Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal

110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering

Nano composites and its application

In the long era before 21
st
century Nano composites is not really an important
problem. After amount of experiment scientist are trying to make things smaller, faster,
portable, more convenient and any other things. The more focused things is to make things
smaller, we can get denser material. While we messing up with size we can change a
properties of a material by messing up in its Nano particle size for example is a waterproof
coating for clothes or shoes, its application is based on the Nano particle size, they
waterproof Nano material will coat the clothes or shoes material base. Well thats a pretty
basic example of Nano material itself; the general class of Nano composite organic/inorganic
materials is a fast growing area of research. Significant effort is focused on the ability to
obtain control of the Nano scale structures via innovative synthetic approaches. The
properties of Nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their
individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics. Now lets talk
more about the Nano composites.
Nano composites can be defined as Nano materials that combine one or more
separate components in order to obtain the best properties of each component (composite).
In Nano composite, Nano particles (clay,
metal, carbon nanotubes) act as fillers in
a matrix, usually polymer matrix. While
Nano materials can be defined as
materials that have structured
components with at least one dimension
less than 100nm. Materials that have
one dimension in the Nano scale are
layers, such as a thin films or surface
coatings. Some of the features on computer chips come in this category. Materials that are
Nano scale in two dimensions include nanowires and nanotubes. Materials that are Nano
scale in three dimensions are particles, for example precipitates, colloids and quantum dots
(tiny particles of semiconductor materials). Nano crystalline materials, made up of
nanometer-sized grains, also grouped into this category. While the properties that will
improve when we use the Nano composites are:
Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal
110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering
Mechanical properties including strength, modulus and dimensional stability
Electrical conductivity
Decreased gas, water and hydrocarbon permeability
Flame retardancy
Thermal stability
Chemical resistance
Surface appearance
Optical clarity
Nano composites can be categorized into three groups:
1. Ceramic-matrix composites : a ceramic-matrix composites is a material
consisting ceramic matrix combined with a ceramic (oxides, carbides)
dispersed phase. The disadvantages of the CMC is the brittleness, this
composite purpose is to improve the toughness. Ceramic-matrix composite
is reinforced by long (continuous) fibers and short (discontinued) fibers. This
composite is increasing Kc properties of the material.

2. Metal-matrix composites : its the same way that happen in ceramic-
matrix composite, the combined properties that happened is between a
metal and another material can be metal or inorganic compound. This
composite is increasing s
y
, TS, creep resist.

3. Polymer-matrix composites : This composite is increase E, s
y
, TS, creep
resist.
Of course every kind of things in the world have advantages and disadvantages,
because we already discussed about the advantages (how the properties are improved) so
heres a list of disadvantages of Nano composites material;

Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal
110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering
Disadvantages:
Particle Loadings
In addition it is important to recognize that Nano particulate/fibrous loading
confers significant property improvements with very low loading levels,
traditional micro particle additives requiring much higher loading levels to
achieve similar performance. This in turn can result in significant weight
reductions (of obvious importance for various military and aerospace
applications) for similar performance, greater strength for similar structural
dimensions and, for barrier applications, increased barrier performance for
similar material thickness.

Areas of Application
Such mechanical property improvements have resulted in major interest in
nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial
applications. These include potential for utilization as mirror housings on various
vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt
covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as
impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods
and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc.

Gas Barriers
The gaseous barrier property improvement that can result from incorporation of
relatively small quantities of Nano clay materials is shown to be substantial.
Data provided from various sources indicates oxygen transmission rates for
polyamide-organ clay composites which are usually less than half that of the
unmodified polymer. Further data reveals the extent to which both the amount
of clay incorporated in the polymer, and the aspect ratio of the filler contributes
to overall barrier performance. In particular, aspect ratio is shown to have a
major effect, with high ratios (and hence tendencies towards filler incorporation
at the Nano-level) quite dramatically enhancing gaseous barrier properties. Such
excellent barrier characteristics have resulted in considerable interest in Nano
clay composites in food packaging applications, both flexible and rigid. Specific
examples include packaging for processed meats, cheese, confectionery, cereals
Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal
110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering
and boil-in-the-bag foods, also extrusion-coating applications in association with
paperboard for fruit juice and dairy products, together with co-extrusion
processes for the manufacture of beer and carbonated drinks bottles. The use of
nanocomposite formulations would be expected to enhance considerably the
shelf life of many types of food.

Food Packaging
Triton Systems and the US Army are conducting further work on barrier
performance in a joint investigation. The requirement here is for a non-
refrigerated packaging system capable of maintaining food freshness for three
years. Nano clay polymer composites are currently showing considerable
promise for this application. It is likely that excellent gaseous barrier properties
exhibited by nanocomposite polymer systems will result in their substantial use
as packaging materials in future years. A somewhat more esoteric possibility
arising from enhanced barrier performance recently suggested has been blown
films for artificial intestines!
The following survey of nanocomposite applications introduces you to many of the
uses being explored, including:
Producing batteries with greater power output. Researchers have developed a
method to make anodes for lithium ion batteries from a composite formed with
silicon Nano spheres and carbon nanoparticles. The anodes made of the silicon-
carbon nanocomposite make closer contact with the lithium electrolyte, which
allows faster charging or discharging of power.
Speeding up the healing process for broken bones. Researchers have shown
that growth of replacement bone is speeded up when a nanotube-polymer
nanocomposite is placed as a kind of scaffold, which guides growth of
replacement bone. The researchers are conducting studies to better understand
how this nanocomposite increases bone growth.
Producing structural components with a high strength-to-weight ratio. For
example an epoxy containing carbon nanotubes can be used to produce
nanotube-polymer composite windmill blades. This results in a strong but
lightweight blade, which makes longer windmill blades practical. These longer
blades increase the amount of electricity generated by each windmill.
Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal
110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering
Using graphene to make composites with even higher strength-to-weight
ratios. Researchers have found that adding graphene to epoxy composites may
result in stronger/stiffer components than epoxy composites using a similar
weight of carbon nanotubes. Graphene appears to bond better to the polymers
in the epoxy, allowing a more effective coupling of the graphene into the
structure of the composite. This property could result in the manufacture of
components with higher strength-to-weight ratios for such uses as windmill
blades or aircraft components.
Making lightweight sensors with Nano composites. A polymer-nanotube
nanocomposite conducts electricity; how well it conducts depends upon the
spacing of the nanotubes. This property allows patches of polymer-nanotube
nanocomposite to act as stress sensors on windmill blades. When strong wind
gusts bend the blades the nanocomposite will also bend. Bending changes the
nanocomposite sensor's electrical conductance, causing an alarm to be
sounded. This alarm would allow the windmill to be shut down before excessive
damage occurs.
Using Nano composites to make flexible batteries. A nanocomposite of
cellulous materials and nanotubes could be used to make a conductive paper.
When this conductive paper is soaked in an electrolyte, a flexible battery is
formed.
Making tumors easier to see and remove. Researchers are attempting to join
magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescent nanoparticles in a nanocomposite
particle that is both magnetic and fluorescent. The magnetic property of the
nanocomposite particle makes the tumor more visible during an MRI
procedure done prior to surgery. The fluorescent property of the
nanocomposite particle could help the surgeon to better see the tumor while
operating.

Rifqi Adzkaro Khoirurrijal
110601643
Metallurgy and Material Engineering

Nano composites are currently being used in a number of fields and new
applications are being continuously developed. Applications for Nano composites include:
Thin-film capacitors for computer chips
Solid polymer electrolytes for batteries.
Automotive engine parts and fuel tanks
Impellers and blades
Oxygen and gas barriers
Food packaging