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e
T
1 10 200 210 100 31.25 5.03 0.16 0.002 0.0004 0.0009
2 20 200 220 100 20.72 7.57 0.36 0.002 0.0009 0.0018
3 40 200 240 100 14.31 10.05 0.70 0.003 0.0018 0.0035
Table 1 100mm distance
No Hanger
Mass (g)
Mass
on the
Rod (g)
Total
Mass
(g)
Position
(mm)
Time
(s)
Inertia
(I)
e
T
1 10 200 210 150 44.97 4.97 0.11 0.005 0.0006 0.0009
2 20 200 220 150 29.07 5.74 0.20 0.005 0.0011 0.0018
3 40 200 240 150 20.31 8.73 0.43 0.006 0.0025 0.0035
Table 2 - 150mm distance
No Hanger
Mass (g)
Mass
on the
Rod (g)
Total
Mass
(g)
Position
(mm)
Time
(s)
Inertia
(I)
e
T
1 10 200 210 200 59.56 3.12 0.05 0.009 0.0005 0.0009
2 20 200 220 200 38.75 4.27 0.11 0.009 0.001 0.0018
3 40 200 240 200 26.65 8.38 0.31 0.01 0.0032 0.0035
Table 3 - 200mm distance
6
Graph 1 - Graph of Inertia versus Length
Graph 2 - Graph of Inertia versus Total Mass
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.2 0.3 0.4
I
n
e
r
t
i
a
Length
Graph of Inertia versus Length
100 mm
150 mm
200 mm
100 mm
150 mm
200 mm
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.21
0.22
0.24
I
n
e
r
t
i
a
Total Mass
Graph of Inertia versus Total Mass
100 mm
150 mm
200 mm
7
3.2 Discussion
Theoretical value of the torque can be calculated by using the following equations:
, where
Where r is radius of the spindle; F is driving force; is 90 since the thread is
perpendicular to the radius of the spindle; m is the total mass of slotted masses and
hanger; and g is the gravitational acceleration.
The moment of inertia can be calculated by measuring the distances to the masses on
the crossbar using the following equation:
Where M
Rod
is the mass of the crossbar; M
weights
is the total mass of the weight discs; L is
the distance to the masses on the crossbar; and R is the radius of weight discs.
The practical torque can finally be calculated using the following equation:
Where I is the moment of inertia and is the angular acceleration.
Based on the equations above, whenever the hanger mass increases, angular
acceleration will increase and also gravitational force which acting on the spindle will
increases. Whether the moment of inertia increase it not depends on the mass on the
rod and position of the mass. An increase of mass on the rod and position of the mass
causes an increase of moment of inertia. As the torque is constant throughout the
experiment, the angular acceleration will decrease in exchange moment of inertia
increases. The angular velocity needs to be decreases as the torque depends on the
moment of inertia and angular acceleration, and angular acceleration depends on
angular velocity. In result, bigger moment of inertia, higher torque is needed.
(2)
(1)
8
On the other hand, increasing the distance of the weight discs from the main axle
results in a higher moment of inertia, just like when heavier mass is used when the
distance to the axle is kept constant. It can also be observed that an increase in hanger
mass affects the angular acceleration; it increases proportionally to the angular velocity.
This is shown by the increase in theoretical and practical torques calculated from the
experiment. However, we need to consider the errors in the calculated values from the
data obtained, it is likely that human reaction time contributes to some errors during
the process of data recording. Average human reaction time can significantly error the
experiment results, this is shown when a human chooses a specific mark to determine
when the crossbar makes a full 360 rotation.
The inconsistencies of the calculated theoretical and practical torque values is likely due
to the inefficiency in the conversion of driving force to rotational torque. A number of
factors contribute into this efficiency, such as friction in the axle and air resistance. This
reduces the amount of potential energy converted into kinetic energy, and the rest of
the energy that is not converted into kinetic is converted into other forms of energy
such as heat and sound.
4.0 CONCLUSIONS
It is shown that based on the calculated values of theoretical and practical torques,
increasing the mass of the hanger and thus the driving force, increases the magnitude of
rotational torque. Also, an increase in the mass of weight discs and the distance
between the mounted weight discs and the crossbar produces higher inertia, hence less
torque.
Graph 1 shows that the relationship between inertia and the distance between weight
discs and the crossbar is quite linear. Same condition appears on Graph 2, when
describing the relationship between inertia and total mass.
9
Graph 2 shows that while an increase in distance between the weight discs to the
crossbar does results in similar increase in inertia, only an increase in the mass of the
weight discs will produce a similar effect. Adding weight to the hanger does not affect
the moment of inertia of the crossbar due to the weight of the hanger just to provide a
driving force to spin the crossbar, which was consistent given that only masses affixed to
the crossbar would affect its inertia.
REFERENCES
1. Taylors Laboratory Handbook
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis.
3. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter10.rhtml
4. http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/581/RotationalMotion.html