SQL Functions

SQL FUNCTIONS
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Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 SQL Aggregate Functions
1.2 SQL Scalar Functions
1.2.1 LOWER
1.2.2 UPPER
1.2.3 SUBSTR
1.2.4 CONCAT
1.2.5 REPLACE
1.2.6 LENGTH
1.2.7 TRIM
1.2.8 LTRIM
1.2.9 RTRIM
1.2.10 ROUND
1.2.11 FLOOR
1.2.12 SYSDATE
1.2.13 ADD_MONTH
1.2.14 LAST_DAY
1.2.15 MONTHS_BETWEEN
1.2.16 Next_DAY
1.2.17 TO_CHAR
1.2.18 TO_DATE
1.Introduction
SQL has many built-in functions for performing calculations on data.
There are two main Categories of SQL Functions:
1.1 SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a
column in table.
Some Aggregate Functions are:
AVG() - Returns the average value
COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
MAX() - Returns the largest value
MIN() - Returns the smallest value
SUM() - Returns the sum value
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2 SQL Scalar Functions
SQL scalar functions return a single value, based on the input value.
Note: These scalar functions may have different names & syntax in different
DBMS packages. So developers have to refer the respective DBMS manual
for more information about functions.
Here we will discuss some Scalar Functions based on Oracle DBMS package.
1.2.1 LOWER
It returns the char, with all letters to lower case.
SELECT LOWER('INDIA') FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
LOWER
India
1.2.2 UPPER
It returns the char, with all letters to upper case.
SELECT UPPER('india') FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
UPPER
INDIA
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.3 SUBSTR
It returns the substring from char.
SELECT SUBSTR('Oxygen',3,4) FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
SUBS
ygen
1.2.4 CONCAT
It converts the two strings into a single string.
SELECT CONCAT('STR','ING') FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
CONCAT
STRING
1.2.5 REPLACE
It replaces one char with another.
SELECT REPLACE('POLY','STER') "REPLACE"
FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
REPL
POLY
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.6 LENGTH
It returns the length (numeric) of a given char.
SELECT LENGTH('POLYSTER') "LEN" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
LEN
8
1.2.7 TRIM
Removes all specified characters either from beginning or ending of a string, By
default it removes white spaces from both ends of string.
SELECT TRIM(BOTH,'a' FROM 'australia') "TRIM"
FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
TRIM
ustrali
1.2.8 LTRIM
It removes specified characters from left side of a string. By default it removes white
space from left of a string.
SELECT LTRIM('australia','a') "LTRIM" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
LTRIM
ustralia
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.9 RTRIM
It removes specified characters from right side of a string. By default it removes white
space from right of a string.
SELECT RTRIM('obelisk','k') "RTRIM" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
RTRIM
obelis
1.2.10 ROUND
It returns n rounded to integer places to the right of the decimal point.
SELECT ROUND(14.183,1) "ROUND" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
ROUND
14.2
1.2.11 FLOOR
It returns n rounded to integer places to the right of the decimal point.
SELECT FLOOR(13.7) "FLOOR" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
FLOOR
13
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.12 SYSDATE
It returns the current date / time from Oracle system time.
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
SYSDATE
01-JAN-11
1.2.13 ADD_MONTH
It returns date after adding number of months to the specified date.
SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,2)"Month Add"
FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
SYSDATE
01-MAR-11
1.2.14 LAST_DAY
It returns the last date of month specified with the function.
SELECT SYSDATE,LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
SYSDATE LAST_DAY
01-JAN-11 31-JAN-11
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.15 MONTHS_BETWEEN
It returns the number Of month between two dates.
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-MAR-2011',SYSDATE)
"Months_Between" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
Months_Between
2
1.2.16 Next_DAY
It returns the date of the upcoming week day named by char parameter followed by
date parameter.
SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'WEDNESDAY')
"NXT UP WED" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
NXT UP WED
5-JAN-11
1.2.17 TO_CHAR
It retrieves the date in a format different from the default format.
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MM-YYYY')
"UK DATE" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
UK DATE
01-01-2011
SQL FUNCTIONS
1.2.18 TO_DATE
It converts the char value to date value.
SELECT TO_DATE('2/1/2011','DD/MM/YY')
"ORCL FORMAT" FROM DUAL;
Query Result:
ORCL FORMAT
02-JAN-11
SQL FUNCTIONS
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