PIPING - PROCESS EQUIPMENT

AUGUST 1990

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EGE 16-B-22 1990

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Scope References General Pump Piping 4.1 General 4.2 Suction Piping 4.3 Discharge Piping 4.4 Auxiliary Piping for Pumps Steam Turbine Piping 5.1 General 5.2 Turbine Inlet Piping 5.3 Turbine Exhaust Piping 5.4 Auxiliary Piping Compressor Piping 6.1 General 6.2 Emergency Isolation Valves 6.3 Reciprocating and Positive Displacement Compressors 6.4 Centrifugal Compressor Piping 7. 8. Expander Piping Exchanger Piping 8.1 Shell-and-Tube Exchanger Piping 8.2 Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Piping 8.3 Plate Heat Exchanger Piping 9. Vessel Piping 9.1 Arrangement 9.2 Emergency Shutoff Valves 9.3 Vents and Drains 9.4 Steamout and Water Wash 9.5 Pumpout 9.6 Relief Valve Piping 10. Fired Heater Piping 10.1 Process Piping 10.2 Burner Fuel Piping 10.3 Utilities Piping 10.4 Header Box Drains 11. Pressure Storage Vessel Piping 12. Atmospheric Storage Tank Piping

5.

6.

1.

SCOPE

This Guide supplements the general requirements for the design of refinery and chemical facilities piping in EGE 16-B-1 by prescribing requirements for the piping connected to various types of processing equipment. 2. REFERENCES

The following publications form a part of this Guide. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition.
Mobil Engineering Guides Equipment EGE 00-B-4 EGE 00-B-5 EGE 00-S-3A EGE 00-S-3B EGE 11-B-1 EGE 12-B-1 EGE 14-S-3 EGE 15-B-4 EGE 15-B-5 EGE 15-B-9 Winterizing and Heat Tracing Equipment Sound Levels Piping and Instrumentation Flow Diagram Standard Details SI (Metric) Units Piping and Instrumentation Flow Diagram Standard Details Customary Units Direct Fired Process Heaters Design and Fabrication Pressure Vessels Design and Fabrication Oil Storage Tanks Water Drawoff Arrangements Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Services Reciprocating Compressors Lube and Seal Oil Systems

MOBIL ENGINEERING GUIDE EGE 16-B-22 1990

EGE 16-B-1 EGE 16-B-10 EGE 16-B-30 EGE 16-B-40 EGE 32-B-15 EGE 32-B-18 EGE 34-B-15
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Piping General Design Piping Instruments Piping Selection and Application of Piping Components and Materials Piping Fabrication, Erection, Inspection, and Testing Instrumentation Heater Controls Instrumentation Electric Motor Operated Valves Fireproofing General Requirements

Mobil Engineering Guides Systems Design EGS 301 EGS 403 EGS 551 EGS 626 EGS 629 EGS 643 EGS 661 EGS 664 EGS 761 EGS 806 Design of Plants to Facilitate Maintenance Steam-Air Decoking of Direct Fired Process Heaters Heavy Fuel Oil Systems Fire Protection Storage Tanks Fire Protection and Loss Prevention Refineries and Petrochemical Plants Fire Protection Fixed Fire Water Spray Systems Pressure Relief and Vapor Depressuring Systems Draining of Flammable and Toxic Materials Plant Sound Levels Safety and Control Interlock Systems

API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard 600 Steel Gate Valves, Flanged and Buttwelding Ends

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Code Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels, Division 1 NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Code 321 Basic Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids

3.

GENERAL

3.1 Piping shall be furnished and installed in accordance with this Guide and other referenced publications, except as modified by project specifications or where superseded by more stringent local codes and regulations. Deviations necessary to conform to equipment designs or unusual operating conditions require prior Mobil approval. 3.2 The design of piping connected to equipment shall provide sufficient flexibility to prevent transmitting to the equipment forces and movements greater than those allowed by the equipment manufacturer. See Section 9 of EGE 16-B-1 for additional requirements. 3.3 Piping connecting to equipment shall meet the requirements of EGE 16-B-40. Particular attention shall be given to the tolerance requirements. 3.4 Piping for equipment, especially pumps, compressors, and turbines, shall be laid out and arranged to provide specified headroom and clearances for operation, maintenance, and dismantling (also see EGS 301). Provision shall be made to minimize disturbance to piping when dismantling or removing equipment (for example, without removing block valves). Consideration shall also be given to the free access of mobile lifting equipment. Where feasible in process areas, pumps shall be located in rows adjacent to their pipeways and near the equipment from which they take suction. Top nozzles of pumps shall be located under a beam at the side of the pipeway to facilitate piping support.

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3.5 Provision shall be made in the piping at equipment so that blanks may be installed as required by EGE 16-B-1. Blanks for rotating equipment and the tube-side of shell-and-tube heat exchangers shall not be located at the equipment flanges. 3.6 The number of openings, especially tapped openings, in process equipment (such as pumps, exchangers, and valves) shall be kept to a minimum. 3.7 Where grade-level fixed pipe supports, including guides and anchors, are required at pumps, compressors, or turbines, they shall be anchored on integral extensions of the equipment foundations. Pipe supports shall not be anchored to equipment baseplates or soleplates. 3.8 Connections for sampling, draining, venting, purging, steaming, washing, and testing shall be furnished as required by the Piping & Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs). Consideration shall be given to minimizing and combining these connections, as directed by Mobil. 3.9 Unless approved by Mobil, NPS 3/4 (NPS = nominal pipe size, in inches) shall be the minimum acceptable size for the connections noted in Paragraph 3.8. 3.10 With Mobil approval, the contractor may use plugs and nipples made of materials with a greater corrosion resistance than the connecting equipment, equipment liner, or connecting piping. Differential thermal expansion between the two materials shall be considered when thread-tight connections are used. 4. 4.1 PUMP PIPING General

4.1.1 Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, block valves shall be provided in the suction and discharge lines of pumps. The valves shall be located within 3 m (10 ft) of the pump nozzles. Connections for vents, drains, and pressure gages shall be located inside these block valves. 4.1.2 Subject to Mobil approval, expansion joints may be installed adjacent to cast iron water pumps. Expansion joints are usually needed for such pumps taking suction from a cooling tower basin or raw-water storage tank. Expansion joints are usually not needed at the discharge of such pumps if the piping contains at least one 90 degree elbow before going underground. See Paragraph 3.2. 4.2 Suction Piping

4.2.1 Suction piping for pumps shall be arranged so that the flow is as smooth (nonturbulent) as possible at the pump suction nozzle. Suction piping shall be designed to avoid pocketing vapor or gas. Any reduction in suction line size required at horizontal pump nozzles shall be made with an eccentric reducer positioned as follows: flat side on top for horizontal runs and vertical runs approaching the nozzle from below; flat side on the bottom for vertical runs approaching the nozzle from above. A concentric reducer shall be used if the reduction occurs immediately adjacent to an elbow on the downcomer from an overhead header. Where feasible, long-radius reducing ells shall be used. Piping to hydrofluoric (HF) acid pumps may require additional consideration. 4.2.2 For double-suction centrifugal pumps there shall be at least 5 pipe diameters between: a side-suction nozzle and any upstream elbow, unless the elbow is in the vertical plane; a top-suction nozzle and any upstream elbow in a vertical plane parallel to the pump shaft. (a) Where no reducer is installed between the pump flange and the elbow, a straight run at least 5 pipe diameters long shall be provided. A valve may be installed within this run. In a horizontal line, the

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valve stem shall be installed in the vertical-up position. (b) Where a reducer is installed between the pump flange and the elbow, a straight run at least 2 pipe diameters long (based on the larger pipe diameter) shall be provided. A reducer next to the pump flange is considered to be equivalent to 3 large diameters. 4.2.3 Suction lines containing cold, high vapor pressure fluids shall not be routed near hot lines or equipment. Provision for venting blocked-in fluids shall be made. 4.2.4 Temporary strainers shall have a free area twice the pipe suction area and a mesh size approved by the pump manufacturer. They shall be installed in all pump suction lines, except as noted in Paragraph 4.2.5. If it is a cone-type strainer, the cone shall point upstream. All strainers shall be located in the suction line between the pump and the block valve, and as close to the pump as feasible. Suction piping shall be designed so that the temporary strainers may be easily installed and removed without springing the pipe. Strainers shall be sufficiently rigid and resistant to corrosion to prevent their failure and entry into the pump. 4.2.5 Permanent strainers shall be installed in suction lines to pumps handling fluids that may contain solids (such as coke) unless the pump is specifically designed to handle such material. They shall be installed on other pumps if required by the P&IDs. Twin strainers shall be used to permit cleaning one strainer while the other is in operation. T-type "bathtub" strainers shall be used for spared pumps, however, and shall be designed to withstand the pressure forces resulting from blocked mesh. 4.2.6 Suction piping block valves shall be line size. However, where a centrifugal pumps suction nozzle is smaller than the suction line size, the block valve may be the same size as the pump suction nozzle if pressure drop considerations permit and the velocity through the valve does not exceed 3 m/s (10 ft/s). 4.3 Discharge Piping

4.3.1 Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, a check valve shall be installed in the discharge line of each centrifugal or rotary pump. (Check valves may not be needed for reciprocating pumps that have internal valving that prevents backflow or for those that do not discharge into vapor or mixed-phase process conditions.) The check valve shall be located between the pump and the block valve. If pressure drop considerations permit, the block and check valves may be smaller than discharge line size, but not smaller than the pump discharge nozzle. 4.3.2 When the discharge line contains a quick-closing valve (< 10 sec), the necessity for shock-absorbing equipment should be investigated. 4.3.3 A drain shall be provided between the block and check valves in lines containing highly corrosive or toxic fluids, such as phenol, caustic, or acid. For maximum drainage, the drain connection shall be on the check valve body. 4.3.4 All multistage pumps shall be equipped with a minimum flow line back to the point of suction, unless otherwise approved by Mobil. Also, if a single-stage pump is expected to operate for extended periods at flowrates lower than the manufacturers recommended minimum flowrate, it shall be equipped with either a flow-actuated recirculation line back to point of suction or a flow-actuated shutdown switch. The minimum size of the recirculating line should be NPS 3/4. The line shall be equipped with at least one gate valve and an orifice sized to restrict flow to the recommended minimum flowrate of the pump. 4.3.5 Pumps that may be idle during plant operation and that have to start quickly shall be provided with warmup lines if the pump design temperature exceeds 232C (450F) or if the process fluid will solidify at atmospheric temperature. Cooldown lines shall be provided for pumps operating at design temperatures less than 0C (32F). A warmup line shall consist of an NPS 3/4 (minimum) valved bypass around the pump

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discharge block and check valves. The warmup lines shall be heat traced if the process fluid will solidify at atmospheric temperature. 4.3.6 A relief valve shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive displacement pumps. However, this relief valve can be eliminated if it is demonstrated in writing to Mobil that the pump and the equipment downstream of the pump are designed to withstand the shutoff or stalling pressure. Normally, the relief valve shall discharge into the pump suction line. In services where a serious heat buildup may occur at the pump during blocked discharge, or where the pressure breakdown will liberate gas, the relief valve discharge line shall be installed to relieve to an unblocked suction source, such as a tank or an accumulator. 4.4 Auxiliary Piping for Pumps

4.4.1 Auxiliary piping shall conform to the applicable line class specification (see EGE 16-B-30) and shall be arranged and valved to permit easy removal and maintenance of equipment. 4.4.2 Block valves shall be provided at the pump in cooling water piping. In freezing climates, a valved bypass shall be provided so that a flow can be maintained when the block valves are closed 4.4.3 Pump spill pans, casing drains, and vents shall be piped to the appropriate drainage or flare system, as should cooling water which is not returned to the cooling tower. Vents on vacuum service pumps, however, shall be piped to the vapor space on the vacuum vessel. Fluids shall not be discharged onto pump bases. 4.4.4 If a pump is steam traced or steam jacketed, the trap and trap piping shall be so located that they do not interfere with pump maintenance. See EGE 00-B-4. 5. 5.1 STEAM TURBINE PIPING General

5.1.1 Steam driver piping, including drains, shall be designed to avoid pockets and to minimize condensation. To this end, inlet piping to turbines and other steam drivers shall branch from the top of the supply header and shall contain a block valve in a horizontal run near and above the header. Specific omissions to this design shall be approved by Mobil. 5.1.2 Connections to exhaust headers shall be made to the top of the header unless the line from the driver is at least one size smaller than the header. If it is smaller, it is permissible to make a centerline connection to the side of the header, providing that such routing does not obstruct space in a pipe rack available for future lines. 5.1.3 Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, provision shall be made to bleed warming steam into turbines and other steam drivers. 5.1.4 Piping connections for pressure indicators shall be provided in supply and exhaust piping of turbines driving centrifugal compressors. 5.2 Turbine Inlet Piping

5.2.1 For initial throttling of general-purpose turbines, a valve shall be installed at the turbine inlet. For inlet piping NPS 4 and smaller, a globe valve shall be used for throttling.

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5.2.2 Inlet piping to each turbine shall be equipped with a commercial in-line steam separator with a scale trap section. The drain connection shall be equipped with a steam trap and a free blow connection. The separator should have bypass piping. 5.2.3 Special-purpose turbines driven with superheated steam shall have an NPS 4 nozzle with valve and blind flange. This nozzle shall be installed immediately upstream of the separator for turbine washing. 5.3 Turbine Exhaust Piping

5.3.1 A gate valve shall be provided in the exhaust line of each steam driver that does not exhaust directly to atmosphere or directly into an individual condenser. (Valves are not necessary where two or more drivers that will never be shut down separately exhaust to the same condenser.) This gate valve shall be installed close to the steam driver so that the position of the gate (open or closed) is obvious to the operator whenever he is in a position to operate the inlet valve. 5.3.2 Exhaust lines from turbines that exhaust directly to atmosphere shall be provided with exhaust heads. Most of these turbines will also need silencers. See EGE 00-B-5. 5.3.3 Exhaust piping from condensing turbines shall be equipped with a water-seal relief valve. It shall be sized for maximum steam flow through the turbine nozzles and set for atmospheric pressure. 5.3.4 Where there is a block valve in the exhaust line from a steam driver, and the steam driver casing (including exhaust passages and any expansion joints) is not designed for full steam supply pressure, a spring-loaded relief valve shall be provided on the exhaust piping between the driver and the first block valve. Relief valves shall be sized for the full steam capacity of the driver and set for the turbine case design pressure. 5.3.5 Each relief valve shall be provided with a separate discharge line arranged to discharge steam to the atmosphere as directly as possible and supported so that no load is carried by the relief valve. The top of the discharge pipe shall be at a height such that the discharge of steam does not create hazards, such as burns, frozen condensate on walkways, or reduced visibility. Each discharge pipe shall be provided with a weep hole to prevent the accumulation of water above the relief valve. In some jurisdictions it may be necessary to route the drain to the nearest drain funnel. 5.4 5.4.1 Auxiliary Piping Trapped drain piping shall be provided at the lowest point of each turbine casing.

5.4.2 Untrapped drain piping shall be provided at the lowest point of the steam end of each reciprocating pump and compressor. 5.4.3 Drain piping from turbine shaft packing glands and from governor valve steam packing glands shall be connected to an open drain system. These drain lines shall be run separately. 5.4.4 6. 6.1 Lube oil piping shall conform to Paragraph 6.1.5. COMPRESSOR PIPING General

6.1.1 Special precaution is necessary in the design of the piping at and near compressors to reduce fatigue failures. The piping shall have the minimum of overhanging weight. Braces shall be provided as needed to reduce vibration. Buttwelding fittings shall be used wherever feasible.

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6.1.2

Suction piping shall conform to the following:

(a) Knockout drums shall be provided upstream of all compressors, except those handling gases with no possibility of condensate (most air compressors, for example). Compressor suction piping between the knockout vessel and the compressor shall be designed with a straight length equal to or exceeding that required by the manufacturer, and also designed to prevent trapping or collecting liquid. If this is not feasible, additional knockout equipment shall be installed subject to Mobil approval. Piping shall slope continuously downward from the knockout vessel to the compressor suction connection. As an alternative, and depending on the location of the compressor suction valve, piping shall slope from the valve to the compressor suction connection on one side and from the valve to the knockout vessel on the other side. Valves shall be located only in horizontal piping. (b) The intake filter-silencer for an air compressor shall be located in a position that prevents the entrance of dust, moisture, or corrosive gases. (c) Air compressor suction piping between the filter-silencer and compressor connection shall be either epoxy-coated steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, or stainless steel. Other permanent, corrosion-resistant materials may be used subject to Mobil approval. A suction line valve (usually a butterfly valve) shall be provided as part of the compressor package for startup purposes on all centrifugal air compressors. (d) Temporary strainers with a free area twice the pipe section area and a mesh size approved by the compressor manufacturer shall be installed in all non-air compressor suction lines and as close to the compressor as feasible. Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, these strainers shall be the "bathtub" type installed in the outlet of a buttwelding tee. The screens shall be closely fit within the tee to prevent their being bypassed. All screens and filters (temporary and permanent) shall be sufficiently reinforced to prevent their failure and entry into the compressor. Carbon steel screens covered with a fine stainless steel mesh are acceptable. Pressure gage taps shall be provided upstream and downstream of the strainer for commissioning. When commissioning is complete, tapped connections shall be plugged and sealwelded in accordance with EGE 16-B-40. 6.1.3 Compressor piping shall be cleaned in accordance with EGE 16-B-40, Section 11.

6.1.4 Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, block valves shall be provided in all non-air compressor suction and discharge lines. Paragraph 6.2 contains requirements for these valves when they are designated "emergency isolation valves." 6.1.5 All lube oil and seal oil piping for gears and for compressors and their drivers shall meet the requirements of EGE 15-B-9. No hose shall be used in this piping. 6.2 6.2.1 Emergency Isolation Valves Requirements for emergency isolation valves at reciprocating compressors are as follows:

(a) Reciprocating compressors over 200 horsepower in hydrocarbon or toxic service shall have emergency isolation valves on the suction and discharge sides. Where the discharge goes to two different locations, isolation valves shall be required in both discharge lines. The valves shall be in accordance with EGE 16-B-30. (b) Compressors under 1000 horsepower may have hand-operated emergency isolation valves in

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sizes up to and including NPS 8. The valves shall be remotely operated if they are NPS 10 or larger or if they are required by Paragraph 7.1.15 of EGE 16-B-30 to have a gear operator. Hand-operated emergency valves shall be located at least 9 m (30 ft) horizontally from the compressor. Remote-operated emergency shutoff valves may be located closer than 9 m (30 ft); however, the control shall be installed at least 15 m (50 ft) from the compressor. (c) Compressors 1000 horsepower and larger shall have remote-operated emergency isolation valves. A pushbutton station with a position indicator shall be located in the area of the compressor, at least 15 m (50 ft) away and in a readily accessible location not expected to be exposed to fire. A second control station shall be installed in the control room unless waived by the project specifications. (d) Fireproofing of remote-control emergency valve assemblies shall be in accordance with Paragraph 9.2.3. 6.2.2 The requirements for emergency isolation valves at centrifugal compressors are as follows:

(a) Centrifugal compressors in all sizes shall have a remote-operated emergency block valve in the suction piping. The compressor suction isolating valve, if remotely operated, can also be the emergency valve. Necessary safeguards for discharge piping are discussed in Paragraph 6.4.2. (b) Location requirements for motor-operated remote valves and for the pushbutton stations shall be the same as those for reciprocating compressors. See Paragraph 6.2.1 (c). (c) Fireproofing shall be in accordance with Paragraph 9.2.3. 6.2.3 Interlocks for reciprocating or centrifugal compressors shall be necessary.

If a remote-operated emergency block valve is installed in either the suction or discharge piping of a reciprocating or centrifugal compressor, the control station shall incorporate controls for tripping-off the compressor and closing the valves with a single pushbutton. To avoid damage to reciprocating or centrifugal compressors, the valve closing time shall be a minimum of 30 seconds. A time delay shall be incorporated into the circuit of centrifugal compressors when needed to ensure that valve closing is not complete until the compressor has slowed sufficiently to prevent compressor damage should surge occur during the coastdown period. Where steam turbine drivers would be damaged by a sudden and complete shutdown, arrangements shall be made to provide for idling cooldown. For detailed information see EGE 32-B-18 and EGS 806. 6.2.4 A control valve shall satisfy the requirement for an emergency isolation valve if the conditions specified in Paragraph 9.2.4 are satisfied. 6.2.5 An emergency isolation valve in a single discharge line to equipment that consumes all of the gas flowing to it (such as fuel for a gas turbine engine) may not be required as long as a significant quantity of gas cannot backflow to the compressor from the discharge piping system or if the consuming equipment is in close proximity to the compressor. If enough gas is available to backflow for 15 minutes or more, an isolation valve shall be warranted. 6.3 Reciprocating and Positive Displacement Compressors

6.3.1 An isometric drawing of all compressor piping shall be prepared to enable Mobil and the compressor vendor to carry out an analysis of piping pulsation. The piping shown shall extend from the knockout vessel to the compressor suction, and from the discharge through any cooler to the next major

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vessel. The piping shall include relief valves, bypasses, and recirculating lines. The drawing shall be fully dimensioned and show all supports, guides, and anchors. 6.3.2 The design for pulsation limitations shall be in accordance with EGE 15-B-5 and shall be subject to approval by Mobil and the compressor manufacturer. The use of restrictions in the piping to reduce pressure pulsation shall be subject to Mobil approval. 6.3.3 The suction and discharge piping of reciprocating compressors, described in Paragraph 6.3.1, shall be securely anchored to control vibration. The anchoring method used shall be approved by Mobil. 6.3.4 If suction valve unloaders have not been provided for compressor startup, a valved bypass shall be installed from suction to discharge within the suction and discharge block valves. If required by the project specifications, bypass valves shall be manually operated and used only after maintenance for initial run-in at no load. The configuration of the bypass piping and valve location shall prevent the collection of liquid with the valve closed. 6.3.5 The selection of any check valve used in the discharge of a reciprocating compressor shall be subject to Mobil approval. This valve shall be a Hoerbiger, an Ibach, or a similar plate or reed valve. 6.3.6 As a minimum, the suction line immediately upstream and adjacent to the suction pulsation damper for compressors handling gas at or near its dew point shall be steam jacketed or heat traced for approximately 6 or 8 diameters to vaporize liquid traveling on pipewall. Rotary compressors in similar service but not requiring suction pulsation damper equipment shall be provided with liquid removal facilities immediately adjacent to the compressor suction connection. In freezing climates, heat tracing of the suction piping in such service shall be required from the knockout drum up to and including the pulsation dampers. 6.3.7 Relief valves shall be provided upstream of the first valve on the discharge line of positive displacement compressors where necessary to prevent excessive pressure or stalling if either may be harmful to the equipment. The discharge from relief valves shall not be returned to the suction line or suction drum. 6.4 Centrifugal Compressor Piping

6.4.1 Bottom-connected compressor suction lines shall contain a sump or boot with a gage glass and drain located at the low point in the line below and as close to the compressor as feasible. 6.4.2 A quick-response check valve (such as a Mission Duo-Chek or a Mobil approved equivalent) with center-of-percussion stop shall be installed in the discharge of each centrifugal compressor. Installation shall be as close to the nozzle as feasible to reduce possible damage to the compressor during surge conditions and to prevent backflow during an emergency. If silencers are required (see EGE 00-B-5 and EGS 761), they shall be installed in the suction and discharge piping as close to the compressor nozzles as feasible but downstream of the check valve on the discharge side. In order to optimize the layout, the silencers may be arranged with side or end connections. The configuration is subject to Mobil approval. Silencer shells and flanges shall conform to the appropriate piping classifications. Interconnecting oil piping between the compressor, turbine, and lube console shall comply with the piping specifications for the console, as required by EGE 15-B-4. No elastomeric or metal hose shall be used for lube or seal oil piping. 6.4.3 The flow characteristics of centrifugal compressors shall be investigated to determine if facilities are required to prevent surging during startup and operation. If needed, the antisurge discharge connection

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shall be upstream of the compressor discharge check valve and isolation valve. It shall also be equipped with a quick-response check valve, with center-of-percussion stop, located as close to the compressor nozzle as feasible. 6.4.4 Low points in the discharge line from an oil-lubricated air compressor shall be avoided to eliminate the possibility of lube oil being trapped and subsequently ignited. If low points are unavoidable, they shall be provided with drains. 6.4.5 Connections for temperature and pressure indicators shall be provided in the suction and discharge piping of centrifugal compressors. 6.4.6 The requirements for auxiliary piping contained in Paragraph 4.4 shall also be applicable to centrifugal compressors. 7. EXPANDER PIPING 7.1 When pumps are used as hydraulic power recovery turbines, they shall have control and trip valves in the suction piping for control during operation. 7.2 Piping arrangements for gas expanders shall have prior Mobil approval. Inlet piping shall contain a minimum number of flow disturbances (such as elbows). Outlet piping shall slope away from the machine with no pockets. 8. 8.1 EXCHANGER PIPING Shell-and-Tube Exchanger Piping

8.1.1 A backwash connection shall be provided in the cooling water inlet piping to each exchanger or group of exchangers operating in series. The connection shall be line size, but not greater than NPS 6. It shall be equipped with a lug-style butterfly valve and a blind flange, and shall be located between the exchanger and the inlet block valve. (These connections are not required for tempered-water, closed-loop systems.) 8.1.2 Flanged chemical cleaning connections shall be provided between the block valve and the exchanger nozzles when indicated on the P&IDs. These connections shall be NPS 3 for exchangers with an inside diameter (ID) of 700 mm (28 in.) and larger, and NPS 2 for smaller exchangers. When provided, these connections shall be equipped with a blind flange. It is permissible to combine chemical cleaning and backwash connections, provided the larger size is used. 8.1.3 On any exchanger that will be taken out of service for cleaning or repair while the unit is running, all piping connections shall be equipped with a block valve and a blanking location. Full-size bypass piping should also be considered so that unit rates shall be maintained. For NPS 6 and larger piping, figure-8 blanks or spacers shall be provided. The cold side of all exchangers with block valves shall be provided with thermal relief valves if shown on the P&IDs. Process and water piping to shell-and-tube units shall be arranged to permit easy removal of shell covers, channel covers, channels, and bundles. (Clearance for equipment shall be as stipulated in EGE 16-B-1.) This shall be accomplished by providing a removable section of piping (other than at the block valve and blanking location). 8.1.4 For single-shell heat exchangers, all vent and drain connections shall be provided with valves equipped with plugs or blanks. Funnels and pipe shall be provided to drain oil and chemicals to suitable sewers. For self-draining, stacked exchanger installations, drain valves shall be installed in the piping below the lowest exchanger. See EGS 664.

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8.1.5

Requirements for water lines shall be as follows:

(a) Where practical, piping shall be arranged or check valves shall be properly located to permit water to remain in all units upon the loss of the cooling water supply. (b) In areas where freezing can occur, provision shall be made for draining all water from a blocked exchanger, and an NPS 1 valved bypass shall be installed to maintain flow in the water lines. (See EGE 00-S-3 A or B, detail "o.") The distance from the freeze protection bypass to the exchanger block valve shall be minimized. Drains shall be located as close as feasible to the block valves to obtain maximum drainage of the exchangers and piping. If feasible, backwash and drain connections shall be combined. 8.1.6 Thermowell and pressure gage connections shall normally be provided by the vendor in the exchanger nozzles. They shall, however, be installed in the piping adjacent to the nozzles and shall meet the requirements of EGE 16-B-10 when the exchanger nozzles are smaller than NPS 4 for thermowells and smaller than NPS 3 for pressure gage connections. 8.1.7 Symmetrical piping shall be used to keep the pressure drop equal in lines to and from exchangers operating in parallel. 8.1.8 It is preferred that all streams to be heated enter at the bottom of the exchanger and all streams to be cooled enter at the top of the exchanger. 8.1.9 Condenser piping shall be sized to provide sufficient velocity to carry condensate along with the vapors. Pockets shall be avoided in these lines. 8.1.10 A check valve shall be provided in the steam supply line to an exchanger if the steam side of the exchanger has a lower pressure than the other side. 8.2 8.2.1 Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Piping Header arrangements for air-cooled heat exchangers shall be as follows:

(a) Inlet piping to heat exchanger units made up of eight or more bays and with incoming two phase fluids in flow regimes other than the dispersed or bubble flow region shall have a symmetrical piping arrangement consisting of multiple cascading headers to equalize the flow to each bundle (see Figure 1). The header arrangement shall be subject to Mobil approval. (b) Headers for single-phase flows may be arranged as a simple rake- or comb-shaped manifold (see Figure 2) if the pressure drop ()Px) from the header inlet to the most distant nozzle of the last heat exchanger in the row is not greater than approximately one-ninth of the pressure drop ()Py) through that exchanger, including the branch piping. (c) (d) Other header arrangements shall require Mobil approval prior to use. Inlet and outlet headers shall not be located over or under the tube areas.

(e) Branch piping between the headers and the exchanger header boxes shall accommodate the thermal expansion of the headers. The centerline of each bay shall be assumed to be an anchor point. The piping design shall be coordinated with the exchanger designer.

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8.2.2 The branches to exchanger bays which may be removed from service for repair or cleaning while the unit is operating shall be provided with valves and spacers (or figure-8 blanks). Access to these valves and blanking locations shall be provided. The layout of headers and branches shall allow the removal of any header bundle or cleaning in place.

FIGURE 1 CASCADE ARRANGEMENT FOR HEATER

FIGURE 2 RAKE ARRANGEMENT FOR HEADER

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8.2.3 If steamout or wash is specified on the P&IDs for air-cooled heat exchangers, the requirements of Paragraph 9.4 shall apply. 8.2.4 Piping connections to split header bundles shall incorporate enough flexibility to accommodate the anticipated motion produced by differential temperatures within the bundle. 8.3 Plate Heat Exchanger Piping

8.3.1 If any connection to a plate exchanger is located on the removable cover plate, flanged piping sections shall be provided to allow cleaning. 8.3.2 Self-cleaning filters shall be provided in the inlet piping if the size of solid particles cannot be accommodated by the plate heat exchanger. 9. 9.1 VESSEL PIPING Arrangement

9.1.1 Piping at vessel nozzles shall be arranged so that blanks can be readily installed and valves easily removed for maintenance. Blanks weighing more than 34 kg (75 lb) shall be installed in the vertical plane. See EGE 16-B-1, Section 12. 9.1.2 For economy and ease of support, piping at towers should run parallel to and as close as feasible to the vessel. 9.1.3 The piping designer should coordinate piping requirements with the designers of the instruments, structures, and vessels to achieve the optimum nozzle location so that valves, instruments, and blanks are accessible from grade or platforms and do not obstruct passageways. Piping for level instruments shall conform to EGE 16-B-10. 9.1.4 Process requirements usually govern the location of the valves in vessel piping. However, block valves shall generally be provided at vessel nozzles for all piping connections, except as follows: (a) Connections for vapor and reboiler lines (unless the reboilers are in parallel and need to be cleaned onstream). (b) Connections for safety and relief valves (except as allowed by Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code). (c) (d) Connections for sidestream drawoff lines (except water drawoffs). Furnace transfer lines to vacuum vessels.

(e) Connections to lines containing block valves located within 9 m (30 ft) in a horizontal direction from the vessel nozzle. There is yet another consideration in determining where valves are needed: The rupture of a line connected below the vessels liquid level would drain the vessel unless there is an emergency valve at or near the vessel nozzle. Paragraph 9.2 contains the requirement for such emergency valves. 9.1.5 Valves, flanged joints, and threaded joints shall not be located inside vessel skirts.

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9.1.6 Piping connections shall not be made to manway covers, other than on coke drums. The bottom manway cover (or bottom head) on coke drums is the preferred location for the main charge, quench, and drain nozzles. 9.1.7 If at all feasible, strainers shall not be placed in vessels. However, if the strainer must be placed inside the vessel (such as a coker unit fractionator), it shall have a free area of at least ten times the cross-sectional area of the vessel nozzle. 9.2 Emergency Shutoff Valves

9.2.1 Emergency shutoff valves shall be provided on outlets below normal operating liquid levels on all process vessels where the volume of liquid exceeds 7.58 m (2000 US gal) in the bottom or side draws, and where one or more of the following conditions exist: (a) The liquid conforms to NFPA 321, Classes 1A and 1B. These classifications include liquids with a flash point below 23C (73 F) and a boiling point below 38C (100F) and liquids that are heated above their flash point. For complete specification refer to NFPA 321. (b) The temperature is 260C (500F) or higher.

(c) The pressure is 2070 kPag (300 psig) or greater. 9.2.2 Emergency shutoff valves shall be located as close to the vessel as feasible, but no farther than 9 m (30 ft) measured horizontally from the side of the vessel. The total pipe length from the nozzle to the valve shall not exceed 15 m (50 ft). 9.2.3 Emergency shutoff valves shall be operable from grade or platforms as follows:

(a) Access to a manually operated valve shall be considered adequate if it can be operated from a platform no more than 6 m (20 ft) above grade and access to the platforms is by stairway. Access to the platform by ladder shall not be permitted. (b) Valves NPS 8 and smaller may be manually operated. They may also be fitted with extension spindles or angle drives to fulfill the criteria of operability from grade. The use of chain wheels for this service shall be subject to Mobil approval. (c) Valves NPS 10 and larger shall be power-operated. Their controls shall be located in a place at grade safe from fire exposure. Protective devices (such as for overloads), that will trip if exposed to fire shall not be enclosed in the power operator. Electric cables, motor operators, diaphragm valve operators, pistons, and pilots on piston-operated valves shall be fireproofed in accordance with EGE 34-B-15. Stainless steel tubing shall be used in this service and need not be fireproofed. 9.2.4 A control valve shall satisfy the requirements for an emergency block valve if the following conditions are met: (a) (b) It is not equipped with a stop to prevent full closure. It meets the accessibility requirements of Paragraph 9.2.3(a).

(c) It meets the fire resistance requirements of Paragraph 9.2.3(c) or is designed to close on power failure. (d) It will close on failure of the air supply.

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(e)

It will provide a tight shutoff.

9.2.5 The pipe material and wall thickness from the vessel to the emergency block valve shall provide a corrosion resistance no less than that of the vessel or vessel liner. 9.2.6 Emergency shutoff valves need not be installed in thermo-syphon reboiler circuits if the corrosion resistance of the piping is not less than that of the vessel. 9.2.7 If liquid from a side draw pan flows into the bottom of a second vessel (such as a stripper), and the total liquid in the drawoff pan plus that in the bottom of the second vessel exceeds 7.58 m (2000 US gal), then an emergency valve shall be installed in the bottom outlet line on the second vessel provided one of the three conditions noted in Paragraph 9.2.1 exists. However, if a control valve in the side draw line between those vessels meets the requirements of Paragraph 9.2.4, an emergency block valve is not required in the second vessel outlet unless the liquid in the bottom of that vessel exceeds 7.58 m (2000 US gal). 9.2.8 Where a vessel outlet falls within the scope of Paragraph 9.2.1, and is divided into a manifold system of branches (each with a valve), the following shall apply: (a) An emergency block valve is not required if no more than two valves, meeting the requirements of Paragraph 9.2.3, are normally open. (b) An emergency block valve is required upstream of the manifold if three or more valves are normally open. 9.3 9.3.1 Vents and Drains Atmospheric vents from vessels shall be equipped with plugged or blinded block valves.

9.3.2 All vessel drains discharging into a sewer or open drain shall have permanent piping arranged to permit the visual observation of flow (if permitted by environmental rules). Drains shall be sized to provide vessel emptying times in accordance with EGE 12-B-1. 9.3.3 Drains used only during shutdown periods shall be provided with plugs or blanks. Vents and drains tied into closed drain systems shared with equipment of a higher working pressure shall be equipped with check valves. Vents and drains from equipment containing water or water vapor shall not be tied into low-temperature or LPG/LNG vent or drain systems. Subject to Mobil approval, small drain lines may be disconnected from valves when not in use and the valves plugged (see EGE 16-B-1, Section 14). Drain valves shall conform to the piping classification appropriate for the vessel service (see EGE 16-B-30). 9.3.4 Vent and drain connections shall be sized so that the water used for a hydrostatic test or for flushing may be drained off without pulling a vacuum. 9.3.5 9.4 Vessel drain lines shall not be used for steam-out connections. Steamout and Water Wash

9.4.1 If steamout is specified on the P&IDs, permanent NPS 1 or larger steamout connections shall be provided for all vessels not equipped with a process steam connection. Steamout connections shall consist of a block valve at the vessel, a flanged check valve, a removable spool with bleeder valve, and a second block valve. The vessel block valve and the check valve shall conform either to the piping classification appropriate for the vessel service or the steam piping classification, whichever is the more stringent. The steam-side block valve shall conform to the steam piping classification and may be the

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branch line valve at the steam header. Proper precautions shall be taken with vessels containing internals, such as desalters that may be damaged at steamout temperatures. Steam inlets to vessels shall be designed to be completely drained of condensate prior to being placed in service. 9.4.2 Process steam connections shall consist of a block valve at the vessel, a check valve, a spool with bleeder, and a single-seated automatic or manual control valve. A block valve shall also be installed at the steam header takeoff. 9.4.3 When required by the service, means shall be available for filling process equipment with water for washout. Normally, vessels shall not be permanently connected to a source of water. If a permanent connection is made, it shall be at the bottom of the vessel and shall be blanked off when the vessel is in operation. 9.5 Pumpout

9.5.1 Pumpout piping shall be provided for all vessels in accordance with the P&IDs. Where feasible, process pumps and lines shall be used for pumpout. 9.5.2 The pumpout header shall have a classification covering the highest temperature and pressure encountered in any branch connection, and shall be run at an elevation to permit gravity drainage from the vessel. 9.6 Relief Valve Piping

9.6.1 Relief valve piping shall meet the requirements of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It shall also conform to Section 16 of EGE 16-B-1. (Also see EGS 661.) 9.6.2 Three typical locations where the need for spare relief valves exists are: crude unit fractionation towers, the fractionator on catalytic cracking units, and LNG units. Other locations may also exist. These locations shall be provided with a sufficient number of relief valves so that, in the event of relief valve leakage, it will be possible to shut off the defective valve and replace it while the vessel is in service and still retain full calculated relieving capacity. To make such a replacement possible, it is necessary to provide a block valve upstream of each relief valve (and downstream, too, if connected to a closed flare system). Block valves shall be gate valves and shall be equipped with a padlock and chain or interlocking device. 10. 10.1 FIRED HEATER PIPING Process Piping

10.1.1 Lines in which coke formation is anticipated shall be designed and constructed to facilitate planned methods of mechanical cleaning. 10.1.2 Unless shown otherwise on the P&IDs permanent steam/air decoking connections shall be made to the process piping on heaters in crude, vacuum, coker, and visbreaker units. Dropout spools shall be provided for all decoking connections, except for those steam connections that are also installed for steamout operations. For more information, see EGS 403. 10.1.3 Blanks shall be provided at the inlet and outlet of each heater. On heaters with parallel coils (passes), blanks shall be required to separate the coils for decoking purposes. Each of the parallel coils shall require steam/air decoking connections. 10.1.4 The decoking manifold shall be located above the blowdown drum so that the effluent coke line can slope toward the drum. Steam and air valves shall be located near peep doors for tube observation.

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Spool pieces shall be installed at heater inlet and outlet connections to provide observation of coke buildup in heater tubes. 10.1.5 When not provided on the heater coils, flanged vent and drain connections (NPS 1 minimum) shall be installed in the piping. These connections shall be equipped with a valve and a blind flange. If feasible, these connections shall be utilized for pressure testing the coils. 10.1.6 A check valve shall be installed at the tower or reactor end of the transfer lines to prevent backflow if a heater tube ruptures on catalytic hydrodesulfurization (CHD), hydrotreater, or hydrocracker units. A check valve shall be provided at other locations or units if shown on the P&IDs. Trim and other details for transfer line valves shall be subject to Mobil approval. Check valves shall be designed to be fully open against their stop during normal operation. The valve vendor should be informed of mass flow requirements. The valve shall be installed in horizontal piping as near to the reactor as possible. The location shall be selected to assure unobstructed access from the tower or reactor platform. The transfer-line check valve shall be a swing check valve with buttweld ends, a bolted cover, no external moving parts, and a valve body thickness conforming to API 600. The seating facings, pivot pins, pivot pin bushings, and disc center pivot surfaces shall be hard-faced. 10.1.7 Facilities shall be provided to shut down the heater or fired reboiler feed and recycle streams from the control room and from at least 15 m (50 ft) away from the heater or reboiler. Manual shutdown valves may be provided if they are less than NPS 8 and are at least 15 m (50 ft) from the heater or fired reboiler. See EGE 32-B-15. 10.1.8 If blowdown facilities are required by the P&IDs, blowdown valves shall be sized for a flow area approximately equal to that of the largest tube in the coil, but shall be not smaller than NPS 2. Where there is a likelihood of coke formation, manually operated valves shall be of the globe type with the pressure against the bottom of the disc. 10.2 10.2.1 Burner Fuel Piping Generally, burner fuel piping shall conform to the following:

(a) Heaters shall have manual burner control valves for fuel oil, fuel gas, and steam. Burner control valves shall be located so that adjustments can be made while observing the flame from a working level without entering the area beneath the heater. (For additional information refer to EGE 11-B-1.) The piping arrangement shall also be designed to allow easy access for burner tip cleaning. (b) On all heaters and fired reboilers, burner and pilot safety shutoff valve actuation shall be at least 15 m (50 ft) away from and adjacent to the purge steam actuation, in accordance with EGE 32-B-15. For additional information, see EGS 626, 629, and 643. 10.2.2 Requirements for fuel oil piping shall be as follows:

(a) The arrangement of the fuel oil system shall be as specified on the P&IDs. The fuel oil piping system shall include all mains, headers, burner leads, atomizing steam systems, and valves. (b) Fuel oil headers shall be circulated, self-cleaning, and void of dead ends. All residual fuel oil lines shall be heat traced and insulated. For additional information, see EGS 551. (c) The fuel oil header at each heater shall be located at an elevation above the burners, with globe-type burner line valves connected to the side or top of the header and the lines draining to the burners.

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(d) If provided, atomizing steam for burners shall be supplied from a pressure-controlled header that is properly drained and trapped to prevent condensate from entering the burners. When steamout connections are specified, they shall be provided for each burner oil line adjacent to the oil valve. Lines to burners shall be run from the top of the steam header. (e) Piping arrangements for steam atomization shall incorporate safeguards to prevent fuel oil from entering the steam system. Unless otherwise specified, a ball check valve shall be installed in each steam connection at the burner, with the valve in the up-flow position. 10.2.3 Requirements for fuel gas piping shall be as follows.

(a) The arrangement of the fuel gas system shall be as specified on the P&IDs. The fuel gas piping system shall include all mains, headers, burner leads, and valves. The system shall be provided with a visual site drain and generously sized connections to the closed drain system. (b) Fuel gas lines shall be heat traced and insulated from the unit knockout (KO) pot to the burner unless stated otherwise in the project specifications. (c) Gas distribution headers at heaters shall be arranged for uniform distribution, with burner line valves connected to the top of the header. The headers may be located at an elevation above or below the burners to suit the individual condition. However, access to the burners shall not be obstructed. (See EGE 11-B-1, Paragraph 4.9.6, and EGE 16-B-1, Paragraph 8.2). Drains shall be installed at low points on the headers and on the leads from the header to the burners. The pilot lightoff valves shall be accessible while using the burning pilot port (see Figure 3). Valves for throttling fuel gas shall be of the globe or needle design. The fuel gas lead valve shall be a rotating disc valve. The remainder shall be ball valves. A block and bleed valve (with blank) shall be provided in the fuel gas line to each heater.

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(d)

Bypass valves at the automatic control valves shall be of the V-port globe or rotating disc type.

10.2.4 Control valves for the manual regulation of fuel shall be in accordance with the requirements of EGE 11-B-1, Paragraph 4.10.7. 10.3 Utilities Piping

Purge and steamout lines to heaters (see Paragraphs 10.3.1 and 10.3.2) shall be supplied from a remote manifold located at grade level and in a "safe" area. A trap shall be installed on the steam header. Block and bleed valves shall be installed on each line to the heater. The manifold shall be located a minimum of 15 m (50 ft) horizontally from the nearest purge steam discharge point.

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10.3.1 Emergency purging steam lines, if required by the project specifications, shall be piped to header boxes and combustion chambers so that purge steam can be applied separately and equally to each box or chamber. Each valve shall be identified at the remote header in relation to the header box or combustion chamber it supplies. Purge steam to header boxes is required only if welded return bends are not used. 10.3.2 Permanently piped steamout connections shall be provided to the inlet and outlet of each heater pass containing liquids or liquid/gas mixtures. Steam at 690 to 1380 kPag (100 to 200 psig) shall be used. A check valve and double blocks with bleed valve shall be provided at all steamout connections. (From the heater coil, the arrangement shall be block valve, bleeder, check valve, block valve. The final block valve may be omitted if the steam pressure will at all times be higher than the process pressure.) 10.3.3 A properly trapped service steam loop shall be installed around each heater (to supply steam utility stations at grade) and on all working platform levels. The number and locations of steam hose stations shall be as stated in the project specifications. Sootblowers, if installed, shall be supplied with a block and bleed valve at the steam connection to the blower. 10.4 Header Box Drains

Drain lines (NPS 2, minimum) from each header box shall be piped to an oily water sewer. 11. PRESSURE STORAGE VESSEL PIPING

11.1 Flanged joints shall be minimized under the storage vessel. Atmospheric vents and drains shall be located or piped so that, if they leak and ignite, the flames will not impinge on the storage vessel. 11.2 Fill and suction lines shall be provided with remotely operated shutoff valves, and these shutoffs shall have locally operated emergency overrides. 11.3 Unless otherwise approved by Mobil, all butane and propane storage vessels shall be provided with a sufficient number of relief valves so that, in the event of relief valve leakage, it will be possible to shut off the defective valve and replace it while the vessel is in service and still retain full calculated relieving capacity. Each relief valve shall be provided with an upstream block valve (Orbit or equivalent tight shutoff), and a downstream block valve, too, if connected to a closed system. Each block valve shall be equipped with a padlock and chain or interlocking device. 11.4 In areas where freezing is likely, water drawoff piping, arranged as shown in Figure 4, shall be provided for storage spheres. If the vessel is provided with a boot, the water drawoff shall be connected to the bottom and provided with double block valves. The boot and all associated piping shall be heat traced. 12. ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANK PIPING

12.1 All storage tank nozzles below the roof line shall be equipped with a steel block valve, unless otherwise approved by Mobil. Filling shall always be from the bottom and tanks shall always be grounded to prevent fires caused by static electricity.

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12.2 The layout of water drawoff piping shall be in accordance with EGE 14-S-3. Piping components shall be in accordance with EGE 16-B-30. 12.3 Storage tank piping shall be designed to accommodate any expected tank settlement, thermal expansion, and seismic load without overstressing the tank or the piping. The layout and arrangement requirements in Section 8 of EGE 16-B-1 apply. 12.4 To eliminate poor drainage, which may result in water hammer or freeze-up, vacuum breakers shall be installed on immersion-type steam coils in storage tanks where the steam flow to the coil is controlled by a modulating control valve.

FIGURE 4 SPHERE WATER DRAWOFF PIPING