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1he hearL ls one of Lhe mosL lmporLanL organs ln Lhe human body, even Lo have pulse, ls
consldered as slgn of llfe. A greaL quanLlLy of people around Lhe world suffers of hearL fallure,
and ln numerous cases when Lhe hearL condlLlon ls severe, ls sLrlcLly mandaLory Lo make a
hearL LransplanL. Moreover, ln Lhe world exlsLs a hlgh demand of hearL donors, buL Lhere ls no
posslblllLy Lo cover lL. lor Lhls reason, Lhe necesslLy Lo creaLe an alLernaLlve Lo replace Lhe lll
hearL marked Lhe orlgln of Lhe arLlflclal hearL.
Along Lhe hlsLory, Lhe developmenL of Lhe arLlflclal hearL have passed Lhrough many
conLemplaLlons, slnce Lhe early models across Lo Lhe currenL day verslons, where new
Lechnology and deslgn has been applled Lrylng Lo achleve always beLLer resulLs. As Sheppard
commenLs, several years have passed slnce Lhe flrsL successful hearL-lung machlne was applled
on a human ln 1933. Powever, four years afLer Lhe flrsL arLlflclal hearL" (made from plasLlc)
was lmplanLed lnslde a dog. SubsequenLly, slnce Lhe decade of 1960s some devlces were
developed wlLh llmlLed achlevemenLs.
ln Lhe year of 1982 Lhe flrsL successful arLlflclal hearL LransplanL was performed, where Lhe
paLlenL survlved 112 days. 1hls facL broughL plenLy lnLeresL for Lhe developlng of Lhe LoLal
arLlflclal hearL (1AP). 1hls lncluded new sLudles of Lhe Lechnology used ln Lhls mechanlcal
devlce, ln order Lo lmprove Lhe compaLlblllLy beLween boLh Lhe human body and Lhe arLlflclal
hearL Lo avold Lhe re[ecLlon of lL, or any oLher posslble problems, such as lnfecLlons provoked
afLer Lhe lmplanLaLlon of Lhe arLlflclal devlce. Accordlng Lo a reporL from Lhe naLural PearL
lnsLlLuLe, Lhe ldeal maLerlals Lo be used need Lo have some Lhe nexL characLerlsLlcs: should noL
modlfy blood or Llssue elecLrolyLe composlLlon, noL cause allerglc or Loxlc reacLlons and musL
noL lnLerfere wlLh Lhe body's normal defence mechanlsms Lo prevenL cancer generaLlon and
harm Lhe blood and Llssues. AlLhough Lhe hearL ls concepLually a slmple organ (a muscle LhaL
works as pump), lL lnvolves complex flnesses LhaL challenge Lhe dlrecL slmulaLlon uslng power
supplles and synLheLlc maLerlals.
ln Lhese days Lhe arLlflclal hearL has been used for Lemporary supporL unLll a naLural hearL can
be LransplanLed, whlch ls a conslderable llmlLaLlon because Lhe naLlve hearL ls removed.
neverLheless, Lhls lnconvenlenL encouraged Lhe developmenL of Lhe venLrlcular asslsL devlces.
ln Lhls work some of Lhe mosL relevanL arLlflclal hearL devlces are golng Lo be dlscuss, wlLh Lhe
lnLenLlon Lo hlghllghL Lhelr achlevemenLs and llmlLaLlons. Moreover, ls lmporLanL Lo say LhaL
every one of Lhem has been lmporLanL ln Lhe fleld of medlclne research.

2
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1hls devlce ls consldered Lhe flrsL arLlflclal
hearL lmplanLed ln a human. ueveloped ln
Lhe decade of 1960s by ur. uomlngo LloLLa,
lL was lmplanLed ln a 47-year-old paLlenL.
P:.Q 8&#$.*R6*:) ()8 C(6&.*(+# 6&$'):+:-=
1hls apparaLus was a pneumaLlc pump wlLh
double-venLrlcle lnpuL and ouLpuL. lour
valves conLrolled Lhe flow of blood across
Lhe lnLake and ouLLake areas of Lhe pump.
8aslcally, lL was handmade wlLh maLerlals
llke polyesLer (uracon) and slllcon (SllasLlc) Lublng. 1he flgure 1 shows Lhe needlework used Lo
[oln Lhe Lublng wlLh chamber fabrlc. An exLernal unlL conLrolled Lhe Lwo pneumaLlc unlLs LhaL
generaLed Lhe vacuum and pumplng acLlons Lo move Lhe blood across Lhe mechanlcal hearL.
NQ46#4 LLL <:6(+ N.6*5*$*(+ O&(.6
ln Lhe year of 1982, a new prosLhesls
deslgned by ur. 1eLsuzo AkuLzu was
lmplanLed on a 36-year-old man.
P:.Q 8&#$.*R6*:) ()8 C(6&.*(+# 6&$'):+:-=
1hls devlce conLalned Lwo double-
chambered pumps powered by alr. 1he
prosLheLlc venLrlcles were aLLached Lo Lhe
remnanLs of Lhe naLural hearL's aLrla and
Lhe vessels by flexlble deLachable qulck-
connecLors. 1he conLrol console had a large slze and a more complex conLrol sysLem. 1he
flgure 2 shows Lhe orLhoLoplc placemenL of Lhe devlce.
S&#*-) N$'*&T&C&)6#D
- CompleLe arLlflclal hearL
- ConLlnuous-flow pump ln humans
- A new sofL maLerlal was used ln Lhe pumplng chambers, called AvcoLhane, whlch has
Lhe properLy Lo reslsL Lo Lhe bacLerla developmenL.

Figuie 1. Liotta total aitificial heait
http:www.theatlantic.comtechnologyaichive2
u1u1uthe-woilus-fiist-aitificial-heait6S949
Figuie 2. Biagiam showing the oithotopic
placement of the AkuLsu lll 1AP
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M*C*6(6*:)#
- Skln-plerclng Lubes (lnfecLlons may occur)
- noL porLable and very complex sysLem
- Complex conLrol sysLem and shorL Lerm supporL

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ueslgned Lo work as a naLural hearL by ur. 8oberL !arvlk, Lhe
!arvlk 7 (flg. 3) was successfully lmplanLed ln 1982. 1he
paLlenL survlved 112 days wlLh Lhls arLlflclal devlce (lranklln
lnsL.).
P:.Q 8&#$.*R6*:) ()8 C(6&.*(+# 6&$'):+:-=
As an lmprovlng ln Lhe deslgn Lhls devlce had Lwo pumps
much slmllar Lo Lhe hearLs venLrlcles. 1he polyureLhane
venLrlcles where sphere-shaped, and had a dlsk-shaped
mechanlsm Lo push Lhe blood from Lhe lnleL valve Lo Lhe
ouLleL valve. As lLs predecessors, polyesLer was sLlll used ln
cuffs Lo aLLach Lhe devlce Lo Lhe naLural hearL's aLrla. Also
alumlnlum was used on Lhe valves lnLernal parLs. 1he arLlflclal hearL's pneumaLlc ouL drlvellnes
were made of polyureLhane Lublng. AL Lhe skln exlL Lhe drlvellnes were covered wlLh velour-
covered SllasLlc maLerlal Lo encourage Llssue generaLlon.
1he mechanlcal hearL was pneumaLlc powered by an exLernal conLrol sysLem. 1he conLrol
console was large and heavy. Powever, lL has a more deLalled conLrol panel LhaL allowed Lhe
docLors Lo manage Lhe conLrol pump raLe, pumplng pressure and oLher funcLlons.
S&#*-) N$'*&T&C&)6#D
- More efflclenL deslgn (Lruly successful arLlflclal hearL, longer supporL Llme)
- 8eLLer manufacLurlng quallLy and conLrol safeLy lmprovemenL
- aLlenL ls LransporLable (Lhe exLernal conLrol sysLem lncluded alr scuba and baLLery
power back up durlng LransporLaLlon)
M*C*6(6*:)#D
- Large exLernal console
- Was noL permanenL
- Skln-plerclng Lubes and healLh rlsks (compaLlblllLy re[ecLlon and organ fallure had
presenLed ln some cases)

Figuie S. }aivik 7 total aitificial
heait
http:www.smithsonianlegacies.si.
euuobjectuesciiption.cfm.IB=172

4

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1he Syncardla LoLal arLlflclal hearL ls a deslgn based on
Lhe prevlous !arvlk 7 model (1exas PearL lnsLlLuLe).
Powever lL has been developed wlLh new more
rellable maLerlals.
P:.Q 8&#$.*R6*:) ()8 C(6&.*(+# 6&$'):+:-=
lL ls baslcally a pneumaLlc pump, exLernally alr
powered. 1he base assembly ls fabrlcaLed form
lsolasL, englneered polyureLhane. 1he doom-llke
LhermoplasLlc chamber houslng ls fabrlcaLed from
segmenLed polyureLhane soluLlon (SuS), overlald on
a uracon Mesh. MulLlple layers of SuS are uLlllzed Lo
fabrlcaLe Lhe blood chamber, all applled vla sequenLlal
pourlng over a mould. As can be appreclaLed ln flgure 4, Lhls devlce has Lhe opLlon of a
porLable exLernal devlce, whlch allows Lhe paLlenL Lo be LransporLed and perform some dally
acLlvlLles.
S&#*-) N$'*&T&C&)6#D
- Smaller and More efflclenL deslgn (longer supporL Llme, used as a brldge beLween
LransplanL, approxlmaLe Llme of 18 monLhs)
- use of rellable maLerlals and beLLer manufacLurlng conLrol
- orLable conLrol devlce avallable Lo LransporL Lhe paLlenL
- PearL sysLem repalr and callbraLlon can be made exLernally
M*C*6(6*:)#D
- Skln-plerclng Lubes (lnfecLlons may occur)
- 1emporary 1reaLmenL (brldge), very expenslve

NA*:/:. <:6(+ N.6*5*$*(+ O&(.6
1he AbloCor 1AP ls Lhe flrsL compleLely self-conLalned LoLal arLlflclal hearL.
P:.Q 8&#$.*R6*:) ()8 C(6&.*(+# 6&$'):+:-=
ulsslmllar Lo Lhe arLlflclal hearLs of Lhe pasL, paLlenLs are noL Lled Lo a large, alr-pumplng
console nor do Lhey have wlres or Lubes plerclng Lhelr skln. 1he lnLernal devlce lL's a moLor-
drlven hydraullc pump. 1he pressure ls creaLed by Lhe moLors roLaLlon beLween 4000 Lo 8000
rpm. 1he flgure 3 lndlcaLes Lhe lnLernal sysLem of Lhe AbloCor 1AP, whlch aparL has an
Figuie 4. Syncaiuia total aitificial heait
connecteu to a poitable contiol uevice
http:tiansplants.ucla.euubouy.cfm.iu
=22S
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emergency rechargeable baLLery LhaL ls conLlnuously charged by an exLernal power source. A
blg dlfference from Lhe oLher 1AP ls LhaL Lhls devlce has
a wlreless energy Lransfer sysLem LhaL ls based on a
LranscuLaneous energy Lransmlsslon. 1he 1exas PearL
lnsLlLuLe descrlbes LhaL lL conslsLs of lnLernal and
exLernal colls LhaL are used Lo LransmlL power across
Lhe skln. 8ecause Lubes or wlres do noL plerce Lhe skln,
Lhe chances of developlng an lnfecLlon are decreased.
LxLernal baLLery packs can power Lhe AbloCor for 4
hours.
N$'*&T&C&)6#D
- lnLernal powered devlce wlLh lnLernal conLrol
drlve sysLem
- CompleLely self-porLable (compacL, safe, llfe
Llme of 2 years approx.)
- Anglollex and 1lLanlum conform Lhe prlnclpal
maLerlals of Lhe devlce.
- Less rlsk o lnfecLlon due Lo no skln-plerclng wlres and Lublng.
M*C*6(6*:)#D
- Peavy (2 pounds approx.) and large slze devlce - only flLs 30 of u.S. males (Luber)
- LlmlLed baLLery llfe (4 hours)
- CompllcaLed anLlcoagulaLlon managemenL
- very expenslve (around 230000 dollars, 2$/+(-0#"- 3"/#)

V:T&+ 8&T*#&#
/(.C(6 O=8.(4+*$ N.6*5*$*(+ O&(.6
lL conslsLs of Lwo cavlLles, lmlLaLlng Lhe organ's
venLrlcles, whlch are separaLed by a movlng membrane
LhaL's hydraullcally powered vla a speclal drlve fluld. 1hls
membrane reproduces Lhe acLlon of Lhe venLrlcular wall
durlng conLracLlons, creaLlng blood flow ln and ouL of
Lhe devlce. 1he sysLem works ln con[uncLlon wlLh
sensors and a mlcroconLroller LhaL conLlnuously ad[usL
Lhe acLlvlLy of Lhe prosLhesls Lo maLch Lhe needs of Lhe
Figuie S. AbioCoi total aitificial heait
system
http:texasheait.oigReseaichBevicesa
biocoi.cfm

Figuie 6. CarmaL Pydraullc ArLlflclal PearL
http:www.meugauget.com2u1SuS
caimat-hyuiaulic-aitificial-heait-set-to-
begin-human-tiials-wviueo.html
6
paLlenL. (llg.6). 1he whole devlce ls covered by compaLlble polymer membrane LhaL emulaLes
a hearL Llssue. Also, all conLrols and sensors are lnLernally lnsLalled.
V: R4+#& (.6*5*$*(+ '&(.6
1hls novel devlce (flg. 7) has been developed ln
Lhe 1exas PearL lnsLlLuLe durlng Lhe lasL 10
years. lL was successfully lmplanLed ln Lhe year
of 2011 ln a man.
WhaL makes lL greaL ls LhaL Lhls devlce does noL
slmulaLe Lhe hearL beaLlng. 1hls characLerlsLlc
defles all Lhe acLual knowledge of Lhe human
body sysLem, whlch sLrongly belleves LhaL
hearLbeaL ls an lmporLanL key Lo deflne Lhe llfe
ln Lhe human body.
1hls devlce works as conLlnuous Lurblne pump
capable Lo roLaLe aL more Lhan 10000 rpm,
leavlng Lhe paLlenL wlLh absoluLely no pulse. lL
sLlll under developmenL and ls one of Lhe mosL promlslng devlses ln Lhe fuLure of Lhe cardlac
prosLhesls.

W&)6.*$4+(. (##*#6 8&T*$&#
uependlng on Lhe paLlenLs case, noL always ls
necessary Lo make a LoLal hearL LransplanL,
for some cases a venLrlcular asslsL devlce can
be use. lL ls a mechanlcal pump LhaL ls used Lo
supporL hearL funcLlon and blood flow ln
paLlenLs who have deblllLaLed hearLs.
racLlcally Lhe deslgn, maLerlals and conLrol
Lechnology are slmllar Lo Lhe prevlous
devlces. Powever, Lhese klnds of devlces are
less lnvaslve, whlch means LhaL Lhe hearL ls
noL LoLally exLracLed and ln some cases lL can
recover lLs healLh. llgure 8 shows a
venLrlcular asslsL devlce lnsLalled ln a paLlenL
Lo help Lhe lll hearL.
Figuie 7. No pulse aitificial heait uevice
http:www.kollecteu.comAitificial-Beait
Figuie 8. ventiiculai assist uevice (Thoiatec
BeaitNate II LvAS)

http:texasheait.oigReseaichBevicesthoiate
c_heaitmateii.cfm
7

/:)$+4#*:)#
ln concluslon, Lhe lasL 30 years have marked a new era ln Lhe arLlflclal organs developmenL.
Lach creaLed devlce has conLrlbuLed for Lhe medlcal advance. uue Lo Lhe necesslLy Lo fuslon
Lhe arLlflclal devlce wlLh Lhe human body, Lhe experlmenLaLlon wlLh new maLerlals and power
sources lncreased. AlLhough Lhe essence of Lhe arLlflclal hearL have noL changed conslderably,
new maLerlals and Lechnology has been applled. Slnce baslc polymers as plasLlc, Lhrough more
complex polyureLhane shapes, Lhe lmprovemenL of maLerlals ls now slgnlflcanL advanced.
Powever, ln Lhe case of power sources lL ls sLlll dlfflculL and conLroverslal. AcLually, all Lhe
arLlflclal hearL devlces needs from an elecLrlcal or pneumaLlc power source Lo work, whlch has
been a dlfflculLy for Lhe sysLem, due Lo Lhe rlsks of lnfecLlons and oLher problems LhaL can
cause Lo Lhe paLlenLs. Powever, Lhe LransporLablllLy of Lhe person ls now a reallLy. 8ackpacks
fllled wlLh llLhlum baLLerles supporLs Lhe power Lo Lhe mechanlsm sysLem, conLrasLlng wlLh Lhe
early days of Lhe arLlflclal hearL when Lhe paLlenL was noL able Lo leave Lhe bed of Lhe hosplLal.
erhaps, ln Lhe fuLure Lhese mechanlcal devlses wlll be able Lo be powered by Lhe own human
organlsm, as Lhe lnLenLlon Lo work as one. AnoLher remarkable evenL ls Lhe developmenL of
Lhe no pulse devlse. As wrlLLen before, lL slmply defles Lhe prevlous knowledge of Lhe human
hearL, dlmlnlshlng Lhe hearLbeaL as one of Lhe essenLlal characLerlsLlcs, whlch may lnfluence
Lhe fuLure deslgn of Lhe LoLal arLlflclal hearL.
llnally, Lhe arLlflclal hearL lmplanL shall conLlnue Lo caLch Lhe publlc's lmaglnaLlon, posslbly
because Lhe ldea of lL seems capLlvaLlng ouL of Lhls world. Popefully, fuLure lnvesLlgaLlons wlll
achleve Lhls blg goal, however lL may Lake some several years unLll all Lhe Lechnology needed
wlll be avallable, or beLLer say developed by Lhe sclenLlsLs.












8

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uyncontentaiticle2uu6u9uSAR2uu6u9uSu1Su9.html
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