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AS/NZS 7000:2010
Worked Examples
Seismic Design
11kV Single Circuit Transformer and Stayed
Concrete Poles
AS/NZS7000:2010 Provisions
and Appendix C
Clause 6.2.6.1 Dynamic load effectsSeismic loads
In general, transmission/distribution lines are largely
unresponsive to the dynamic forces associated with seismic
activity, however, due consideration should be given to
structures where the normal dynamic response is altered;
e.g. ancillary devices such as pole mounted transformers,
etc.
Clause 7.2.4.2 Earthquakes
When overhead lines are to be constructed in seismically
active regions, consideration shall be given to forces on lines
due to earthquakes and/or seismic tremors. Guidance
information on this subject is given in Appendix C.
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Australian Panel B2
Overhead Lines Seminar
AS/NZS 7000 :2010 Overhead
line Design Sydney 28-29
March 2011
Design Load Combinations
AS/NZS7000:2010 Provisions
and Appendix C
Clause C4.2
In areas near to known seismic activity designs should
recognize potential for large ground movements
Particular structures types should be designed to resist
earthquake loads include:
Poles supporting transformers
Poles attached to a rigid termination structure with short
spans or guyed terminal
Poles in alpine area with large ice load (>50% mass at top
1/3 of structure)
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Clause C4.3 Seismic Mass
Includes all dead load from line components and plant
Clause C4.4 Fundamental period of structure Ti (Use
Rayleigh method from NZS 1170.5 )
Clause C4.5 Ductility Factor
For timber poles =1.0
For concrete poles =1.25
Clause C4.6 Modelling of cables and conductors
For distribution work generally ignore
Clause C4.7 Method of analysis
OK to use equivalent static force method
Clause C4.8 Combined Effects
Need to consider simultaneous action from both
directions (100% Y + 30% X) and (30%Y + 100%X)
Clause C4.12 Seismic displacements
For poles structures the seismic displacement at the centre of
mass can be taken as follows:
where
= the seismic displacement at centre of mass (m)
= ductility coefficient
g = 9.81 ms
-2
T
1
= the fundamental period of the structure (s)
C(T), Z, R, S
p
are factors in NZS 1170.5
2
1
2
( )
4
p
C T gZRS T

=
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NZS1170.5 Earthquake actions- New Zealand
Clause 2.1.4 Earthquake limit state design performance
requirements
Ultimate limit state design loading shall provide for
The avoidance of collapse of the structural system
Serviceability limit state design (If line provides critical post
disaster function)
All elements are to remain in an operational state
Clause 2.3.1 Ultimate limit state performance requirements
The design strength is > design actions
The ultimate limit state deflections does not cause contact with
adjacent structures ( and electrical clearance or operational problems)
Worked Example
11 kV and LV
11kV
LV
315kVa Transformer
Mass =1540kg
500
6000
Vtran
Vs
800
2400
Vc
Vc
X
Y
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Location Design Parameters
Component Detail Reference
Location Coastal plain North Island
near Palmerston North
Soil Type S oft / Firm clays max depth
<20m
Subsoil Class C
Cd(T) =0.66 for T = 2.0sec
Table 3.2 NZS1170.5
Table 3.1 NZS 1170.5
Hazard Factor (Z)
Distance to major fault zone
Z = 0.38
D= 20km
Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3 NZS 1170.5
Design life 50yrs Table 6.1 AS/NZS 7000
Design security level Level 1 Table 6.1 AS/NZS 7000
Return Period Factor Ru 0.35 Table 3.5 NZS 1170.5
Near Fault Factor N (T,D)
for D =20km
1.0 Cl 3.1.6.2 NZS 1170.5
Ice load Nil Appendix EE AS/NZS7000
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Line Design Parameters
Component Detail Reference
Pole type 11.0mPrestressed concrete
Conductor Dog ACSR LV and 11kV
Earthwire Nil
Wind span 100m
Weight span 100m
Deviation angle 0 degrees
Pole details
Item Assumed Pole Details
Pole type 11m PSC Rectangular I
section
Embedment Depth 1.8m
Conductor attachment Ht 9.2m
Transverse Base width @GL 430mm
Longitudinal Base width @GL 150 mm
Transverse Tip width 160 mm
Longitudinal tip width 150 mm
Pole tip load longitudinal capacity 8.0kN
Pole tip load transverse capacity
Pole Mass
22.0kN
1290kg =12.65kN
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Frequency and Modal Response of PSC Poles
Based on full scale load testing we can assume PSC poles have
a first order single mode of response when acting as a clamped
base cantilever and any sudden release of tip load is
dampened within about 2 seconds.
The fundamental frequency is assumed to be 0.5 Hz with an
equivalent Ti = 2.0sec
With PSC poles this damping characteristic is quite pronounced
and the poles are characteristically flexible and ductile.
In addition pole footings also demonstrate ability to absorb
any overload with soil deformation
Design Loads
Conductor vertical loads
Maximum vertical load from
conductor V
c
= Span x weight per m
= 100 x 0.00388 x 1.3
(Load Factor 1.3 from Table 7.3
AS/NZS 7000)
= 0.504 kN /conductor
Vc total = 3x 0.504 = 1.513kN
Structure vertical loads
Maximum vertical load from structure V
s
= Mass of Pole + crossarms + fittings
= (1.290 + .30 +.45)x 9.806 x 1.1
(Load Factor 1.1 from Table 7.3
AS/NZS 7000)
= 22.00 kN
Transformer vertical loads
Maximum vertical load from
transformer V
tran
= Mass of transformer + mounting
brackets
= (1.54 + .20)x 9.806 x 1.3
(Load Factor 1.3 from Table 7.3
AS/NZS 7000)
= 22.18 kN
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Using the equivalent static method (Cl 6.2 of NZS 1170.5):
Horizontal seismic shear = V = Cd.(T
1
) Wt
Now Cd.(T
1
) = 0.66
Wt = (1.513 x 2) + 22.0 + 22.18 = 47.20kN
Then V = 0.66 x 47.20 = 31.15kN
Equivalent static force Fi:
Ft = 0.08 x V = 2.49kN
Fi = Ft +(0.92V x1) (assuming a single level)
= 2.49 + (0.92x31.15)
= 31.14kN
Assuming normal I section PSC poles this force is to be resisted at the level of the
transformer mounting bracket with 100% in X axis and 30% simultaneously
applied in the transverse Y axis;
AND
100% in Y axis and 30% simultaneously applied in the X axis. (Cl 5.3.1.2 NZS
1170.5)
Calculate Equivalent simultaneous tip loads:
Equivalent Pole tip capacity X axis = 6.0/9.2 x 31.14 = 20.30kN
Equivalent pole tip capacity Y axis = 0.30 x 20.30 = 6.0kN
Assumed section properties X axis tip load rated capacity = 8kN
Assumed section properties Y axis tip load rated capacity = 22kN
This would indicate :
For this site a single pole would be OK if rotated 90 degrees for one load
direction combination but grossly inadequate in the other simultaneous
load combination.
Solution here would be to use twin poles with shear bolts to provide a
composite pole.
Note:
If twin poles are used the pole is still ductile but becomes a very rigid element and
not as flexible. Ie some superficial pole top damage could be expected.
In other regions of lower seismic activity, it may be advisable to have single but
more ductile poles to assist in dissipation of seismic actions
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Check seismic displacements:
Clause C4.12 Seismic displacements
For poles structures the seismic displacement at the centre of
mass can be taken as follows:
where
= the seismic displacement at centre of mass (m)
= ductility coefficient
g = 9.81 ms
-2
T
1
= the fundamental period of the structure (s)
C(T), Z, R, S
p
are factors in NZS 1170.5
2
1
2
( )
4
p
C T gZRS T

=
Now
= the seismic displacement at centre of mass (m)
= ductility coefficient = 1.25
G = 9.81 ms
-2
T
1
= the fundamental period of the structure (s) = 2.0sec
C(T) = 0.66
Z = 0.38
R = 0.35 for 50 yr Return period
S
p
= 1.3 0.3 = 1.65 (NZS 1170.5 cl 4.4.2)
2
1
2
( )
4
p
C T gZRS T

=
= (1.25x 0.66 x 9.806 x 0.38x 0.35x1.65 x 4)/ (4x 3.1416x3.1416 )
= 0.179m (179mm)
This horizontal displacement would seem OK
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Single circuit stayed pole
Line
PULL
DIRECTION
END POLE
Ground Line
9.2m
1.8m
Single Circuit
Stay
Stay

T
C
V
s
T
H
T
S
T
V
V
C
Seismic actions
Need to consider the vertical component of stay load as a virtual load at top of pole
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Questions?
Australian Panel B2
Overhead Lines Seminar
AS/NZS Overhead Line
Design Sydney 28 -29 March
2011