Work Energy and Heat

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Hewitt/Suchocki/Hewitt
Conceptual Physical Science
Fourth Edition
(Adapted for PSC1515)
ENERGY
AND
HEAT
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
This lecture will help you
understand:
Energy and Work
Work-Energy Theorem
Conservation of Energy
Power
Efficiency
Sources of Energy
Temperature
Heat
Quantity of Heat
The Laws of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Specific Heat Capacity
Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Work
Work
defined as the product of force exerted on an
object and the distance the object moves (in
the same direction as the force)
is done only when the force succeeds in
moving the body it acts upon
equation: work = force distance

Work
Two things enter where work
is done:
application of force
movement of something by
that force

Work done on the barbell is the
average force multiplied by the
distance through which the
barbell is lifted.
If you push against a stationary brick wall for several
minutes, you do no work
A. on the wall.
B. at all.
C. Both of the above.
D. None of the above.
Work
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
If you push against a stationary brick wall for several
minutes, you do no work
A. on the wall.
B. at all.

Explanation:
You may do work on your
muscles, but not on the wall.
Work
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Work
The quantity of work done is equal to the amount
of force the distance moved in the direction in
which the force acts.

Work falls into two categories:
work done against another force
work done to change the speed of an object

Work is done in lifting a barbell. How much work is done in
lifting a twice-as-heavy barbell the same distance?
A. Twice as much.
B. Half as much.
C. The same.
D. Depends on the speed of the lift.

Work
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Work is done in lifting a barbell. How much work is done in
lifting a twice-as-heavy barbell the same distance?
A. Twice as much.
B. Half as much.
C. The same.
D. Depends on the speed of the lift.

Explanation:
This is in accord with work = force distance. Twice the force for
the same distance means twice the work done on the barbell.
Work
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
You do work when pushing a cart. If you push the cart
twice as far with the same constant force, then the work
you do is
A. less than twice as much.
B. twice as much.
C. more than twice as much.
D. zero.

Work
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
You do work when pushing a cart. If you push the cart
twice as far with the same constant force, then the work
you do is
A. less than twice as much.
B. twice as much.
C. more than twice as much.
D. zero.

Work
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Energy
Energy
defined as that which produces changes in matter

Effects of energy observed only when
it is being transferred from one place to another
or
it is being transformed from one form to another

Both work and energy are measured in joules.

Power
Power
measure of how fast work is done
equation:

units in joule per second or watt
(One watt = 1 joule of work per second)

Power
work done
time interval
A job can be done slowly or quickly. Both may require the
same amount of work, but different amounts of
A. energy.
B. momentum.
C. power.
D. impulse.

Power
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A job can be done slowly or quickly. Both may require the
same amount of work, but different amounts of
A. energy.
B. momentum.
C. power.
D. impulse.

Comment:
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Power
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Potential Energy
Example: potential energy of 10-N ball is the same in
all 3 cases because work done in elevating it
is the same

Potential Energy
Potential Energy
is defined as stored energy due to position,
shape, or state. In its stored state, energy has
the potential for doing work.

Examples:
Drawn bow
Stretched rubber band
Raised ram of a pile driver

Gravitational Potential Energy
The amount of gravitational potential energy
possessed by an elevated object is equal to the
work done against gravity in raising it.

Work done equals force required to move it
upward the vertical distance moved (W = Fd).
The upward force when moved at constant
velocity is the weight, mg, of the object. So the
work done in lifting it through height h is the
product mgh.

Gravitational Potential Energy
Equation for gravitational potential energy:
PE = weight height
or
PE = mgh

Gravitational potential energy examples:
Water in an elevated reservoir
The elevated ram of a pile driver
Does a car hoisted for repairs in a service station have
increased potential energy relative to the floor?
A. Yes.
B. No.
C. Sometimes.
D. Not enough information.

Potential Energy
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Does a car hoisted for repairs in a service station have
increased potential energy relative to the floor?
A. Yes.
B. No.
C. Sometimes.
D. Not enough information.

Comment:
And if the car were twice as heavy, its increase in potential energy
would be twice as much.

Potential Energy
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Work-Energy Theorem
Applies to decreasing speed
reducing the speed of an object or bringing it
to a halt

Example:
Applying the brakes to slow a
moving car. Work is done on it
(the friction force supplied by
the brakes distance).

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
is defined as the energy of a moving body
Equation for kinetic energy:
Kinetic energy =
1
/
2
mass speed
2

or
KE =
1
/
2
mv
2

small changes in speed large changes in KE

Must a car with momentum have kinetic energy?
A. Yes, due to motion alone.
B. Yes, when motion is nonaccelerated.
C. Yes, because speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector quantity.
D. No.

Kinetic Energy
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Must a car with momentum have kinetic energy?
A. Yes, due to motion alone.
B. Yes, when motion is nonaccelerated.
C. Yes, because speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector quantity.
D. No.

Explanation:
Acceleration, speed being a scalar, and velocity being a vector
quantity, are irrelevant. Any moving object has both momentum
and kinetic energy.
Kinetic Energy
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Work-Energy Theorem
When work is done on an object to change its KE,
the amount of work done is equal to the change in KE.
Equation for work-energy theorem:
Net work = change in KE

If there is no change in objects energy, then no work
is done on the object.
Applies to potential energy:
For a barbell held stationary, no further work is done
no further change in energy.
Applies to decreasing energy:
The more kinetic energy something has the more
work is required to slow it or stop it
Consider a problem that asks for the distance a fast-
moving crate slides across a factory floor in coming to a
stop. The most useful equation for solving this problem is
A. F = ma.
B. Ft = mv.
C. KE =
1
/
2
mv
2
.
D. Fd =
1
/
2
mv
2
.

The Work-Energy Theorem
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Consider a problem that asks for the distance a fast-
moving crate slides across a factory floor in coming to a
stop. The most useful equation for solving this problem is
A. F = ma.
B. Ft = mv
C. KE =
1
/
2
mv
2
.
D. Fd =
1
/
2
mv
2
.

Comment:
The work-energy theorem is the physicists favorite starting point
for solving many motion-related problems.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Example: energy transforms without net loss or net
gain in the operation of a pile driver

The work done in braking a moving car to a stop is the
force of tire friction stopping distance. If the initial speed
of the car is doubled, the stopping distance is
A. actually less.
B. about the same.
C. twice.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The work done in braking a moving car to a stop is the
force of tire friction stopping distance. If the initial speed
of the car is doubled, the stopping distance is
A. actually less.
B. about the same.
C. twice.

Explanation:
Twice the speed means four times the kinetic energy and four
times the stopping distance.
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Conservation defined in
everyday language as to save
physics as to remain unchanged

Law of conservation of energy
In the absence of external work input or output, the
energy of a system remains unchanged.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

A situation to ponder

Consider the system of a bow and arrow.
In drawing the bow, we do work on the
system and give it potential energy.
When the bowstring is released, most of
the potential energy is transferred to the
arrow as kinetic energy and some as heat
to the bow.

Suppose the potential energy of a drawn bow is 50 joules,
and the kinetic energy of the shot arrow is 40 joules. Then
A. energy is not conserved.
B. 10 joules go to warming the bow.
C. 10 joules go to warming the target.
D. 10 joules is mysteriously missing.
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Suppose the potential energy of a drawn bow is 50 joules,
and the kinetic energy of the shot arrow is 40 joules. Then
A. energy is not conserved.
B. 10 joules go to warming the bow.
C. 10 joules go to warming the target.
D. 10 joules is mysteriously missing.

Explanation:
The total energy of the drawn bow, which
includes the poised arrow, is 50 joules. The
arrow gets 40 joules and the remaining 10 joules
warms the bowstill in the initial system.
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Efficiency
Efficiency
how effective a device transforms or transfers
useful energy
equation:

a machine with low efficiency greater amount
of energy wasted as heat
Some energy is always dissipated as heat, which
means that no machine is ever 100% efficient.

Efficiency
work done
energy used
100%
A certain machine is 30% efficient. This means the
machine will convert
A. 30% of the energy input to useful work70% of the energy input
will be wasted.
B. 70% of the energy input to useful work30% of the energy input
will be wasted.
C. As strange as it may seem, both of the above.

Efficiency
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A certain machine is 30% efficient. This means the
machine will convert
A. 30% of the energy input to useful work70% of the energy
input will be wasted.
B. 70% of the energy input to useful work30% of the energy input
will be wasted.
C. As strange as it may seem, both of the above.

Efficiency
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Sources of Energy
Energy sources
Sun
Examples:
Sunlight evaporates water; water falls as rain;
rain flows into rivers and into generator turbines;
then back to the sea to repeat the cycle.
Solar energy can transform into electricity by
photovoltaic cells.
Solar energy indirectly produces wind that can
power turbines and generate electricity.

Sources of Energy
Dry-rock geothermal power is a producer
of electricity
Water put into cavities in deep, dry, hot rock turns to steam and
powers a turbine at the surface. After exiting the turbine, it
returns to the cavity for reuse.

Solar Power
The power available in sunlight is about
1kW per square meter.
Examples:
Photovoltaic Panels
Hydroelectric Turbines
Wind Turbines
Bio-based Fuels
Energy Storage and Transfer
Electricity
Synthetic Fuels
can be created from bio-based products
Hydrogen
not a source, but can be generated from
multiple sources and is a good fuel for fuel-
cells or internal combustion engines)

Copyright 2008
Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson
understand:

Temperature
Heat
Quantity of Heat
Entropy
Copyright 2008
Temperature
Temperature
A number that corresponds to the warmth
or coldness of an object
Measured by a thermometer
A per-particle property
No upper limit
Definite limit on lower end

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Temperature
Temperature is proportional to the
average translational kinetic energy
per particle in a substance.
Gashow fast the gas particles
are bouncing to and fro
Liquidhow fast particles slide
and jiggle past one another
Solidhow fast particles move as
they vibrate and jiggle in place
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Temperature
Thermometer
Measures temperature by expansion or contraction of a
liquid (mercury or colored alcohol)
Reading occurs when the thermometer and the object
reach thermal equilibrium (having the same average
kinetic energy per particle)
Infrared thermometers operate by sensing IR radiation
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Temperature
Temperature Scale
Celsius scale named after Anders Celsius
(17011744)
zero C for freezing point of water to 100C
for boiling point of water
Fahrenheit scale named after G. D. Fahrenheit
(16861736)
32F for freezing point of water to 212F
for boiling point of water
Kelvin scale named after Lord Kelvin (18241907)
273 K for freezing point of water to 373 K for boiling
point of water
Absolute zero at - 273C
Same size degrees as Celsius scale
Kelvins, rather than degrees are used

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Theory of Temperature
Kinetic Theory of Matter:
Matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms or
molecules) that are always in motion.

Thermal Energy:
The total energy (kinetic and potential) of the
submicroscopic particles that make up matter.
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Thermal Energy
Thermal energy in a sparkler
Temperature of sparks very high (2000
o
C)
Lot of energy per molecule of spark
Total energy is small due to relatively few
molecules per spark
Low transfer of energy
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What Is Heat?
Heat
defined as a flow of thermal energy due to a
temperature difference.
natural direction of heat flow is from a
higher-temperature substance to a
lower-temperature substance.

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Heat
1 liter of water in left pot. 3 liters in right pot.
both pots absorb the same quantity of heat
temperature increases three times as much in
the pot with the smaller amount of water.
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When the same amount of heat is added to each of the two
containers of water, the temperature increase in each will
A. be the same.
B. depend on the amount of water in each.
C. be greater for the container with the most water.
D. be less for the container with the smaller amount of water.

Heat
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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When the same amount of heat is added to each of the two
containers of water, the temperature increase in each will
A. be the same.
B. depend on the amount of water in each.
C. be greater for the contained with the most water.
D. be less for the container with the smaller amount of water.

Comment:
Later, well learn that when heat is added to boiling water,
temperature wont increase at all!

Heat
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Quantity of Heat
Heat is energy in transit, measured in units of energy
joules or calories.

calorie
defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree.

4.18 joules = 1 calorie

so 4.18 joules of heat will change that temperature of
1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree.

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Quantity of Heat
Energy rating of food or fuel
measured by energy released when they are
metabolized

Kilocalorie
heat unit in labeling food
One kilocalorie or Calorie (with a capital C) is
the heat needed to change the temperature of
1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
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Quantity of Heat (summarized)
Heat is energy in transit.
Heat is measured in joules,
calories, or Calories.
1 food Calorie equals 1000
calories.To the weight watcher,
the peanut contains 10 Calories.
To the scientist, the peanut
releases 10,000 calories.
(41,800 joules) of energy when
burned or digested.
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The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a
certain substance a specific amount is 1 Calorie. This is the
same amount of energy as

A. 1000 calories.
B. 4.18 joules.
C. Both of these.
D. Neither of these.

Quantity of Heat
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a
certain substance a specific amount is 1 Calorie. This is the
same amount of energy as

A. 1000 calories.
B. 4.18 joules.
C. Both of these.
D. Neither of these.

Quantity of Heat
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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You heat a half-cup of tea and its temperature rises by 8C.
How much will the temperature rise if you add the same
amount of heat to a full cup of tea?
A. 0C.
B. 2C.
C. 4C.
D. 8C.

Quantity of Heat
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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You heat a half-cup of tea and its temperature rises by 8C.
How much will the temperature rise if you add the same
amount of heat to a full cup of tea?
A. 0C.
B. 2C.
C. 4C.
D. 8C.

Quantity of Heat
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Thermodynamics
movement of heat
First law of thermodynamics
When heat flows to or from a system, the system
gains or loses an amount of heat equal to the
amount of heat transferred.
more specifically,
heat added = increase internal energy + external work
done by the system
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
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Second law of thermodynamics
Restates direction of heat flow:
Heat never spontaneously flows from a cold
substance to a hot substance
Examples:
in summer, heat flows from the hot air outside into the
cooler interior of a dwelling
in winter, heat flows from the warm inside to the cold
exterior
Heat can flow from cold to hot only when work is done
on the system or by adding energy from another source
(as in heat pumps and air conditioners, where the
direction of heat flow isnt spontaneous)

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Third Law of Thermodynamics:
No system can reach absolute zero.
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When work is done on a system, compressing air in a tire
pump for example, the temperature of the system
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains unchanged.
D. is no longer evident.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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When work is done on a system, compressing air in a tire
pump for example, the temperature of the system
A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains unchanged.
D. is no longer evident.

Explanation:
In accord with the first law of thermodynamics, work input
increases the energy of the system.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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When a hot cup is filled with cold water, the direction of
heat flow is
A. from the cup to the water.
B. from the water to the cup.
C. random, in no particular direction.
D. nonexistent.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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When a hot cup is filled with cold water, the direction of
heat flow is
A. from the cup to the water.
B. from the water to the cup.
C. random, in no particular direction.
D. nonexistent.

Explanation:
The second law of thermodynamics tells us that the direction of
unassisted heat flow is from hot to cold. (If assisted with energy
input, as with an air conditioner for example, then heat can flow
from cold to hot.)
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Entropy
Entropy
is a measure of the disorder of a system.
Whenever energy freely transforms from one
form to another, the direction of transformation is
toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore,
toward one of greater entropy.
The greater the disorder the higher the
entropy.

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Entropy
Second law of thermodynamics restatement:
Natural systems tend to disperse from
concentrated and organized-energy states
toward diffuse and disorganized states.

Energy tends to degrade and disperse with time.
The total amount of entropy in any system tends to
increase with time.
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Your garage gets messier each week. In this case, the
entropy of your garage is
A. increasing.
B. decreasing.
C. hanging steady.
D. nonexistent.

Entropy
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Your garage gets messier each week. In this case, the
entropy of your garage is
A. increasing.
B. decreasing.
C. hanging steady.
D. nonexistent.

Comment:
If your garage became more organized each week, then entropy
would decrease in proportion to the effort expended.

Entropy
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Specific heat capacity
is defined as the quantity of heat required to
change the temperature of 1 unit mass of a
substance by 1 degree.

thermal inertia that indicates the resistance of
a substance to a change in temperature.
sometimes simply called specific heat.
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Substances have their own specific heat
capacities.
Example: Filling in a hot apple pie has a greater
specific heat capacity than the crust.
Watery filling has more capacity for storing
heat than pie crust.
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The high specific heat capacity of water
Has higher capacity for storing energy than almost any
other substance
Involves various ways that energy can be absorbed
increase the jiggling motion of molecules, which
raises the temperature
increase the amount of internal vibration or rotation
within the molecules, which becomes potential energy
and doesnt raise temperature
then water molecules can absorb energy without
increasing translational kinetic energy
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Specific heat affects climate
for Europeans, in addition to warm jet streams in the
atmosphere, current in the Atlantic Ocean carries warm water
northeast from the Caribbean regions and retains much of its
internal energy long enough to reach the North Atlantic Ocean.
Energy released is carried by westerly winds over the European
continent.

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Which has the higher specific heat, water or land?
A. Water.
B. Land.
C. Both of the above are the same.
Specific Heat
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Which has the higher specific heat, water or land?
A. Water.
B. Land.
C. Both of the above are the same.

Explanation:
A substance with small temperature changes for large heat
changes has a high specific heat capacity. Water takes much
longer to heat up in the sunshine than does land. This difference
is a major influence on climate.
Specific Heat
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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understand:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect
Energy and Change of Phase
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Heat Transfer
Processes of thermal energy transfer:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

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Conduction
Conduction
Transfer of internal energy by electron and
molecular collisions within a substance

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Heat Transfer: Conduction
Conduction occurs
predominately in solids
where the molecules remain
in relatively restricted
locations.

When you stick a nail into
ice, does cold flow from the
ice to your hand, or heat
from your hand to the ice?

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If you hold one end of a metal bar against a piece of ice,
the end in your hand will soon become cold. Does cold flow
from the ice to your hand?
A. Yes.
B. In some cases, yes.
C. No.
D. In some cases, no.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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If you hold one end of a metal bar against a piece of ice,
the end in your hand will soon become cold. Does cold flow
from the ice to your hand?
A. Yes.
B. In some cases, yes.
C. No.
D. In some cases, no.

Explanation:
Cold does not flow from the ice to your hand. Heat flows from your
hand to the ice. The metal is cold to your touch, because you are
transferring heat to the metal.
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Conduction
Insulation
Doesnt prevent the flow of internal energy
Slows the rate at which internal energy flows
Example: Rock wool or fiberglass between walls slows
the transfer of internal energy from a warm
house to a cool exterior in winter, and the
reverse in summer
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Conduction Application
Snow patterns on the
roof of a house show
areas of conduction
and insulation.
Bare parts show
where heat from
inside has conducted
through the roof and
melted the snow.

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When thermal insulation, such as spun glass or rock wool,
is placed beneath the roof of a house, then in cold weather
the insulation will
A. create heat to warm the house.
B. keep the cold from coming through the roof.
C. slow the flow of heat from inside the house to the outside.
D. stop the flow of heat from inside the house to the outside.
Energy Transfer
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Energy Transfer
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When thermal insulation, such as spun glass or rock wool,
is placed beneath the roof of a house, then in cold weather
the insulation will
A. create heat to warm the house.
B. keep the cold from coming through the roof.
C. slow the flow of heat from inside the house to the outside.
D. stop the flow of heat from inside the house to the outside.

Explanation:
No insulation can stop heat flow. Insulation only slows it. (A
fortune awaits the inventor who can come up with the perfect
insulator!)
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Good conductors:
Composed of atoms with loose outer electrons
Known as poor insulators
Examplesall metals to varying degrees

Poor conductors:
Delay the transfer of heat
Known as good insulators
Exampleswood, wool, straw, paper, Styrofoam,
cork, liquid, gases, air, or materials with trapped air
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Conduction
Dramatic example: Author John Suchocki walks
barefoot without burning his feet
on red-hot coals,due to poor
conduction between the coals
and his feet

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Convection
Convection
Transfer of heat involving only
bulk motion of fluids

Examples:
Visible shimmer of air above a
hot stove or above asphalt on a
hot day
Visible shimmers in water due
to temperature difference
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Convection
Cooling by expansion
Opposite to the warming that occurs when air is
compressed
Example: The cloudy region above
hot steam issuing from the
nozzle of a pressure cooker is
cool to the touch (a
combination of air
expansion and mixing with
cooler surrounding air).
Careful, the part at the nozzle
that you cant see is
steamouch!

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Convection Currents
Convection currents produced by unequal
heating of land and water.
During the day, warm air above the land rises,
and cooler air over the water moves in to
replace it.
At night, the direction of air flow is reversed.
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Convection
Reason warm air rises
Warm air expands, becomes less dense, and is
buoyed upward
Air rises until its density equals that of the
surrounding air
Example: Smoke from a campfire rises and blends with
the surrounding cool air.
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Although warm air rises, why are mountaintops cold and
snow covered, while the valleys below are relatively warm
and green?
A. Warm air cools when rising.
B. There is a thick insulating blanket of air above valleys.

Heat Transfer: Convection
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Although warm air rises, why are mountaintops cold and
snow covered, while the valleys below are relatively warm
and green?
A. Warm air cools when rising.
B. There is a thick insulating blanket of air above valleys.

Explanation:
Earths atmosphere acts as a blanket, which for one important
thing, keeps Earth from freezing at nighttime.

Heat Transfer: Convection
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Radiation
Radiation
Transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves
that can travel through empty space

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Heat Transfer: Radiation
Wavelength of radiation is related to the
frequency of vibration.

Low-frequency vibrations long waves
High-frequency vibrations short waves
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Radiation
Emission of radiant energy
Every object above absolute
zero radiates
From the Suns surface comes
light, or solar radiation
From the Earths surface is
terrestrial radiation in the form of
infrared waves below our
threshold of sight
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Wave Frequency - Temperature

(a) A low-temperature (cool)
source emits primarily
low-frequency, long
wavelength waves.
(b) A medium-temperature
medium-frequency.
(c) A high-temperature
high-frequency, short
wavelength waves.
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Radiation
Emission of radiant energy
Peak frequency of radiation is proportional to the
absolute temperature of the source ( )

f ~ T
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Emission and Absorption
The surface of any material both absorbs
and emits radiant energy.
When a surface absorbs more energy than it
emits, it is a net absorber, and
temperature tends to rise.
When a surface emits more energy than it
absorbs, it is a net emitter, and
temperature tends to fall.
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Absorption of Radiant Energy:
The ability of a material to absorb and radiate
thermal energy is indicated by its color.
Good absorbers and good
emitters are dark in color.
Poor absorbers and poor
emitters are reflective or
light in color.
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Whether a surface is a net absorber or net
emitter depends on whether its
temperature is above or below that of its
surroundings.
A surface hotter than its surroundings will be
a net emitter and tends to cool.
A surface colder than its surroundings will
be a net absorber and tends to warm.
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If a good absorber of radiant energy were a poor emitter, its
temperature compared with its surroundings would be
A. lower.
B. higher.
C. unaffected.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright 2008
If a good absorber of radiant energy were a poor emitter, its
temperature compared with its surroundings would be
A. lower.
B. higher.
C. unaffected.

Explanation:
If a good absorber were not also a good emitter, there would be a
net absorption of radiant energy, and the temperature of a good
absorber would remain higher than the temperature of the
surroundings. Nature is not so!
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Copyright 2008
Radiation
Reflection of radiant energy
Darkness is often due to reflection of light back
and forth many times partially absorbing with
each reflection

Good reflectors are poor absorbers
Copyright 2008
Which is the better statement?
A. A black object absorbs energy well.
B. An object that absorbs energy well is black.
C. Both say the same thing, so both are equivalent.
D. Both are untrue.

Absorption of Radiant Energy
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright 2008
Which is the better statement?
A. A black object absorbs energy well.
B. An object that absorbs energy well is black.
C. Both say the same thing, so both are equivalent.
D. Both are untrue.

Explanation:
This is a cause-and-effect question. The color black doesnt draw
in and absorb energy. Its the other way aroundany object that
does draw in and absorb energy, will, by consequence, be black
in color.
Absorption of Radiant Energy
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Copyright 2008
Which of the following does NOT emit radiation?
A. A lit fluorescent lamp.
B. A lit incandescent lamp.
C. A burned out incandescent lamp.

Emission of Radiant Energy
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Copyright 2008
Which of the following does NOT emit radiation?
A. A lit fluorescent lamp.
B. A lit incandescent lamp.
C. A burned out incandescent lamp.

Explanation:
Everything continually emits radiationand everything continually
absorbs radiation. When emission is greater than absorption,
temperature of the emitter drops. When absorption is greater than
emission, temperature increases. Everything is emitting and
absorbing radiation continually. Thats righteverything!

Emission of Radiant Energy
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