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Coral Health and Disease in the face of climate change. Coral mucus inhibits growth of many bacteria. Corals are more susceptible to disease during warming trends.
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09 Ritchie Coral Health and Disease in the Face of Climate Change
Coral Health and Disease in the face of climate change. Coral mucus inhibits growth of many bacteria. Corals are more susceptible to disease during warming trends.
Coral Health and Disease in the face of climate change. Coral mucus inhibits growth of many bacteria. Corals are more susceptible to disease during warming trends.
Kim B. Ritchie Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota Florida Coral-Symbiodinium-Bacterial Interactions Coral algal endosymbiont = Zooxanthellae = Symbiodinium spp. Vibrio shifts Microbial Shift During Bleaching R e l a t i v e
%
Before bleaching During bleaching Bleached During recovery Completely recovered Ritchie and Smith, 2004
Ritchie (2006) MEPS 322:1-14 Mucus from the elkhorn coral inhibits the growth of many bacteria Growth medium Growth medium +Sterile Mucus Control mucus treated Measure growth inhibition on mucus-treated plates Mucus Inhibition Range Coral mucus is active against Gram negative and Gram positive tester strains
E. coli, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella, Shigella
MRSA, MSSA, VRE, Enterococcus facaelis, E.coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella, Serratia marcescens Agrobacterium tumefaciens Antibiotic producers Of 776 tested, roughly 20% of cultured isolates produce antibacterials against one or more tester strains
Potentially a much higher percentage Ritchie (2006) Shnit-Orland and Kushmaro (2008) Impact of Seasonality on Bacterial dynamics in Acropora palmata
Mucus from A. palmata has antibiotic activity that is lost when temperatures increase
A. palmata harbors antibiotic- producing bacteria that are lost or replaced by potentially pathogenic bacteria as temps increase
Ritchie (2006) MEPS 322:1-14
May explain why corals are more susceptible to disease during warming trends
Coral Surface
coral surface mucus layer water column Coral Surface
coral surface mucus layer water column Increased Sea Surface Temperature
Increase in diseases and bleaching
( ( ) ) ( ) (1 ) N P S P P S S dN N I b A P b S N dt K N b A PN dP I P dt K N b SN dS S dt K N b SN dA A dt K N
Mao-Jones et al, 2010, PLoS Biology
, P S b b
: maximum growth rates of pathogen and beneficial bacteria.
K : half-saturation constant for nutrient uptake
: mucus sloughing-off rate
: fraction of nutrient uptake that beneficial bacteria use to make antibiotics. Impact of seasonality on pathogen dynamics 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 A p r - 0 5 M a y - 0 5 J u n - 0 5 J u l - 0 5 A u g - 0 5 S e p - 0 5 1 / 1 / 2 0 0 6 F e b - 0 6 M a r - 0 6 A p r - 0 6 M a y - 0 6 J u n - 0 6 J u l - 0 6 A u g - 0 6 %
V i b r i o s 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 S e a
S u r f a c e
T e m p
C % Vibrios in mucus % Vibrios in water column mean SST Hysteresis - pathogen adherence to and overgrowth in mucus results in pathogen persistence even after conditions return to favorable conditions for healthy state microbiota Point Suggests a lag time in actual coral recovery after a warming event.
May explain why corals are more susceptible to disease during, and after, a warming trend
Antibiotic contributions to coral mucus?
Coral Host? Bacteria? Symbiodinium??? Symbiodinium spp. endosymbionts of many marine organisms clams anemones Jellyfish Foraminifera, and others
Subdivided into clades A, B, C, D, E, F, etc Appear evolutionarily distinct Different host niches Functionally diverse Symbiodinium can be cultured outside of the coral host Plus antibiotics Minus antibiotics (Or over time) No growth Growth Culturable bacteria associated with Symbiodinium cultures B1 Marine Agar GASWA Marine Agar GASWA C1 D2 F2 A1 E1 Groups based on both culture and molecular methods
Bacterial Groups Symbiodinium Clades Roseobacter Clade A1, B1, C1, D1a, D2, E1, F2 Marinobacters A1, B1, C1, D1a, D2, E1, F2 a CFB Group A1, B1, C1, D2, F2
a Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) Growth Curve -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time elapsed after treatment (hrs) P e r c e n t
c h a n g e
i n
c e l l
d e n s i t y
Control Antibiotic Roseobacter Marinobacter Hours C e l l
C o u n t s
Bacillus Many Roseobacters produce antimicrobial compounds Roseobacters are likely to be important in coral biology Are there roles for native bacteria in coral health? Teplitski and Ritchie, 2009 Trends in Ecology and Evolution Teplitski and Ritchie, TREE 2010 Antimicrobial functions on coral surfaces Experiments show that signals regulating microbiota are produced in situ
Inhibit swarming and biofilm formation in a coral pathogen, Serratia marscecens
Coral and Symbiodinium associated bacteria can inhibit swarming and biofilm formation in coral pathogens Alagely, Krediet, Ritchie, Teplitski. ISME J. 2011 reverse-phase C18 Si or HP20SS resin Biocontrol with native coral bacteria Alagely, Krediet, Ritchie, Teplitski. ISME J. in press Control PDL 100 PDL100 Marino PDL100 Roseo Marino Roseo Model polyp Aiptasia pallida
What about bacteria in early life stages of corals? Broadcast Spawners Brooders External fertilization Internal fertilization Planula larvae (from Ritson-Williams et al. 2009) Most corals acquire bacteria during early life stages Most corals do not acquire bact until post-settlement stages (Sharp et al., 2010)
Roseobacter clade bacteria are consistently present in early life stages of many corals (Apprill et al, 2009; Ceh et al., 2010; Littman et al., 2011; Sharp et al., 2011) (Sharp, et al., 2010) At Least Two Groups of Bacteria Are Consistently Associated P. astreoides Larvae (Sharp et al., 2011) Coral-associated Roseobacter clade (RCA) Coral-associated Marinobacter sp. Two groups of bacteria present across all sampled larvae 4 years of sampling 3 locations across the Caribbean full coverage of early development (from newly released until post-settlement)
SUGGESTS BACTERIA ARE TRANSMITTED VERTICALLY (parentally) IN BROODING CORALS
Microbial biofilms are necessary for larval settlement (Sharp and Ritchie, 2012) Scoring Settlement of P. astreoides Swimming planula
Swimming but metamorphosed
Attached, settled, and metamorphosed 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 SW Control MB Control Roseivivax Marinobacter Pseudoalteromonas M e a n
P e r c e n t
S e t t l e m e n t
Specific bacteria encourage coral Porites astreoides larval settlement n = 10 20 larvae per dish Bars: SE Bacteria mediate larval settlement in several coral species All Symbiodinium-associated Roseobacters tested produce Gene Transfer Agents
All Symbiodinium-associated alpha-proteobacteria tested produce Gene Transfer Agents
(McDaniel et al, in review) Gene Transfer Agents (GTAs) Resemble bacteriaphage
Package random pieces of host genome
First described in 1974 in Rhodobacter capsulata
Present in many alpha- proteobacteria
Gene Transfer Agents (GTAs) Found in genomes of many marine Alpha-Proteobacteria
Host Specificity Factor (?) o x i d o r e d u c t a s e ,
F A D - b i n d i n g
p r o t e i n
P u t a t i v e
l a r g e
t e r m i n a s e
p o r t a l
p r o t e i n ,
H K 9 7
f a m i l y
p r o t e i n
C O G 1 1 9 6
C h r o m o s o m e
s e g r e g a t i o n
A T P a s e s
p h a g e
p r o h e a d
p r o t e a s e ,
H K 9 7
f a m i l y
p r o t e i n
m a j o r
c a p s i d
p r o t e i n ,
H K 9 7
f a m i l y
p r o t e i n
h e a d - t a i l
a d a p t o r ,
p u t a t i v e
m a j o r
t a i l
p r o t e i n ,
T P 9 0 1 - 1
f a m i l y
p r o t e i n
p u t a t i v e
p h a g e
t a i l
m i n o r
p r o t e i n
C O G 0 7 9 1
C e l l
w a l l - a s s o c i a t e d
h y d r o l a s e s
( i n v a s i o n - a s s o c i a t e d
p r o t e i n s )
s e r i n e
O - a c e t y l t r a n s f e r a s e
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Gene transfer via GTAs is 100 million times higher in the reef environment
(McDaniel et al, Science, 2010) Attached or Swimming Settled Roseobacters and Gene Transfer Agents greatly increase coral larvae settlement Conclusions There are a number of bacteria associated with corals that produce antibiotics
Many coral bacteria can inhibit coral pathogens (QS)
Roseobacters and Marinobacters are likely important in coral biology, increase growth rates in Symbiodinium and increase coral larvae survival and settlement
Roseobacters associated with corals and Symbiodinium produce Gene Transfer Agents that are capable of transferring genes to a variety of bacterial types
Questions What is the nature of these partnerships and what are the services provided?
Are these associations stable?
Are genes transferred to corals or zoox?
Acknowledgements
Koty Sharp, Ocean Genome Legacy Max Teplitski, UF Cory Krediet, UF John Paul, USF Lauren McDaniel, USF Valerie Paul, Smithsonian Chris Voolstra, KAUST
Morphologic Analysis of Developmental Phases and Gill Ontogenesis in Neotropical Species Poecilia Vivipara (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) Exposed To Different Salinities
Effect of Vacuum and Modified Atmosphere Packaging On The Microbiological, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Tropical Red Drum (Sciaenops Ocellatus) Fillets Stored at 4 °C