UMTS Radio Theory

Contents
1 Overview of UMTS.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview..................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 UMTS Technical Standards Development Trends...................................................................................3
1.2.1 3GPP Standard Development Status........................................................................................3
1.2.2 Analsis on 3GPP standard !ersion "volution........................................................................#
1.2.3 Analsis on "volution o$ 3GPP Technolo%ies..........................................................................&
1.3 'MT2((( )re*uenc +and Allocation...................................................................................................1,
1., -omposition o$ UMTS Sstem .............................................................................................................1,
1.,.1 U" .User "*uipment /............................................................................................................10
1.,.2 UT1A2 .UMTS Terrestrial 1adio Access 2etwor3 /...........................................................10
1.,.3 -2 .-ore 2etwor3/................................................................................................................1#
2 UMTS Technology Basics...........................................................................................................................19
2.1 -oncept o$ UMTS 1eali4in% +road5and -ommunication....................................................................16
2.1.1 +asic -oncepts o$ -DMA......................................................................................................2(
2.1.2 +asic -oncepts o$ Spread Spectrum -ommunication...........................................................22
2.2 Transmission o$ "lectric 7aves in Mo5ile "nvironment......................................................................2,
2.2.1 )eatures o$ 8and Mo5ile -ommunication "nvironment.......................................................20
2.2.2 Si%nal )adin% in 1adio Path...................................................................................................20
2.3 )undamentals o$ the UMTS Technolo%...............................................................................................2#
2.3.1 -hannel -odin%9Decodin%.....................................................................................................2#
2.3.2 Principles o$ 'nterleavin%9Deinterleavin%..............................................................................2&
2.3.3 Spread Spectrum.....................................................................................................................2&
2.3., Modulation and Demodulation...............................................................................................26
i
2., Overview and )eatures o$ AM1............................................................................................................3(
ii
1 Overview of UMTS
1.1 Overview
The 3rd Generation Mo5ile -ommunication Sstem .3G/ is put on a%enda when the 2
nd
%eneration .2G/ di%ital mo5ile communication mar3et is 5oomin%. The 2G mo5ile
communication sstem has the $ollowin% disadvanta%es: limited $re*uenc spectrum
resources; low $re*uenc spectrum utili4ation; and wea3 support $or mo5ile multimedia
services .providin% onl speech and low<speed data services/. Also; than3s to
incompati5ilit 5etween 2G sstems; the 2G mo5ile communication sstem has a low
sstem capacit; hardl meetin% the demand $or hi%h<speed 5andwidth services and
impossi5le $or the sstem to implement %lo5al roamin%. There$ore; the 3G
communication technolo% is a natural result in the advancement o$ the 2G mo5ile
communication.
As the 'nternet data services 5ecome increasin%l popular nowadas; the 3G
communication technolo% opens the door to a 5rand new mo5ile communication
world. 't 5rin%s more $un to the people. 'n addition to clearer voice services; it allows
users to conduct multimedia communications with their personal mo5ile terminals; $or
e=ample; 'nternet 5rowsin%; multimedia data5ase access; real<time stoc3 *uotes *uer;
videophone; mo5ile e<commerce; interactive %ames; wireless personal audio plaer;
video transmission; 3nowled%e ac*uisition; and entertainments. 7hat more uni*ue are
location related services; which allow users to 3now a5out their surroundin%s at
antime anwhere; $or e=ample; 5loc3 map; locations o$ hotels and super mar3ets; and
weather $orecast. The 3G mo5ile phone is 5ound to 5ecome a %ood assistant to people>s
li$e and wor3.
The 3G mo5ile communication aims at meetin% the $uture demand $or mo5ile user
capacit and providin% mo5ile data and multimedia communication services.
'nitiall; mo5ile communication technolo%ies were developed separatel; as various
countries and technical or%ani4ations continued to develop their own technolo%ies.
Thus; the USA has AMPS; D<AMPS; 'S<13#; and 'S<60; ?apan has P@S; PD-; and the
"U has GSM. On one hand; this situation helped to meet the needs o$ the users at the
earl sta%e o$ mo5ile communication and e=pand the mo5ile communication mar3et.
1
On another hand; it created 5arriers 5etween the re%ions; and made it necessar to uni$
the mo5ile communication sstems %lo5all. Under such a conte=t; 'TU launched the
standardi4ation o$ the 3G mo5ile communication sstem in 16A0.
The 3G mo5ile communication sstem; 'MT<2(((; is the %eneral term $or the ne=t
%eneration communication sstem proposed 5 'TU in 16A0; when it was actuall
re$erred to as )uture Pu5lic 8and Mo5ile Telecommunications Sstem .)P8MTS/. 'n
166#; it was o$$iciall renamed to 'MT<2(((. 'n addition; the 3G mo5ile
communication technolo% e=tends the inte%rated 5andwidth networ3 service as $ar as
it can to the mo5ile environment; transmittin% multimedia in$ormation includin% hi%h
*ualit ima%es at rates up to 1( M5ps.
-ompared with the e=istin% 2G sstem; the 3G sstem has the $ollowin% characteristics
as summari4ed 5elow:
1. Support $or multimedia services; especiall 'nternet services
2. "as transition and evolution
3. @i%h $re*uenc spectrum utili4ation
-urrentl; the three tpical 3G mo5ile communication technolo% standards in the
world are -DMA2(((; UMTS and TD<S-DMA. -DMA2((( and UMTS wor3 in the
)DD mode; while TD<S-DMA wor3s in the TDD mode; where the uplin3 and
downlin3 o$ the sstem wor3 in di$$erent timeslots o$ the same $re*uenc.
The 3G mo5ile communication is desi%ned to provide diversi$ied and hi%h<*ualit
multimedia services. To achieve these purposes; the wireless transmission technolo%
must meet the $ollowin% re*uirements:
1. @i%h<speed transmission to support multimedia services
'ndoor environment: B2 M5ps
Outdoor wal3in% environment: 3A, M5ps
Outdoor vehicle movin%: 1,, 35ps
2. Allocation o$ transmission rates accordin% to needs
3. Accommodation to asmmetrical needs on the uplin3 and downlin3
'n the concept evaluation o$ the 3G mo5ile communication speci$ication proposals; the
UMTS technolo% is adopted as one o$ the mainstream 3G technolo%ies than3s to its
own technical advanta%es.
2
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
1.2 UMTS Technical Standards Development Trends
UMTS was ori%inated 5 standardi4ation or%ani4ations and manu$acturers in "uropean
countries and ?apan. UMTS inherits the hi%h standardi4ation and openness o$ GSM;
and its standardi4ation pro%resses smoothl. UMTS is the third %eneration mo5ile
communication standard developed 5 3GPP; with the GSM MAP as its core and
UT1A2 .UMTS Terrestrial 1adio Access 2etwor3/ as its wireless inter$ace. Usin% the
chip rate o$ 3.A, M5ps; it provides data transmission rate up to 1,., M5ps within 0
M@4 5andwidth.
The UMTS technolo% has the $ollowin% characteristics:
Supportin% 5oth asnchronous and snchronous +TSs; $or eas and $le=i5le
networ3in%
Usin% CPSD modulation mode .the @SDPA services also use the 1#CAM
modulation mode/
Usin% pilot assisted coherent demodulation
Accommodatin% transmission o$ multiple rates; and implementin% multi<rate and
multimedia services 5 chan%in% the spread spectrum ratio and usin% multi<mode
concurrent transmission
1apid and e$$icient power control o$ uplin39downlin3 %reatl reduces multiple
access inter$erence o$ the sstem; 5ut increases the sstem capacit while
reducin% the transmission power.
The core networ3 is evolvin% 5ased on the GSM9GP1S networ3; and maintains
compati5ilit with the GSM9GP1S networ3.
Supportin% so$t handover and so$ter handover; with three handover modes; inter<
sector so$t handover; inter<cell so$t handover; and inter<carrier hard handover
1.2.1 3!! Standard Development Stat"s
3GPP standard versions include 166; 1,; 10; 1# and 1&.
166 version was $ro4en $ormall in Mar; 2(((; and re$reshes once ever three months.
-urrent commercial version o$ 166 is 5ased on the version o$ ?une; 2((1; $or in later
version; the num5er o$ -1 is decreasin% rapidl and there are no lar%er modi$ications
and non<compati5le up%rade.
1, version was $ro4en in Mar; 2((1. 't passed in Mar; 2((2 and is sta5le currentl. 10
3
UMTS 1adio Theor
version was $ro4en in ?une; 2((2 and is sta5le currentl. Most 10 versions that
providers support are the version o$ ?une; 2((,. 1# version was $ro4en in ?une; 2((0
and ma 5e sta5le in a ear. At present; 1&98T" has started up and its $unctional
$eatures are still in initial phase.
166 and 1, versions are put into commercial use maturel. 1# version protocols are in
developin% status.
1.2.1.1 #asic $etwor% Str"ct"re #ased on R&&
4
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
)i%ure 1 +asic 2etwor3 Structure o$ 166
The 166 is the $irst phase version o$ 3GPP in 3G networ3 standardi4ation. The 166
was alread $ro4en in ?une 2((1; and su5se*uent revision is made on the 1,. The 5asic
con$i%uration structure o$ the 166 is illustrated in )i%ure 1. To %uarantee the
investment interests o$ telecom operators; the networ3 structure o$ the 166 is desi%ned
with 2G93G compati5ilit $ull in mind; $or smooth evolution to 3G. There$ore; the
core networ3 in the 5asic networ3 structure remains unchan%ed. To support 3G
services; some 2"s are added with appropriate inter$ace protocols; and the ori%inal
inter$ace protocols are also improved 5 di$$erent de%rees.
1.2.1.2 $etwor% Str"ct"re #ased on UMTS R'
Same as the 166 networ3; the 5asic structure o$ the 1, networ3 consists o$ the core
networ3 and wireless access networ3; and there are the -S domain and PS domain on
the core networ3 side. The 5asic 2" entities and the inter$aces are lar%el inherited
$rom the de$initions o$ entities and inter$aces o$ the 166 networ3. The networ3 entities
with the same de$initions as the 166 networ3 remain unchan%ed in 5asic $unctionalit;
and the related protocols are also similar.
-ompared with the 166; the 1, networ3 structure has tremendous chan%es in the
structure o$ the -S domain o$ the core networ3; while those o$ the PS domain o$ the
core networ3 and o$ the UT1A2 also remain the same.
Accordin% to the idea o$ separation 5etween call control; 5earer and 5earer control; the
networ3 entit .G/ MS- o$ the -S domain o$ the 166 networ3 evolves to the MG7
and .G/ MS-Server in the 1, sta%e; with 1<SG7 and T<SG7 added. 'n addition;
related inter$aces are also chan%ed; with the Mc inter$ace added 5etween the MG7 and
MS- Sever; the 2c inter$ace 5etween the MS- Sever and GMS- Sever; and the 25
inter$ace 5etween MG7s; and the Mh inter$ace 5etween the M1<MG7 and @81.
5
UMTS 1adio Theor

BSS

BSC

RNS

RNC

CN

Node B

Node B

IuPS

Iur

Iub

USIM

ME

MS

Cu

Uu

MSC server

SGSN

Gs

GGSN

GMSC
server

Gn

HSS(HLR)

Gr

Gc

C

D

Nc

H

EIR

F

Gf

Gi
PSTN

IuCS

VLR

B

Gp

VLR

G

BTS

BTS

Um

RNC

Abis

SIM

SIM-ME i/f

or

MSC server

B

PSTN

cell

CS-MGW

CS-MGW

CS-
MGW

AuC

Nb


T-SGW

R-SGW

Mc

Mc

Nb

PSTN

PSTN

Nc


Mc

Mh


A

Gb

E

)i%ure 2 +asic 2etwor3 Structure o$ the 1,
1.2.2 (nalysis on 3!! standard )ersion *vol"tion
Durin% the evolution $rom GSM9GP1S to 3GPP 166; 5rand UT1A2 introduced
includes such 3e technolo%ies as UMTS; power control; multipath 1a3e receiver. 'n
addition; $our CoS service tpes are put $orward and cell pea3 rate supports up to 2
M5ps. -2 5asicall develops $rom GSM9GP1S -2. 't reduces the in$luence on
GSM9GP1S -2 caused 5 the introduction o$ UT1A2 -2 $urthest. Most
6
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
representative $eatures o$ 1, $rom 166: Separation o$ -S domain control laer and
transmission laer; conver%ence o$ transmission resources in -S and PS domains; and
increase o$ resource transmission e$$icienc.
UT1A2 in 1, version does not have su5stantive evolution and onl per$orms some
optimi4ations.
Durin% the evolution $rom 1, to 10; 'P multimedia su5sstem is introduced into -2
and the inter$ace connectin% G"1A2 is added. There is %reat chan%e in UT1A2: 'P
transmission technolo% and @SDPA are introduced; which ma3es pea3 rate o$ the cell
up to a5out 1( M5ps; much %reater than the pea3 5andwidth that 1, and 166 versions
can support .in the $ield; UMTS supportin% @SDPA is called 3.0 G/. 10 also supports
'u )le=i5le; allowin% a 12- to access several MS-s or SGS2s simultaneousl; which
saves investment on access networ3 resources $or operators.
intercommunication o$ 78A2 and UMTS. UT1A2 evolution includes: M+MS;
@SUPA; enhanced @SDPA; wave cluster $i%uration technolo% to increase covera%e
capacit; 3GPP 1"T and MO-2.
'n 1& plans. UMTS will 5e developin% in total 'P direction. 'n addition;
intercommunication o$ UTMS with other networ3s .such as; !8A2/ and enhanced
M+MS will 5e increased.
1.2.3 (nalysis on *vol"tion of 3!! Technolo+ies
1.2.3.1 *vol"tion of C$ Technolo+y
Total 'P -2
+rand UT1A2 is introduced in initial phase o$ 3GPP 166; to reduce the in$luence
o$ UT1A2 on -2. 'ntroduction polic o$ -2 is developed $rom GSM9GP1S -2.
Durin% the evolution $rom 166 to 1,; -2 reali4es the separation o$ -S domain
control laer and transmission laer; reali4es voice pac3et and si%nalin% pac3et;
transmits -S and PS domains application in -2 5ased on one 'P.
Durin% the evolution $rom 1, to 10; 3GPP -2 introduced 'MS 5ased on pac3et
domain. 'MS adopts Session 'nitiation Protocol .S'P/ that '"T) de$ines and
provides 'P services that Cos is sensitive to .such as; !o'P/ in pac3et switchin%
domain; to intercommunicate $i=ed 'P terminal and 3G mo5ile terminal.
'n 1# version; $unctions o$ 'MS are enhanced %reatl; includin% the
7
UMTS 1adio Theor
intercommunication o$ local 'P multimedia networ3 and other 'P multimedia
networ3s; intercommunication o$ 'MS and -S; intercommunication o$ 'MS 5ased
on 'P!, and 'P!#; multi<part con$erence service; 'MS %roup mana%ement and
S'P appended to 'MS. As a result; wider and more $le=i5le 'P<5ased multimedia
services are provided $or operation.
Durin% the evolution $rom 166 to 1&; -2 ma a5solutel a5andon circuit
switchin% domain in the $uture and develops into a total 'P service mo5ile
networ3.
2etwor3 sharin%
'n 3GPP 16691,; one 12- can onl connect one MS- or SGS2; resultin% in low
utili4ation ratio o$ resources.
'n 10; 'u<)le= is introduced 5etween -2 and UT1A2; reali4in% the UT1A2
resources sharin% amon% several nodes o$ one operator. 't saves the cost on
UT1A2 and su5stantiall develops the networ3 sharin% technolo%.
'n 1#; networ3 sharin% $unction is e=panded continuousl; which provides the
con$i%uration mode o$ Multiple Operator -ore 2etwor3 .MO-2/. MO-2 allows
several operators to share one radio access networ3 in sharin% area. As a result;
operators can save investment on UT1A2.
Amal%amation with other networ3s
'n 3GPP 1#; intercommunication and amal%amation o$ UMTS and 78A2 are
$ul$illed .Phase '/; which is stren%thened in 1& plans .Phase ''/. 'n addition; in 1&;
de$ines $easi5ilit o$ total 'P networ3 operation. 'ntercommunication and
amal%amation o$ -2 with other networ3s is $uture development trend.
1.2.3.2 *vol"tion of Radio (ccess $etwor% Technolo+ies
@i%h<speed 5road5and access
-ompared with GSM9GPS1 1A2; 166 introduced new UT1A2. UT1A2 is
5ased on UMTS radio inter$ace technolo%. 'ts si%nal 5andwidth is 0 M@4. 'ts
code chip rate is 3.A, M5ps. 'ts cell downlin3 service 5andwidth is a5out 2 M.
1, version has no lar%e chan%e in radio access.
'n 10 version; @SDPA is introduced. 't adopts 1# CAM modulation mode; which
%reatl increases spectrum utili4ation ratio. -ell downlin3 pea3 rate reaches 1,
8
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
M5ps. 'n the $ield; the sstem supportin% @SDPA is de$aulted as 3.0 G sstem.
'n 1# version; @SUPA is introduced; which ma3es cell uplin3 pea3 rate up to 0.&
M5ps.
'n 1& version; Multiple 'nput Multiple Output .M'MO/ antenna technolo% is
introduces; which ena5les several transmittin% and receivin% antennas to send and
receive si%nals in same 5and. As a result; sstem capacit and spectrum utili4ation
ratio is increased in %ermination. M'MO antenna technolo% meets the
re*uirements $or hi%h speed services in $uture mo5ile communication sstem. 'n
8on% Term "volution .8T"/ items; Ortho%onal )re*uenc Division Multiple=in%
.O)DM/ is introduced; which ma3es cell downlin3 pea3 rate up to 36 M5ps. 't
ma develop as the core technolo% 5ase o$ 3G advanced sstem .such as;
+eond 3G; 3.6G and "3G/. 7ith continuous development o$ 3GPP
standardi4ation; O)DM will 5e applied to 5road5and mo5ile communication $ield
more widel in the near $uture.
'n the $uture; M'MO and O)DM technolo%ies will com5ine. Sstem test results
improve that M'MO<O)DM sstem which has two transmission antennas and two
receivin% antennas can provide the data transmission rate $rom score to a hundred
million.
'n a word; evolution process o$ radio access networ3 on access 5andwidth is: 2
M5ps .166/ @SDPA D8 1, M5ps .10/ @SDPA D8 1, M5ps9@SUPA U8
0.& M5ps .1#/ <<B M'MO .1&/ O)DM .8T"/. 'ts evolution is to introduce all
3inds o$ technolo%ies; increasin% spectrum utili4ation ratio $urthest and meetin%
the re*uirements $or hi%h speed data transmission.
Mo5ile mana%ement
)rom 166 version; UMTS has di$$erences $rom GSM9GP1S in mo5ile
mana%ement; includin% so$t handover; 'ur inter$ace; re<positionin%; handover and
reselection 5etween 293G. )rom 1, version; 'ur inter$ace has introduced such
$lows as pu5lic measurement and radio lin3 con%estion; which ma3es radio
resource mana%ement and load control o$ 'ur inter$ace 5e or%anic part o$ UT1A2.
At the same time; amal%amation criteria with G"1A2 are under wa; includin%
'ur<%; cell chan%e that networ3 aids.
'P transmission
UT1A2 in 16691, versions adopts TDM and ATM. -2 in 1, version
9
UMTS 1adio Theor
success$ull introduces the 5ase o$ 'P transmission technolo%.
3GPP UT1A2 in 10 version also introduces 'P transmission technolo%. 'P
transmission is a selective technolo% o$ UT1A2 and it ma3es UT1A2 transmit
5ased on 'P core switchin% networ3. As a result; $le=i5ilit o$ transmission
networ3in% is increased and construction cost o$ operators is reduced. 'P
transmission is also UT1A2 transmission development trend.
'n transmission; 1,910 versions added transmission 5earer modi$ication and
recon$i%uration; to $urther optimi4e the per$ormance o$ transmission 5earer.
Antenna technolo%
Durin% the evolution o$ 3GPP standards; 3GPP also has evolution in antenna
technolo% and antenna evolution process is: Two proEects o$ wave cluster
$i%uration .10/ )i=ed wave cluster $i%uration proEect and 3GPP electronic
modulation antenna .1#/ M'MO .1&/.
The evolution is to improve lin3 per$ormance o$ the sstem 5 introducin% all
3inds o$ antenna technolo%ies; increasin% sstem capacit.
'n 10 version; radio wave cluster $i%uration technolo% is introduced to increase
sstem lin3 per$ormance and capacit. Two proEects are put $orward: $i=ed wave
cluster $i%uration and user special wave cluster $i%uration. 'n 1# version; user
special wave cluster $i%uration proEect is deleted and $i=ed wave cluster $i%uration
proEect is decided.
'n mo5ile +S networ3 plannin% and optimi4ation; common measure is to remotel
modulate antennas o$ +S sstem. Most operators purchase antennas $rom third
part. 'n these ears; Antenna 'nter$ace Standard Group .A'SG/ has put $orward
A'SG inter$ace standards. @owever; since 3GPP does not de$inite antenna
inter$aces in 16691,910 phases; it is di$$icult $or manu$acturers to have same
antenna inter$ace; antenna tpe and networ3 optimi4ation. There$ore; in 1#
version; 3GPP uni$orms inter$ace o$ 1"T and introduces 'uant antenna inter$aces.
Standardi4ation o$ 1"T inter$aces ma3es remote networ3 optimi4ation possi5le on
condition that several manu$acturers provide antennas.
'n 1& version; 3GPP puts $orward M'MO; which increases sstem capacit and
spectrum utili4ation ratio in %erminations. Althou%h M'MO is not mature at
present; it is a %reat 5rea3throu%h o$ antenna technolo% in mo5ile communication
$ield and also a developin% direction o$ $uture intelli%ent antenna technolo%.
10
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
Positionin% technolo%
'n 166 version; U" positionin% technolo% 5ased on cell 'D is introduced. 't is a
rou%h positionin% technolo%. 'n 166 version; $rames o$ OTDOA and A<GPS are
introduced; too.
'n 1, version; criteria o$ 'u59'ur inter$aces are put $orward; which improves
OTDOA and A<GPS positionin% technolo%ies.
'n 10 version; criteria o$ SM8-<S12- inter$aces are put $orward and the are
open to support A<GPS positionin% technolo% .not supportin% other positionin%
technolo%ies/.
'n 1, and 10; lowest per$ormance re*uirements $or A<GPS measurement are not
%iven. There$ore; in 1# version; positionin% precision o$ A<GPS is de$ined
.positionin% ran%e o$ a mo5ile station is 3( to 1(( m and response time is 2 to 2(
s. 'n 1# version; SM8-<S12- inter$aces are open to support three positionin%
technolo%ies .-ell'D; OTDOA and A<GPS/.
'n 1& version; Uplin3<Time Di$$erence O$ Arrival .U<TDOA/ is put $orward. 't is
hoped to provide solutions that are more $le=i5le and whose positionin% precision
is hi%her.
The evolution process o$ positionin% technolo% is: -ell 'D OTDOA AGPS
U<TDOA. 't is a process $rom rou%h positionin% technolo% to the positionin%
technolo% with hi%h precision. All positionin% technolo%ies can 5e supplements
to each other durin% the application.
1.2.3.3 *vol"tion of UMTS ,oS Technolo+y
7ith the close com5ination o$ radio communication technolo% and 'P technolo%;
mo5ile communication networ3 develops $rom circuit switchin% networ3 o$ GSM to
pac3et switchin% networ3 o$ GSM; and to 3G; 3.0G and UMTS that provide hi%h speed
real<time data services. Durin% the whole evolution o$ mo5ile networ3; CoS
technolo% develops to mature to provide satis$actor services accordin% to $eatures o$
di$$erent services. Analsis on CoS in GSM; GP1S; 166; 1,; 10; 1# and 1& tell
development o$ mo5ile networ3 CoS.
GSM is 5ased on circuit switchin% mode. 't is simple. -onnection o$ circuit can ensure
CoS. GSM de$ines a series o$ circuit 5earer services; includin% parameters o$
snchroni4ation9asnchroni4ation; transparent9non<transparent; and limited 5it rate set.
11
UMTS 1adio Theor
The are continuousl e$$ective durin% the evolution o$ mo5ile networ3.
GP1S is 5ased on pac3et switchin% mode. There is no F-onnectionG concept in GP1S;
so CoS assurance o$ GP1S is more complicated than that o$ GSM. CoS parameters
that GP1S de$ines are: Dela level; con$idence level; lar%est data $low; P1'; even data
$low and retransmission demand. CoS parameters can 5e transmitted 5etween U" and
SGS29GGS2.
CoS o$ UMTS is to provide end<to<end assurance o$ services; which is introduced in
166 version; as shown in )i%ure 3. "nd<to<end CoS covers all 2"s; includin% user
terminal; access networ3 entit and -2 entit. Processin% o$ di$$erent inter$ace CoS
parameters must 5e same. The introduction o$ CoS laered architecture is a lar%e
advancement durin% the CoS evolution.
T" -2
Gatewa
MT UT1A2 -2 'u
"DG"
2OD"
T"
"nd<to<"nd Service
T"9MT 8ocal
+earer Service
UMTS +earer Service
"=ternal
+earer Service
1adio Access +earer Service
-2 +earer
Service
1adio
+earer Service
'u
+earer Service
+ac35one
+earer Service
UT1A
)DD9TDD
Service
Phsical
+earer Service
UMTS
)i%ure 3 CoS )rame o$ UMTS
Operators decide the 5earer mode that UMTS -2 adopts. 'ts circuit domain can
support TDM and ATM 5earin% modes .in 1, and later version; transmission and
control in circuit domain is separated and 'P transmission is selective/. 'ts pac3et
domain supports 'P 5earer. TDM and ATM 5earers 5oth provide CoS assurance. 'P
5earer o$ -2 adopts the CoS technolo% that '"T) de$ines; includin% inte%rated
service9resource preservation .'ntServ91S!P/; Multiple Protocol 8a5el Switchin%
12
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
.MP8S/; Di$$erential Service .Di$$Serv/; $low proEect and constraint<5ased path see3;
and so on.
'n 166 version; $our CoS tpes are introduced: -onversational; data streamin%;
interactive and 5ac3%round. 't also de$ines CoS parameters more than GSM and GP1S.
There are new re*uirements $or transmission dela; retransmission mechanism; Eitter
and code error rate o$ a5ove $our tpes.
'n 1, version; CoS that AA82 connects on 'u5 and 'ur is optimi4ed; to improve real<
time services support. 'n addition; CoS ne%otiation mechanism o$ radio access 5earer is
introduced to ma3e use o$ radio resources more e$$ectivel and to enhance the
construction capa5ilit o$ radio access 5earer.
'n 10 version; intercommunication and com5ination o$ U" local 5earer service; GP1S
5earer service and outer 5earer service are de$ined. The provide CoS assurance $or
end<to<end services in pac3et domain. 'n U" and GGS2; 'P +S Mana%er ma e=ist. 't
usuall uses Di$$Serv and 'ntServ91S!P to communicate with outer 'P networ3. 'MS;
which is CoS polic control mechanism 5ased on services; is also introduced in 10
version.
'n 1# version; CoS polic control mechanism 5ased on services is evolved as an
independent $unctional entit; providin% services in all pac3et domains with CoS polic
control mechanism 5ased on services. This mechanism separates control and e=ecution
o$ CoS. 2etwor3 administrator can consider the whole networ3; without pain%
attention to details; such as; technolo% and e*uipment. 't re$lects the intelli%ent
mana%ement o$ CoS.
'n 1& version; amal%amation o$ UTMS and 78A2 is put $orward. Uni$orm 'P CoS is
what $uture UMTS CoS technolo% will develop to.
"volution process o$ CoS is: CoS parameters do not transmit in the networ3 .GSM/
CoS parameters transmit 5etween U" and SGS29GGS2 2um5er o$ CoS
parameters increase .GP1S/ CoS laered architecture; $our CoS tpes; CoS that
'"T) de$ines; all 2"s that CoS parameters cover; new chan%e in parameters; the
num5er o$ parameters increase .166/ CoS ne%otiation mechanism o$ radio access
5earer .1,/ CoS polic control mechanism 5ased on services in 'MS .10/ CoS
polic control mechanism 5ased on services in all pac3et domain .1#/ Uni$orm 'P
CoS in the amal%amation o$ UMTS and 78A2 .1& and later version/.
13
UMTS 1adio Theor
1.3 -MT2... /re0"ency #and (llocation
'n 1662; 7orld 1adio<communication -on$erence .71-<62/ allocated the $re*uenc
5ands $or the 3G mo5ile communication; with a total 5andwidth o$ 23( M@4; as shown
in )i%ure ,.
)i%ure , )re*uenc Spectrum Allocation o$ 3G Mo5ile -ommunication
At 71-62; 'TU planned the smmetric $re*uenc spectrum resources o$ 12(M@4
.162(M@4 H 16A(M@4; 211(M@4 H 21&(M@4/ $or use 5 the )DD; and asmmetric
$re*uenc spectrum resources o$ 30M@4 .16((M@4 H 162(M@4; 2(1(M@4 H
2(20M@4/ $or use 5 the TDD.
At 71-2(((; the A(( M@4 5and .A(#M@4 H 6#(M@4/; 1.&G@4 5and .1&1(M@4 H
1AA0M@4/; and 2.0G@4 5and .20((M@4 H 2#6(M@4/ were added $or use 5 the 'MT<
2((( services. These two com5ined ma3e the $uture spectrum $or 3G reach over 0((
M@4; reservin% enormous resource space $or $uture applications.
1.' Composition of UMTS System
The Universal Mo5ile Telecommunication Sstem .UMTS/ is a 3G mo5ile
communication sstem adoptin% UMTS air inter$ace. There$ore; the UMTS is usuall
called a UMTS sstem.
'n terms o$ $unctions; the networ3 units comprise the 1adio Access 2etwor3 .1A2/
and -ore 2etwor3 .-2/. The 1A2 accomplishes all the $unctions related to radio
14
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
communication. The -2 handles the e=chan%e and routin% o$ all the calls and data
connections within the UMTS with e=ternal networ3s. The 1A2; -2; and the User
"*uipment .U"/ to%ether constitute the whole UMTS.
1.'.1 U* 1User *0"ipment 2
The U" is an e*uipment which can 5e vehicle installed or hand porta5le. Throu%h the
Uu inter$ace; the U" e=chan%es data with networ3 e*uipment and provides various -S
domain and PS domain services; includin% common voice services; 5road5and voice
services; mo5ile multimedia services; and 'nternet applications .such as "<mail; 777
5rowse; and )TP/.
1.'.2 UTR($ 1UMTS Terrestrial Radio (ccess $etwor% 2
The UMTS Terrestrial 1adio Access 2etwor3 .UT1A2/ comprises 2ode + and 1adio
networ3 -ontroller .12-/.
1/ 2ode +
As the 5ase station .wireless transceiver/ in the UMTS sstem; the 2ode + is
composed o$ the wireless transceiver and 5ase5and processin% part. -onnected
with the 12- throu%h standard 'u5 inter$ace; 2ode + processes the Un inter$ace
phsical laer protocols. 't provides the $unctions o$ spectrum
spreadin%9despreadin%; modulation9demodulation; channel codin%9decodin%; and
mutual conversion 5etween 5ase5and si%nals and radio si%nalin%.
2/ 12-
The 12- mana%es various inter$aces; esta5lishes and releases connections;
per$orms hando$$ and macro diversit9com5ination; and mana%es and controls
radio resources. 't connects with the MS- and SGS2 throu%h lu inter$ace. The
protocol 5etween U" and UT1A2 is terminated here.
The 12- that controls 2ode + is called -ontrollin% 12- .-12-/. The -12-
per$orms load control and con%estion control o$ the cells it serves; and implements
admission control and code word allocation $or the wireless connections to 5e
esta5lished.
'$ the connection 5etween a mo5ile su5scri5er and the UT1A2 uses man 12S
resources; the related 12- has two independent lo%ical $unctions:
Servin% 12- .S12-/. The S12- terminates the transmission o$ su5scri5er data and
15
UMTS 1adio Theor
the 'u connection o$ 1A2AP si%nalin% to9$rom the -2. 't also terminates the radio
resource controllin% si%nalin% .that is the si%nalin% protocol 5etween U" and UT1A2/.
'n addition; the S12- per$orms 82 processin% o$ the data sent to9$rom the radio
inter$ace and implements some 5asic operations related to radio resources
mana%ement.
Dri$t 12- .D12-/ All the other 12-s e=cept the S12- are D12-s. The controls
the cells used 5 the U"s.
1.'.3 C$ 1Core $etwor%2
The -2 is in char%e o$ the connections with other networ3s as well as the mana%ement
and communication with U"s. The -2 can 5e divided into -S domain and PS domain
$rom the aspect o$ lo%ic.
The -S domain e*uipment re$ers to the entities that provide circuit connection or
related si%nalin% connection $or su5scri5er services. The speci$ic entities in the -S
domain include:
1. Mo5ile switchin% center .MS-/
2. Gatewa mo5ile switchin% center .GMS-/
3. !isitor location re%ister .!81/
,. 'nterwor3in% $unction .'7)/.
The PS domain provides pac3et data services to su5scri5ers. The speci$ic entities in the
PS domain include:
0. Servin% GP1S support node .SGS2/
#. Gatewa GP1S support node .GGS2/
Other e*uipment such as the home location re%ister .@81/ or @SS; authentication
center .Au-/; and e*uipment identit re%ister ."'1/ are shared 5 the -S domain and
PS domain.
The maEor $unctional entities are as $ollows:
1/ MS-9!81
As the $unctional node in the -S domain o$ the UMTS core networ3; the
MS-9!81 connects with the UT1A2 throu%h 'u -S inter$ace; with e=ternal
networ3s .PST2; 'SD2; and other P8M2s/ throu%h PST29'SD2 inter$ace; with
16
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
the @819AU- throu%h -9D inter$ace; with the MS-9!81; GMS- or SM-
throu%h " inter$ace; with the S-P throu%h -AP inter$ace; and with the SGS2
throu%h Gs inter$ace.
The MS-9!81 accomplishes call connection; mo5ilit mana%ement;
authentication; and encrption in the -S domain.
2/ GMS-
As the %atewa node 5etween the -S domain o$ UMTS networ3 and e=ternal
networ3s; the GMS- is an optional entit. 't connects with the e=ternal networ3s
.PST2; 'SD2; and other P8M2s/ throu%h PST29'SD2 inter$ace; with the @81
throu%h - inter$ace; and with the S-P throu%h -AP inter$ace.
The GMS- accomplishes the incomin% and out%oin% routin% o$ the !isited MS-
.!MS-/.
3/ SGS2
As the $unctional node in the PS domain o$ UMTS core networ3; the SGS2
connects with the UT1A2 throu%h 'uIPS inter$ace; with GGS2 throu%h Gn9Gp
inter$ace; with the @819AU- throu%h Gr inter$ace; with the MS-9!81 throu%h
Gs inter$ace; with the S-P throu%h -AP inter$ace; with the SM- throu%h Gd
inter$ace; with the -G throu%h Ga inter$ace; and with the SGS2 throu%h Gn9Gp
inter$ace.
The SGS2 accomplishes the routin% $orward; mo5ilit mana%ement; session
mana%ement; authentication; and encrption in the PS domain.
,/ GGS2
The GGS2 connects with the SGS2 throu%h Gn inter$ace and with the e=ternal
data networ3s .'nternet 9'ntranet/ throu%h Gi inter$ace.
The GGS2 provides routes to the data pac3ets 5etween the UMTS networ3 and
e=ternal data networ3s; and encapsulates these data pac3ets. The maEor $unction o$
the GGS2 is to provide the inter$ace to the e=ternal 'P pac3et<5ased networ3; thus
the U"s can access the %atewa o$ the e=ternal pac3et<5ased networ3. To the
e=ternal networ3s; the GGS2 seems li3e the 'P router that can 5e used to address
all the mo5ile su5scri5ers in the UMTS networ3. 't e=chan%es routin% in$ormation
with e=ternal networ3s.
0/ @81
17
UMTS 1adio Theor
The @81 connects with the !MS-9!81 or GMS- throu%h - inter$ace; with the
SGS2 throu%h Gr inter$ace; and with the GGS2 throu%h Gc inter$ace. The @81
stores su5scri5er su5scription in$ormation; supports new services; and provides
enhanced authentication.
18
2 UMTS Technolo+y #asics
2.1 Concept of UMTS Reali3in+ #road4and Comm"nication
UMTS .7ide5and -DMA/ is -DMA radio communication mode cased on direct
spread<spectrum technolo%. UMTS has an o5vious advanta%e over GSM and 'S<60 in
su5scri5er capacit and radio transmission per$ormance; $or it adopts a series o$ 3e
technolo%ies.
UMTS 5ears $ollowin% two meanin%s literall:
1. UMTS adopts -DMA communication technolo%
-DMA technolo% is the most advanced communication technolo% in the world
at present. 't ta3es advanta%e o$ di$$erent codes to divide di$$erent channel and
then distin%uish di$$erent su5scri5er.
2. UMTS adopts wider spectrum
2arrow5and power si%nals are sent out a$ter 5ein% spread as 5road5and si%nals
.spread<spectrum/ with UMTS technolo%.+road5and si%nals have stron%er anti<
inter$erence a5ilit than narrow5and si%nals. 7ider 5andwidth reali4es 1AD"
receivin% at su5scri5er end and increases communication *ualit.
)i%ure 0 shows UMTS communication. +andwidth o$ ori%inal si%nals increases
and power densit decreases a$ter spread<spectrum. Si%nals meet with noise
durin% the transmission. Power densit o$ the noise decreases a$ter the
dispreadin%; $or spectrum dispreadin% is the same as spectrum spreadin%.
@owever; power densit o$ ori%inal si%nals is much lar%er than that o$ noise .that
is; si%nal<to<noise ratio is hi%h/ and it is eas to resume.
19
)
Power
Densit
)
Power
Densit
)
Power
Densit
)
Power
Densit
.1/ Ori%inal Si%nal
.2/ Si%nal a$ter spread
spectrum
.3/Meetin% noise durin%
si%nal transmission
.,/ Si%nal and noise a$ter spectrum
dispreadin%
Si%nal 2oise
)i%ure 0 UMTS -ommunication Principle
UMTS adopts such advanced technolo%ies as so$t handover; diversit and power
control to enlar%e sstem capacit and increase communication *ualit %reatl.
2.1.1 #asic Concepts of CDM(
Mo5ile communication sstems can 5e classi$ied in multiple was. )or e=ample; there
are analo% and di%ital 5 the nature o$ the si%nalsJ )M; PM; and AM 5 the modulation
modeJ and )DMA; TDMA and -DMA 5 the multiple access mode. -DMA .-ode
Division Multiple Access/ is a new while mature wireless technolo% developed $rom
the spread spectrum communication technolo%; a 5ranch o$ the di%ital technolo%.
-urrentl; the GSM mo5ile telephone networ3s o$ -hina Unicom and -hina Mo5ile
are 5uilt with the com5ination o$ )DMA and TDMA. GSM has tremendous advanta%es
over the analo% mo5ile telephone sstem. @owever; its spectrum e$$icienc is onl
three times o$ the analo% sstem. 7ith a limited capacit; it has di$$icult in o$$erin%
voice *ualit e*uivalent to wired telephone. TDMA terminals support an access rate o$
onl 6.# 35ps. The TDMA sstem does not support so$t handover; so calls ma easil
20
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
5e dropped; a$$ectin% the service *ualit. There$ore; TDMA is not the 5est technolo%
$or modern cellular mo5ile communication. On the other hand; -DMA $ull meets the
re*uirements o$ modern mo5ile communication networ3s $or lar%e capacit; hi%h
*ualit; and inte%rated services; so it is well received 5 increasin%l more operators
and users.
-DMA emer%es $rom the needs $or wireless communications o$ hi%her *ualit. 'n the
-DMA communication sstem; the si%nals used 5 di$$erent users $or in$ormation
transmission are distin%uished not 5 $re*uencies or timeslots; 5ut 5 di$$erent code
se*uences. -DMA allocates one pseudo random 5inar se*uence $or each si%nal $or
$re*uenc spreadin%; and di$$erent si%nals are allocated with di$$erent pseudo random
5inar se*uences. 'n the receiver; correlators are used to separate the si%nals. The
correlator o$ each user onl receives the speci$ied 5inar se*uences and compresses
their $re*uenc spectrums; while i%norin% all the other si%nals.
The code division multiple access concept o$ -DMA can 5e illustrated with a part o$
man persons. At the part; man users tal3 at the same time in a room; and ever
conversation in the room is in a lan%ua%e ou do not understand. )rom our
perspective; all these conversations sound li3e noise. '$ ou 3now these FcodesG; that
is; relevant lan%ua%es; ou can i%nore the conversations ou do not want to hear; and
$ocus on onl these ou are interested in. The -DMA sstem $ilters the tra$$ic in a
similar wa. @owever; even i$ ou understand all the lan%ua%es used; ou do not
necessaril hear clearl all the conversations ou are interested in. 'n this case; ou can
tell the spea3ers to spea3 louder; and9or as3 others to lower their voices. This is similar
to the power control in the -DMA sstem. 'n the $re*uenc domain or time domain;
multiple -DMA si%nals overlap. The receiver can sort out the si%nals that use the
preset code pattern $rom multiple -DMA si%nals 5 usin% correlators. Other si%nals
usin% di$$erent code patterns are not demodulated; since their code patterns are
di$$erent $rom those %enerated locall at the receiver.
One o$ the 5asic technolo%ies o$ -DMA is spectrum spreadin%. -DMA is a multiple
access technolo% $eaturin% hi%h con$identialit. 't was $irst developed in the Second
7orld 7ar to prevent inter$erence $rom the enemies. -DMA $ound wide application in
anti<inter$erence militar communications durin% the war. A$ter 16#(>s; it had 5een
used in militar satellite communication. 8ater; it was developed 5 Cualcomm into a
commercial mo5ile communication technolo%.
A$ter the $irst -DMA sstem was put into operation $or commercial purpose in 1660;
21
UMTS 1adio Theor
the technical advanta%es o$ the -DMA in theor were tested in practice; so it has seen
rapid application in 2orth America; South America and Asia. 'n man countries and
re%ions in the world; includin% -hina; @on% Don%; South Dorea; ?apan; and USA;
-DMA is the maEor mo5ile communication technolo% used. -DMA is superior to
TDMA in sstem capacit; anti<inter$erence; communication *ualit; and
con$identialit; so 'MT<2((( .3G/ launched 5 'TU and su5se*uent standards all
emplo -DMA.
2.1.2 #asic Concepts of Spread Spectr"m Comm"nication
The 5asic characteristic o$ spread spectrum communication is that it uses a 5andwidth
$or in$ormation transmission much wider than that o$ the in$ormation itsel$. 'n other
words; the data $or transmission with certain si%nal 5andwidth is modulated with hi%h<
speed pseudo random codes havin% a 5andwidth wider than the si%nal 5andwidth.
Thus; the 5andwidth o$ the ori%inal data si%nals is spread; 5e$ore the si%nals are
transmitted $ollowin% carrier modulation. The receivin% end uses e=actl the same
pseudo random codes to process the received 5andwidth si%nals; convertin% the
5road5and si%nals into the ori%inal narrow5and si%nals; that is; despreadin%; thus
achievin% in$ormation communication.
'n addition; spread spectrum communication also has the $ollowin% characteristics:
1. 't is a di%ital transmission mode.
2. +andwidth spreadin% is implemented 5 modulatin% the transmitted in$ormation
with a $unction .spread spectrum $unction/ irrelevant to the transmitted
in$ormation.
3. At the receivin% end; the same spread spectrum $unction is used to demodulate the
spread spectrum si%nals; restorin% the transmitted in$ormation.
-.". Shannon $ound the channel capacit $ormula in his research in in$ormation
theor; as 5elow:
- K 7 L 8o%2 .1MS92/
7here:
- N 'n$ormation transmission rate
S N Availa5le si%nal power
7 N +andwidth o$ the line
22
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
2 N 2oise power
As can 5e seen $rom the $ormula:
To increase -; ou can either increase 7 or increase S92. 'n other words; when - is
constant; 7 and S92 are interchan%ea5le; where the increase o$ 7 reduces the
re*uirement $or S92. 7hen the 5andwidth increases to a certain level; the S92 is
allowed to $urther decrease; ma3in% it possi5le $or the use$ul si%nal power to decrease
to a level close to the noise power or even inundated in the noise. Spread spectrum
communication uses the 5andwidth transmission technolo% to o5tain the 5ene$it in
S92; which is the 5asic idea and theoretical 5asis o$ spread spectrum communication.
Spread spectrum communication has man outstandin% per$ormances insupera5le 5
narrow5and communication; ena5lin% it to $ind wide application rapidl in various
pu5lic and private communication networ3s. 'ts advanta%es are outlined as 5elow:
1. Power$ul anti<inter$erence and low 5it error rate
The spread spectrum communication sstem spreads the si%nal spectrum at the
transmittin% end and restores the ori%inal in$ormation at the receivin% end;
producin% spread %ains; thus %reatl increasin% the anti<Eammin% mar%in.
Dependin% on the spread spectrum %ains; si%nals can 5e e=tracted $rom noise even
when the S92 is ne%ative. 'n the current commercial communication sstem;
spread spectrum communication is the onl communication mode that can wor3 in
the ne%ative S92 environment.
2. "as same $re*uenc use $or hi%her radio spectrum utili4ation
1adio spectrum is ver valua5le. Althou%h all waves $rom lon% wave and micro
wave have 5een developed and used; the need o$ the societ is not satis$ied. )or
this reason; $re*uenc spectrum mana%ement authorities were set up all over the
world. Users can onl use the $re*uencies %ranted; and divide them into channels
to avoid mutual inter$erence.
As spread spectrum communication uses the correlation reception technolo%; the
si%nal transmission power is e=tremel low .O1 7; usuall 1 m7 H 1(( m7/; and
can wor3 in channel noise and hot noise 5ac3%round. There$ore; a $re*uenc can
5e easil reused in the same area; and the $re*uenc can also 5e shared with the
now various narrow5and communications.
3. Anti multipath inter$erence
23
UMTS 1adio Theor
'n the wireless communication; anti multipath inter$erence is a persistin% pro5lem
that is di$$icult to solve. 7ith the correlation 5etween spread spectrum codes; the
most power$ul use$ul si%nals can 5e e=tracted $rom multipath si%nals at the
receivin% end with a related technolo%. Also; the same code se*uence wave$orm
$rom multiple paths can 5e added $or rein$orcement; to achieve e$$ective anti
multipath inter$erence.
,. Spread spectrum communication is a $orm o$ di%ital communication; particularl
suita5le $or snchronous transmission o$ di%ital voice and data. Spread spectrum
communication o$$ers the encrption $unction $or %ood con$identialit; ma3in% it
eas to launch various communication services.
Usin% multiple new technolo%ies includin% code division multiple access; and
voice compression; spread spectrum communication is more suita5le $or
transmission o$ computer networ3 and di%iti4ed voices and ima%es.
0. Spread spectrum communication involves mostl di%ital circuitr. 'ts e*uipment is
hi%hl inte%rated; eas to install and maintain; compact; and relia5le and eas to
mount9e=pand; and has a lon% MT+).
2.2 Transmission of *lectric 5aves in Mo4ile *nvironment
The tar%et o$ mo5ile communication sstem is to %raduall reali4e personal
communication usin% the alwas e=istent radio channel as transmission media.
@owever; the radio channel has poor transmission $eatures. )irstl; there is serious and
complicated $adin%; includin% path $adin%; shadow $adin%; and multipath $adin%.
Secondl; the radio transmission path ma 5e direct or o5structed 5 mountains or
5uildin%s. 't is di$$icult to anal4e the un3nown and unpredicta5le elements in radio
channels. "ven the relative movin% speed ma %reatl a$$ect the $adin% o$ si%nal level.
Althou%h the $eatures o$ electroma%netic waves chan%e a lot durin% transmission; the
maEor chan%es $all into perpendicular incidence; re$lection; di$$raction .in$lection/; and
scatterin%. 'n cities; there is no direct path 5etween transmitters and receivers. The hi%h
5uildin%s and lar%e mansions cause serious di$$raction loss. 1e$lected 5 o5Eects 5
man times; the electroma%netic waves reach the receiver throu%h di$$erent paths. The
interaction o$ these electroma%netic waves cause multipath $adin% at speci$ic place. 'n
a word; the stren%th o$ electroma%netic waves decreases with the e=tension o$ the
distance 5etween the transmitter and receiver.
24
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
2.2.1 /eat"res of 6and Mo4ile Comm"nication *nvironment
1. 8ow Antenna o$ MS
+ecause the transmission path is alwas a$$ected 5 topo%raph and man<made
environment; and the MS moves in various topo%raphical environment and
5uildin%s; it ma3es the si%nal received 5 the MS 5ecome the increment o$ a lar%e
num5er o$ scattered and re$lected si%nals.
2. Mo5ilit o$ MS
The MS is alwas movin%. "ven the MS is not movin%; the surroundin%s alwas
chan%e; $or e=ample; people and vehicles move; and wind 5lows leaves. The
mo5ilit ma3es the transmission path 5etween the 5ase station and MS alwas
chan%e. 'n addition; the movin% direction and speed o$ the MS will cause the
chan%e o$ si%nal level.
3. 1andom -han%e o$ Si%nal 8evel
!arin% with the time and locations; the si%nal level can 5e descri5ed 5 the
pro5a5ilit distri5ution in random process onl.
,. 7ave Guide "$$ect in Metropolitan "nvironment
The wave %uide e$$ect caused 5 the hi%h 5uildin%s on 5oth sides o$ the street
ma3e the si%nals received in the direction parallel to the street enhanced and the
si%nals received in the vertical direction wea3ened. There is a5out 1( d+
di$$erence 5etween the two si%nals. This e$$ect is attenuated A 3m awa $rom the
5ase stations.
0. 8oud Man<Made 2oise
The man<made noise includes noise o$ vehicles and electric power lines; as well
as industrial noise.
#. Stron% inter$erence
The common inter$erences include co<channel inter$erence; adEacent<channel
inter$erence; intermodulation inter$erence; and near<$ar inter$erence.
2.2.2 Si+nal /adin+ in Radio !ath
As the MS moves $urther $rom the 5ase station; the si%nal received 5ecomes wea3er
and wea3er. The reason is that path loss occurs to the si%nal. The $actors causin% the
25
UMTS 1adio Theor
path loss include carrier $re*uenc; transmission speed; and the topo%raph and
phsio%nom where the si%nal is transmitted.
Shadow e$$ect: The semi<dead 4one in the covera%e area caused 5 the o5struct o$ hi%h
5uildin%s and other o5Eects.
2ear<$ar e$$ect: +ecause the mo5ile su5scri5ers move at $ree will; the distance 5etween
the su5scri5er and the 5ase station chan%es. '$ the MSs have the same transmit power;
the si%nal stren%th at the 5ase station is di$$erent. '$ the MS is nearer to the 5ase station;
the si%nal received 5 the 5ase station is stron%er. The non<linearit o$ the
communication sstem will 5e worsened; ma3in% the stron%er si%nal stron%er; the
wea3er si%nal wea3er; and the stron%er si%nal suppress the wea3er si%nal.
Doppler e$$ect: The shi$t in $re*uenc which results $rom the move o$ the si%nal
received at hi%h rate. The de%ree o$ shi$t is in direct ratio with the velocit o$ the
mo5ile su5scri5er.
2.3 /"ndamentals of the UMTS Technolo+y
2.3.1 Channel Codin+7Decodin+
A radio channel is an adverse transmission channel. 7hen di%ital si%nals transmitted
over a radio channel; 5it errors ma occur in the transmission data $low due to various
reasons; causin% ima%e Eumps and disconnection at the receive end. The step o$ channel
codin% can 5e used to process the data $low appropriatel; so that the sstem can have
error correction capa5ilit and anti<inter$erence capa5ilit to certain e=tent; thus %reatl
avoidin% 5it errors in the code $low. There$ore; channel codin% aims at increasin% data
transmission e$$icienc 5 reducin% 5it error rate.
Ultimatel; channel codin% intends to increase the relia5ilit o$ the channel; 5ut it ma
reduce the transmission o$ use$ul in$ormation data. -hannel codin% wor3s 5 insertin%
some code elements; usuall re$erred to as overhead; into the source data code $low; $or
error detection and correction at the receivin% end. This is li3e the transport o$ %lasses.
To ensure that no %lasses are 5ro3en durin% this process; we usuall use $oams or
spon%e to pac3a%e them. @owever; such pac3a%in% reduces the total num5er o$ %lasses.
Similarl; over a channel with $i=ed 5andwidth; the total transmission code rate is
$i=ed. As channel codin% increases data amount; the use$ul in$ormation code rate is
reduced. This is the cost. The num5er o$ use$ul 5its divided 5 the total num5er o$ 5its
derives the codin% e$$icienc; which varies sli%htl $rom one codin% mode to another.
26
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
The codin%9decodin% technolo% and interleavin% technolo% can wor3 to%ether to
increase the 5it error per$ormance. -ompared with the case without codin%; the
traditional convolution code can increase the 5it error rate 5 two orders o$ ma%nitude;
to 1(
<3
H 1(
<,
; and the Tur5o code can $urther increase the 5it error rate to 1(
<#
. +ecause
the Tur5o code has a codin% per$ormance close to the limit o$ Shannon theorem; it is
adopted as the data codin%9decodin% technolo% $or 3G. The convolution code is
mainl used $or voice and si%nalin% o$ low data rates.
2.3.2 !rinciples of -nterleavin+7Deinterleavin+
'nterleavin%9deinterleavin% is an important step o$ the com5ined channel error
correction sstem. The actual errors in the channel are usuall 5urst errors or 5oth 5urst
errors and random errors. '$ 5urst errors are $irst discreti4ed into random errors; which
are then corrected; the sstem>s anti<inter$erence per$ormance can 5e improved. The
interleaver wor3s to discreti4e lon% 5urst errors or multiple 5urst errors into random
errors; that is; discreti4in% the errors.
The interleavin% technolo% rearran%es the coded si%nals 5 $ollowin% certain rules.
A$ter deinterleavin%; 5urst errors are dispersed over time; ma3in% them similar to
random errors that occur separatel.
2.3.3 Spread Spectr"m
Spread Spectrum is an in$ormation transmission mode. 't modulates in$ormation
si%nals with spreadin% code at sendin% end and ena5les spectrum width o$ in$ormation
si%nals much wider than 5andwidth $or in$ormation transmission. 't dispreads at
receivin% end with same spreadin% code; to resume data o$ transmitted in$ormation.
)i%ure # shows 5asic operations o$ spectrum spread9dispread. Supposin% su5scri5er
data rate is 1; su5scri5er data is 1(11(1; and accordin% to the rule that 1 is mapped as
<1; ( is mapped as M1; map su5scri5er data as <1M1<1<1M1<1 and time it with spreadin%
code. Spreadin% code is (11(1((1 in this e=ample. Time each su5scri5er data 5it to this
code series includin% A code chips. -oncluded data rate a$ter spread is A L 1 and is
random; li3e spreadin% code. 'ts spread spectrum $actors are A.
+road5and si%nals a$ter spread spectrum are transmitted to receivin% end via radio
channels. Time code se*uence with same spread spectrum code .dispreadin% code/
when dispreadin% at receivin% end to resume ori%inal su5scri5er data.
Spreadin% si%nal speed 5 A times $actor ma result in 5andwidth spreadin% o$
27
UMTS 1adio Theor
su5scri5er data si%nals .there$ore; -DMA sstem is o$ten called spread spectrum
sstem/. Dispreadin% resumes si%nal rate to ori%inal rate.
Su5scri5er data
K <1M1<1<1M1<1
Spread spectrum K
M1<1<1M1<1M1M1<1
Spreadin% si%nal K
Su5scri5er data P
Spread spectrum
Dispreadin% data
K Su5scri5er data
P Spread
spectrum
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Spectrum dispreadin%
Spectrum spreadin%
)i%ure # Spectrum Spreadin%9Dispreadin% in DS<-DMA
Distri5utin% di$$erent spread spectrum to di$$erent su5scri5er can distin%uish di$$erent
su5scri5er; as shown in a5ove sector.
Supposin% that there are three su5scri5ers and that si%nals the send are 51; 52 and 53;
spread their si%nals with spreadin% code o$ c1; c2 and c3 and $inal sendin% si%nal is
K51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3. Supposin% that there is no inter$erence in si%nal transmission;
the receivin% end:
Gets si%nals a$ter dispread with c1
41 K P c1 K c1 P .51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3/ K 51 M .52c2c1 M 53c3c1/
Gets si%nals a$ter dispread with c2
42 K P c2 K c2 P .51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3/ K 52 M .51c1c2 M 53c3c2/
Gets si%nals a$ter dispread with c3
43 K P c3 K c3 P .51c1M52c2M53c3/ K 53 M .51c1c3 M 52c2c3/
All parts in the 5rac3ets in a5ove three $ormulas are inter$erence o$ other su5scri5er
si%nals to this si%nal. This inter$erence can 5e a5solutel avoided i$ usin%
ortho%onali4ed codes. Ortho%onali4ed code is the code that is 1 a$ter timin% itsel$ and
is ( a$ter timin% other codes. So:
41 K P c1 K c1 P .51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3/ K 51 M .52c2c1 M 53c3c1/ K 51 M ( M ( K 51
42 K P c2 K c2 P .51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3/ K 52 M .51c1c2 M 53c3c2/ K 52 M ( M ( K 52
28
-hapter 2 UMTS Technolo% +asics
43 K P c3 K c3 P .51c1 M 52c2 M 53c3/ K 53 M .51c1c3 M 52c2c3/ K 53 M ( M ( K 53
2.3.' Mod"lation and Demod"lation
Modulation is the process to use one si%nal .3now as modulation si%nal/ to control
another si%nal o$ carrier .3nown as carrier si%nal/; so that a characteristic parameter o$
the later chan%es with the $ormer. At the receivin% end; the process to restore the
ori%inal si%nal $rom the modulated si%nal is called demodulation.
Durin% si%nal modulation; a hi%h<$re*uenc sine si%nal is o$ten used as the carrier
si%nal. One sine si%nal involves three parameters: amplitude; $re*uenc and phase.
Modulation o$ each o$ these three parameters is respectivel called amplitude
modulation; $re*uenc modulation; and phase modulation.
'n the UMTS sstem; the modulation is Cuaternar Phase Shi$t Dein% .CPSD/. '$
@i%h Speed Downlin3 Pac3a%e Access .@SDPA/ is used; the downlin3 modulation
mode can also 5e 1#CAM.
Modulatin% rate o$ UMTS uplin3s9downlin3s are 5oth 3.A, Mcps and modulate
comple=<valued code chip se*uence %enerated 5 spread spectrum in CPSD mode.
)i%ure & shows uplin3 modulation and )i%ure A shows downlin3 modulation.
S
Im{S}
Re{S}
cos(t)
Complex-valued
chip sequence
from spreading
operations
-sin(t)
Split
real &
imag
parts
!ulse-
shaping
!ulse-
shaping
)i%ure & Uplin3 Modulation
"
Im{"}
Re{"}
cos(t)
Complex-valued
chip sequence
from summing
operations
-sin(t)
Split
real &
imag
parts
!ulse-
shaping
!ulse-
shaping
29
UMTS 1adio Theor
)i%ure A Downlin3 Modulation
2.' Overview and /eat"res of (MR
Adaptive Multi 1ate .AM1/ code is a voice<codin% plan. 't is called 5road5and AM1
.AM1<7+ or AM1 7ide5and/ in UMTS.
-urrent GSM speech codin% .)1; @1; ")1 and AM1/ is applica5le to narrow5and
speech and audio 5andwidth is limited to 3., 3@4. Audio 5andwidth o$ AM1<1+
e=tends to & 3@4; which ma3es the voice much clearer and natural; especiall in hands<
$ree situations.
AM1 provides ei%ht codin% rates o$ ,.& 3; 0;10 3; 0;6 3; #;& 3; &;, 3; &;60 3; 1(.2 3 and
12.2 3. Select codes with low rate on condition that it does not in$luence
communication *ualit; to save networ3 resource.
30