Power Supplies

Linear Regulated Supplies

Switched Regulated Supplies
Batteries
Current
Direct

/2
2

Im
-Im
Idc

t
Current
Alternating

/2

2
Im
-Im
The Power
Supply
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Exercise 1
The current in a 10 resistor is 5*sin(314t) A
Draw the waveform of the current
Define and calculate the following values for the
current:
Peak
Peak to peak
Average
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Calculate the value of the power dissipated by the
resistor
How much would be the current if it would be DC to
generate the same power on the resistor?
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Power supply terminology
wave the of value (dc) Average
wave the of component g alternatin of value (rms) Effective
= or(r) ripplefact
100 x
R
R
= 100
V
V
-
V
= (%) regulation Load
L
0 FL ML

100 x
V V
V
= )
V
/ (% regulation Input
O N I
O
N I

I
x
V
I
x
V
=
P
P
= ) ( Efficiency
N I N I
L O
N I
OUT

2
0
2
1
i average dt i
T
I I
T
rms eff
= = =

R I dt i
T
R
Rdt i
T
P
eff
T T
AV
2
0
2
0
2
1
= = =

http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Current
Alternating

/2

2
Im
-Im
Output
Step-down
transformer
Rectifier Filter Regulator
DC
AC
Input
AC line
components
Block diagram of a linear regulated power supply
Current
Direct

/2
2

Im
-Im
Idc

t
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
127 Vrms
60 Hz
+
Fuse
Unregulated
dc output
Transient
suppressor
ac line filter
Snubber
ac line transformer
Bridge rectifier
Filter capacitor
Input
socket
Unregulated supply with ac line components
(a transient suppressor and line filter)
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
127 Vrms
60 Hz
+
Fuse
Unregulated
dc output
Transient
suppressor
ac line filter
Snubber
ac line transformer
Bridge rectifier
Filter capacitor
Input
socket
fast blow fuses cut the power
as quick as they can
slow blow fuses tolerate
more short term overload
wire link fuses are just an
open piece of wire, and have
poorer overload
characteristics than glass and
ceramic fuses
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
127 Vrms
60 Hz
+
Fuse
Unregulated
dc output
Transient
suppressor
ac line filter
Snubber
ac line transformer
Bridge rectifier
Filter capacitor
Input
socket
Transient suppressor and line filter
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
127 Vrms
60 Hz
+
Fuse
Unregulated
dc output
Transient
suppressor
ac line filter
Snubber
ac line transformer
Bridge rectifier
Filter capacitor
Input
socket
RC Snubbers
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Transformer
2
V
+
V
+
V
=
V
diodes ripple d unregulate
r transforme
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Exercise 2
For transformer in a power supply
Required average output voltage = 10 V
Ripple voltage = 1 V
Diode drops = 2 V
Output current (average) = 1 A
Efficiency () of the transformer = 0.8
Find the required output voltage of the transformer
Find the input current of the transformer if the input
voltage is 220 V
Find the output power delivered by the power supply
Find the power loss by the transformer
2
V
+
V
+
V
=
V
diodes ripple d unregulate
r transforme
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Rectifier Diodes
Diode Maximum Current Maximum
Reverse Voltage
1N4001 1A 50V
1N4002 1A 100V
1N4007 1A 1000V
1N5401 3A 100V
1N5408 3A 1000V
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Half-Wave Rectified (Single Diode
Rectifier)
Output: half-wave varying DC (Pulsating DC)
(using only half the AC wave)
127 Vrms
60 Hz
VmSint
D1
R
L
+
-
Vo = Vm- Vd with Vd 1 volt.
Vdc = (Vm- Vd)/ , Vrms = (Vm- Vd)/2
yielding a ripple factor (r) = 1.21
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa

/2
2

Vm
-Vm
Full-wave rectified
with a center tapped
transformer
D1
R
L
D2
+
-
Vo = Vm- Vd with
Vd 1 volt.
Vdc = 2*(Vm- Vd)/,
Vrms = (Vm- Vd)/2
yielding a much
reduced ripple factor
that is r = 0.483
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Bridge Rectifiers
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
D1
D4
D2
D3
/2
2

Vm
-Vm
Pulsating DC
Full-wave rectified
with a bridge
rectifier
D1
R
L
D2
D3
D4
+
-
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Smoothing Filters
Types of smoothing filters
Capacitive
Inductive
L Section
- Section
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Rectifier diodes
Filter
capacitor
I
L
Amplitude
Time
Heavy load
Light load
Filtered DC
Capacitive filter
C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)
Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak
value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz)
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Effect of Capacitance on Ripple
+
+
-
-
R
L C
Vi
Vo
Amplitude
Time
Heavy load
Light load
T1
T2
T
Assuming that the load current stays constant, the ripple voltage
(peak to variation at the top of the waveform) can be approximately
from the charge lost by the capacitor as I
L
=C*Vr/T
1
yielding
Vr=I
L
*T
1
/C. T
1
T; Vr=I
L
/2fC for full-wave rectified; I
L
= V
dc
/R
L
;
r=2400/R
L
C and Vdc=(Vi - 4200Idc/C) where C is in F and f = 60 Hz
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Some Facts on Smoothing Capacitors
C r charging time T
2
larger currents to flow through the
rectifier diodes. Eventually, rectifier diodes and the transformer will be
afflicted by increased I
2
R heating.
Care for:
The ripple voltage we can tolerate value of C and its tolerance
Polarity
The maximum DC voltage that the capacitor can withstand (the working DC
(WVDC)) >50% more than the maximum voltage is a good choice
Appreciable series inductive components may not behave as an effective
capacitive element for high frequency spikes Add a small parallel capacitor
Add a small series resistance (to conduction resistance of the diode and wire
resistance of the transformer)
Improves the ripple factor considerably.
Limit the forward current extend the life of diodes and transformer
The charged capacitor retains some charge A (bleeder) resistor (around 1
k, 0.25 or 0.5 W) connected across discharges the capacitor in a few
seconds. If a led indicator is connected, then no need for such a resistor.
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
+
+
-
-
L
R
L
Vi
Vo
Vi: Rectified input voltage
Vo: Filtered output volt
R
L
: Effective load resistance
Inductive Filters
Inductive filters have better control of the ripple for
large load currents.
The inductor behaves as a short circuit for the DC
component. Hence, when 2fL R
L
the DC value of the
output is approximately 2Vi/ and the ripple factor r
0.118R
L
/fL where R
L
is the effective load resistance, f is
the frequency of the ripple and L is the inductance (in
Henry).
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
+
+
- -
L
R
L
C
1
C
2
Vi
+
+
-
-
L
R
L
C
Vi
Vo
Vo
L - section
- section
L and section filters
r = 0.83/LC
Vdc = 0.636Vm
r = 3300/C
1
R
L
C
2
L
Vdc = Vm-4200*Idc/C
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Vo
Vo
+
+
-
-
L
R
L
Vi
Inductive
+
+
-
-
R
L C
Vi
Vo
Capacitive
+
+
-
-
L
R
L C
Vi
Vo
L - section
+
+
- -
L
R
L
C
1
C
2
Vi
- section
R
L
2400 0.83 3300
r ----- ------ ----- ---------
1600L R
L
C LC C
1
R
L
C
2
L
Vdc
0.636Vm Vm-4200Idc/C 0.636Vm Vm-4200Idc/C
Vi: Rectified input voltage;
Vo: Filtered output volt.
R
L
: Effective load resistance; Frequency: 60 Hz
Effective (rms) value of AC part
Ripple factor (r) = -----------------------------------------
Average (dc) value of output
Summary of filter responses
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Exercise 3
A series R-L circuit has R = 0.1 kand L = 10 mH.
The circuit is excited by Vi = 5 + 10 sin(1000t)
V
Draw the circuit diagram
Calculate the voltages across R and L
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa
Duties for next lecture
Study linear (dissipative) regulated power
supplies from the lecture notes
Solve the exercises in this lecture in detail at
home and bring it to the next lecture for a
discussion in class
Be prepared for a quiz and active learning
http://bkaragoz.kau.edu.sa