Module: IV Mine Fan - General

Dr. Nuhindro Priagung Widodo

Teknik Pertambangan
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan, Institut Teknologi Bandung
2009
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1
Mine Ventilation
Isi
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1. Pengertian dan istilah
2. Klasifikasi dan cara kerja alat ventilasi mekanis
- Fan sentrifugal
- Fan axial
- Mixed-flow fan
3. Kurva karakteristik fan
4. Hukum-hukum fan
Klasifikasi alat ventilasi mekanis
untuk Tambang
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Fans Centrifugal Radial tip
Forward curved
Backward curved
Axial Flow Tube-axial
Vane-axial
Compressors Centrifugal
Axial Flow
Positive displacement Rotary
Axial Flow
Injectors Cylindrical
Conical
Venturi
Fan
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Axial fan
Centrifugal fan
Tube-fan
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Mixed-flow fan
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Axial fan
Centrifugal fan
Variable/adjustable Pitch Fan
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Compressed-air injectors
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ASSESSMENT OF FANS AND BLOWERS
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What is fan efficiency / performance?
Fan efficiency is the ratio between the power transferred to the air stream
and the power delivered by the motor to the fan. The power of the
airflow is the product of the pressure and the flow, corrected for unit
consistency.
Another term for efficiency that is often used with fans is static efficiency,
which uses static pressure instead of total pressure in estimating the
efficiency. When evaluating fan performance, it is important to know
which efficiency term is being used.
The fan efficiency depends on the type of fan and impeller. As the flow rate
increases, the efficiency increases to certain height (peak efficiency)
and then decreases with further increasing flow rate. The peak efficiency
ranges for different types of centrifugal and axial fans.
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Penempatan Fan
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2. Forcing system
3. Exhausting system
Fan
Outlet unit
Outlet unit
Fan
1. Fan with inlet-outlet duct
Fan sentrifugal
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Backward bladed-Centrifugal Impeller
Velocity and Total Pressure
of Centrifugal Fan
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a. Radial tip b. Forward-curved c. Backward-curved
V
a
=V
t
+ V
r
cot q (m/s)
P
t
= r V
t
(V
t
+ V
r
cot q)
V
t
tangential velocity of blade
V
a
tangential velocity of air
U velocity of air relative to the blade
V absolute velocity of the air
qblade angle in degrees
n fan speed in rpm
D diameter impeller plus blade
Q quantity of air
P
t
total pressure (Pa)
P
t
= r V
t
(V
t
- V
r
cot q) P
t
= r V
t
V
a
P
t
= r V
t
2
V
t
= pDn/60 (m/s)
V
r
= Q/A (m/s)
Theoretical Centrifugal Fan
Characteristic Curves
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Actual Centrifugal Fan Characteristic
Curves
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Axial Fan
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P
t
= r V
t
(V
1
V
2
)
Typical Axial Fan Characteristic
Curves
V
t
tangential velocity of blade
(V
1
V
2
) change in the rotational component
of the absolute velocity.
(V
1
V
2
) is varies along radius.
Fan Laws
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Perubahan blade angle terhadap kurva
karakteristik fan dan total efisiensi
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Perubahan blade
angle terhadap kurva
karakteristik fan dan
Fan Power
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Contoh fan
technical
specification
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Contra-rotating axial fan
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A modification of the axial-flow fan. It consists of two impellers with aerofoil shaped blades that
rotate in opposite directions. The drive is by means of a single motor through differential gears,
or two separate motors, one for each impeller. They are placed in the airstream and act as
streamlined hubs. These fans are available for auxiliary ventilation in mines.
Single vs. Contra-rotating axial fan
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Fan kombinasi: Series
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Fan kombinasi: Paralel
Typical pressure gradient
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Fan Evases
and Diffusers
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Re (m) Ae (m
2
) Teta Conv. Eff. Q v
Desain L (m) L/Rf Rf (m) Af (m
2
) Ae/Af (deg) m3/s m/s Hv (Pa) Hr (Pa) Pr (kW)
A 6.72 6 2 12.57 3.19 7.46 0.6 70 5.57 18.62 102.42 7.17
1.12 3.94 70 17.76 189.31
B 3.36 3 1.3 5.31 1.35 3.07 0.87 70 13.18 104.30 73.96 5.18
1.12 3.94 70 17.76 189.31
(Pa)
(Pa)
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Air Demand for Stoping and
Development
42
Stoping Development
No. Description
Unit Q Q Q total
kW (m
3
/min) (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s)
1 Mining equipment
1.1 Toro 6 loader 136 489.6 8.2
1.2 Truck; EJC 417 156 561.6 9.4
1.2 Jumbo (electric) 0 0 0.0
17.5
2 Underground Miners
2.1 Operator 3 18 0.3
2.2 Non operator 4 24 0.4
0.7
Air Requirement 18.2
Drilling and Mucking at Stope No. Description
Unit Q Q Q total
kW (m
3
/min) (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s)
1 Mining equipment
1.3 Dozer 50 180 3.0
1.4 Elphinstone;1300 136 489.6 8.2
1.5 Shotcreting; 136 489.6 8.2
1.6 Agitator; mariner 55 114 410.4 6.8
26.2
2 Underground Miners
2.1 Operator 4 24 0.4
2.2 Non operator 8 48 0.8
1.2
Air Requirement 27.4
Development
Total Air Demand
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Air requirement per unit

diesel equipment 0.06 m
3
/s/kW
human 0.1 m
3
/s/man
room 0.25 m
3
/s/m
2
area

No. Description
Unit Q Q Q total Unit Q Q Q total
kW (m
3
/min) (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s) kW (m
3
/min) (m
3
/s) (m
3
/s)
1 Mining equipment
1.1 Toro 6 loader 136 489.6 8.2 136 489.6 8.2
1.2 Truck; EJC 417 156 561.6 9.4 156 561.6 9.4
1.3 Dozer (?) 50 180 3.0 50 180 3.0
1.4 Elphinstone;1300 136 489.6 8.2 136 489.6 8.2
1.5 Shotcreting; 1 & 2 (?) 136 489.6 8.2 136 489.6 8.2
1.6 Agitator; mariner 55 114 410.4 6.8 114 410.4 6.8
43.7 43.7
2 Underground Miners
2.1 Operator 7 42 0.7 7 42 0.7
2.2 Non operator 12 72 1.2 12 72 1.2
1.9 1.9
3 Compressor 0.0 0.0
4 Workshop 0.0 0.0
Air Requirement 45.6 45.6
54.70 losses 20% 54.70
Cikoneng Cibitung
Fan curves
44

Cikoneng

Cibitung

Difficulties in assessing the
performance of fans and blowers
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In practice certain difficulties have to be faced when assessing the fan and blower performance,
some of which are explained below:
Non-availability of fan specification data: Fan specification data (see Worksheet 1) are
essential to assess the fan performance. Most of the industries do not keep these data
systematically or have none of these data available at all. In these cases, the percentage of fan
loading with respect to flow or pressure can not be estimated satisfactorily. Fan specification
data should be collected from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and kept on
record.
Difficulty in velocity measurement: Actual velocity measurement becomes a difficult task in
fan performance assessment. In most cases the location of duct makes it difficult to take
measurements and in other cases it becomes impossible to traverse the duct in both directions.
If this is the case, then the velocity pressure can be measured in thecenter of the duct and
corrected by multiplying it with a factor 0.9.
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Improper calibration of the pitot tube, manometer,
anemometer & measuring instruments: All instruments and
other power measuring instruments should be calibrated correctly
to avoid an incorrect assessment of fans and blowers.
Assessments should not be carried out by applying correction
factors to compensate for this.
Variation of process parameters during tests: If there is a
large variation of process parameters measured during test
periods, then the performance assessment becomes
unreliable.
Choose the right fan
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Important considerations when selecting a fan are (US DOE,
1989):
Noise
Rotational speed
Air stream characteristics
Temperature range
Variations in operating conditions
Space constraints and system layout
Purchase costs, operating costs (determined by efficiency and
maintenance), and operating life
Maintain fans regularly
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Regular maintenance of fans is important to maintain their
performance levels. Maintenance activities include (US DOE,
1989):
Periodic inspection of all system components
Bearing lubrication and replacement
Belt tightening and replacement
Motor repair or replacement
Fan cleaning
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