Abstrac

Introdu
Method
Overvie
of GRD
Databa
Applica
Accura
Summa
Referen
PDF
HOME
FIGURE
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
TABLES
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Address for
Corresponde
Dr. T.V. Ram
Energy & We
Research Gr
Centre for Ec
Sciences
Indian Institu
Science,
Bangalore
INDIA

ct
ction
dology
ew and descriptio
DSS
ase connectivity
ations
cy Estimation
ary
nces
ES
1
2
3
4
5
6
ence :
machandra
etlands
roup
cological
ute of
560 012,
1 of 10
Geographic
Geog
n

+
#
The
imp
use

officia

ability
the in
spati
91-80
temp
remo
Fax :
91-80
2360

E-ma
cestv
cestv
iisc.e
energ
comm
URL
http:/
/ener
extra
Interl
Resources Dec
graphic Resou
Geospatial Today
* Centre for Eco
+ Centre for Susta
# Salim Ali Centre
e process of deve
plementation of th
er's perspective. F
A
Fully s
al carrier of the fu
This te
y to join expertise
ntegrated planning
al data. With the i
0-23600985/2293
poral aspects of na
ote sensing data s
thematic maps an
0-23601428/2360
00683[CES-TVR]c
(Geog
ail :source GIS tha
vr@ces.iisc.ernet.
vr@hamsadhvani.
ernet.indeveloped
gy@ces.iisc.ernet
mand language / T
:such as Import /E
//ces.iisc.ernet.inA
rgy/index.htmas w
act individual band
leaved by Lines) f
cision Support S
urces Decisio
y, September-Octo
T. V. Ra
ological Sciences,
ainable Technolog
e for Ornithology a
eloping the GUI al
he interfacing code
Figure 2 shows the
Abstract
structured and ma
ture for planning o
echnology has gai
e from all sections
g approaches ado
ncreased develop
32506/ system has
atural resources. I
support the applica
nd the remotely se
00085/ involving de
commission) on ec
raphic Resources
at works on Linux
inargument, nece
.sers. Keeping the
with functionality
t.ingeographical a
Tool kit) under Lin
Export of different
Analysis, Vector A
watershed Analysi
d from the IRS (Ind
format. The integr
System an Op
n Support Sy
ober, 2004, Vol. 3
amachandra (*,+
Indian Institute of
gies, Indian Institu
and Natural Histor
Figure 1
so involved under
e. The layout of th
e structural diagra
tured open source
of the natural reso
ned enormous mo
of the society. Su
opted in decision m
pmental programm
s increased in ord
In this regard Geo
ations that involve
ensed images. Op
ecisions at variou
conomic viability,
s Analysis Suppor
platform (freewar
essitating a user fr
ese aspects in min
such as raster, to
analysis, graphics
nux as well as with
t data formats, Dis
Analysis, Point Ana
s, Landscape Ana
dian Remote Sen
ration of PostgreS
pen Source GIS
ht
ystem an Op
3(3), pp. 52-59, Hy
+), Uttam Kuma
f Science
ute of Science
ry, Dehradun
: GRDSS
rtaking the task of
he interface had to
am of the GRDSS
e spatial and temp
ources especially
omentum becaus
ustainable develop
making which req
mes, the need for
der to analyse and
ographic Informati
e spatial and temp
pen source GIS w
us hierarchical leve
social acceptance
rt System, http://w
re), but most of th
riendly and cost e
nd, Geographic R
opological vector,
production, etc. T
h a shell in X-Win
splay, Digital Imag
alysis, Spatial Qu
alysis etc. This is
sing Satellites) da
SQL (a freeware) i
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
pen Source G
yderabad, India
ar (*), S.N. Prasa
f identifying the co
o be altered to sui
S graphical user in
poral analysis tec
in the developing
se of technical sup
pment of a region
uires timely and a
appropriate decis
d visualise the dec
ion System (GIS)
poral analysis on d
would help in wide
els (for example f
e apart from techn
wgbis.ces.iisc.erne
e applications are
effective graphical
Resources Decisio
image processing
This operates thro
dows. GRDSS inc
ge processing, Ma
ery, which are req
customised to Ind
ata, which is in BI
n GRDSS aids as
10
iisc.ernet.in/ene
GIS
ad (#) &Vaishna
ommands and
it the end
nterface.
chnology seems to
g nations.
periority, affordabi
n depends on
accurate
sion supportTel :
cisions associated
along with229330
digital
scale application
from village panch
nical feasibility. G
et.in/grass) is an o
e in command line
user interface (G
on Support System
g, statistical analy
ough a GUI develo
clude options
ap editing, Raster
quired for regiona
dian context with a
L (Band
s an efficient
05
ergy/paper/Geos
av B(*)
o be the
lity and
d with spatial and
099
s
hayat to planning
RASS
open
e
GUI).
m (GRDSS) has b
ysis,
oped in Tcltk (Too
r
al planning such
an option to
spatial_to
een
ol
11/12

Geographic
2 of 10
c Resources De
GIS (G
the m
from m
tovisu
role in
and m
electr
town p
With t
impac
analys
regard
includ
photo
agenc
rectific
tempo
with re
to und
image
classi
Public
GRAS
branc
by the
system
maps
spectr
with p
GRAS
and is
most
and ti
posse
econo
to the
datab
ecision Support S
d
In
Geographic Inform
anagement, mani
micro level to mac
ualise its implicatio
n major decisions
migration of popula
icity, etc.), transpo
planning, etc.
the growing incide
ct of human activit
se changes in the
ding planning and
des spatial, statisti
graphs, interpreta
cies (census data,
cation of data, seg
oral technology he
emote sensing da
derstand many en
e to update the GI
fication. GRASS,
c License) integra
SS was originally d
ch of the US Army
e military. GRASS
m (http://wgbis.ce
and images on m
ral image data; an
printers, plotters, d
SS uses both intui
s supported by de
of them are in com
me consuming fo
ess any programm
omically viable, tec
development of a
ase component a
Meth
The current devel
integrated spatial
user interface bas
development. Var
(http://www.idrisi.c
per the set criteria
System an Op
database manage
ntroduction
mation System) is
ipulation and anal
cro level planning.
ons. It has becom
related to earth re
ation, location of i
ortation (railway a
ence of ecological
ties on the ecosys
e geo-referenced t
d management of
ical and thematic
ation of remotely s
, land use data, et
gmentation of dat
elp in addressing c
ata offers enhance
nvironmental proce
S and also maps.
a GIS based ope
tes these two tech
developed by the
Corp of Engineer
S is a raster/vector
es.iisc.ernet.in/gra
monitor and paper
nd create, manage
digitizers, and data
itive windows inte
velopers and use
mmand line argum
r individuals, who
ming skills. In orde
chnically superior
a user friendly gra
as depicted in figu
Figure
hodology
lopment in GRDS
decision support
sed programming
rious GIS package
clarku.edu), Geom
a listed in table 1.
pen Source GIS
ment system.
a system of hard
lyses of spatial-te
. However this bo
e an important co
esources. This inc
ndustries, employ
and road networks
and environment
stems. This is pos
temporal and spat
resources and als
data derived from
sensed images an
tc.). Digital image
a and also in visu
challenges faced
ed capability for in
esses. This integr
. The GIS themati
n source software
hnologies resultin
U.S. Army Const
rs, as a tool for lan
r GIS, image proc
ss). GRASS conta
; manipulate raste
e, and store spatia
abases to develop
rface as well as c
rs worldwide. Num
ments. The comma
were not expose
er to overcome this
r and a more flexib
aphical user interfa
re 1.
e 2: GRDSS - GUI
S in the allied tec
system (SDSS). R
have enabled rap
es such as MapIn
media (http:// w ww
S ht
ware, software an
mporal data. Its a
undless capabiliti
omponent in regio
cludes urban spra
yment activities, b
s), drainage syste
tal impacts, GIS h
ssible due to the o
tial data. This help
so biophysical mo
m a combination of
nd secondary data
e processing techn
ualisation. The inte
by the environme
nventorying, mapp
ration also helps i
ic data and attribu
e distributed unde
g in numerous ad
truction Engineeri
nd management a
cessing system, an
ains over 350 pro
er, vector, and site
al data. GRASS h
p new data as we
command line syn
merous sub modu
and line syntax fo
d to computer pro
s difficulty, it was
ble spatial and tem
ace (GRDSS) for
I structural diagra
chnologies of remo
Recent advances
pid prototyping, te
nfo (http://mapinfo
w.intergraph.com
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
nd procedures to f
application is wide
es are limited by o
nal planning with
awl analysis involv
asic infrastructure
m (river basin qua
has been used to
options to display
ps to solve compl
odeling. The data
f existing maps, a
a from the govern
nique aids in resto
egration of spatial
ent. The integratio
ping, monitoring a
n using remotely s
utes are used to g
er the GNU GPL (G
dvantages.
ng Research Lab
and environmenta
nd graphics produ
ograms and tools t
es data; process m
has the options to
ll as manage exis
tax for ease of op
ules existed in GR
or GRASS was cu
ogramming and di
the necessity for
mporal analyses t
GRASS GIS alon
m
ote sensing and G
s in the developme
esting, and applica
o.com), Idrisi
) etc were compa
10
iisc.ernet.in/ene
facilitate
e ranging
ones ability
a pivotal
ving growth
e (water,
ality, etc.),
analyse the
and
ex problems
input
aerial
ment
oration and
l and
on of GIS
and modeling
sensed
guide image
General
oratories, a
al planning
uction
to render
multi
interface
sting data.
perations
RASS but
umbersome
id not
an
tools that led
ng with the
GIS is to build an
ent of graphical
ation
aratively studied a
06
ergy/paper/Geos
s
spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
3 of 10
c Resources De ecision Support S
T
to
System an Op
The limitations of t
o offer optimal pe
i. System requ
is a full system
"LINUX". The L
a hard disk spa
45-50 MB an
GRDSS sou
ii. User friendly
in India and tho
simplified comp
in a user-friend
iii. Functional ca
import/export in
buffer generatio
spectral and tem
terrain modeling
database (both
iv. Help facilities
their functions a
list and mailing
worldwide. The
enough informa
v. Error explana
automatically re
sets are availab
pen Source GIS
the commercial G
rformance. The fo
uirements - The G
with X Window gr
Linux- system with
ace of 250MB (bes
nd to compile add
urce code can be c
interface and me
ose who are not m
parable to propriet
ly environment tha
apabilities - GRDS
n different formats
on, spatial and no
mporal data analy
g, erosion modelin
spatial data and a
s GRDSS exten
and options are pr
list archive where
help facilities and
ation to start with t
ation and manual
enders error mess
ble on the GRASS
S ht
IS softwares were
ollowing feature ch
GRDSS GUI sourc
raphical user inter
h a three-button m
side DOS/Window
ditional 150 MB dis
compiled using a
enu organisation -
much exposed to p
tary softwares in t
at satisfies both s
SS is equipped w
s (including the IR
on spatial statistica
ysis), raster, vecto
ng, report genera
attribute informati
nds all the help fac
resent in help to g
e users can post t
dthe documents a
the software.
support - GRDSS
sages through the
S official website,
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
e also considered
haracterises GRD
ces can be compil
rface. Minimum P
mouse, 32 MB RAM
ws partition). GRD
sk space is requir
GNU "C" compile
The user interfac
programming. The
the market. The m
specific and comm
with the functional c
S data format), m
al calculation, digi
or and point analy
tion and can also
ion), etc.
cilities present in
get started with th
their doubts and c
available on the G
S is equipped with
e mail facility in Lin
including online tu
10
iisc.ernet.in/ene
while implementi
DSS development
ed on all PC's run
PC can be 486 (or
M (64 MB recomm
DSS binaries requ
red (to store the s
er.
ce is designed to s
e interface is custo
menu is organised
mon users.
capabilities such a
map analysis, data
ital image process
ysis and query, ma
handle spatial an
GRASS. All the c
e GRDSS. There
can discuss throug
GRASS official web
h error explanation
nux. Beside many
utorials and manu
07
ergy/paper/Geos
ing the GRDSS
.
nning LINUX. It
better), with
mended) and
ire only
ources). The
suit to the users
omized and
sequentially
as data
modeling,
sing (spatial,
ap calculator,
nd non-spatial
ommands with
is a mailing
gh e-mails
bsite provide
n, which
y sample data
uals.
spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
4 of 10
c Resources De ecision Support S
O
G
System an Op
Overview and des
GRDSS supports a
i. It supports a
including IRS (LI
/ Digital Terrain E
ii. It has capabilit
commercial plott
iii. GRDSS has t
classification, da
iv. GRDSS has t
topology creation
distance, area an
v. It can perform
two locations to a
vi. Thematic data
vii. Database (Po
viii. Online tutoria
menu arrangeme
pen Source GIS
scription of GRDS
all basic features
wide range of dat
ISS3 and PAN) da
Elevation Data) ex
ties for displaying
ters and printers a
he image process
ata analysis, etc.).
the capability of m
n, map overlay, ar
nd statistical repo
wetland analysis
analyze terrain da
a preparation, hist
ostgreSQL) mana
als with help man
ent.
S ht
SS
required by any G
ta Import/Export t
ata extraction and
xtraction.
the raster/vector
and is capable of c
sing capabilities (r

manipulating raste
rithmetic operatio
ort, etc.
, terrain modeling
ata, runoff-modelin
togram generation
agement system.
uals and sample d
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
GIS package.
that are also supp
d DTEM/DTED (D
images. GRDSS
color managemen
rectification, enha
r, vector and poin
ns, DEM generati
g with slope, aspe
ng, etc.
n, and charts of d
datasets. Figure 4
10
iisc.ernet.in/ene
ported by other sta
igital Terrain Elev
can further intera
nt.
ancement, transfor
nt data. This includ
ion, decision supp
ct, relief, profile, c
ifferent formats.
4 depicts the GRD
08
ergy/paper/Geos
andard GIS
vation Model
act with
rmation,
des digitization,
port,
cost between
DSS hierarchical
spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
5 of 10
c Resources De ecision Support S
Figure
System an Op
e 4: GRDSS hierar
pen Source GIS
rchical menu arra
S ht
ngement.Table 2
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
: Functions of GR
10
iisc.ernet.in/ene
RDSS modules
09
ergy/paper/Geos spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
6 of 10
c Resources De ecision Support S System an Op pen Source GISS ht
Table 2: Function
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
ns of GRDSS mod
11
iisc.ernet.in/ene
dules
10
ergy/paper/Geos spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
GRDS
proce
L
v
a
7 of 10
c Resources De
Data
GRDSS uses Po
manipulation of b
server used prim
sophisticated obj
extension of the m
developer, Postg
PostgreSQL has
Concurrency Con
logging changes
Applica
SS provide a supp
ssing, GPS (globa
Land cover analys
vegetation indices
analysis is listed in
ecision Support S
abase connectivity
stgreSQL (a freew
both spatial and at
arily for data stora
ect-relational data
more traditional re
reSQL even supp
comprehensive S
ntrol to avoid unne
before they are w
ations
port for spatial dat
al positioning syst
is: This has been
as the district had
n table 3.
System an Op
y
ware) as a databa
ttribute informatio
age and retrieval,
abase manageme
elational database
ports extensibility o
SQL support, refer
ecessary locking t
written to the datab
ta as well as attrib
tem) and other tec
done by computi
d varying extent o
pen Source GIS
ase for data storag
n. It is the most ad
and complex data
ent system (ORDB
e management sy
of its data types a
rential integrity, M
that increases the
base.
bute data by integr
chniques.
ng both slope bas
of vegetation cove
S ht
ge, data retrieval,
dvanced open so
a analysis. Postgr
BMS). An ORDBM
ystems (RDBMS).
and procedural lan
MVCC or Multi- Ve
e reliability of the d
rating GIS, image
sed and distance
ers. The result of la
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
query and
urce database
reSQL is a
MS is an
For the advanced
nguages.
rsion
database by
e
based
and cover
11
iisc.ernet.in/ene
d
11
ergy/paper/Geos spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
8 of 10
c Resources De
Land
option
super
distric
94.67
(agric
Accu
coeffi
unsup
ecision Support S
use analysis: GR
ns for map overly,
rvised and unsupe
ct using Gaussian
% compared to u
culture, forest, plan
A
racy estimation in
icient were calcula
pervised classifica
Table 5: Error M
System an Op
DSS through its c
map algebra and
ervised classificati
maximum likeliho
nsupervised class
ntation, built-up an
Accuracy Estimati
n terms of produce
ated after generat
ation (table 6).
Matrix Resulting fro
pen Source GIS
capability of analyz
d other operators a
ion approaches w
ood classifier (GM
sifier (78.07%). Th
nd wasteland) are
T
ion
er's accuracy, use
ting confusion ma
om Classifying Tr
S ht
Table 3: V zing the statistica
aid in analyzing th
were tried to identif
MLC). The level of
he composition of
e listed in the table
Table 4: Land use
er's accuracy, ove
atrix for supervised
raining Set Pixels.
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
Vegetation Indices al, raster and vecto
he landuse pattern
fy landuse catego
accuracy in GML
f land use categor
e 4.
details of Kolar d
rall accuracy and
d classification (ta
.
11
iisc.ernet.in/ene
s or data with
n. Both
ories in the
LC was
ries
istrict
Kappa
able 5) and
12
ergy/paper/Geos spatial_to
11/12

Geographic
9 of 10
c Resources De
A
p
G
a
d
a
d
l
W
(
i
G
m
fo
fri
su
ecision Support S
The producers a
results obtained a
A value was comp
percent better tha
GRDSS was also
analyses. The dig
data on the DEM e
analysis of Kolar d
developmental ac
and to waste land
Watershed misma
(agriculture, buildi
ncreasing ecolog
The land cove
terms of perce
planning consi
S
RDSS a open sou
ap algebra and ot
or various applicat
endly GUIs, GRD
ustainable develop
System an Op
Table 6: E
accuracy, users ac
are summarized in
T
puted (0.931577) w
n one resulting fro
used to study the
ital elevation mod
enabled to assess
district provided a
tivities without pro
d (43.75%).
anagement and co
ngs, etc.) were th
ical problems suc
r and land use an
entage area. The a
idering the actual
Summary
urce GIS with cap
ther functionalities
ions including nat
DSS is hoped to p
pment of India.
pen Source GIS
Error Matrix for Un
ccuracy correspon
n table 7.
Table 7: Producer
which is as an ind
om a chance.
e watershed status
del generated for t
s the status of the
picture of land us
oper planning hav
onversion of wate
he prime reasons f
ch as salinization,
nalyses showed N
assessment of the
ground condition
pabilities such as r
s is comparable to
tural resource ma
penetrate in all sec
S ht
nsupervised Class
nding to the vario
rs accuracy, user
dication that an ob
s in Kolar district a
the district is depic
e catchment of ma
se changes. The a
ve lead to the conv
rbodies for variou
for the depletion o
runoff, etc.
NRVI, CTVI, PVI1
e watershed and h
could help in ens
raster analysis, ve
o any commercial
nagement. An eco
ctions of decision
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
sification.
us categories and
rs accuracy and o
bserved classifica
along with land us
cted in figure 6. D
ajor water bodies.
analysis indicates
version of large sc
us anthropogenic a
of the water table
results are compa
holistic approache
suring the sustaina
ector analysis, ima
l software availab
onomical (free wa
making and contr
11
iisc.ernet.in/ene
d overall accuracy
overall accuracy.
tion is 93
se and land cover
Draping a land use
The temporal
s the unplanned
cale productive
activities
along with
arable to GMLC in
es in landuse
able development
age processing,
le in the market
are) with user
ribute to the
13
ergy/paper/Geos
y
r
e
n
t.
spatial_to
11/12

Geographicc Resources De
E

ecision Support
R
E-mail | Sa
System an Op
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GRASS offic
GRASS mirror
GRASS mailing
GRASS softwa
Requirements
/REQUIREMEN
6. Mapinfo :http
7. Idrisi :http://w
8. Geomedia :h
hyadri| EN
pen Source GIS
ial website :http://
site in India :http:
g list and mailing
are download pag
to compile GRAS
NTS.html
p://www.mapinfo.c
www.idrisi.clarku.e
http://www.intergr
NVIS | Ener
S ht
/grass.itc.it
://wgbis.ces.iisc.e
list archive :http://
e :http://wgbis.ces
SS GIS :http://wgb
com/location/integ
edu
aph.com/dynamic
rgy | GRAS
ttp://wgbis.ces.i
rnet.in/grass/welc
/wgbis.ces.iisc.ern
s.iisc.ernet.in/gras
is.ces.iisc.ernet.in
gration
cdefault.asp
SS | CES |
11
isc.ernet.in/ene
come.html
net.in/grass/suppo
ss/download.html
n/grass/grass5/so
IISc | E-ma
14
ergy/paper/Geos
ort.html
urce
ail
spatial_toda