1 Outline principles that dene the sociocultural level of analysis
Focuses solely on the role of individual Recognize: human behavior can only be fully understood if the social context in which behavior occurred is taken into account Principles - (assumptions) 1. Social animals with a need to belong - biological and cognitive systems cognitive systems that make up the individual are embedded in an even larger system of interrelationships with other individuals Stanford Prison experiment 2. Culture inuences behavior - can be dened as the norms and values that dene a society Milgram study 3. Social self which reects group members - people do not only have an individual identity, but a collective or social one -The way you behave in a social context Roles: students, seniors, eldest/youngest, son/daughter, brother/sister, friend, mentor, religion, gender, race, age (generation), athlete Factors - Situational - to do with external factors Dispositional - do with personal (internal) factors 4.1.2 Explain how principles that dene the sociocultural level of analysis may be demonstrated in research through theories and/or studies 4.1.3 Discuss how and why particular research methods are used in the sociocultural level of analysis Case study -can be related to the other studies -subjective and limited -any individual might not act the same way even though they are in the same culture -limited in the ability to be generalized -low generalize ability -a lot of people in the group -too much data, not practical +can be related to a larger grip +richness of the information Quasi Experiment Explanation: naturally occurred di"erence, do not manipulate the variable +can use a culture as a quasi variable +can compared between cultures, generalize? +how each culture inuence di"erent individuals +the extent to which it is cultural bound/universal +organized exp. by the cultural dimensions +signicant di"erences between individuals in each culture +relate to how culture inuences behavior -doesnt give a huge richness of data -doesnt tell anything about specic individual Observations +high level of ecological validity +rich data +can study social behavior -researcher bias -cant truly observe the culture because you are bound by your own culture -Hawthorne e"ect (participants bias) -overt(informing)/covert (undercover) issue -ethics -is it important to justify the results gained +best way to get results +many di"erent ways to go about in di"erent studies -eg. participants/non-participants Interviewing -reliable? -the truth, might not get an accurate data Questionnaires -the Hawthorne e"ects -no observer -observer&researcher a"ect +everyone can do it +lesser validity issue +can be anonymous 4.1.4 Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis Evaluate studies strength of the study analysis G eneralizability R eliability A pplicability V alidity E thics Discuss the study M ethodology C ulture E thics G enders Generalization: -prisoner raised against the guards (real and one of them in the experiment) -subjective gender role -culture, age, gender bound -uniform, condition and treatment -symbolism -applied to real conditions Applicability -uniform, condition and treatment -symbolism -applied to real conditions Reliability - Validity -in their role until were told to reect Ethics -too into the role -affected the relationships with parents and children afterwards -bad treatment -emotions intensity -forced to do things without control Dimensions of Cultures Geert Hofstede (1980) -dimensions of culture -depends on time and place product or witness to a culture There are 5 dimensions: 1. Power distance a. (distance between people who lead the country, normal) 2. individual/collectivist a. individualist-decisions are made from individual to context 3. long/short term orientation a. decision making 4. masculine/feminine 5. uncertainty avoidance How to use dimensions of culture to understand the role of culture 1. culture bound study on behavior -> conclusions 2. Attach study to one dimensions of culture 3. Repeat the study on other culture 4. Compare results b. no signicant di"erence=human characteristic c. signicant di"erence=culture inuence certain types of behavior Generalizability: -large sample size, 88000 from around the world -high number, vast population -culture varied Reliability: -easily copied -everybody works for IBM in di"erent countries, di"erent kinds of people Applicability: -very good, anonymity, di#cult to generalize because of di"erences in agree and strongly agree Validity: -exclude some countries