether there is an actual increase in >@J incidents in the country, remains a Auestion as
increased education on the matter could have motivated more victims to come for$ard and
reort incidents as o" osed to remaining silent* #hioh added that a camaign is currently
running in the country in $hich the government is educating the nation on >@J*
Alcohol a!use is according to #hioh one !iggest contri!utor to >@J in Nami!ia, $orsened
!y the constant ineAuality !et$een men and $omen, girls and !oys* Not only are cases of
men a!using $omen, or !oys a!using girls revalent " cases of same se0 a!use is also
!eing reorted lately according to #hioh*
Nami!ia, together $ith the rest of the $orld is ta;ing art in the international '/ days of
Activism Against >ender Jiolence, as from ne0t $ee;* This yearCs theme EFrom Peace in the
Home to Peace in the 4orldF see;s to highlight the connection !et$een violence against
$omen and militarism at all levels" from the domestic shere to conflict*
Iesite the fact that governments all over the $orld including that of Nami!ia fight >@J and
try and reduce the num!ers through various initiatives and ro7ects, #hioh says the
chances of this evil to comletely vanish from the face of the earth is highly unli;ely* E1t is
imossi!le to comletely rule it out, as this $orld $ill al$ays have corrut minds*
And as long as there is alcohol a!use and distur!ed minds on this earth, there $ill !e >@J*F
1n 2&'& almost '2 &&& cases of gender !ased violence $ere reorted in Nami!ia, $ith more
than '&-& of those !eing rae cases* Females " $hether adults or 7uveniles remain the main
victims* Den ho$ever, record the highest num!er of victims in general cases of >@J*
Dore than '& &&& cases of assault, $ith intent to do serious !odily harm $ere reorted last
year, $ith males ta;ing u a relatively large ortion as victims*
This is largely attri!uted to a high num!er of emotional a!uses on men* #tatistics also sho$
that most rae incidents occur during the last three months of the year, $hich is also the
case for assault $ith intent to do grievously !odily harm cases*
13
Adated from Nami!ian #un< Friday, '. Novem!er 2&''
R"2+,*"- .'#"# $& 1"-$' +& %"&-",:9'#"- /$+3"&." $& N'1$9$' 4'/" "#.'3'*"- +/",
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STEPS:
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ASSIGNMENT CONTENTS AND COMPILATION
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RECOMMENDATIONS? #$%&'*)," '&- .+123"*$+& -'*"7
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