Conservation of Linear Momentum Conceptual Problems

721
Chapter 8
Conservation of Linear Momentum

Conceptual Problems

1 [SSM] Show that iI two particles have equal kinetic energies, the
magnitudes oI their momenta are equal only iI they have the same mass.

Determine the Concept The kinetic energy oI a particle, as a Iunction oI its
momentum, is given by . 2
2
m p K =

The kinetic energy oI the particles is
given by:

1
2
1
1
2m
p
K = and
2
2
2
2
2m
p
K =

Equate these kinetic energies to
obtain:

2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2 m
p
m
p
=
Because the magnitudes oI their
momenta are equal:
2 1
1 1
m m
= and
2 1
m m =

2 Particle A has twice the (magnitude) momentum and Iour times the
kinetic energy oI particle B. A also has Iour times the kinetic energy oI B. What is
the ratio oI their masses (the mass oI particle A to that oI particle B)? Explain
your reasoning.

Determine the Concept The kinetic energy oI a particle, as a Iunction oI its
momentum, is given by . 2
2
m p K =

The kinetic energy oI particle A is
given by:

A
2
A
A
2m
p
K =
A
2
A
A
2K
p
m =

The kinetic energy oI particle B is
given by:

B
2
B
B
2m
p
K =
B
2
B
B
2K
p
m =

Divide the Iirst oI these equations by
the second and simpliIy to obtain:

2
B
A
A
B
2
B A
2
A B
B
2
B
A
2
A
B
A
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
p
p
K
K
p K
p K
K
p
K
p
m
m

Chapter 8

722

Because particle A has twice the
(magnitude) momentum oI particle B
and Iour times as much kinetic
energy:
1
2
4
2
B
B
B
B
B
A
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
p
K
K
m
m

3 Using SI units, show that the units oI momentum squared divided by
those oI mass is equivalent to the joule.

Determine the Concept The SI units oI momentum are kgm/s.

Express the ratio oI the square oI the
units oI momentum to the units oI
mass:
kg
s
m
kg
2
|
.
|
\
|

SimpliIy to obtain:

J m N m
s
m
kg
s
m
kg
kg
s
m
kg
kg
s
m
kg
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|

4 True or Ialse:

(a) The total linear momentum oI a system may be conserved even when the
mechanical energy oI the system is not.
(b) For the total linear momentum oI a system to be conserved, there must be no
external Iorces acting on the system.
(c) The velocity oI the center oI mass oI a system changes only when there is a
net external Iorce on the system.

(a) True. Consider the collision oI two objects oI equal mass traveling in opposite
directions with the same speed. Assume that they collide inelastically. The
mechanical energy oI the system is not conserved (it is transIormed into other
Iorms oI energy), but the momentum oI the system is the same aIter the collision
as beIore the collision; that is, zero. ThereIore, Ior any inelastic collision, the
momentum oI a system may be conserved even when mechanical energy is not.

(b) False. The net external Iorce must be zero iI the linear momentum oI the
system is to be conserved.

(c) True. This non-zero net Iorce accelerates the center oI mass. Hence its velocity
changes.

Conservation oI Linear Momentum

723
5 II a bullet is Iired due west, explain how conservation oI linear
momentum enables you to predict that the recoil oI the riIle be exactly due east. Is
kinetic energy conserved here?

Determine the Concept The momentum oI the bullet-gun system is initially zero.
AIter Iiring, the bullet`s momentum is directed west. Momentum conservation
requires that the system`s total momentum does not change, so the gun`s
momentum must be directed east. Kinetic energy is not conserved. Some oI the
initial chemical energy oI the gun powder, Ior example, is transIormed into
thermal energy and sound energy.

6 A child jumps Irom a small boat to a dock. Why does she have to jump
with more eIIort than she would need iI she were jumping through an identical
displacement, but Irom a boulder to a tree stump?

Determine the Concept When she jumps Irom a boat to a dock, she must, in
order Ior momentum to be conserved, give the boat a recoil momentum, that is,
her Iorward momentum must be the same as the boat`s backward momentum.
When she jumps through an identical displacement Irom a boulder to a tree
stump, the mass oI the boulder plus Earth is so large that the momentum she
imparts to them is essentially zero.

7 [SSM] Much early research in rocket motion was done by Robert
Goddard, physics proIessor at Clark College in Worcester, Massachusetts. A
quotation Irom a 1920 editorial in the New York Times illustrates the public
opinion oI his work: That ProIessor Goddard with his 'chair' at Clark College
and the countenance oI the Smithsonian Institution does not know the relation
between action and reaction, and the need to have something better than a vacuum
against which to reactto say that would be absurd. OI course, he only seems to
lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools. The belieI that a rocket
needs something to push against was a prevalent misconception beIore rockets in
space were commonplace. Explain why that belieI is wrong.

Determine the Concept In a way, the rocket does need something to push upon.
It pushes the exhaust in one direction, and the exhaust pushes it in the opposite
direction. However, the rocket does not push against the air. Another way to
look at this is conservation oI momentum. The momentum oI the exhaust is
equal and opposite to the momentum oI the rocket, so momentum is conserved.

8 Two identical bowling balls are moving with the same center-oI-mass
velocity, but one just slides down the alley without rotating, whereas the other
rolls down the alley. Which ball has more kinetic energy?

Determine the Concept The kinetic energy oI the sliding ball is
2
cm 2
1
mv . The
kinetic energy oI the rolling ball is
rel
2
cm 2
1
K mv + , where
rel
K is its kinetic energy
Chapter 8

724
relative to its center oI mass. Because the bowling balls are identical and have
the same velocity, the rolling ball has more kinetic energy. There is no problem
here because the relationship m p K 2
2
= is between the center oI mass kinetic
energy oI the ball and its linear momentum.

9 A philosopher tells you, Changing motion oI objects is impossible.
Forces always come in equal but opposite pairs. ThereIore, all Iorces cancel out.
Because Iorces cancel, the momenta oI objects can never be changed. Answer
his argument.

Determine the Concept Think oI someone pushing a box across a Iloor. Her
push on the box is equal but opposite to the push oI the box on her, but the action
and reaction Iorces act on different objects. Newton`s second law is that the sum
oI the Iorces acting on the box equals the rate oI change oI momentum oI the box.
This sum does not include the Iorce oI the box on her.

10 A moving object collides with a stationary object. Is it possible Ior
both objects to be at rest immediately aIter the collision? (Assume any external
Iorces acting on this two-object system are negligibly small.) Is it possible Ior one
object to be at rest immediately aIter the collision? Explain.

Determine the Concept It`s not possible Ior both to remain at rest aIter the
collision, as that wouldn't satisIy the requirement that momentum is conserved. It
is possible Ior one to remain at rest. This is what happens Ior a one-dimensional
collision oI two identical particles colliding elastically.

11 Several researchers in physics education claim that part oI the cause oI
physical misconceptions amongst students comes Irom special eIIects they
observe in cartoons and movies. Using the conservation oI linear momentum,
how would you explain to a class oI high school physics students what is
conceptually wrong with a superhero hovering at rest in midair while tossing
massive objects such as cars at villains? Does this action violate conservation oI
energy as well? Explain.

Determine the Concept Hovering in midair while tossing objects violates the
conservation oI linear momentum! To throw something Iorward requires being
pushed backward. Superheroes are not depicted as experiencing this backward
motion that is predicted by conservation oI linear momentum. This action does
not violate the conservation oI energy.

12 A struggling physics student asks II only external Iorces can cause the
center oI mass oI a system oI particles to accelerate, how can a car move? Doesn`t
the car`s engine supply the Iorce needed to accelerate the car? Explain what
external agent produces the Iorce that accelerates the car, and explain how the
engine makes that agent do so.


725
Determine the Concept There is only one Iorce which can cause the car to move
Iorwardthe Iriction oI the road! The car`s engine causes the tires to rotate, but iI
the road were Irictionless (as is closely approximated by icy conditions) the
wheels would simply spin without the car moving anywhere. Because oI Iriction,
the car`s tire pushes backwards against the road and the Irictional Iorce acting on
the tire pushes it Iorward. This may seem odd, as we tend to think oI Iriction as
being a retarding Iorce only, but it is true.

13 When we push on the brake pedal to slow down a car, a brake pad is
pressed against the rotor so that the Iriction oI the pad slows the rotation oI the
rotor and thus the rotation oI the wheel. However, the Iriction oI the pad against
the rotor can`t be the Iorce that slows the car down, because it is an internal
Iorceboth the rotor and the wheel are parts oI the car, so any Iorces between
them are internal, not external, Iorces. What external agent exerts the Iorce that
slows down the car? Give a detailed explanation oI how this Iorce operates.

Determine the Concept The Irictional Iorce by the road on the tire causes the car
to slow. Normally the wheel is rotating at just the right speed so both the road
and the tread in contact with the road are moving backward at the same speed
relative to the car. By stepping on the brake pedal, you slow the rotation rate oI
the wheel. The tread in contact with the road is no longer moving as Iast, relative
to the car, as the road. To oppose the tendency to skid, the tread exerts a Iorward
Irictional Iorce on the road and the road exerts an equal and opposite Iorce on the
tread.

14 Explain why a circus perIormer Ialling into a saIety net can survive
unharmed, while a circus perIormer Ialling Irom the same height onto the hard
concrete Iloor suIIers serious injury or death. Base your explanation on the
impulse-momentum theorem.

Determine the Concept Because Ap FAt is constant, the saIety net reduces the
Iorce acting on the perIormer by increasing the time At during which the slowing
Iorce acts.

15 [SSM] In Problem 14, estimate the ratio oI the collision time with
the saIety net to the collision time with the concrete Ior the perIormer Ialling Irom
a height oI 25 m. Hint: Use the procedure outlined in Step 4 of the Problem-
Solving Strategy located in Section 8-3.

Determine the Concept The stopping time Ior the perIormer is the ratio oI the
distance traveled during stopping to the average speed during stopping.

Chapter 8

726
Letting d
net
be the distance the net
gives on impact, d
concrete
the distance
the concrete gives, and v
av, with net
and
v
av,without net
the average speeds during
stopping, express the ratio oI the
impact times:

net without av,
concrete
net with av,
net
concrete
net
v
d
v
d
t
t
r = = (1)

Assuming constant acceleration, the
average speed oI the perIormer
during stopping is given by:

2
I
av
v v
v
+
=
or, because v
I
0 in both cases,
v v
2
1
av
=
where v is the impact speed.

Substituting in equation (1) and
simpliIying yields:

concrete
net
2
1
concrete
2
1
net
d
d
v
d
v
d
r = =

Assuming that the net gives about
1 m and concrete about 0.1 mm
yields:
4
10
mm 1 . 0
m 1
~ = r

16 (a) Why does a drinking glass survive a Iall onto a carpet but not onto
a concrete Iloor? (b) On many race tracks, dangerous curves are surrounded by
massive bails oI hay. Explain how this setup reduces the chances oI car damage
and driver injury.

Determine the Concept In both (a) and (b), longer impulse times
(Impulse F
av
At) are the result oI collisions with a carpet and bails oI hay. The
average Iorce on a drinking glass or a car is reduced (nothing can be done about
the impulse, or change in linear momentum, during a collision but increasing the
impulse time decreases the average Iorce acting on an object) and the likelihood
oI breakage, damage or injury is reduced.

17 True or Ialse:

(a) Following any perIectly inelastic collision, the kinetic energy oI the system
is zero aIter the collision in all inertial reIerence Irames.
(b) For a head-on elastic collision, the relative speed oI recession equals the
relative speed oI approach.
(c) During a perIectly inelastic head-on collision with one object initially at rest,
only some oI the system`s kinetic energy is dissipated.

727
(d) AIter a perIectly inelastic head-on collision along the east-west direction, the
two objects are observed to be moving west. The initial total system
momentum was, thereIore, to the west.

(a) False. Following a perIectly inelastic collision, the colliding bodies stick
together but may or may not continue moving, depending on the momentum
each brings to the collision.

(b) True. For a head-on elastic collision both kinetic energy and momentum are
conserved and the relative speeds oI approach and recession are equal.

(c) True. This is the deIinition oI an inelastic collision.

(d) True. The linear momentum oI the system beIore the collision must be in the
same direction as the linear momentum oI the system aIter the collision.

18 Under what conditions can all the initial kinetic energy oI an isolated
system consisting oI two colliding objects be lost in a collision? Explain how this
result can be, and yet the momentum oI the system can be conserved.

Determine the Concept II the collision is perIectly inelastic, the bodies stick
together and neither will be moving aIter the collision. ThereIore, the Iinal
kinetic energy will be zero and all oI it will have been lost (that is, transIormed
into some other Iorm oI energy). Momentum is conserved because in an isolated
system the net external Iorce is zero.

19 Consider a perIectly inelastic collision oI two objects oI equal mass.
(a) Is the loss oI kinetic energy greater iI the two objects are moving in opposite
directions, each moving at speed v/2, or iI one oI the two objects is initially at rest
and the other has an initial speed oI v? (b) In which oI these situations is the
percentage loss in kinetic energy the greatest?

Determine the Concept We can Iind the loss oI kinetic energy in these two
collisions by Iinding the initial and Iinal kinetic energies. We`ll use conservation
oI momentum to Iind the Iinal velocities oI the two masses in each perIectly
elastic collision.

(a) Letting V represent the velocity
oI the masses aIter their perIectly
inelastic collision, use conservation
oI momentum to determine V:

aIter beIore
p p =
or
0 2 = = V mV mv mv
Chapter 8

728
Express the loss oI kinetic energy Ior
the case in which the two objects
have oppositely directed velocities oI
magnitude v/2:

2
4
1
2
2
1
i I
2
2 0
mv
v
m K K K
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

Letting V represent the velocity oI
the masses aIter their perIectly
inelastic collision, use conservation
oI momentum to determine V:

aIter beIore
p p =
or
v V mV mv
2
1
2 = =
Express the loss oI kinetic energy
Ior the case in which the one object
is initially at rest and the other has
an initial velocity v:

( )
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
i I
2
2
mv mv
v
m
K K K
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

The loss oI kinetic energy is the same in both cases.

(b) Express the percentage loss Ior
the case in which the two objects
have oppositely directed velocities
oI magnitude v/2:

100
2
4
1
2
4
1
beIore
= =
A
mv
mv
K
K

Express the percentage loss Ior the
case in which the one object is
initially at rest and the other has an
initial velocity v:

50
2
2
1
2
4
1
beIore
= =
A
mv
mv
K
K

The percentage loss is greatest Ior the case in which the two objects have
oppositely directed velocities oI magnitude v/2.

20 A double-barreled pea shooter is shown in Figure 8-41. Air is blown
into the leIt end oI the pea shooter, and identical peas A and B are positioned
inside each straw as shown. II the pea shooter is held horizontally while the peas
are shot oII, which pea, A or B, will travel Iarther aIter leaving the straw?
Explain. Base your explanation on the impulsemomentum theorem.

Determine the Concept Pea A will travel Iarther. Both peas are acted on by the
same Iorce, but pea A is acted on by that Iorce Ior a longer time. By the impulse-
momentum theorem, its momentum (and, hence, speed) will be higher than pea
B`s speed on leaving the shooter.


729
21 A particle oI mass m
1
traveling with a speed v makes a head-on elastic
collision with a stationary particle oI mass m
2
. In which scenario will the largest
amount oI energy be imparted to the particle oI mass m
2
? (a) m
2
m
1
,
(b) m
2
m
1
, (c) m
2
~ m
1
, (d) None oI the above.

Determine the Concept ReIer to the particles as particle 1 and particle 2. Let the
direction particle 1 is moving beIore the collision be the positive x direction.
We`ll use both conservation oI momentum and conservation oI mechanical
energy to obtain an expression Ior the velocity oI particle 2 aIter the collision.
Finally, we`ll examine the ratio oI the Iinal kinetic energy oI particle 2 to that oI
particle 1 to determine the condition under which there is maximum energy
transIer Irom particle 1 to particle 2.

Use conservation oI momentum to
obtain one relation Ior the Iinal
velocities:

I 2, 2 I 1, 1 i 1, 1
v m v m v m + = (1)
Use conservation oI mechanical
energy to set the velocity oI
recession equal to the negative oI
the velocity oI approach:

( )
i 1, i 1, i 2, I 1, I 2,
v v v v v = = (2)
To eliminate v
1,I
, solve equation (2)
Ior v
1,I
, and substitute the result in
equation (1):

i 1, I 2, I 1,
v v v + =
( )
I 2, 2 i 1, I 2, 1 i 1, 1
v m v v m v m + =

Solve Ior v
2,I
to obtain:
i 1,
2 1
1
I 2,
2
v
m m
m
v
+
=

Express the ratio R oI K
2,I
to K
1,i
in
terms oI m
1
and m
2
:
( )
2
2 1
2
1
1
2
2
i , 1 1 2
1
2
i , 1
2
2 1
1
2 2
1
i 1,
I 2,
4
2
m m
m
m
m
v m
v
m m
m
m
K
K
R
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =

DiIIerentiate this ratio with respect
to m
2
, set the derivative equal to
zero, and obtain the quadratic
equation:

0 1
2
1
2
2
= +
m
m

Chapter 8

730

Solve this equation Ior m
2
to
determine its value Ior maximum
energy transIer:

1 2
m m =
( ) b is correct because all oI particle 1`s kinetic energy is transIerred to
particle 2 when
1 2
m m = .

22 Suppose you are in charge oI an accident-reconstruction team which
has reconstructed an accident in which a car was rear-ended causing the two
cars to lock bumpers and skid to a halt. During the trial, you are on the stand as
an expert witness Ior the prosecution and the deIense lawyer claims that you
wrongly neglected Iriction and the Iorce oI gravity during the Iraction oI a second
while the cars collided. DeIend your report. Why were you correct in ignoring
these Iorces? You did not ignore these two Iorces in your skid analysis both
beIore and aIter the collision. Can you explain to the jury why you did not ignore
these two Iorces during the pre- and post-collision skids?

Determine the Concept You only used conservation oI linear momentum Ior a
Iraction oI a second oI actual contact between the cars. Over that short time,
Iriction and other external Iorces can be neglected. In the long run, over the
duration oI the accident, they cannot.

23 Nozzles Ior a garden hose are oIten made with a right-angle shape as
shown in Figure 8-42. II you open the nozzle and spray water out, you will Iind
that the nozzle presses against your hand with a pretty strong Iorcemuch
stronger than iI you used a nozzle not bent into a right angle. Why is this situation
true?

Determine the Concept The water is changing direction when it rounds the
corner in the nozzle. ThereIore, the nozzle must exert a Iorce on the stream oI
water to change its momentum, and Irom Newton`s third law, the water exerts an
equal but opposite Iorce on the nozzle. This requires a net Iorce in the direction oI
the momentum change.

Conceptual Problems from Optional Sections
24 Describe a perIectly inelastic head-on collision between two stunt cars
as viewed in the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame.

Determine the Concept In the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame the two objects
approach with equal but opposite momenta and remain at rest aIter the collision.

731
25 One air-hockey puck is initially at rest. An identical air-hockey puck
collides with it, striking it with a glancing blow. Assume the collision was elastic
and neglect any rotational motion oI the pucks. Describe the collision in the
center-oI-mass Irame oI the pucks.

Determine the Concept In the center-oI-mass Irame the two velocities are equal
and opposite, both beIore and aIter the collision. In addition, the speed oI each
puck is the same beIore and aIter the collision. The direction oI the velocity oI
each puck changes by some angle during the collision.

26 A baton with one end more massive than the other is tossed at an angle
into the air. (a) Describe the trajectory oI the center oI mass oI the baton in the
reIerence Irame oI the ground. (b) Describe the motion oI the two ends oI the
baton in the center-oI-mass Irame oI the baton.

Determine the Concept
(a) In the center-oI-mass Irame oI the ground, the center oI mass moves in a
parabolic arc.

(b) Relative to the center oI mass, each end oI the baton would describe a circular
path. The more massive end oI the baton would travel in the circle with the
smaller radius because it is closer to the location oI the center oI mass.

27 Describe the Iorces acting on a descending Lunar lander as it Iires its
retrorockets to slow it down Ior a saIe landing. (Assume the lander`s mass loss
during the rocket Iiring is not negligible.)

Determine the Concept The Iorces acting on a descending Lunar lander are the
downward Iorce oI lunar gravity and the upward thrust provided by the rocket
engines.

28 A railroad car rolling along by itselI is passing by a grain elevator,
which is dumping grain into it at a constant rate. (a) Does momentum
conservation imply that the railroad car should be slowing down as it passes the
grain elevator? Assume that the track is Irictionless and perIectly level and that
the grain is Ialling vertically. (b) II the car is slowing down, this situation implies
that there is some external Iorce acting on the car to slow it down. Where does
this Iorce come Irom? (c) AIter passing the elevator, the railroad car springs a
leak, and grain starts leaking out oI a vertical hole in its Iloor at a constant rate.
Should the car speed up as it loses mass?

Determine the Concept We can apply conservation oI linear momentum and
Newton`s laws oI motion to each oI these scenarios.

(a) Yes, the car should slow down. An easy way oI seeing this is to imagine a
"packet" oI grain being dumped into the car all at once: This is a completely
inelastic collision, with the packet having an initial horizontal velocity oI 0. AIter
Chapter 8

732
the collision, it is moving with the same horizontal velocity that the car does, so
the car must slow down.

(b) When the packet oI grain lands in the car, it initially has a horizontal velocity
oI 0, so it must be accelerated to come to the same speed as the car oI the train.
ThereIore, the train must exert a Iorce on it to accelerate it. By Newton`s third
law, the grain exerts an equal but opposite Iorce on the car, slowing it down. In
general, this is a Irictional Iorce which causes the grain to come to the same speed
as the car.

(c) No it dos not speed up. Imagine a packet oI grain being "dumped" out oI the
railroad car. This can be treated as a collision, too. It has the same horizontal
speed as the railroad car when it leaks out, so the train car doesn`t have to speed
up or slow down to conserve momentum.

29 [SSM] To show that even really intelligent people can make
mistakes, consider the Iollowing problem which was asked oI a Ireshman class at
Caltech on an exam (paraphrased): A sailboat is sitting in the water on a windless
day. In order to make the boat move, a misguided sailor sets up a fan in the back
of the boat to blow into the sails to make the boat move forward. Explain why the
boat wont move. The idea was that the net Iorce oI the wind pushing the sail
Iorward would be counteracted by the Iorce pushing the Ian back (Newton`s third
law). However, as one oI the students pointed out to his proIessor, the sailboat
could in Iact move Iorward. Why is that?

Determine the Concept Think oI the sail Iacing the Ian (like the sail on a square
rigger might), and think oI the stream oI air molecules hitting the sail. Imagine
that they bounce oII the sail elasticallytheir net change in momentum is then
roughly twice the change in momentum that they experienced going through the
Ian. Thus the change in momentum oI the air is backward, so to conserve
momentum oI the air-Ian-boat system, the change in momentum oI the Ian-boat
system will be Iorward.

Estimation and Approximation

30 A 2000-kg car traveling at 90 km/h crashes into an immovable
concrete wall. (a) Estimate the time oI collision, assuming that the center oI the
car travels halIway to the wall with constant acceleration. (Use any plausible
length Ior the car.) (b) Estimate the average Iorce exerted by the wall on the car.

Picture the Problem We can estimate the time oI collision Irom the average
speed oI the car and the distance traveled by the center oI the car during the
collision. We`ll assume a car length oI 6.0 m. We can calculate the average Iorce
exerted by the wall on the car Irom the car`s change in momentum and its
stopping time.


733
(a) Relate the stopping time to the
assumption that the center oI the car
travels halIway to the wall with
constant deceleration:

( )
av
car 4
1
av
car 2
1
2
1
av
stopping
v
L
v
L
v
d
t = = = A (1)

Because a is constant, the average
speed oI the car is given by:

2
I i
av
v v
v
+
=
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate v
av
:
m/s 5 . 12
2
km
m 1000
s 3600
h 1
h
km
90 0
av
=
+
= v

Substitute numerical values in
equation (1) and evaluate At:
( )
s 12 . 0 s 120 . 0
m/s 12.5
m 6.0
4
1
= = = t

(b) Relate the average Iorce exerted by the wall on the car to the car`s change in
momentum:

( )
N 10 2 . 4
s 0.120
km
m 1000
s 3600
h 1
h
km
90 kg 2000
5
av
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

= =
t
p
F

31 In hand-pumped railcar races, a speed oI 32.0 km/h has been achieved
by teams oI Iour people. A car that has a mass equal to 350 kg is moving at that
speed toward a river when Carlos, the chieI pumper, notices that the bridge ahead
is out. All Iour people (each with a mass oI 75.0 kg) simultaneously jump
backward oII the car with a velocity that has a horizontal component oI 4.00 m/s
relative to the car. The car proceeds oII the bank and Ialls into the water a
horizontal distance oI 25.0 m Irom the bank. (a) Estimate the time oI the Iall oI
the railcar. (b) What is the horizontal component oI the velocity oI the pumpers
when they hit the ground?

Picture the Problem Let the direction the railcar is moving be the x direction
and the system include Earth, the pumpers, and the railcar. We`ll also denote the
railcar with the letter c and the pumpers with the letter p. We`ll use conservation
oI linear momentum to relate the center oI mass Irame velocities oI the car and
the pumpers and then transIorm to the Earth Irame oI reIerence to Iind the time
oI Iall oI the car.

Chapter 8

734
(a) Relate the time oI Iall oI the
railcar to the horizontal distance it
travels and its horizontal speed as
it leaves the bank:

c
v
x
t
A
= A (1)
Iind the speed oI the car relative to
the speed oI its center oI mass:

0
or
p p c c
I i
= +
=
u m u m
p p

Relate u
c
to u
p
and solve Ior u
c
: m/s 00 . 4
c p
= u u
and
m/s 00 . 4
c p
= u u

Substitute Ior u
p
to obtain: ( ) 0 m/s 00 . 4
c p c c
= + u m u m

Solving Ior u
c
yields:
p
c
c
1
m/s 00 . 4
m
m
u
+
=

evaluate u
c
:
( )
m/s 846 . 1
kg 75.0 4
kg 350
1
m/s 00 . 4
c
=
+
= u

Relate the speed oI the car to its
speed relative to the center oI mass
oI the system:

cm c c
v u v + =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate v
c
:

m/s 73 . 10
km
m 1000
s 3600
h 1
h
km
32.0
s
m
.846 1
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = v

equation (1) and evaluate At:
s 2.33
m/s 10.73
m 25.0
= = t

(b) The horizontal velocity oI
the pumpers when they hit the
ground is:
m/s 6.7
m/s 4.00 m/s 10.73
p c p
=
= = u v v


735
32 A wooden block and a gun are Iirmly Iixed to opposite ends oI a long
glider mounted on a Irictionless air track (Figure 8-43). The block and gun are a
distance L apart. The system is initially at rest. The gun is Iired and the bullet
leaves the gun with a velocity v
b
and impacts the block, becoming imbedded in it.
The mass oI the bullet is m
b
and the mass oI the gungliderblock system is m
p
.
(a) What is the velocity oI the glider immediately aIter the bullet leaves the gun?
(b) What is the velocity oI the glider immediately aIter the bullet comes to rest in
the block? (c) How Iar does the glider move while the bullet is in transit between
the gun and the block?

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth, platIorm, gun, bullet, and
block. Then
ext net,
F
0 and momentum is conserved within the system. Choose a

coordinate system in which the x direction is the direction oI the bullet and let b
and p denote the bullet and platIorm, respectively.

(a) Apply conservation oI linear
momentum to the system just
beIore and just aIter the bullet
leaves the gun:

aIter beIore
p p

=
or
glider bullet
0 p p

+ =

Substitute Ior
bullet
p
and
glider
p
to
obtain:

p p b b
`
0 v i

m v m + =

Solving Ior
p
v
yields:
i v
`
b
p
b
p
v
m
m
=

(b) Apply conservation oI
momentum to the system just
beIore the bullet leaves the gun and
just aIter it comes to rest in the
block:

aIter beIore
p p

=
or
glider
0 p
= 0
glider
= v

(c) Express the distance As traveled
by the glider:

t v s
p
=
Express the velocity oI the bullet
relative to the glider:
b
p
b p
b
p
b
b
p
b
b p b rel
1 v
m
m m
v
m
m
v
m
m
v v v v
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ = =

Chapter 8

736
Relate the time oI Ilight At to L
and v
rel
:

rel
v
L
t = A
Substitute and simpliIy to Iind the distance As moved by the glider in time At:

L
m m
m
v
m
m m
L
v
m
m
v
L
v
m
m
t v s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
b p
b
b
p
b p
b
p
b
rel
b
p
b
p

Conservation of Linear Momentum
33 [SSM] Tyrone, an 85-kg teenager, runs oII the end oI a horizontal
pier and lands on a Iree-Iloating 150-kg raIt that was initially at rest. AIter he
lands on the raIt, the raIt, with him on it, moves away Irom the pier at 2.0 m/s.
What was Tyrone`s speed as he ran oII the end oI the pier?

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth, the raIt, and Tyrone and
apply conservation oI linear momentum to Iind Tyrone`s speed when he ran oII
the end oI the pier.

Apply conservation oI linear
momentum to the system consisting
oI the raIt and Tyrone to obtain:

0
raIt Tyrone system
= + = p p p

or, because the motion is one-
dimensional,
0
raIt i, raIt I, Tyrone , i Tyrone I,
= + p p p p

Because the raIt is initially at rest:

0
raIt I, Tyrone , i Tyrone I,
= + p p p

Use the deIinition oI linear momentum to obtain:

0
raIt I, raIt Tyrone i, Tyrone Tyrone I, Tyrone
= + v m v m v m

Solve Ior
Tyrone i,
v to obtain:

Tyrone I, raIt I,
Tyrone
raIt
Tyrone i,
v v
m
m
v + =

Letting v represent the common Iinal
speed oI the raIt and Tyrone yields:

v
m
m
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
Tyrone
raIt
Tyrone i,
1


737
evaluate
Tyrone i,
v :
( )
m/s .5 5
m/s 0 . 2
kg 85
kg 150
1
Tyrone i,
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = v

34 A 55-kg woman contestant on a reality television show is at rest at the
south end oI a horizontal 150-kg raIt that is Iloating in crocodile-inIested waters.
She and the raIt are initially at rest. She needs to jump Irom the raIt to a platIorm
that is several meters oII the north end oI the raIt. She takes a running start. When
she reaches the north end oI the raIt she is running at 5.0 m/s relative to the raIt.
At that instant, what is her velocity relative to the water?

Picture the Problem Let the system include the woman, the raIt, and Earth.
Then the net external Iorce is zero and linear momentum is conserved as she
jumps oII the raIt. Let the direction the woman is running be the x direction.

momentum to the system:

0
raIt raIt woman woman i i
= + =
v v v

m m m

Solving Ior
raIt
v
yields:
raIt
woman woman
raIt
m
m v
v

=

Substituting numerical values gives:

woman woman raIt
150
55
kg 150
kg 55
v v v

|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

It is given that:

( )i v v
`
m/s 0 . 5
raIt woman
=

Substituting Ior
raIt
v
yields:
( )i v v
`
m/s 0 . 5
150
55
woman woman
=
|
.
|
\
|
+

Solve Ior
woman
v
to obtain:

( )i i v
`
m/s 3.7
`
150
55
1
m/s 0 . 5
woman
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

35 A 5.0-kg object and a 10-kg object, both resting on a Irictionless table,
are connected by a massless compressed spring. The spring is released and the
objects Ily oII in opposite directions. The 5.0-kg object has a velocity oI 8.0 m/s
to the leIt. What is the velocity oI the 10-kg object?

Chapter 8

738
Picture the Problem II we include Earth in our system, then the net external
Iorce is zero and linear momentum is conserved as the spring delivers its energy
to the two objects. Choose a coordinate system in which the x direction is to the
right.

momentum to the system:
0
10 10 5 5 i i
= + =
v v v

m m m

Solving Ior
10
v
yields:
5
10
5
10
v v

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
m
m

evaluate
10
v
:
( )( )
( )i
i v
`
m/s 0 . 4
`
kg 10
m/s 8.0 kg 5.0
10
=
(

or 4.0 m/s to the right.

36 Figure 8-44 shows the behavior oI a projectile just aIter it has broken
up into three pieces. What was the speed oI the projectile the instant beIore it
broke up? (a) v
3
. (b) v
3
/3. (c) v
3
/4. (d) 4v
3
. (e) (v
1
v
2
v
3
)/4.

Picture the Problem This is an explosion-like event in which linear momentum
is conserved. Thus we can equate the initial and Iinal momenta in the x direction
and the initial and Iinal momenta in the y direction. Choose a coordinate system in
the x direction is to the right and the y direction is upward.

Equate the momenta in the y
direction beIore and aIter the
explosion:

( ) 0 2 2
2
1 1
1 2 I y, i y,
= =
= =

mv v m
mv mv p p

We can conclude that the momentum was entirely in the x direction beIore the
particle exploded.

Equate the momenta in the x
direction beIore and aIter the
explosion:

=
I x, i x,
p p
or
3 projectile
4 mv mv =

Solving Ior
projectile
v yields:
3 4
1
projectile
v v = and ( ) c is correct.


739
37 A shell oI mass m and speed v explodes into two identical Iragments.
II the shell was moving horizontally with respect to Earth, and one oI the
Iragments is subsequently moving vertically with speed v, Iind the velocity

' v oI
the other Iragment immediately Iollowing the explosion.

Picture the Problem Choose the direction the shell is moving just beIore the
explosion to be the positive x direction and apply conservation oI momentum.

relate the masses oI the Iragments to
their velocities:

I i
p p

=
or
'
` `
2
1
2
1
v j i

m mv mv + = j i v
` `
2 ' v v =

38 During this week`s physics lab, the experimental setup consists oI two
gliders on a horizontal Irictionless air track (see Figure 8-45). Each glider
supports a strong magnet centered on top oI it, and the magnets are oriented so
they attract each other. The mass oI glider 1 and its magnet is 0.100 kg and the
mass oI glider 2 and its magnet is 0.200 kg. You and your lab partners take the
origin to be at the leIt end oI the track and to center glider 1 at x
1
= 0.100 m and
glider 2 at x
2
= 1.600 m. Glider 1 is 10.0 cm long, while glider 2 is 20.0 cm long
and each glider has its center oI mass at its geometric center. When the two are
released Irom rest, they will move toward each other and stick. (a) Predict the
position oI the center oI each glider when they Iirst touch. (b) Predict the velocity
the two gliders will continue to move with aIter they stick. Explain the reasoning
behind this prediction Ior your lab partners.

Picture the Problem Because no external Iorces act on either glider, the center
oI mass oI the two-glider system can`t move. We can use the data concerning the
masses and separation oI the gliders initially to calculate its location and then
apply the deIinition oI the center oI mass a second time to relate the positions x
1

and x
2
oI the centers oI the carts when they Iirst touch. We can also use the
separation oI the centers oI the gliders when they touch to obtain a second
equation in x
1
and x
2
that we can solve simultaneously with the equation obtained
Irom the location oI the center oI mass.

(a) The x coordinate oI the center oI
mass oI the 2-glider system is given
by:

2 1
2 2 1 1
cm
m m
x m x m
x
+
+
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate x
cm
:

( )( ) ( )( )
m 10 . 1
kg 0.200 kg 0.100
m 1.600 kg 0.200 m 0.100 kg 0.100
cm
=
+
+
= x
Irom the leIt end oI the air track.

Chapter 8

740
Because the location oI the center
oI mass has not moved when two
gliders Iirst touch:

2 1
2 2 1 1
m 10 . 1
m m
X m X m
+
+
=

simpliIy to obtain:

2 3
2
1 3
1
m 10 . 1 X X + =
Also, when they Iirst touch, their
centers are separated by halI their
combined lengths:

( )
m 0.150
cm 20.0 cm 10.0
2
1
1 2
=
+ = X X

Thus we have:

m 10 . 1
2 3
2
1 3
1
= + X X
and
m 0.150
1 2
= X X

Solving these equations
simultaneously yields:

m 00 . 1
1
= X and m 15 . 1
2
= X

(b) Because the momentum oI the system was zero initially, it must be zero just
beIore the collision and aIter the collision in which the gliders stick together.
Hence their velocity aIter the collision must be 0 .

39 Bored, a boy shoots his pellet gun at a piece oI cheese that sits on a
massive block oI ice. On one particular shot, his 1.2 g pellet gets stuck in the
cheese, causing it to slide 25 cm beIore coming to a stop. II the muzzle velocity oI
the gun is known to be 65 m/s, and the cheese has a mass oI 120 g, what is the
coeIIicient oI Iriction between the cheese and ice?

Picture the Problem Let the system consist oI the pellet and the cheese. Then we
can apply the conservation oI linear momentum and the conservation oI energy
with Iriction to this inelastic collision to Iind the coeIIicient oI Iriction between
the cheese and the ice.

momentum to the system to obtain:

0
cheese pellet system
= + = p p p

or, because the motion is one-
dimensional,
0
cheese i, cheese I, pellet i, pellet I,
= + p p p p

Because the cheese is initially at
rest:

0
cheeset I, pellet i, pellet I,
= + p p p

741

Letting m represent the mass oI the
pellet, M the mass oI the cheese, and
v the common Iinal speed oI the
pellet and the cheese, use the
deIinition oI linear momentum to
obtain:

0
pellet i,
= + Mv mv mv
Solving Ior v

yields:

pellet i,
v
M m
m
v
+
= (1)

Apply the conservation oI energy
with Iriction to the system to obtain:

therm mech ext
E E W + =
or, because W
ext
0,
0
therm g
= + + E U K

Because AU
g
K
I
0, and
s f E
therm
= (where As is the
distance the cheese slides on the
ice):

( ) 0
2
2
1
= + + s f v M m
f is given by: ( )g M m f + =
k

Substituting Ior f yields: ( ) ( ) 0
k
2
2
1
= + + + s g M m v M m

Substitute Ior v Irom equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( ) 0
k
2
pellet i, 2
1
= + +
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ s g M m v
M m
m
M m

Solving Ior
k
yields:

2
pellet i,
k
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
M m
mv
s g

Substitute numerical values and evaluate
k
:

( )( )
( )( )
084 . 0
kg 120 . 0 kg 0012 . 0
m/s 65 kg 0012 . 0
m 25 . 0 m/s 81 . 9 2
1
2
2
k
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

40 A wedge oI mass M, as shown in Figure 8-46, is placed on a
Irictionless, horizontal surIace, and a block oI mass m is placed on the wedge,
whose surIace is also Irictionless. The center oI mass oI the block moves
Chapter 8

742
downward a distance h, as the block slides Irom its initial position to the
horizontal Iloor. (a) What are the speeds oI the block and oI the wedge, as they
separate Irom each other and each go their own way? (b) Check your calculation
plausibility by considering the limiting case when M ~~m.

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth, the block, and the wedge and
apply conservation oI energy and conservation oI linear momentum.

(a) Apply conservation oI energy
with no Irictional Iorces to the
system to obtain:
U K W
ext
+ =
or, because W
ext
0,
0 = + U K

Substituting Ior AK and AU yields:

0
i I i I
= + U U K K
Because K
i
U
I
0:

0
i I
= U K
Letting b reIer to the block and w
to the wedge yields:

0
i b, I w, I b,
= + U K K
Substitute Ior K
b,I
, K
w,I
, and U
b,i
to
obtain:

0
2
w 2
1
2
b 2
1
= + mgh Mv mv (1)
Applying conservation oI linear
momentum to the system yields:

0
w b sys
= + = p p p

or
0
i w, I w, i b, I b,
= + p p p p

Because 0
i w, i b,
= = p p

: 0
I w, I b,
= + p p

Substituting Ior
I b,
p
and
I w,
p
yields:

0
` `
w b
= + i i Mv mv
or
0
w b
= + Mv mv

Solve Ior v
w
to obtain:

b w
v
M
m
v = (2)

Substituting Ior v
w
in equation (1)
yields:

0
2
b 2
1
2
b 2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ mgh v
M
m
M mv
Solve Ior v
b
to obtain:

m M
ghM
v
+
=
2
b
(3)


743
Substitute Ior v
b
in equation (2) and
simpliIy to obtain:

( ) m M M
ghm
m M
ghM
M
m
v
+
=
+
=
2
w
2
2
(4)

(b) Rewriting equation (3) by
dividing the numerator and
denominator oI the radicand by M
yields:

M
m
gh
v
+
=
1
2
b

When M ~~ m:

gh v 2
b
=

Rewriting equation (4) by dividing
the numerator and denominator oI
the radicand by M yields:

M
m
M
m
gh
v
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
2
w

When M ~~ m:

0
w
= v

These results are exactly what we would expect in this case: The physics is that
oI a block sliding down a Iixed wedge incline with no movement oI the incline.

Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles
41 [SSM] A 3.0-kg block is traveling to the right (the x direction) at
5.0 m/s, and a second 3.0-kg block is traveling to the leIt at 2.0 m/s. (a) Find the
total kinetic energy oI the two blocks. (b) Find the velocity oI the center oI mass
oI the two-block system. (c) Find the velocity oI each block relative to the center
oI mass. (d) Find the kinetic energy oI the blocks relative to the center oI mass.
(e) Show that your answer Ior Part (a) is greater than your answer Ior Part (d) by
an amount equal to the kinetic energy associated with the motion oI the center oI
mass.

Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the x direction is to
the right. Use the expression Ior the total momentum oI a system to Iind the
velocity oI the center oI mass and the deIinition oI relative velocity to express the
sum oI the kinetic energies relative to the center oI mass.

Chapter 8

744
(a) The total kinetic energy is the
sum oI the kinetic energies oI the
blocks:

2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 2
1
2 1
v m v m K K K + = + =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate K:

( )( ) ( )( ) J 44 J 43.5 m/s 2.0 kg 3.0 m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
= = + = K

(b) Relate the velocity oI the center
oI mass oI the system to its total
momentum:

2 2 1 1 cm
v v v

m m M + =

Solving Ior
cm
v
yields:
2 1
2 2 1 1
cm
m m
m m
+
+
=
v v
v

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :
cm
v

( )( ) ( )( )
( )i
i i
v
`
m/s 5 . 1
kg 3.0 kg 3.0
`
m/s 2.0 kg 3.0
`
m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
cm
=
+
+
=

(c) The velocity oI an object relative
to the center oI mass is given by:

cm rel
v v v

=
Substitute numerical values to
obtain:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )i
i i v
i
i i v
`
m/s 5 . 3
`
m/s 5 . 1
`
m/s 0 . 2
`
m/s 5 . 3
`
m/s 5 . 1
`
m/s 0 . 5
rel 2,
rel 1,
=
=
=
=

(d) Express the sum oI the kinetic
energies relative to the center oI
mass:

2
rel , 2 2 2
1
2
rel , 1 1 2
1
rel , 2 rel , 1 rel
v m v m K K K + = + =

rel
K :

( )( ) ( )( ) J 7 3 m/s 5 . 3 kg 3.0 m/s 3.5 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
rel
= + = K

(e)
cm
K is given by:

2
cm tot 2
1
cm
v m K =

745
evaluate
cm
K :
( )( )
rel
2
2
1
cm
J 36.75 J 43.5 J 6.75
m/s 1.5 kg 6.0
K K
K
=
= =
=

42 Repeat Problem 41 with the second 3.0-kg block replaced by a 5.0-kg
block moving to the right at 3.0 m/s.

Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the x direction is to
the right. Use the expression Ior the total momentum oI a system to Iind the
velocity oI the center oI mass and the deIinition oI relative velocity to express the
sum oI the kinetic energies relative to the center oI mass.

(a) The total kinetic energy is the
sum oI the kinetic energies oI the
blocks:

2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 2
1
2 1
v m v m K K K + = + =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate K:

( )( ) ( )( ) J 0 6 J 0 . 0 6 m/s 3.0 kg 5.0 m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
= = + = K

oI mass oI the system to its total
momentum:

2 2 1 1 cm
v v v

m m M + =

Solving Ior
cm
v
yields:
2 1
2 2 1 1
cm
m m
m m
+
+
=
v v
v

Substitute numerical values and evaluate :
cm
v

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )i i
i i
v
`
m/s 8 . 3
`
m/s 75 . 3
kg 5.0 kg 3.0
`
m/s 3.0 kg 5.0
`
m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
cm
= =
+
+
=

(c) The velocity oI an object relative
to the center oI mass is given by:

cm rel
v v v

=
Chapter 8

746
Substitute numerical values to
obtain:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )i
i
i i v
i
i i v
`
m/s 8 . 0
`
m/s 75 . 0
`
m/s 75 . 3
`
m/s 0 . 3
`
m/s 3 . 1
`
m/s 75 . 3
`
m/s 0 . 5
rel 2,
rel 1,
=
=
=
=
=

(d) Express the sum oI the kinetic
energies relative to the center oI mass:

2
rel , 2 2 2
1
2
rel , 1 1 2
1
rel , 2 rel , 1 rel
v m v m K K K + = + =

rel
K :

( )( ) ( )( ) J 4 J 75 . 3 m/s 75 . 0 kg 5.0 m/s 25 . 1 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
rel
= = + = K

(e)
cm
K is given by:

2
cm tot 2
1
cm
v m K =
evaluate
cm
K :
( )( )
rel
2
2
1
cm
J 3 . 6 5
m/s 75 . 3 kg 8.0
K K
K
~ ~
=

Impulse and Average Force
43 [SSM] You kick a soccer ball whose mass is 0.43 kg. The ball
leaves your Ioot with an initial speed oI 25 m/s. (a) What is the magnitude oI the
impulse associated with the Iorce oI your Ioot on the ball? (b) II your Ioot is in
contact with the ball Ior 8.0 ms, what is the magnitude oI the average Iorce
exerted by your Ioot on the ball?

Picture the Problem The impulse imparted to the ball by the kicker equals the
change in the ball`s momentum. The impulse is also the product oI the average
Iorce exerted on the ball by the kicker and the time during which the average
Iorce acts.

(a) Relate the magnitude oI the
impulse delivered to the ball to its
change in momentum:
i I
p p I = = p

or, because v
i
0,
I
mv I =

evaluate I:

( )( )
s N 11
s N 8 . 10 m/s 25 kg 0.43
=
= = I


747
(b) The impulse delivered to the ball
as a Iunction oI the average Iorce
acting on it is given by:

t F I A =
av

t
I
F
av
=

evaluate
av
F :
kN 1.3
s 0.0080
s N 10.8
av
=
= F

44 A 0.30-kg brick is dropped Irom a height oI 8.0 m. It hits the ground
and comes to rest. (a) What is the impulse exerted by the ground on the brick
during the collision? (b) II it takes 0.0013 s Irom the time the brick Iirst touches
the ground until it comes to rest, what is the average Iorce exerted by the ground
on the brick during impact?

Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the ground on the brick equals the
change in momentum oI the brick and is also the product oI the average Iorce
exerted by the ground on the brick and the time during which the average Iorce
acts.

(a) Express the magnitude oI the
impulse exerted by the ground on the
brick:

brick i, brick I, brick
p p p I = A =
Because p
I,brick
0: v m p I
brick brick i,
= = (1)

Use conservation oI energy to
determine the speed oI the brick at
impact:
0
or
0
i I i I
= +
= A + A
U U K K
U K

Because U
I
K
i
0: 0
i I
= U K
and
0
brick
2
brick 2
1
= gh m v m gh v 2 =

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:
gh m I 2
brick
=

evaluate I:
( ) ( )( )
s N 8 . 3 s N 76 . 3
m 8.0 m/s 9.81 2 kg 0.30
2
= =
= I

(c) The average Iorce acting on the
brick is:

t
I
F
av
=
Chapter 8

748
evaluate F
av
:
kN 9 . 2
s 0.0013
s N 76 . 3
av
=
= F

45 A meteorite that has a mass equal to 30.8 tonne (1 tonne = 1000 kg) is
exhibited in the American Museum oI Natural History in New York City.
Suppose that the kinetic energy oI the meteorite as it hit the ground was 617 MJ.
Find the magnitude oI the impulse I experienced by the meteorite up to the time
its kinetic energy was halved (which took about t = 3.0 s). Find also the average
Iorce F exerted on the meteorite during this time interval.

Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the ground on the meteorite equals
the change in momentum oI the meteorite and is also the product oI the average
Iorce exerted by the ground on the meteorite and the time during which the
average Iorce acts.

Express the magnitude oI the
impulse exerted by the ground on the
meteorite:

i I meteorite
p p I = = p

Relate the kinetic energy oI the
meteorite to its initial momentum
and solve Ior its initial momentum:

i i
2
i
i
2
2
mK p
m
p
K = =

Express the ratio oI the initial and
Iinal kinetic energies oI the
meteorite:
2
2m
2
2
I
2
i
2
I
2
i
I
i
= = =
p
p
p
m
p
K
K
2
i
I
p
p =

Substitute in our expression Ior I
and simpliIy:
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
i
i i
i
mK
p p
p
I

Because our interest is in its magnitude, substitute numerical values and evaluate
the absolute value oI I:

( )( ) s MN 81 . 1 1
2
1
J 10 617 kg 10 30.8 2
6 3
= |
.
|
\
|
= I

The average Iorce acting on the
meteorite is: t
I
F
av
=


749
evaluate F
av
:
MN 60 . 0
s 3.0
s MN 81 . 1
av
=
= F

46 A 0.15-kg baseball traveling horizontally is hit by a bat and its
direction exactly reversed. Its velocity changes Irom 20 m/s to 20 m/s.
(a) What is the magnitude oI the impulse delivered by the bat to the ball? (b) II
the baseball is in contact with the bat Ior 1.3 ms, what is the average Iorce exerted
by the bat on the ball?

Picture the Problem The impulse exerted by the bat on the ball equals the
change in momentum oI the ball and is also the product oI the average Iorce
exerted by the bat on the ball and the time during which the bat and ball were in
contact.

(a) Express the impulse exerted by
the bat on the ball in terms oI the
change in momentum oI the ball:
( ) i i i
p p p I
`
2
` `
i I
i I ball
mv mv mv = =
= A =

where v v
I
v
i

Substitute Ior m and v and
evaluate I
:
( )( )
s N 0 . 6
s N 00 . 6 m/s 20 kg 15 . 0 2
=
= = I

(b) The average Iorce acting on the
ball is: t
I
F
av
=

evaluate F
av
:
kN 6 . 4
ms 3 . 1
s N 00 . 6
av
=
= F

47 A 60-g handball moving with a speed oI 5.0 m/s strikes the wall at an
angle oI 40 with the normal, and then bounces oII with the same speed at the
same angle with the normal. It is in contact with the wall Ior 2.0 ms. What is the
average Iorce exerted by the ball on the wall?

Chapter 8

750
Picture the Problem The Iigure shows
the handball just beIore and
immediately aIter its collision with the
wall. Choose a coordinate system in
which the x direction is to the right.
The wall changes the momentum oI the
ball by exerting a Iorce on it during the
ball`s collision with it. The reaction to
this Iorce is the Iorce the ball exerts on
the wall. Because these action and
reaction Iorces are equal in magnitude,
we can Iind the average Iorce exerted
on the ball by Iinding the change in
momentum oI the ball.

Using Newton`s 3
rd
law, relate the
average Iorce exerted by the ball on
the wall to the average Iorce exerted
by the wall on the ball:

ball on av on wall av
F F

=
and
ball on av on wall av
F F = (1)
Relate the average Iorce exerted by
the wall on the ball to its change in
momentum:

t
m
t A
A
=
A
A
=
v p
F

ball on av

Express v
in terms oI its
components:

y x
v v v

+ =
or, because j j v
` `
, i , I y y y
v v =
and
y y
v v
, i , I
= ,
x
v v

=

Express
x
v
A Ior the ball:

i i v
` `
, i , I x x x
v v = A

or, because u cos
i,
v v
x
= and
u cos
I,
v v
x
= ,
i i i v
`
cos 2
`
cos
`
cos u u u v v v
x
= = A

Substituting in the expression Ior
ball on av
F
yields:
i
v
F
`
cos 2
ball on av
t
mv
t
m
A
=
A
A
=
u

The magnitude oI
ball on av
F
is:

t
mv
F
cos 2
ball on av
u
=


751
evaluate F
av on ball
:
( )( )
kN 23 . 0
ms 2.0
cos40 m/s 5.0 kg 0.060 2
ball on av
=
= F

kN 23 . 0
on wall av
= F

48 You throw a 150-g ball straight up to a height oI 40.0 m. (a) Use a
reasonable value Ior the displacement oI the ball while it is in your hand to
estimate the time the ball is in your hand while you are throwing it. (b) Calculate
the average Iorce exerted by your hand while you are throwing it. (Is it OK to
neglect the gravitational Iorce on the ball while it is being thrown?)

Picture the Problem The pictorial
representation shows the ball during
the interval oI time during which you
are exerting a Iorce on it to accelerate
it upward. The average Iorce you exert
can be determined Irom the change in
momentum oI the ball. The change in
the velocity oI the ball can be Iound by
applying conservation oI mechanical
energy to the ball-Earth system once it
has leIt your hand.
av
F

g m F

=
g
1
2
m 0
1
= y
d y =
2
?
2
= v
0
1
= v
0
1
= t
t t t + =
1 2
A

(a) Relate the time the ball is in your
hand to its average speed while it is
in your hand and the displacement oI
your hand:

hand your in av,
v
y
t =
Letting U
g
0 at the initial elevation
oI your hand, use conservation oI
mechanical energy to relate the
initial kinetic energy oI the ball to its
potential energy when it is at its
highest point:

0 = + U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K
Substitute Ior K
I
and U
i
and solve
Ior v
2
:

0
2
2 2
1
= + mgh mv gh v 2
2
=
Because
2 2
1
hand your in av,
v v = :
gh
y
v
y
t
2
2
2 2
1
= =
Chapter 8

752
Assuming the displacement oI your
hand is 0.70 m as you throw the ball
straight up, substitute numerical
values and evaluate At:

( )
( )( )
ms 0 5
ms 0 . 50
m 40 m/s 81 . 9 2
m 0.70 2
2
=
= = t

(b) Relate the average Iorce exerted
by your hand on the ball to the
change in momentum oI the ball:

t
p p
t
p
F

1 2
av

= =
or, because v
1
p
1
0,
t
mv
F
2
av
=

Substitute Ior v
2
to obtain:
t
gh m
F
2
av
=

evaluate F
av
:
( ) ( )( )
N 84 N 04 . 84
ms 50.0
m 40 m/s 9.81 2 kg 0.15
2
av
= =
= F

Express the ratio oI the gravitational
Iorce on the ball to the average Iorce
acting on it:

av av
g
F
mg
F
F
=

evaluate F
g
/F
av
:

( )( )
2
N 84.04
m/s 9.81 kg 0.15
2
av
g
< =
F
F

Because the gravitational Iorce acting on the ball is less than 2 oI the average
Iorce exerted by your hand on the ball, it is reasonable to have neglected the
gravitational Iorce.

49 A 0.060-kg handball is thrown straight toward a wall with a speed oI
10 m/s. It rebounds straight backward at a speed oI 8.0 m/s. (a) What impulse is
exerted on the wall? (b) II the ball is in contact with the wall Ior 3.0 ms, what
average Iorce is exerted on the wall by the ball? (c) The rebounding ball is
caught by a player who brings it to rest. During the process, her hand moves back
0.50 m. What is the impulse received by the player? (d) What average Iorce was
exerted on the player by the ball?

Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the ball
is moving after its collision with the wall is the x direction. The impulse
delivered to the wall or received by the player equals the change in the
momentum oI the ball during these two collisions. We can Iind the average
Iorces Irom the rate oI change in the momentum oI the ball.

753

(a) The impulse delivered to the
wall is the change in momentum oI
the handball:

i I
v v p I

m m = =

evaluate I
:
( )( )
( )( ) | |
( ) ( )
`
s N 1 . 1
`
s N 08 . 1
`
m/s 0 1 kg 0.060
`
m/s 8.0 kg 0.060
i i
i
i I
= =

=

or 1.1 Ns directed into the wall.

(b) F
av
is the rate oI change oI the
ball`s momentum:

t
p
F
av
=
evaluate F
av
:
wall. the into kN, 6 0.3
N 60 3
s 0.0030
s N 08 . 1
av
=
=
= F

(c) The impulse received by the
player Irom the change in
momentum oI the ball is given by:

v m p I
ball
= =

evaluate I:
( )( )
wall. the Irom away s, N 48 . 0
s N 480 . 0 m/s 8.0 kg 0.060
=
= = I

(d) Relate
av
F to the change in the
ball`s momentum:
t
p
F
A
A
=
ball
av

Express the stopping time in terms
oI the average speed v
av
oI the ball
and its stopping distance d:

av
v
d
t = A

Substitute Ior t A and simpliIy to
obtain: d
p v
F
ball av
av
A
=

evaluate
av
F :
( )( )
wall. the Irom away N, 8 . 3
m 0.50
s N 480 . 0 m/s 4.0
av
=
= F

Chapter 8

754
50 A spherical 0.34-kg orange, 2.0 cm in radius, is dropped Irom the top
oI a 35 m-tall building. AIter striking the pavement, the shape oI the orange is a
0.50 cm thick pancake. Neglect air resistance and assume that the collision is
completely inelastic. (a) How much time did the orange take to completely
squish to a stop? (b) What average Iorce did the pavement exert on the orange
during the collision?

Picture the Problem The Iollowing pictorial representation shows the orange
moving with speed v, just beIore impact, aIter Ialling Irom a height oI 35 m. Let
the system be the orange and let the zero oI gravitational potential energy be at
the center oI mass oI the squished orange. The external Iorces are gravity, acting
on the orange throughout its Iall, and the normal Iorce exerted by the ground that
acts on the orange as it is squished. We can Iind the squishing time Irom the
displacement oI the center-oI-mass oI the orange as it stops and its average speed
during this period oI (assumed) constant acceleration. We can use the impulse-
momentum theorem to Iind the average Iorce exerted by the ground on the orange
as it slowed to a stop.
w
d
y
U 0
g
0
R
CM just beIore
collision
CM oI squished
orange

(a) Express the stopping time Ior the
orange in terms oI its average speed
and the distance traveled by its center
oI mass:

av
2
1
av
v
w R
v
d
t

= = (1)
where w is the thickness oI the
pancaked orange.

In order to Iind v
av
, apply the
conservation oI mechanical energy to
the Iree-Iall portion oI the orange`s
motion:

0
g,i I g, i I
= + U U K K
or, because K
i
0,
0
i g, I g, I
= + U U K

Substituting Ior K
I
, U
g,I
, and U
g,i

yields:

( ) 0
2
2
1
= + d h mg mgd mv
Solving Ior v yields:
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
d
gh v 2 1 2
or, because d h,
gh v 2 ~


755
Assuming constant acceleration as the
orange squishes:

gh v v 2
2
1
2
1
av
= =

Substituting Ior v
av
in equation (1)
and simpliIying yields:

( )
gh
w R
t
2
2
2
1
=

evaluate At:
( ) | |
( )( )
ms 1.3 s 10 336 . 1
m 35 m/s 81 . 9 2
cm 0.50 cm 0 . 2 2
3
2
2
1
= =
t

(b) Apply the impulse-momentum
theorem to the squishing orange to
obtain:

i I av
p p p t F

= =
or, because p
I
0,
i av
p t F =
t
mv
t
p
F

i i
av
= =

In Part (a) we showed that
gh v v 2
i
~ = . ThereIore:

t
gh m
F
2
av
=
evaluate
av
F :
( ) ( )( )
kN .7 6
s 10 336 . 1
m 35 m/s 81 . 9 2 kg 34 . 0
3
2
av
~

=

F

51 The pole-vault landing pad at an Olympic competition contains what is
essentially a bag oI air that compresses Irom its resting height oI 1.2 m down to
0.20 m as the vaulter is slowed to a stop. (a) What is the time interval during
which a vaulter who has just cleared a height oI 6.40 m slows to a stop? (b) What
is the time interval iI instead the vaulter is brought to rest by a 20 cm layer oI
sawdust that compresses to 5.0 cm when he lands? (c) Qualitatively discuss the
diIIerence in the average Iorce the vaulter experiences Irom the two diIIerent
landing pads. That is, which landing pad exerts the least Iorce on the vaulter and
why?

Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the vaulter just beIore
impact on the landing pad aIter Ialling Irom a height oI 6.40 m. In order to
determine the time interval during which the vaulter stops, we have to know his
momentum change and the average net Iorce acting on him. With knowledge oI
these quantities, we can use the impulse-momentum equation, p t F
net
= . We
can determine the average Iorce by noting that as the vaulter comes to a stop on
the landing pad, work is done on him by the airbag.
Chapter 8

756
y
v

d
m 20 . 0
m 2 . 1

(a) Use the impulse-momentum
theorem to relate the stopping time to
the average Iorce acting on the
vaulter:

p t F
net
=

Use the work-kinetic energy theorem
to obtain:

( ) K d mg F d F W
airbag net net
= = =
where d is the distance the vaulter
moves while being decelerated.

Substituting Ior F
net
in equation
(1) yields:

( ) p t mg F
airbag
=
or
p t
d
K

=

Solve Ior At to obtain:

( )
i I
i I
K K
p p d
K
p d
t
= =
or, because K
I
p
I
0,
( )
i
i
i
i
K
d p
K
p d
t =
=

Use
m
p
K
2
2
= to obtain:
i
i
2
i
i
2
2 2 2
mK
md
p
md
p
d mp
t = = =

Rationalizing the denominator oI this
expression and simpliIying yields:
i
2
K
m
d t = (1)


757

K
i
is equal to the change in the
gravitational potential energy oI the
vaulter as he Ialls a distance Ay
beIore hitting the airbag:

y mg K
i
=

Substituting Ior K
i
in equation (1)
and simpliIying yields:

y g
d t
2
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate At:

( )
( )( )
s 20 . 0 s 198 . 0
m 1.2 m 4 . 6 m/s 9.81
2
m 0.2 m 2 . 1
2
= =
= t

(b) In this case, d
1
20 cm, d
2
5.0 cm. Substitute numerical values and evaluate
At:

( )
( )( )
ms 7 2 ms 2 . 27
m 0.20 m 4 . 6 m/s 9.81
2
m 0.05 m 20 . 0
2
= =
= t

(c) Because the collision time is much shorter Ior the sawdust landing, the average
Iorce exerted on the vaulter by the airbag is much less than the average Iorce the
sawdust exerts on him.

52 Great limestone caverns have been Iormed by dripping water. (a) II
water droplets oI 0.030 mL Iall Irom a height oI 5.0 m at a rate oI 10 droplets per
minute, what is the average Iorce exerted on the limestone Iloor by the droplets oI
water during a 1.0-min period? (Assume the water does not accumulate on the
Iloor.) (b) Compare this Iorce to the weight oI one water droplet.

Picture the Problem The average Iorce exerted on the limestone by the droplets
oI water equals the rate at which momentum is being delivered to the Iloor.
We`re given the number oI droplets that arrive per minute and can use
conservation oI mechanical energy to determine their velocity as they reach the
Iloor.

(a) Letting N represent the number
oI droplets that Iall in a time
interval t, relate F
av
to the change
in the droplet`s momentum:

mv
t
N
t
p
F
droplets
av
=
A
A
= (1)
where v is their speed aIter Ialling
5.0 m Irom rest.

Chapter 8

758

The mass oI the droplets is the
product oI their density and volume:

V m =

Letting U
g
0 at the point oI impact
oI the droplets, use conservation oI
mechanical energy to relate their
speed at impact to their Iall distance:

0
or
0
i I i I
= +
= A + A
U U K K
U K

Because K
i
U
I
0:
0
2
2
1
= mgh mv gh v 2 =

Substitute Ior m and v in equation
(1) to obtain:

gh V
t
N
F 2
av
=
evaluate F
av
:

N 50 N 10 95 . 4
5
av
= =

F

(b) Express the ratio oI the weight oI
a droplet to F
av
:

av av
F
mg
F
w
=
evaluate w/F
av
:
( )( )
6
N 10 4.95
m/s 9.81 kg 10 3
5
2 5
av
~
F
w

Collisions in One Dimension

53 [SSM] A 2000-kg car traveling to the right at 30 m/s is chasing a
second car oI the same mass that is traveling in the same direction at 10 m/s. (a) II
the two cars collide and stick together, what is their speed just aIter the collision?
(b) What Iraction oI the initial kinetic energy oI the cars is lost during this
collision? Where does it go?

Picture the Problem We can apply conservation oI linear momentum to this
perIectly inelastic collision to Iind the aIter-collision speed oI the two cars. The
ratio oI the transIormed kinetic energy to kinetic energy beIore the collision is
the Iraction oI kinetic energy lost in the collision.

(a) Letting V be the velocity oI the
two cars aIter their collision, apply
conservation oI linear momentum
to their perIectly inelastic collision:

Iinal initial
p p =
or
( )V m m mv mv + = +
2 1

2
2 1
v v
V
+
=

759
evaluate V:
m/s 20
2
m/s 10 m/s 30
=
+
= V

(b) The ratio oI the kinetic energy
that is lost to the kinetic energy oI
the two cars beIore the collision is:

1
initial
Iinal
initial
initial Iinal
initial
=
=
K
K
K
K K
K
K

Substitute Ior the kinetic energies
and simpliIy to obtain:
( )
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 2
1
2
2
1
initial
+
=
+
=
v v
V
mv mv
V m
K
K

evaluate AK/K
initial
:
( )
( ) ( )
20 . 0
1
m/s 10 m/s 30
m/s 20 2
2 2
2
initial
=
+
=
K
K

Twenty percent oI the initial kinetic energy is transIormed into thermal energy,
acoustical energy, and the deIormation oI the materials Irom which the car is
constructed.

54 An 85-kg running back moving at 7.0 m/s makes a perIectly inelastic
head-on collision with a 105-kg linebacker who is initially at rest. What is the
speed oI the players just aIter their collision?

perIectly inelastic collision to Iind the aIter-collision speed oI the two players.

Letting the subscript 1 reIer to the
running back and the subscript 2
reIer to the linebacker, apply
conservation oI momentum to their
perIectly inelastic collision:

I i
p p =
or
( )V m m v m
2 1 1 1
+ =
1
2 1
1
v
m m
m
V
+
=
evaluate V:
( ) m/s 1 . 3 m/s 7.0
kg 05 1 kg 5 8
kg 5 8
=
+
= V

55 A 5.0-kg object with a speed oI 4.0 m/s collides head-on with a 10-kg
object moving toward it with a speed oI 3.0 m/s. The 10-kg object stops dead aIter
the collision. (a) What is the post-collision speed oI the 5.0-kg object? (b) Is the
collision elastic?

Chapter 8

760

collision to Iind the post-collision speed oI the 5.0-kg object. Let the direction the
5.0-kg object is moving beIore the collision be the positive direction. We can
decide whether the collision was elastic by examining the initial and Iinal kinetic
energies oI the system.

(a) Letting the subscript 5 reIer to the
5.0-kg object and the subscript 10
reIer to the 10-kg object, apply
conservation oI momentum to obtain:

I,5 5 i,10 10 5 i, 5
I i
or
v m v m v m
p p
=
=

Solve Ior v
I,5
:
5
i,10 10 5 i, 5
I,5
m
v m v m
v

=

evaluate v
I,5
:
( )( ) ( )( )
m/s 0 . 2
kg 5
m/s 3.0 kg 10 m/s 4.0 kg 5.0
I,5
=
= v
where the minus sign means that the
5.0-kg object is moving to the leIt aIter
the collision.

(b) Evaluate AK Ior the collision:

( )( ) ( )( ) | ( )( ) |
J 75
m/s 3.0 kg 10 m/s 4.0 kg 5.0 m/s 2.0 kg 5.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
i I
=
+ = = K K K

Because AK = 0, the collision was not elastic.

56 A small superball oI mass m moves with speed v to the right toward a
much more massive bat that is moving to the leIt with speed v. Find the speed oI
the ball aIter it makes an elastic head-on collision with the bat.


761
Picture the Problem The pictorial
representation shows the ball and bat
just beIore and just aIter their collision.
Take the direction the bat is moving to
be the positive direction. Because the
collision is elastic, we can equate the
speeds oI recession and approach, with
the approximation that v
i,bat
~ v
I,bat
to
Iind v
I,ball
.

Express the speed oI approach oI the
bat and ball:

( )
ball i, bat i, ball I, bat I,
v v v v =
Because the mass oI the bat is much
greater than that oI the ball:

bat I, bat i,
v v ~
Substitute to obtain:

( )
ball i, bat I, ball I, bat I,
v v v v =
Solve Ior and evaluate v
I,ball
:
( )
v
v v v v
v v v v
3
2 2
bat I, ball i,
ball i, bat I, bat I, ball I,
=
+ = + =
+ =

57 A proton that has a mass m and is moving at 300 m/s undergoes a
head-on elastic collision with a stationary carbon nucleus oI mass 12m. Find the
velocity oI the proton and the carbon nucleus aIter the collision.

Picture the Problem Let the direction the proton is moving beIore the collision
be the x direction. We can use both conservation oI momentum and conservation
oI mechanical energy to obtain an expression Ior velocities oI the proton and the
carbon nucleus aIter the collision.

Use conservation oI linear
momentum to obtain one relation Ior
the Iinal velocities:

I nuc, nuc I p, p i p, p
v m v m v m + = (1)
energy to set the velocity oI
recession equal to the negative oI the
velocity oI approach:

( )
i p, i p, i nuc, I p, I nuc,
v v v v v = = (2)
Chapter 8

762

To eliminate v
nuc,I
, solve equation (2)
Ior v
nuc,I
, and substitute the result in
equation (1):

I p, i p, I nuc,
v v v + =
and
( )
I p, i p, nuc I p, p i p, p
v v m v m v m + + =
Solving Ior v
p,I
yields:
p,i
nuc p
nuc p
I p,
v
m m
m m
v
+
=

Substituting Ior m
p
and m
nuc
and
simpliIying yields:

p,i p,i I p,
13
11
12
12
v v
m m
m m
v =
+
=
Substitute the numerical value oI v
p,i

and evaluate v
p,I
:

( ) m/s 254 m/s 300
13
11
I p,
= = v
where the minus sign tells us that the
velocity oI the proton was reversed in
the collision.

Solving equation (2) Ior v
nuc,I
yields:
I p, p,i I nuc,
v v v + =

evaluate v
nuc,I
:
Iorward m/s, 46
m/s 254 m/s 300
I nuc,
=
= v

58 A 3.0-kg block moving at 4.0 m/s makes a head-on elastic collision
with a stationary block oI mass 2.0 kg. Use conservation oI momentum and the
Iact that the relative speed oI recession equals the relative speed oI approach to
Iind the velocity oI each block aIter the collision. Check your answer by
calculating the initial and Iinal kinetic energies oI each block.

Picture the Problem We can use conservation oI momentum and the deIinition
oI an elastic collision to obtain two equations in v
2I
and v
3I
that we can solve
simultaneously.

obtain one relation Ior the Iinal
velocities:

2I 2 3I 3 3i 3
v m v m v m + = (1)
energy to set the speed oI recession
equal to the negative oI the speed oI
approach:

( )
3i 3i 2i 3I 2I
v v v v v = = (2)

763
Solve equation (2) Ior v
3I
,
substitute in equation (1) to
eliminate v
3I
, and solve Ior v
2I
to
obtain:

3 2
3i 3
2I
2
m m
v m
v
+
=

evaluate v
2I
:
( )( )
m/s 8 . 4
m/s 80 . 4
kg 3.0 kg 2.0
m/s 4.0 kg 3.0 2
2I
=
=
+
= v

Use equation (2) to Iind v
3I
:
m/s 0.8
m/s 4.0 m/s 4.8
3i 2I 3I
=
= = v v v

Evaluate K
i
and K
I
:

( )( ) J 24 m/s 4.0 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
3i 3 2
1
3i i
= = = = v m K K
and
( )( ) ( )( ) J 24 m/s 4.8 kg 2.0 m/s 0.8 kg 3.0
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2I 2 2
1
2
3I 3 2
1
2I 3I I
= + =
+ = + = v m v m K K K

Because K
i
K
I
, we can conclude that the values obtained Ior v
2I
and v
3I
are
consistent with the collision having been elastic.

59 A block oI mass m
1
= 2.0 kg slides along a Irictionless table with a
speed oI 10 m/s. Directly in Iront oI it, and moving in the same direction with a
speed oI 3.0 m/s, is a block oI mass m
2
= 5.0 kg. A massless spring that has a
Iorce constant k = 1120 N/m is attached to the second block as in Figure 8-47.
(a) What is the velocity oI the center oI mass oI the system? (b) During the
collision, the spring is compressed by a maximum amount Ax. What is the value
oI Ax? (c) The blocks will eventually separate again. What are the Iinal velocities
oI the two blocks measured in the reIerence Irame oI the table, aIter they
separate?

Picture the Problem We can Iind the velocity oI the center oI mass Irom the
deIinition oI the total momentum oI the system. We`ll use conservation oI
energy to Iind the maximum compression oI the spring and express the initial
(i.e., beIore collision) and Iinal (i.e., at separation) velocities. Finally, we`ll
transIorm the velocities Irom the center-oI-mass Irame oI reIerence to the table
Irame oI reIerence. Let the direction the block oI mass m
1
is moving be the x
direction.

Chapter 8

764
(a) Use the deIinition oI the total
momentum oI a system to relate the
initial momenta to the velocity oI the
center oI mass:
cm
v v P

M m
i
i i
= =

or
( )
cm 2 1 2i 2 1i 1
v v v

m m m m + = +

Solving Ior v
cm
gives:
2i
2 1
2
1i
2 1
1
cm
v v v

m m
m
m m
m
+
+
+
=

cm
v
:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )i i
i i v
`
m/s 0 . 5
`
m/s 00 . 5
`
m/s 0 . 3
kg 5.0 kg 2.0
kg 3.0
`
m/s 10
kg 5.0 kg 2.0
kg 2.0
cm
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

(b) Find the kinetic energy oI the
system at maximum compression
(u
1
u
2
0):

( )( ) J 87.5 m/s 5.00 kg 7.0
2
2
1
2
cm 2
1
cm
= =
= = Mv K K

energy to relate the kinetic energy oI
the system to the potential energy
stored in the spring at maximum
compression:

0
s
= A + A U K
or
0
si sI i I
= + U U K K
Because K
I
K
cm
and U
si
0:
( ) 0
2
2
1
i cm
= A + x k K K

Solving Ior Ax yields:

( ) | |
k
K v m v m
k
K v m v m
k
K K
x
cm
2
i 2 2
2
i 1 1 cm
2
i 2 2 2
1
2
i 1 1 2
1
cm i
2 2 2
+
=
+
=
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ax:

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
m 25 . 0
N/m 1120
J 87.5 2
N/m 1120
m/s 3.0 kg 5.0 m/s 10 kg 2.0
2 2
=
(
+
= x


765
(c) Find u
1i
, u
2i
, and u
1I
Ior this
elastic collision:
m/s 5 m/s 5 0
and
m/s, 2 m/s 5 m/s 3
m/s, 5 m/s 5 m/s 10
cm 1I 1I
cm 2i 2i
cm 1i 1i
= = =
= = =
= = =
v v u
v v u
v v u

approach and solve Ior u
2I
:
( )
1i 2i 1I 2I
u u u u =
and
1I 1i 2i 2I
u u u u + + =

evaluate u
2I
:

( )
m/s 2.0
m/s 5.0 m/s 5.0 m/s 2.0
2I
=
+ = u

TransIorm u
1I
and u
2I
to the table
Irame oI reIerence:
0
m/s 5.0 m/s 5.0
cm 1I 1I
=
+ = + = v u v

and
m/s 0 . 7
m/s 5.0 m/s 0 . 2
cm 2I 2I
=
+ = + = v u v

Express the velocities oI the
blocks to obtain:
0
1I
= v
and ( )i v
`
m/s 0 . 7
2I
=

60 A bullet oI mass m is Iired vertically Irom below into a thin horizontal
sheet oI plywood oI mass M that is initially at rest, supported by a thin sheet oI
paper (Figure 8-48). The bullet punches through the plywood, which rises to a
height H above the paper beIore Ialling back down. The bullet continues rising to
a height h above the paper. (a) Express the upward velocity oI the bullet and the
plywood immediately aIter the bullet exits the plywood in terms oI h and H.
(b) What is the speed oI the bullet? (c) What is the mechanical energy oI the
system beIore and aIter the inelastic collision? (d) How much mechanical energy
is dissipated during the collision?

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth, the bullet, and the sheet oI
plywood. Then W
ext
0. Choose the zero oI gravitational potential energy to be
where the bullet enters the plywood. We can apply both conservation oI energy
and conservation oI momentum to obtain the various physical quantities called
Ior in this problem.

(a) Use conservation oI mechanical
energy aIter the bullet exits the
sheet oI plywood to relate its exit
speed to the height to which it
rises:
0 = A + A U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
2
2
1
= + mgh mv
m
gh v
m
2 =

Chapter 8

766
Proceed similarly to relate the
initial velocity oI the plywood to
the height to which it rises:

gH v
M
2 =
momentum to the collision oI the
bullet and the sheet oI plywood:
I i
p p

=
or
M m m
Mv mv mv + =
i

Substitute Ior v
m
and v
M
and solve
Ior v
mi
:
gH
m
M
gh v
m
2 2
i
+ =

(c) Express the initial mechanical
energy oI the system (i.e., just
beIore the collision):
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
=
H
m
M
hH
m
M
h mg
mv E
m
2
2
i 2
1
i
2

Express the Iinal mechanical
energy oI the system (that is, when
the bullet and block have reached
their maximum heights):

( ) MH mh g MgH mgh E + = + =
I

(d) Use the work-energy theorem
with W
ext
0 to Iind the energy
dissipated by Iriction in the inelastic
collision:
0
Iriction i I
= + W E E
and
(
+ =
=
1 2
I i Iriction
m
M
H
h
gMH
E E W

61 A proton oI mass m is moving with initial speed v
0
directly toward the
center oI an o particle oI mass 4m, which is initially at rest. Both particles carry
positive charge, so they repel each other. (The repulsive Iorces are suIIicient to
prevent the two particles Irom coming into direct contact.) Find the speed v
o
oI
the o particle (a) when the distance between the two particles is a minimum, and
(b) later when the two particles are Iar apart.

Picture the Problem We can Iind the speed oI the center oI mass Irom the
deIinition oI the total momentum oI the system. We`ll use conservation oI
energy to Iind the speeds oI the particles when their separation is a minimum and
when they are Iar apart.


767
(a) Noting that when the distance
between the two particles is a
minimum, both move at the same
speed, namely
cm
v , use the
deIinition oI the total momentum
oI a system to relate the initial
momenta to the speed oI the center
oI mass:

cm
v v P

M m
i
i i
= =

or
( )
cm p p p
v m m v m
o
+ = .

Solve Ior
cm
v to obtain:
o
o o
o
m m
v m v m
v v
+
+
= =
p
p p
cm

Further simpliIication yields:
0
0
cm
2 . 0
4
0
v
m m
mv
v v =
+
+
= =
o

(b) Use conservation oI linear
momentum to obtain one relation
Ior the Iinal speeds:

I pI p 0 p o o
v m v m v m + = (1)
energy to set the speed oI
recession equal to the negative oI
the speed oI approach:

( )
pi i pi I pI
v v v v v = =
o o
(2)
Solve equation (2) Ior v
pI
,
substitute in equation (1) to
eliminate v
pI
, and solve Ior v
oI
:

o
o
m m
v m
v
+
=
p
0 p
I
2

SimpliIying Iurther yields:
0
0
I
4 . 0
4
2
v
m m
mv
v =
+
=
o

62 An electron collides elastically with a hydrogen atom initially at rest.
Assume all the motion occurs along a straight line. What Iraction oI the electron`s
initial kinetic energy is transIerred to the atom? (Take the mass oI the hydrogen
atom to be 1840 times the mass oI an electron.)

Picture the Problem Let the numeral 1 denote the electron and the numeral 2 the
hydrogen atom. We can Iind the Iinal velocity oI the electron and, hence, the
Iraction oI its initial kinetic energy that is transIerred to the atom, by transIorming
to the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame, calculating the post-collision velocity oI
the electron, and then transIorming back to the laboratory Irame oI reIerence.

Chapter 8

768
Express f, the Iraction oI the
electron`s initial kinetic energy that
is transIerred to the atom:

2
1i
I 1
2
i 1 1 2
1
2
I 1 1 2
1
i
I
i
I i
1 1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
=
v
v
v m
v m
K
K
K
K K
f
(1)

Find the velocity oI the center oI
mass:
2 1
i 1 1
cm
m m
v m
v
+
=
or, because m
2
1840m
1
,
1i
1 1
i 1 1
cm
1841
1
1840
v
m m
v m
v =
+
=

Find the initial velocity oI the
electron in the center-oI-mass
reIerence Irame:

1i
1i 1i cm 1i 1i
1841
1
1
1841
1
v
v v v v u
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =

Find the post-collision velocity oI
the electron in the center-oI-mass
reIerence Irame by reversing its
velocity:

1i 1i 1I
1
1841
1
v u u
|
.
|
\
|
= =
To Iind the Iinal velocity oI the
electron in the original Irame, add
v
cm
to its Iinal velocity in the center-
oI-mass reIerence Irame:

1i cm 1I 1I
1
1841
2
v v u v
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
Substituting in equation (1) and
simpliIying yields:
217 . 0 1
1841
2
1
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
= f

63 [SSM] A16-g bullet is Iired into the bob oI a 1.5-kg ballistic
pendulum (Figure 8-18). When the bob is at its maximum height, the strings make
an angle oI 60 with the vertical. The pendulum strings are 2.3 m long. Find the
speed oI the bullet prior to impact.

Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the bullet about to imbed
itselI in the bob oI the ballistic pendulum and then, later, when the bob plus bullet
have risen to their maximum height. We can use conservation oI momentum
during the collision to relate the speed oI the bullet to the initial speed oI the bob
plus bullet (V). The initial kinetic energy oI the bob plus bullet is transIormed into
gravitational potential energy when they reach their maximum height. Hence we
apply conservation oI mechanical energy to relate V to the angle through which
the bullet plus bob swings and then solve the momentum and energy equations
simultaneously Ior the speed oI the bullet.

769
u
0
g
= U
m
M
b
v

cos L u
L

relate the speed oI the bullet just
beIore impact to the initial speed oI
the bob-bullet:

( )V M m mv + =
b
V
m
M
v
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
b
(1)

Use conservation oI energy to relate
the initial kinetic energy oI the bob-
bullet to their Iinal potential energy:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K
Substitute Ior K
i
and U
I
to obtain:

( )
( ) ( ) 0 cos 1
2
2
1
= + +
+
u gL M m
V M m

Solving Ior V yields:
( ) u cos 1 2 = gL V

Substitute Ior V in equation (1) to
obtain:
( ) u cos 1 2 1
b

|
.
|
\
|
+ = gL
m
M
v

b
:

( )( )( ) km/s 45 . 0 cos60 1 m 2.3 m/s 9.81 2
kg 0.016
kg 1.5
1
2
b
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = v

64 Show that in a one-dimensional elastic collision, iI the mass and
velocity oI object 1 are m
1
and v
1i
, and iI the mass and velocity oI object 2 are m
2

and v
2i
, then their Iinal velocities v
1I
and v
2I
are given by

v
1I
=
m
1
m
2
m
1
+ m
2
v
1i
+
2m
2
m
1
+ m
2
v
2i
and

v
2I
=
2m
1
m
1
+ m
2
v
1i
+
m
2
m
1
m
1
+ m
2
v
2i
.

Chapter 8

770
Picture the Problem We can apply conservation oI linear momentum and the
deIinition oI an elastic collision to obtain equations relating the initial and Iinal
velocities oI the colliding objects that we can solve Ior v
1I
and v
2I
.

Apply conservation oI momentum to
the elastic collision oI the particles
to obtain:

2i 2 1i 1 I 2 2 I 1 1
v m v m v m v m + = + (1)
approach:

( )
1i 2i 1I 2I
v v v v =
or
1i i 2 I 2 I 1
v v v v = (2)
Multiply equation (2) by m
2
and
add it to equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )
2i 2 1i 2 1 1I 2 1
2 v m v m m v m m + = +
Solve Ior v
1I
to obtain:
i i f
v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
1
2
+
+
+
=

1
and
subtract it Irom equation (1) to
obtain:

( ) ( )
1i 1 i 2 1 2 I 2 2 1
2 v m v m m v m m + = +
Solve Ior v
2I
to obtain:
i 2
2 1
1 2
i 1
2 1
1
I 2
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
+
+
=

Remarks: Note that the velocities satisfy the condition that
( )
1i 2i 1I 2I
v v v v = . This verifies that the speed of recession equals the
speed of approach.

65 Investigate the plausibility oI the results oI Problem 64 by calculating
the Iinal velocities in the Iollowing limits: (a) When the two masses are equal,
show that the particles swap velocities:
2i 1I
v v =
i
and
1i 2I
v v = (b) II m
2
~~ m
1
,
and 0
2i
= v , show that
1i 1I
v v ~ and 0
2I
~ v . (c) II m
1
~~ m
2
, and 0
2i
= v , show
that v
1I
~ v
1i
and v
2I
~ 2v
1i
.

Picture the Problem As in this problem, Problem 74 involves an elastic, one-
dimensional collision between two objects. Both solutions involve using the
conservation oI momentum equation
2i 2 1i 1 I 2 2 I 1 1
v m v m v m v m + = + and the elastic
collision equation
1i i 2 I 2 I 1
v v v v = . In Part (a) we can simply set the masses
equal to each other and substitute in the equations in Problem 64 to show that the
particles "swap" velocities. In Part (b) we can divide the numerator and
denominator oI the equations in Problem 64 by m
2
and use the condition that
m
2
~~ m
1
to show that v
1I
~ v
1i
+2v
2i
and v
2I
~ v
2i
.

771

(a) From Problem 64 we have:

2i
2 1
2
i 1
2 1
2 1
I 1
2
v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
+
+
+
= (1)
and
2i
2 1
1 2
1i
2 1
1
2I
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
+
+
= (2)

Set m
1
m
2
m to obtain:
i 2 i 2 I 1
2
v v
m m
m
v =
+
=
and
1i 1i I 2
2
v v
m m
m
v =
+
=

(b) Divide the numerator and
denominator oI both terms in
equation (1) by m
2
to obtain:

2i
2
1
i 1
2
1
2
1
I 1
1
2
1
1
v
m
m
v
m
m
m
m
v
+
+
+
=

II m
2
~~ m
1
and v
2i
0:
i 1 I 1
v v ~

Divide the numerator and
denominator oI both terms in
equation (2) by m
2
to obtain:

2i
2
1
2
1
1i
2
1
2
1
2I
1
1
1
2
v
m
m
m
m
v
m
m
m
m
v
+
+
+
=

II m
2
~~ m
1
:
2i 2I
v v ~

(c) Divide the numerator and
denominator oI equation (1) by m
1
to
obtain:

2i
1
2
1
2
i 1
1
2
1
2
I 1
1
2
1
1
v
m
m
m
m
v
m
m
m
m
v
+
+
+
=

II m
1
~~ m
2
and v
2i
0:

i 1 I 1
v v ~

Divide the numerator and denominator
oI equation (2) by m
1
to obtain:
2i
1
2
1
2
1i
1
2
2I
1
1
1
2
v
m
m
m
m
v
m
m
v
+
+
+
=

II m
1
~~ m
2
and v
2i
0:

1i 2I
2v v ~
Chapter 8

772
Remarks: Note that, in both parts of this problem, the velocities satisfy the
condition that ( )
1i 2i 1I 2I
v v v v = . This verifies that the speed of recession
equals the speed of approach.

66 A bullet oI mass m
1
is Iired horizontally with a speed v
0
into the bob oI
a ballistic pendulum oI mass m
2
. The pendulum consists oI a bob attached to one
end oI a very light rod oI length L. The rod is Iree to rotate about a horizontal axis
through its other end. The bullet is stopped in the bob. Find the minimum v
0
such
that the bob will swing through a complete circle.

Picture the Problem Choose U
g
0 at the bob`s equilibrium position.
Momentum is conserved in the collision oI the bullet with bob and the initial
kinetic energy oI the bob plus bullet is transIormed into gravitational potential
energy as it swings up to the top oI the circle. II the bullet plus bob just makes it
to the top oI the circle with zero speed, it will swing through a complete circle.

relate the speed oI the bullet just
beIore impact to the initial speed
oI the bob plus bullet:

( ) 0
2 1 0 1
= + V m m v m

Solve Ior the speed oI the bullet to
obtain:

V
m
m
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
0
1 (1)

energy to relate the initial kinetic
energy oI the bob plus bullet to
their potential energy at the top oI
the circle:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K
Substitute Ior K
i
and U
I
:

( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2
2 1
2
2 1 2
1
= + + + L g m m V m m

gL V 2 =
Substitute Ior V in equation (1) and
simpliIy to obtain:
gL
m
m
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
0
1 2

67 A bullet oI mass m
1
is Iired horizontally with a speed v into the bob oI
a ballistic pendulum oI mass m
2
(Figure 8-19)
.
Find the maximum height h
attained by the bob iI the bullet passes through the bob and emerges with a speed
v/3.


773
Picture the Problem Choose U
g
0 at the equilibrium position oI the ballistic
pendulum. Momentum is conserved in the collision oI the bullet with the bob
and kinetic energy is transIormed into gravitational potential energy as the bob
swings up to its maximum height.

Letting V represent the initial speed
oI the bob as it begins its upward
swing, use conservation oI
momentum to relate this speed to the
speeds oI the bullet just beIore and
aIter its collision with the bob:

( ) V m v m v m
2 3
1
1 1
+ = v
m
m
V
2
1
3
2
=

relate the initial kinetic energy oI
the bob to its potential energy at its
maximum height:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K
Substitute Ior K
i
and U
I
:
0
2
2
2 2
1
= + gh m V m
g
V
h
2
2
=

Substitute Ior V in the expression
Ior h and simpliIy to obtain:
g m
v m
g
v
m
m
h
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
1
9
2
2
3
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

68 A heavy wooden block rests on a Ilat table and a high-speed bullet is
Iired horizontally into the block, the bullet stopping in it. How Iar will the block
slide beIore coming to a stop? The mass oI the bullet is 10.5 g, the mass oI the
block is 10.5 kg, the bullet`s impact speed is 750 m/s, and the coeIIicient oI
kinetic Iriction between the block and the table is 0.220. (Assume that the bullet
does not cause the block to spin.)

Picture the Problem Let the mass oI the bullet be m, that oI the wooden block M,
the pre-collision speed oI the bullet v, and the post-collision speed oI the
blockbullet be V. We can use conservation oI momentum to Iind the speed oI the
block with the bullet imbedded in it immediately aIter their perIectly inelastic
collision. We can use Newton`s second law to Iind the acceleration oI the sliding
block and a constant-acceleration equation to Iind the distance the block slides.

Chapter 8

774
M
m
m M +
( )g m M

+
n
F

k
f

v

V

A
BeIore AIter y Immediatel Later Sometime
x

Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the speed oI the
blockbullet just aIter their collision
to their acceleration and
displacement beIore stopping:

x a V A + = 2 0
2
a
V
x
2
2
= A
because the Iinal speed oI the
blockbullet is zero.
relate the pre-collision speed oI the
bullet to the post-collision speed oI
the blockbullet:

( )V M m mv + = v
M m
m
V
+
=
Substitute Ior V in the expression Ior
Ax to obtain:
2
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A v
M m
m
a
x

Apply a F

m =
to the blockbullet
(see the Iorce diagram above):
( )a M m f F
x
+ = =
k
(1)
and
( ) 0
n
= + =
g M m F F
y
(2)

Use the deIinition oI the coeIIicient
oI kinetic Iriction and equation (2) to
obtain:

( )g M m F f + = =
k n k k

Substituting Ior f
k
in equation (1)
yields:

( ) ( )a M m g M m + = +
k

Solve Ior a to obtain:

g a
k
=
Substituting Ior a in the expression
Ior Ax yields:
2
k
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A v
M m
m
g
x

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Ax:

( )( )
( ) cm 0 . 13 m/s 750
kg 10.5 kg 0.0105
kg 0.0105
m/s 9.81 0.220 2
1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= x


775
69 [SSM] A 0.425-kg ball with a speed oI 1.30 m/s rolls across a level
surIace toward an open 0.327-kg box that is resting on its side. The ball enters the
box, and the box (with the ball inside slides across the surIace a distance oI
x = 0.520 m. What is the coeIIicient oI kinetic Iriction between the box and the
table?

Picture the Problem The collision oI the ball with the box is perIectly inelastic
and we can Iind the speed oI the box-and-ball immediately aIter their collision by
applying conservation oI momentum. II we assume that the kinetic Iriction Iorce
is constant, we can use a constant-acceleration equation to Iind the acceleration oI
the box and ball combination and the deIinition oI
k
to Iind its value.

Using its deIinition, express the
coeIIicient oI kinetic Iriction oI the
table:

( )
( ) g
a
g m M
a m M
F
f
=
+
+
= =
n
k
k
(1)
relate the speed oI the ball just
beIore the collision to the speed oI
the ballbox immediately aIter the
collision:

( )v M m MV + =
M m
MV
v
+
= (2)
Use a constant-acceleration equation
to relate the sliding distance oI the
ballbox to its initial and Iinal
velocities and its acceleration:

x a v v A + = 2
2
i
2
I

or, because v
I
0 and v
i
v,
x a v A + = 2 0
2
x
v
a
A
=
2
2

Substitute Ior a in equation (1) to
obtain:
x g
v
A
=
2
2
k

Use equation (2) to eliminate v:

2
2
k
1
2
1
2
1
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
M
m
V
x g M m
MV
x g

k
:

( )( )
0529 . 0
1
kg 0.425
kg 0.327
m/s 1.30
m 0.520 m/s 9.81 2
1
2
2
k
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

Chapter 8

776
70 Tarzan is in the path oI a pack oI stampeding elephants when Jane
swings in to the rescue on a rope vine, hauling him oII to saIety. The length oI the
vine is 25 m, and Jane starts her swing with the rope horizontal. II Jane`s mass is
54 kg, and Tarzan`s is 82 kg, to what height above the ground will the pair swing
aIter she rescues him? (Assume that the rope is vertical when she grabs him.)

Picture the Problem Jane`s collision
with Tarzan is a perIectly inelastic
collision. We can Iind her speed v
1
just
beIore she grabs Tarzan Irom
conservation oI energy and their speed
V just aIter she grabs him Irom
conservation oI momentum. Their
kinetic energy just aIter their collision
will be transIormed into gravitational
potential energy when they have
reached their greatest height h.

0
g
= U
h
T J+
m
J
m
0
1
2

the potential energy oI Jane and
Tarzan at their highest point (2) to
their kinetic energy immediately
aIter Jane grabbed Tarzan:

1 2
K U =
or
2
T J 2
1
T J
V m gh m
+ +
=
g
V
h
2
2
= (1)
momentum to relate Jane`s velocity
just beIore she collides with Tarzan
to their velocity just aIter their
perIectly inelastic collision:

0
T J 1 J
=
+
V m v m
1
T J
J
v
m
m
V
+
= (2)
Apply conservation oI mechanical
energy to relate Jane`s kinetic
energy at 1 to her potential energy at
0:
0 1
U K =
or
gL m v m
J
2
1 J 2
1
= gL v 2
1
=

Substitute Ior v
1
in equation (2) to
obtain:
gL
m
m
V 2
T J
J
+
=

Substitute Ior V in equation (1) and
simpliIy:

L
m
m
gL
m
m
g
h
2
T J
J
2
T J
J
2
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ +

evaluate h: ( ) m 3.9 m 25
kg 82 kg 4 5
kg 4 5
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= h


777
71 [SSM] Scientists estimate that the meteorite responsible Ior the
creation oI Barringer Meteorite Crater in Arizona weighed roughly
2.72 10
5
tonne (1 tonne 1000 kg) and was traveling at a speed oI 17.9 km/s.
Take Earth`s orbital speed to be about 30.0 km/s. (a) What should the direction oI
impact be iI Earth`s orbital speed is to be changed by the maximum possible
amount? (b) Assuming the condition oI collision in Part (a), estimate the
maximum percentage change in Earth`s orbital speed as a result oI this collision.
(c) What mass asteroid, having a speed equal to Earth`s orbital speed, would be
necessary to change Earth`s orbital speed by 1.00?

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth and the asteroid. Choose a
coordinate system in which the direction oI Earth`s orbital speed is the x
direction. We can apply conservation oI linear momentum to the perIectly
inelastic collision oI Earth and the asteroid to Iind the percentage change in
Earth`s orbital speed as well as the mass oI an asteroid that would change Earth`s
orbital speed by 1.00. Note that the Iollowing solution neglects the increase in
Earth`s orbital speed due to the gravitational pull oI the asteroid during descent.

(a) The meteorite should impact Earth along a line exactly opposite Earth`s
orbital velocity vector.

(b) Express the percentage change in
Earth`s orbital speed as a result oI
the collision:

Earth
I
Earth
I Earth
Earth
1
v
v
v
v v
v
v
=
= (1)
where v
I
is Earth`s orbital speed aIter
the collision.

Apply the conservation oI linear
0
i I
= = p p p

or, because the asteroid and Earth are
moving horizontally,
0
i, I,
=
x x
p p

Because the collision is perIectly inelastic:

( ) ( ) 0
asteroid asteroid Earth Earth I asteroid Earth
= + v m v m v m m

Chapter 8

778

Solving Ior v
I
yields:

Earth
asteroid
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid Earth
asteroid asteroid
asteroid Earth
Earth Earth
asteroid Earth
asteroid asteroid Earth Earth
I
1 1
m
m
v
m
m
m
m
v
m m
v m
m m
v m
m m
v m v m
v
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
=

Because m
asteroid
m
Earth
:

1
Earth
asteroid
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
Earth
asteroid
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth I
1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
~
m
m
v
m
m
v
m
m
v
m
m
v v

Expanding
1
Earth
asteroid
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
m
m
binomially
yields:

s order term higher
1 1
Earth
asteroid
1
Earth
asteroid
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

m
m
m
m

Substitute Ior
1
Earth
asteroid
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
m
m
in the
expression Ior v
I
to obtain:
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
Earth
asteroid
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth I
1
v
m
m
v
m
m
v
m
m
v v
~
|
|
.
|
\
|
~

Substitute Ior v
I
in equation (1) to obtain:

Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
Earth
Earth
1
v
v
m
m
v
v
m
m
v
v
v
=
=


779

Using data Iound in the appendices oI your text or given in the problem statement,
substitute numerical values and evaluate
Earth
v
v
:

( )
10 71 . 2
km/s 0 . 30
kg 10 98 . 5
km/s 9 . 17
tonne 1
kg 10
tonne 10 72 . 2
15
24
3
5
Earth
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
v
v

(c) II the asteroid is to change Earth`s
orbital speed by one percent:
100
1
Earth
asteroid
Earth
asteroid
=
v
v
m
m

Solve Ior m
asteroid
to obtain:

asteroid
Earth Earth
asteroid
100v
m v
m =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m
asteroid
:

( )( )
( )
kg 10 00 . 1
km/s 9 . 17 100
kg 10 98 . 5 km/s 0 . 30
23
24
asteroid
=
= m

Remarks: The mass of this asteroid is approximately that of the moon!

72 William Tell shoots an apple Irom his son`s head. The speed oI the
125-g arrow just beIore it strikes the apple is 25.0 m/s, and at the time oI impact it
is traveling horizontally. II the arrow sticks in the apple and the arrow/apple
combination strikes the ground 8.50 m behind the son`s Ieet, how massive was the
apple? Assume the son is 1.85 m tall.

Picture the Problem Let the system include Earth, the apple, and the arrow.
Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the arrow is traveling beIore
imbedding itselI in the apple is the x direction. We can apply conservation oI
linear momentum to express the mass oI the apple in terms oI the speed oI the
arrow-apple combination just aIter the collision and then use constant-
acceleration equations to Iind this post-collision speed.

Chapter 8

780
0
i I
= = p p p

or, because the arrow and apple are
moving horizontally,
0
i, I,
=
x x
p p

Because the collision is perIectly
inelastic (the arrow is imbedded in
the apple):

( ) 0
arrow i, arrow apple arrow
= + v m v m m
x

Solving Ior m
apple
yields:
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
arrow i,
arrow apple
x
v
v
m m (1)

Using constant-acceleration
equations, express the horizontal and
vertical displacements oI the apple-
arrow aIter their collision:

t v x
x
= (2)
and
( )
2
2
1
t g y =
g
y
t
2
=
Substituting Ior At in equation (2)
yields:

g
y
v x
x
2
=
y
g
x v
x
2
=
Substitute Ior v
x
in equation (1) to
obtain:
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 1
2
arrow i,
arrow apple
y
g
x
v
m m

Substitute numerical values and evaluate m
apple
:

( )
( )
( )
g 01 1 1
m 1.85 2
m/s 81 . 9
m 50 . 8
m/s 0 . 25
kg 125 . 0
2
apple
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= m

Explosions and Radioactive Decay
73 [SSM] The beryllium isotope
8
Be is unstable and decays into two o
particles (m
o
= 6.64 10
27
kg) and releases 1.5 10
14
J oI energy. Determine
the velocities oI the two o particles that arise Irom the decay oI a
8
Be nucleus at
rest, assuming that all the energy appears as kinetic energy oI the particles.


781
Picture the Problem This nuclear reaction is
4
Be 2o 1.5 10
14
J. In order
to conserve momentum, the alpha particles will have move in opposite directions
with the same velocities. We`ll use conservation oI energy to Iind their speeds.

Letting E represent the energy
released in the reaction, express
conservation oI energy Ior this
process:

( ) E v m K = =
2
2
1
2 2
o o o

o
o
m
E
v =
evaluate v
o
:
m/s 10 5 . 1
kg 10 6.64
J 10 1.5
6
27
14
=
o
v

74 The light isotope oI lithium,
5
Li, is unstable and breaks up
spontaneously into a proton and an o particle. During this process, 3.15 10
13
J
oI energy are released, appearing as the kinetic energy oI the two decay products.
Determine the velocities oI the proton and the o particle that arise Irom the decay
oI a
5
Li nucleus at rest. (Note: The masses oI the proton and alpha particle are
m
p
= 1.67 10
27
kg and m
o
= 4m
p
6.64 10
27
kg.)

Picture the Problem This nuclear reaction is
5
Li o p 3.15 10
13
J. To
conserve momentum, the alpha particle and proton must move in opposite
directions. We`ll apply both conservation oI energy and conservation oI
momentum to Iind the speeds oI the proton and alpha particle.

Use conservation oI momentum in
this process to express the alpha
particle`s speed in terms oI the
proton`s:

0
I i
= = p p
and
o o
v m v m =
p p
0

Solve Ior v
o
and substitute Ior m
o

to obtain:
p 4
1
p
p
p
p
p
4
v v
m
m
v
m
m
v = = =
o
o

Letting E represent the energy
released in the reaction, apply
conservation oI energy to the
process:
E K K = +
o p

or
E v m v m = +
2
2
1
2
p p 2
1
o o

Substitute Ior v
o
: ( ) E v m v m = +
2
p 4
1
2
1
2
p p 2
1
o

Solve Ior v
p
and substitute Ior m
o
to
obtain:
o
m m
E
v
+
=
p
p
16
32

Chapter 8

782
p
:

( )
( )
m/s 10 74 . 1
kg 10 64 . 6 kg 10 1.67 6 1
J 10 3.15 32
7
27 27
13
p
=
+

=

v

Use the relationship between v
p
and
v
o
to obtain v
o
:
( )
m/s 10 4.34
m/s 10 1.74
6
7
4
1
p 4
1
=
= = v v
o

75 A 3.00-kg projectile is Iired with an initial speed oI 120 m/s at an
angle oI 30.0 with the horizontal. At the top oI its trajectory, the projectile
explodes into two Iragments oI masses 1.00 kg and 2.00 kg. At 3.60 s aIter the
explosion the 2.00-kg Iragment lands on the ground directly below the point oI
explosion. (a) Determine the velocity oI the 1.00-kg Iragment immediately aIter
the explosion. (b) Find the distance between the point oI Iiring and the point at
which the 1.00-kg Iragment strikes the ground. (c) Determine the energy released
in the explosion.

Picture the Problem The pictorial representation shows the projectile at its
maximum elevation and is moving horizontally. It also shows the two Iragments
resulting Irom the explosion. We`ll choose the system to include the projectile
and Earth so that no external Iorces act to change the momentum oI the system
during the explosion. With this choice oI system we can also use conservation oI
energy to determine the elevation oI the projectile when it explodes. We`ll also
Iind it useIul to use constant-acceleration equations in our description oI the
motion oI the projectile and its Iragments. Neglect air resistance.
0
g
= U
0
v

1
v

2
v

u
|
3
v

Ax Ax A + x' = d
1
2
3
0
y
x
h

(a) Use conservation oI linear
momentum to relate the velocity oI
the projectile beIore its explosion to
the velocities oI its two parts aIter
the explosion:

j j i i
v v v
p p
` ` ` `
2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3
2 2 1 1 3 3
I i
y y x
v m v m v m v m
m m m
+ =
+ =
=


783
The only way this equality can hold
is iI the x and y components are
equal:
2 2 1 1
1 1 3 3
and
y y
x
v m v m
v m v m
=
=

Express v
3
in terms oI v
0
and
substitute Ior the masses to obtain:
( ) m/s 312 cos30.0 m/s 120 3
cos 3 3
0 3 1
= =
= = u v v v
x

and
2 1
2
y y
v v = (1)

equation with the downward
direction positive, relate v
y2
to the
time it takes the 2.00-kg Iragment to
hit the ground:

( )
2
2
1
2
t g t v h
y
A + A =

Solving Ior v
y2
gives:
( )
t
t g h
v
y
A
A
=
2
2
1
2
(2)

With U
g
0 at the launch site,
apply conservation oI energy to the
climb oI the projectile to its
maximum elevation h:
0 = A + A U K
Because K
I
U
i
0, 0
I i
= + U K
or
0
3
2
0 3 2
1
= + gh m v m
y

Solving Ior h yields:
( )
g
v
g
v
h
y
2
sin
2
2
0
2
0
u
= =

evaluate h:
( ) | |
( )
m 183.5
m/s 9.81 2
sin30.0 m/s 120
2
2
=
= h

equation (2) and evaluate v
y2
:
( )( )
m/s 33.31
s 3.60
s 3.60 m/s 9.81 m 183.5
2 2
2
1
2
=
=
y
v

equation (1) and evaluate v
y1
:

( ) m/s 66.62 m/s 33.31 2
1
= =
y
v

Express
1
v
in vector Iorm:
( ) ( ) j i
j i v
`
m/s 6 . 66
`
m/s 312
` `
1 1 1
+ =
+ =
y x
v v

Chapter 8

784
(b) Express the total distance d
traveled by the 1.00-kg Iragment:

' x x d A + A = (3)
Relate Ax to v
0
and the time-to-
explosion:

( )( )
exp 0
cos t v x u = (4)

equation, express At
exp
: g
v
g
v
t
y
u sin
0
0
exp
= = A

evaluate At
exp
:

( )
s 6.116
m/s 9.81
sin30.0 m/s 120
2
exp
=
= t
Substitute in equation (4) and
evaluate Ax:

( )( )( )
m 635.6
s 6.116 cos30.0 m/s 120
=
= x

Relate the distance traveled by the
1.00-kg Iragment aIter the
explosion to the time it takes it to
reach the ground:

t' v x'
x
A = A
1

equation, relate the time At' Ior the
1.00-kg Iragment to reach the
ground to its initial speed in the y
direction and the distance to the
ground:

( )
2
2
1
1
t' g t' v y
y
A A = A
Substitute to obtain the quadratic
equation:

( ) ( ) 0 s 4 . 37 s 6 . 13
2 2
= A A t' t'

Solve the quadratic equation to Iind
At':

At' 15.945 s

evaluate d:
( )( )
km 5.6
s 15.945 m/s 312 m 635.6

1
=
+ =
+ = + = t' v x x' x d
x

(c) Express the energy released in
the explosion:

i I exp
K K K E = A = (5)

785
Find the kinetic energy oI the
Iragments aIter the explosion:
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
kJ 0 . 52
m/s 33.3 kg 2.00
m/s 66.6 m/s 312 kg 1.00
2
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 2
1
2 1 I
=
+
+ =
+ = + = v m v m K K K

Find the kinetic energy oI the
projectile beIore the explosion:
( )
( ) ( ) | |
kJ 2 . 16
30 cos m/s 20 1 kg 3.00
cos
2
2
1
2
0 3 2
1
2
3 3 2
1
i
=
=
= = u v m v m K

Substitute in equation (5) to
determine the energy released in
the explosion:
kJ 35.8
kJ 16.2 kJ 0 . 52
i I exp
=
= = K K E

76 The boron isotope
9
B is unstable and disintegrates into a proton and
two o particles. The total energy released as kinetic energy oI the decay products
is 4.4 10
14
J. AIter one such event, with the
9
B nucleus at rest prior to decay,
the velocity oI the proton is measured as 6.0 10
6
m/s. II the two o particles
have equal energies, Iind the magnitude and the direction oI their velocities with
respect to the direction oI the proton.

Picture the Problem This nuclear
reaction is
9
B 2o p 4.410
14
J.
Assume that the proton moves in the
x direction as shown in the diagram.
The sum oI the kinetic energies oI the
decay products equals the energy
released in the decay. We`ll use
conservation oI momentum to Iind the
angle between the velocities oI the
proton and the alpha particles. Note
that
o o
v' v = .
o
o
v

o
o
' v

u
u
p
v

x
y
p

Express the energy released to the
kinetic energies oI the decay
products:
rel p
2 E K K = +
o

or
( )
rel
2
2
1
2
p p 2
1
2 E v m v m = +
o o

Chapter 8

786
Solving Ior v
o
yields:
o
o
m
v m E
v
2
p p 2
1
rel

=

o
:

( )( )
m/s 10 4 . 1
m/s 10 44 . 1
kg 10 6.64
m/s 10 6.0 kg 10 1.67
kg 10 6.64
J 10 4.4
6
6
27
2
6 27
2
1
27
14
=
=
o
v

Given that the boron isotope was
at rest prior to the decay, use
conservation oI momentum to
relate the momenta oI the decay
products:

0
i I
= = p p

or, because 0
I
=
x
p ,
( ) 0 cos 2
p p
= v m v m u
o o

Substituting Ior m
o
to obtain:

( ) 0 cos 4 2
p p p
= v m v m u
o

Solving Ior u yields:
(
=

o
u
v
v
8
cos
p 1

evaluate u :
( )
=
(
=

59
m/s 10 1.44 8
m/s 10 6.0
cos
6
6
1
u

Let u ' equal the angle the velocities
oI the alpha particles make with that
oI the proton:
( ) = = 121 59 180 ' u

Coefficient of Restitution

77 [SSM] You are in charge oI measuring the coeIIicient oI restitution
Ior a new alloy oI steel. You convince your engineering team to accomplish this
task by simply dropping a small ball onto a plate, both the ball and plate made
Irom the experimental alloy. II the ball is dropped Irom a height oI 3.0 m and
rebounds to a height oI 2.5 m, what is the coeIIicient oI restitution?

Picture the Problem The coeIIicient oI restitution is deIined as the ratio oI the
speed oI recession to the speed oI approach. These speeds can be determined
Irom the height Irom which the ball was dropped and the height to which it
rebounded by using conservation oI mechanical energy.


787
Use its deIinition to relate the
coeIIicient oI restitution to the
speeds oI approach and recession:

app
rec
v
v
e =
Letting U
g
0 at the surIace oI the
steel plate, apply conservation oI
energy to obtain:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K
Substituting Ior K
I
and U
i
yields: 0
app
2
app 2
1
= mgh mv

Solving Ior v
app
yields:
app app
2gh v =

In like manner, show that:
rec rec
2gh v =

Substitute in the equation Ior e to
obtain:
app
rec
app
rec
2
2
h
h
gh
gh
e = =

evaluate e:
91 . 0
m 3.0
m 2.5
= = e

78 According to the oIIicial racquetball rules, to be acceptable Ior
tournament play, a ball must bounce to a height oI between 173 and 183 cm when
dropped Irom a height oI 254 cm at room temperature. What is the acceptable
range oI values Ior the coeIIicient oI restitution Ior the racquetballIloor system?

speed oI recession to the speed oI approach. These speeds can be determined Irom
the heights Irom which the ball was dropped and the height to which it rebounded
by using conservation oI mechanical energy.

Use its deIinition to relate the

app
rec
v
v
e =
Letting U
g
0 at the surIace oI the
steel plate, the mechanical energy oI
the ball-Earth system is:
0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K

Substituting Ior K
I
and U
i
yields:

0
app
2
app 2
1
= mgh mv
app app
2gh v =
Chapter 8

788
rec rec
2gh v =

Substitute in the equation Ior e to
obtain:
app
rec
app
rec
2
2
h
h
gh
gh
e = =

evaluate e
min
:
825 . 0
cm 254
cm 173
min
= = e

evaluate e
max
:
849 . 0
cm 254
cm 183
max
= = e
and 849 . 0 825 . 0 s s e

79 A ball bounces to 80 percent oI its original height. (a) What Iraction oI
its mechanical energy is lost each time it bounces? (b) What is the coeIIicient oI
restitution oI the ballIloor system?

Picture the Problem Because the rebound kinetic energy is proportional to the
rebound height, the percentage oI mechanical energy lost in one bounce can be
inIerred Irom knowledge oI the rebound height. The coeIIicient oI restitution is
deIined as the ratio oI the speed oI recession to the speed oI approach. These
speeds can be determined Irom the heights Irom which an object was dropped and
the height to which it rebounded by using conservation oI mechanical energy.

(a) We know, because the mechanical energy oI the ball-Earth system is constant,
that the kinetic energy oI an object dropped Irom a given height h is proportional
to h. II, Ior each bounce oI the ball, h
rec
0.80h
app
, 20 oI its mechanical energy
is lost.

(b) Use its deIinition to relate the

app
rec
v
v
e = (1)
Letting U
g
0 at the surIace Irom
which the ball is rebounding, the
mechanical energy oI the ball is:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K

Substituting Ior K
I
and U
i
yields:
0
app
2
app 2
1
= mgh mv
app app
2gh v =

rec rec
2gh v =

789
Substitute Ior v
rec
and v
app
in
equation (1) to obtain:
app
rec
app
rec
2
2
h
h
gh
gh
e = =

Substitute Ior
app
rec
h
h
to obtain:
89 . 0 80 . 0 = = e

80 A 2.0-kg object moving to the right at 6.0 m/s collides head-on with a
4.0-kg object that is initially at rest. AIter the collision, the 2.0-kg object is
moving to the leIt at 1.0 m/s. (a) Find the velocity oI the 4.0-kg object aIter the
collision. (b) Find the energy lost in the collision. (c) What is the coeIIicient oI
restitution Ior these objects?

Picture the Problem Let the numerals 2 and 4 reIer, respectively, to the 2.0-kg
object and the 4.0-kg object. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction
the 2.0-kg object is moving beIore the collision is the x direction and let the
system consist oI Earth, the surIace on which the objects slide, and the objects.
Then we can use conservation oI momentum to Iind the velocity oI the recoiling
4.0-kg object. We can Iind the energy transIormed in the collision by calculating
the diIIerence between the pre- and post-collision kinetic energies and Iind the
coeIIicient oI restitution Irom its deIinition.

momentum in one dimension to
relate the initial and Iinal momenta
oI the participants in the collision:

I 2 2 I 4 4 i 2 2
I i
or
v m v m v m =
= p p

Solve Ior the Iinal velocity oI the
4.0-kg object:
4
I 2 2 i 2 2
I 4
m
v m v m
v
+
=

evaluate v
4I
:
( )( )
m/s 3.5 m/s 3.50
kg 4.0
m/s 1.0 m/s 6.0 kg 2.0
I 4
= =
+
= v

(b) Express the energy lost in terms
oI the kinetic energies beIore and
aIter the collision:
( )
( ) | |
2
I 4 4
2
I 2
2
i 2 2 2
1
2
I 4 4 2
1
2
I 2 2 2
1
2
i 2 2 2
1
I i lost
v m v v m
v m v m v m
K K E
=
+ =
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate E
lost
:

( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )( ) | | J 11 m/s 3.50 kg 4.0 m/s 1.0 m/s 6.0 kg 2.0
2 2 2
2
1
lost
= = E
Chapter 8

790
(c) From the deIinition oI the
coeIIicient oI restitution we have:

i 2
I 2 I 4
app
rec
v
v v
v
v
e

= =
evaluate e:
( )
0.75
m/s 6.0
m/s 1.0 m/s 3.50
=

= e

81 A 2.0-kg block moving to the right with speed oI 5.0 m/s collides with
a 3.0-kg block that is moving in the same direction at 2.0 m/s, as in Figure 8-49.
AIter the collision, the 3.0-kg block moves to the right at 4.2 m/s. Find (a) the
velocity oI the 2.0-kg block aIter the collision and (b) the coeIIicient oI restitution
between the two blocks.

Picture the Problem Let the numeral 2 reIer to the 2.0-kg block and the numeral
3 to the 3.0-kg block. Choose a coordinate system in which the direction the
blocks are moving beIore the collision is the x direction and let the system
consist oI Earth, the surIace on which the blocks move, and the blocks. Then we
can use conservation oI momentum to Iind the speed oI the 2.0-kg block aIter the
collision. We can Iind the coeIIicient oI restitution Irom its deIinition.

momentum in one dimension to
relate the initial and Iinal momenta
oI the participants in the collision:

I 3 3 I 2 2 3i 3 i 2 2
I i
or
v m v m v m v m + = +
= p p

Solve Ior the Iinal speed oI the 2.0-
kg object:

2
I 3 3 i 3 3 i 2 2
I 2
m
v m v m v m
v
+
=
2I
:

( )( ) ( )( )
m/s 7 . 1 m/s 70 . 1
kg 2.0
m/s 4.2 m/s 2.0 kg 3.0 m/s 5.0 kg 2.0
I 2
= =
+
= v

(b) From the deIinition oI the
coeIIicient oI restitution we have:
i 3 i 2
I 2 I 3
app
rec
v v
v v
v
v
e
= =

evaluate e:
0.83
m/s 2.0 m/s 5.0
m/s 7 . 1 m/s 2 . 4
=
= e

82 To keep homerun records and distances consistent Irom year to year,
organized baseball randomly checks the coeIIicient oI restitution between new
baseballs and wooden surIaces similar to that oI an average bat. Suppose you are
in charge oI making sure that no juiced baseballs are produced. (a) In a random

791
test, you Iind one that when dropped Irom 2.0 m rebounds 0.25 m. What is the
coeIIicient oI restitution Ior this ball? (b) What is the maximum distance home
run shot you would expect Irom this ball, neglecting any eIIects due to air
resistance and making reasonable assumption Ior bat speeds and incoming pitch
speeds? Is this a juiced ball, a normal ball, or a dead ball?

Irom the heights Irom which the ball was dropped and the height to which it
rebounded by using conservation oI mechanical energy. We can use the same
elevation range equation to Iind the maximum home run you would expect Irom
the ball with the experimental coeIIicient oI restitution.

(a) The coeIIicient oI restitution is
the ratio oI the speeds oI approach
and recession:

app
rec
v
v
e = (1)
Letting U
g
0 at the surIace oI Irom
which the ball rebounds, the
mechanical energy oI the ball-Earth
system is:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K

Substituting Ior K
I
and U
i
yields:

0
app
2
app 2
1
= mgh mv
app app
2gh v =

rec rec
2gh v =

Substitute Ior v
rec
and v
app
in
equation (1) and simpliIy to obtain:
app
rec
app
rec
2
2
h
h
gh
gh
e = =

evaluate e:
35 . 0 3536 . 0
m 0 . 2
m 25 . 0
= = = e

(b) The same-elevation range
equation is:

g
v e
g
v
R
u
u
2 sin
2 sin
2
app
2
2
rec
= = (2)

v
app
is the sum oI the speed oI the
ball and the speed oI the bat:

bat ball app
v v v + =
Assuming that the bat travels about
1 m in 0.2 s yields:
m/s 5
s 0.2
m 1
bat
= = v
Chapter 8

792
Assuming that the speed oI the
baseball thrown by the pitcher is close
to 100 mi/h yields:

m/s 45
ball
~ v
Evaluate
app
v to obtain:

m/s 50 m/s 5 m/s 45
app
= + = v
Assuming a 45 launch angle,
substitute numerical values in
equation (2) and evaluate R:

( ) ( ) ( )
m 32
m/s 81 . 9
45 2 sin m/s 50 3536 . 0
2
2 2
~
= R

Because home runs must travel at least 100 m in modern major league ballparks,
this is a dead ball and should be tossed out.

83 [SSM] To make puck handling easy, hockey pucks are kept Irozen
until they are used in the game. (a) Explain why room temperature pucks would
be more diIIicult to handle on the end oI a stick than a Irozen puck. (Hint: Hockey
pucks are made of rubber.) (b) A room-temperature puck rebounds 15 cm when
dropped onto a wooden surIace Irom 100 cm. II a Irozen puck has only halI the
coeIIicient oI restitution oI a room-temperature one, predict how high the Irozen
puck would rebound under the same conditions.

Irom the heights Irom which the ball was dropped and the height to which it
rebounded by using conservation oI mechanical energy.

(a) At room-temperature rubber will bounce more when it hits a stick than it will
at Ireezing temperatures.

(b) The mechanical energy oI the
rebounding puck is constant:

0 = + U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K

II the puck`s speed oI recession is
v
rec
and it rebounds to a height h,
then:

0
2
rec 2
1
= + mgh mv
g
v
h
2
2
rec
=
The coeIIicient oI restitution is the
ratio oI the speeds oI approach and
recession:

app
rec
v
v
e =
app rec
ev v = (1)

793
Substitute Ior v
rec
to obtain:

g
v e
h
2
2
app
2
= (2)

Letting U
g
0 at the surIace oI Irom
which the puck rebounds, the
mechanical energy oI the puck-Earth
system is:

0 = A + A U K
Because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K

Substituting Ior K
I
and U
i
yields:

0
app
2
app 2
1
= mgh mv
app app
2gh v =
rec rec
2gh v =

Substitute Ior v
rec
and v
app
in
equation (1) and simpliIy to obtain:
app
rec
app
rec
2
2
h
h
gh
gh
e = =

evaluate e
room temp
:
3873 . 0
cm 100
cm 15
temp room
= = e

For the Ialling puck, v
app
is given
by:
gH v 2
app
=
where H is the height Irom which the
puck was dropped.

Substituting Ior v
app
in equation
(2) and simpliIying yields:

H e
g
gH e
h
2
2
2
2
= = (3)
For the room-temperature puck:

temp room 2
1
Irozen
e e =
Substituting Ior e in equation (3)
yields:

H e h
2
temp room 4
1
=
evaluate h:
( ) ( ) cm 8 . 3 cm 100 3873 . 0
2
4
1
= = h

Remarks: The puck that rebounds only 3.8 cm is a much deader and,
therefore, much better puck.

Collisions in More Than One Dimension
84 In Section 8-3 it was proven by using geometry that when a particle
elastically collides with another particle oI equal mass that is initially at rest, the
Chapter 8

794
two post-collision velocities are perpendicular. Here we examine another way oI
proving this result that illustrates the power oI vector notation. (a) Given that

A =

B

C , square both sides oI this equation (obtain the scalar product oI each
side with itselI) to show that C B

+ + = 2
2 2 2
C B A . (b) Let the momentum oI
the initially moving particle be

P and the momenta oI the particles aIter the
collision be

p
1
and

p
2
. Write the vector equation Ior the conservation oI linear
momentum and square both sides (obtain the dot product oI each side with itselI).
Compare it to the equation gotten Irom the elastic-collision condition (kinetic
energy is conserved) and Iinally show that these two equations imply that

p
1

p
2
= 0.

Picture the Problem We can use the deIinition oI the magnitude oI a vector and
the deIinition oI the scalar product to establish the result called Ior in (a). In Part
(b) we can use the result oI Part (a), the conservation oI momentum, and the
deIinition oI an elastic collision (kinetic energy is conserved) to show that the
particles separate at right angles.

(a) Find the dot product oI C B

+
with itselI:

( ) ( ) C B C B C B

+ + = + + 2
2 2
C B

Because C B A

+ = :
( ) ( ) C B C B C B A

+ + = + =
2
2

Substitute Ior ( ) ( ) C B C B

+ + to
obtain:

C B

+ + = 2
2 2 2
C B A

particles:

p p p

= +
2 1

Form the scalar product oI each
side oI this equation with itselI to
obtain:

( ) ( ) p p p p p p

= + +
2 1 2 1

or
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2 p p p = + + p p

(1)

Use the deIinition oI an elastic
collision to obtain:

m
p
m
p
m
p
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
1
= +
or
2 2
2
2
1
p p p = + (2)

Subtract equation (1) Irom equation
(2) to obtain:
0 2
2 1
= p p

or 0
2 1
= p p

That is, the particles move apart along
paths that are at right angles to each
other.


795
85 During a pool game, the cue ball, which has an initial speed oI 5.0 m/s,
makes an elastic collision with the eight ball, which is initially at rest. AIter the
collision, the eight ball moves at an angle oI 30 to the right oI the original
direction oI the cue ball. Assume that the balls have equal masses. (a) Find the
direction oI motion oI the cue ball immediately aIter the collision. (b) Find the
speed oI each ball immediately aIter the collision.

Picture the Problem Let the initial direction oI motion oI the cue ball be the x
direction. We can apply conservation oI energy to determine the angle the cue
ball makes with the x direction and the conservation oI momentum to Iind the
Iinal velocities oI the cue ball and the eight ball.

(a) Use conservation oI energy to
relate the velocities oI the collision
participants beIore and aIter the
collision:
2
8
2
cI
2
ci
2
8 2
1
2
cI 2
1
2
ci 2
1
or
v v v
mv mv mv
+ =
+ =

This Pythagorean relationship
tells us that
8 cI ci
and , , v v v

Iorm a
right triangle. Hence:
=
= +
60
and
90
cI
8 cI
u
u u

(b) Use conservation oI momentum
in the x direction to relate the
velocities oI the collision participants
beIore and aIter the collision:

8 8 cI cI ci
xI xi
cos cos
or
u u mv mv mv + =
= p p

the y direction to obtain a second
equation relating the velocities oI the
collision participants beIore and aIter
the collision:

8 8 cI cI
yI yi
sin sin 0
or
u u mv mv + =
= p p

Solve these equations simultaneously
to obtain:
m/s 50 . 2
cI
= v and m/s 33 . 4
8
= v

86 Object A, which has a mass m and a velocity v
0
`
i collides with object
B, which has a mass 2m and a velocity j
`
0 2
1
v . Following the collision, object B
has a velocity oI i
`
0 4
1
v . (a) Determine the velocity oI object A aIter the collision.
(b) Is the collision elastic? II not, express the change in the kinetic energy in terms
oI m and v
0
.

Chapter 8

796
Picture the Problem We can Iind the Iinal velocity oI the object whose mass is
m by using the conservation oI momentum. Whether the collision was elastic can
be decided by examining the diIIerence between the initial and Iinal kinetic
energy oI the interacting objects.

momentum to relate the initial and
Iinal velocities oI the two objects:
I i
p p

=
or
( ) ( )
1I 0 4
1
0 2
1
0
`
2
`
2
`
v i j i

m v m v m mv + = +

SimpliIy to obtain:

1I 0 2
1
0 0
` ` `
v i j i

+ = + v v v
Solving Ior
1I
v
yields:
j i v
` `
0 0 2
1
1I
v v + =

(b) Express the diIIerence between
the kinetic energy oI the system
beIore the collision and its kinetic
energy aIter the collision:

( )
2I 1I 2i 1i I i
K K K K K K E + + = =
Substituting Ior the kinetic energies
yields:

( )
2
I 2
2
I 1
2
i 2
2
i 1 2
1
2 2 mv mv mv mv E + =
Substitute Ior speeds and simpliIy to
obtain:

( ) ( ) | |
2
0 16
1
2
0 16
1
2
0 4
5
2
0 4
1
2
0 2
1
2 2
mv
v v v v m E
=
+ =

Because AE = 0, the collision is inelastic.

87 [SSM] A puck oI mass 5.0 kg moving at 2.0 m/s approaches an
identical puck that is stationary on Irictionless ice. AIter the collision, the Iirst
puck leaves with a speed v
1
at 30 to the original line oI motion; the second puck
leaves with speed v
2
at 60, as in Figure 8-50. (a) Calculate v
1
and v
2
. (b) Was the
collision elastic?

Picture the Problem Let the direction oI motion oI the puck that is moving
beIore the collision be the x direction. Applying conservation oI momentum to
the collision in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the
unknowns v
1
and v
2
that we can solve simultaneously. We can decide whether the
collision was elastic by either calculating the system`s kinetic energy beIore and
aIter the collision or by determining whether the angle between the Iinal velocities
is 90.


797
momentum in the x direction to
obtain:

xI xi
p p =
or
+ = 60 cos 30 cos
2 1
mv mv mv
SimpliIy Iurther to obtain:

+ = 60 cos 30 cos
2 1
v v v (1)
the y direction to obtain a second
equation relating the velocities oI the
collision participants beIore and
aIter the collision:

yI yi
p p =
or
= 60 sin 30 sin 0
2 1
mv mv

= 60 sin 30 sin 0
2 1
v v (2)
Solve equations (1) and (2)
simultaneously to obtain:
m/s 7 . 1
1
= v and m/s 0 . 1
2
= v

(b) Because the angle between
1
v
and
2
v
is 90, the collision was elastic.

88 Figure 8-51 shows the result oI a collision between two objects oI
unequal mass. (a) Find the speed v
2
oI the larger mass aIter the collision and the
angle u
2
. (b) Show that the collision is elastic.

Picture the Problem Let the direction oI motion oI the object that is moving
beIore the collision be the x direction. Applying conservation oI momentum to
the motion in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the
unknowns v
2
and u
2
that we can solve simultaneously. We can show that the
collision was elastic by showing that the system`s kinetic energy beIore and aIter
the collision is the same.

relate the velocities oI the collision
participants beIore and aIter the
collision:
2 2 1 0 0
2 2 1 0 0
xI xi
cos 2 cos 5 3
or
cos 2 cos 5 3
or
u u
u u
v v v
mv mv mv
p p
+ =
+ =
=

Use conservation oI linear
momentum in the y direction to
obtain a second equation relating the
velocities oI the collision participants

yI yi
p p =
or
2 2 1 0
sin 2 sin 5 0 u u mv mv =
Chapter 8

798

2 2 1 0
sin 2 sin 5 0 u u v v =
Note that iI tanu
1
2, then:
5
2
sin and
5
1
cos
1 1
= = u u

Substitute in the x-direction
momentum equation and simpliIy
to obtain:
2 2 0 0
cos 2
5
1
5 3 u v v v + =
or
2 2 0
cosu v v = (1)

Substitute in the y-direction
momentum equation and simpliIy
to obtain:
2 2 0
sin 2
5
2
5 0 u v v =
or
2 2 0
sin 0 u v v = (2)

Solve equations (1) and (2)
simultaneously Ior u
2
:
( ) = =

0 . 45 1 tan
1
2
u

Substitute in equation (1) to Iind
v
2
:
0
0
2
0
2
2
45 cos cos
v
v v
v =
= =
u

(b) To show that the collision was
elastic, Iind the beIore-collision and
aIter-collision kinetic energies:
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
0
2
0 2
1
2
0 2
1
I
2
0
2
0 2
1
i
5 . 4
2 2 5
and
5 . 4 3
mv
v m v m K
mv v m K
=
+ =
= =

Because K
i
K
I
, the collision is elastic.

89 A 2.0-kg ball moving at 10 m/s makes an oII-center collision with a
3.0-kg ball that is initially at rest. AIter the collision, the 2.0-kg ball is deIlected at
an angle oI 30 Irom its original direction oI motion and the 3.0-kg ball is moving
at 4.0 m/s. Find the speed oI the 2.0-kg ball and the direction oI the 3.0-kg ball
aIter the collision. Hint: 1 cos sin
2 2
= + o o .

Picture the Problem Let the direction oI motion oI the ball that is moving beIore
the collision be the x direction and use the subscripts 2 and 3 to designate the
2.0-kg and 3.0-kg balls, respectively. Applying conservation oI momentum to the
collision in both the x and y directions will lead us to two equations in the
unknowns
2I
v and u that we can solve simultaneously.

799
u
2
m
2
m
3
m
3
m
30
m/s 10
2i
= v
?
2
I
=
v
m
/
s

0
.
4
3
I
=
v
0
3i
= v
x
y

the x and y directions to relate the
speeds and directions oI the balls

u sin 30 cos
I 3 3 2I 2 2i 2
v m v m v m + =
and
= 30 sin sin 0
I 2 2 3I 3
v m v m u
Solve the Iirst oI these equations Ior
cosu to obtain:

3I 3
2I 2 2i 2
30 cos
cos
v m
v m v m
= u (1)
Solve the second oI these equations
Ior sinu to obtain:

3I 3
2I 2
30 sin
sin
v m
v m
= u (2)

Using the hint given in the problem statement, square and add equations (1)
and (2) and simpliIy the result to obtain the quadratic equation:

( )
2
2
2
3I
2
3
2
2I 2i
2 2
2I
30 cos 30 sin
m
v m
v v v = +

Substituting numerical values and
simpliIying yields:

( )
2 2 2
2I
2
2I
s / m 144 866 . 0 m/s 10 = + v v
Use the quadratic Iormula or your
graphing calculator to obtain:

m/s 11.977 or m/s 344 . 5
2I
= v
Because the larger oI these values
corresponds to there being more
kinetic energy in the system aIter the
collision than there was beIore the
collision:

m/s 3 . 5
2I
= v
Chapter 8

800
Solving equation (2) Ior u yields:
(

=

3I 3
2I 2 1
30 sin
sin
v m
v m
u

evaluate u :
( )( )
( )( )
=
(

=

26
m/s 0 . 4 kg 0 . 3
30 sin m/s 344 . 5 kg 0 . 2
sin
1
u

90 A particle has initial speed v
0
. It collides with a second particle with
the same mass that is initially at rest. The Iirst particle is deIlected through an
angle |. Its speed aIter the collision is v. The second particle recoils, and its
velocity makes an angle u with the initial direction oI the Iirst particle. (a) Show
that

tan u =
v sin |
v
0
v cos|
( )
. (b) Show that iI the collision is elastic, then v = v
0
cos
|.

Picture the Problem Choose the coordinate system shown in the Iollowing
diagram with the x direction the direction oI the initial approach oI the projectile
particle. Call V the speed oI the target particle aIter the collision. In Part (a) we
can apply conservation oI momentum in the x and y directions to obtain two
equations that we can solve simultaneously Ior tanu. In Part (b) we can use
conservation oI momentum in vector Iorm and the elastic-collision equation to
show that v v
0
cos|.
u
x
y
|
1
1
2
2
0
v

v

V

(a) Apply conservation oI linear
obtain:

u | cos cos
0
V v v + = (1)
momentum in the y direction to
obtain:

u | sin sin V v = (2)
Solve equation (1) Ior Vcosu :

| u cos cos
0
v v V = (3)

801

Divide equation (2) by equation (3)
to obtain:

|
|
u
u
cos
sin
cos
sin
0
v v
v
V
V
=
or
|
|
u
cos
sin
tan
0
v v
v
=

(b) Noting that the masses oI the
particles are equal, apply
conservation oI linear momentum
to obtain:

V v v

+ =
0

Draw the vector diagram
representing this equation:

u |
0
v

v

V

Use the deIinition oI an elastic
collision to obtain:

2 2 2
0
V v v + =
II this Pythagorean condition is to
hold, the third angle oI the triangle
must be a right angle and, using the
deIinition oI the cosine Iunction:
| cos
0
v v =

*Center-of-Mass Reference Frame
91 In the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame a particle with mass m
1
and
momentum p
1
makes an elastic head-on collision with a second particle oI mass
m
2
and momentum p
2
= p
1
. AIter the collision its momentum is

' p
1
. Write the
total kinetic energy in terms oI m
1
, m
2
, and p
1
and the total Iinal energy in terms
oI m
1
, m
2
, and

' p
1
, and show that
1 1
p ' p = . II
1 1
p ' p = , the particle is merely
turned around by the collision and leaves with the speed it had initially. What is
the situation Ior the
1 1
p ' p + = solution?

Picture the Problem The total kinetic energy oI a system oI particles is the sum
oI the kinetic energy oI the center oI mass and the kinetic energy relative to the
center oI mass. The kinetic energy oI a particle oI mass m is related to its
momentum according to m p K 2
2
= .

Express the total kinetic energy oI
the system:

cm rel
K K K + = (1)
Chapter 8

802
Relate the kinetic energy relative to
the center oI mass to the momenta
oI the two particles:

( )
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
rel
2 2 2 m m
m m p
m
p
m
p
K
+
= + =

Express the kinetic energy oI the
center oI mass oI the two particles:

( )
( )
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
cm
2
2
2
m m
p
m m
p
K
+
=
+
=

simpliIy to obtain:
( )
(
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
=
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
6
2
2
2
m m m m
m m m m p
m m
p
m m
m m p
K

In an elastic collision:
(
+
+ +
=
(
+
+ +
=
=
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
2
1
I i
6
2
6
2
m m m m
m m m m p'
m m m m
m m m m p
K K

SimpliIy to obtain:
( ) ( )
1 1
2
1
2
1
p p p p
' '
= =
and iI
1 1
p ' p + = , the particles do not
collide.

92 A 3.0-kg block is traveling in the x direction at 5.0 m/s, and a 1.0-kg
block is traveling in the x direction at 3.0 m/s. (a) Find the velocity v
cm
oI the
center oI mass. (b) Subtract v
cm
Irom the velocity oI each block to Iind the
velocity oI each block in the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame. (c) AIter they make
a head-on elastic collision, the velocity oI each block is reversed (in the center-oI-
mass Irame). Find the velocity oI each block in the center-oI-mass Irame aIter the
collision. (d) TransIorm back into the original Irame by adding v
cm
to the velocity
oI each block. (e) Check your result by Iinding the initial and Iinal kinetic
energies oI the blocks in the original Irame and comparing them.

Picture the Problem Let the numerals 3 and 1 denote the blocks whose masses
are 3.0 kg and 1.0 kg respectively. We can use
cm
v v

M m
i
i i
=
to Iind the
velocity oI the center-oI-mass oI the system and simply Iollow the directions in
the problem step by step.


803
(a) Express the total momentum oI
this two-particle system in terms oI
the velocity oI its center oI mass:

( )
cm 3 1 cm
3 3 1 1
v v
v v v P

m m M
m m m
i
i i
+ = =
+ = =

Solve Ior
cm
v
:
1 3
1 1 3 3
cm
m m
m m
+
+
=
v v
v

cm
v
:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )i
i i
v
`
m/s 3.0
kg 1.0 kg 3.0
`
m/s 3.0 kg 1.0
`
m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
cm
=
+
+
=

(b) Find the velocity oI the 3-kg
block in the center oI mass reIerence
Irame:
( ) ( )
( )i
i i
v v u
`
m/s 2.0
`
m/s 3.0
`
m/s 5.0
cm 3 3
=
=
=

Find the velocity oI the 1-kg block in
the center oI mass reIerence Irame:
( ) ( )
( )i
i i
v v u
`
m/s 0 . 6
`
m/s 3.0
`
m/s 0 . 3
cm 1 1
=
=
=

(c) Express the aIter-collision
velocities oI both blocks in the
center oI mass reIerence Irame:
( )i u
'
`
m/s 0 . 2
3
=

and
( )i u
'
`
m/s 0 . 6
1
=

(d) TransIorm the aIter-collision
velocity oI the 3-kg block Irom the
center oI mass reIerence Irame to the
original reIerence Irame:

( ) ( )
( )i
i i
v u v
' '
`
m/s 0 . 1
`
m/s 3.0
`
m/s 2.0
cm 3 3
=
+ =
+ =

TransIorm the aIter-collision
velocity oI the 1-kg block Irom the
center oI mass reIerence Irame to the
original reIerence Irame:

( ) ( )
( )i
i i
v u v
' '
`
m/s 0 . 9
`
m/s 3.0
`
m/s 6.0
cm 1 1
=
+ =
+ =

(e) Express
i
K in the original Irame
oI reIerence:

2
1 1 2
1
2
3 3 2
1
i
v m v m K + =

Chapter 8

804
i
K :

( )( ) ( )( ) | | J 42 m/s 3.0 kg 1.0 m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
2 2
2
1
i
= + = K

Express
i
K in the original Irame oI
reIerence:
2
1 1 2
1
2
3 3 2
1
I
v' m v' m K + =
I
K :

( )( ) ( )( ) | | J 42 m/s 9.0 kg 1.0 m/s 1.0 kg 3.0
2 2
2
1
I
= + = K

93 [SSM] Repeat Problem 92 with the second block having a mass oI
5.0 kg and moving to the right at 3.0 m/s.

Picture the Problem Let the numerals 3 and 5 denote the blocks whose masses
are 3.0 kg and 5.0 kg respectively. We can use
cm
v v

M m
i
i i
=
to Iind the
velocity oI the center-oI-mass oI the system and simply Iollow the directions in
the problem step by step.

this two-particle system in terms oI
the velocity oI its center oI mass:

( )
cm 5 3 cm
5 5 3 3
v v
v v v P

m m M
m m m
i
i i
+ = =
+ = =

Solve Ior
cm
v
:
5 3
5 5 3 3
cm
m m
m m
+
+
=
v v
v

cm
v
:

( )( ) ( )( )
0
kg 5.0 kg 3.0
`
m/s 3.0 kg 5.0
`
m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
cm
=
+
+
=
i i
v

(b) Find the velocity oI the 3.0-kg
block in the center oI mass reIerence
Irame:
( )
( ) i
i v v u
`
m/s 0 . 5
0
`
m/s 5.0
cm 3 3
=
= =

Find the velocity oI the 5.0-kg block
in the center oI mass reIerence
Irame:
( )
( )i
i v v u
`
m/s 0 . 3
0
`
m/s 0 . 3
cm 5 5
=
= =


805

(c) Express the aIter-collision
velocities oI both blocks in the
center oI mass reIerence Irame:
( )i u
'
`
m/s 0 . 5
3
=

and
( )i u
`
m/s 0 . 3
5
=
'

(d) TransIorm the aIter-collision
velocity oI the 3.0-kg block Irom
the center oI mass reIerence Irame
to the original reIerence Irame:

( )
( )i
i v u v
' '
`
m/s 0 . 5
0
`
m/s 0 . 5
cm 3 3
=
+ = + =

TransIorm the aIter-collision
velocity oI the 5.0-kg block Irom
the center oI mass reIerence Irame
to the original reIerence Irame:

( )
( )i
i v u v
' '
`
m/s 0 . 3
0
`
m/s 0 . 3
cm 5 5
=
+ = + =

(e) Express
i
K in the original
Irame oI reIerence:

2
5 5 2
1
2
3 3 2
1
i
v m v m K + =

i
K :

( )( ) ( )( ) | | J 60 m/s 3.0 kg 5.0 m/s 5.0 kg 3.0
2 2
2
1
i
= + = K

Express
I
K in the original Irame
oI reIerence:

2
5 5 2
1
2
3 3 2
1
I
v' m v' m K + =
I
K :

( )( ) | ( )( ) | J 60 m/s 0 . 3 kg 5.0 m/s 0 . 5 kg 3.0
2 2
2
1
I
= + = K

*Systems With Continuously Varying Mass: Rocket Propulsion
94 A rocket burns Iuel at a rate oI 200 kg/s and exhausts the gas at a
relative speed oI 6.00 km/s relative to the rocket. Find the magnitude oI the thrust
oI the rocket.

Picture the Problem The thrust oI a rocket F
th
depends on the burn rate oI its
Iuel dm/dt and the relative speed oI its exhaust gases u
ex
according to
ex th
u dt dm F = .

Chapter 8

806
Using its deIinition, relate the
rocket`s thrust to the relative speed
oI its exhaust gases:

ex th
u
dt
dm
F =
evaluate F
th
:
( )( )
MN 20 . 1
km/s 6.00 kg/s 200
th
=
= F

95 A rocket has an initial mass oI 30,000 kg, oI which 80 percent is the
Iuel. It burns Iuel at a rate oI 200 kg/s and exhausts its gas at a relative speed oI
1.80 km/s. Find (a) the thrust oI the rocket, (b) the time until burnout, and (c) its
speed at burnout assuming it moves straight upward near the surIace oI Earth.
Assume that g is constant and neglect any eIIects oI air resistance.

Picture the Problem The thrust oI a rocket F
th
depends on the burn rate oI its
Iuel dm/dt and the relative speed oI its exhaust gases u
ex
according to
ex th
u dt dm F = . The Iinal velocity v
I
oI a rocket depends on the relative speed oI
its exhaust gases u
ex
, its payload to initial mass ratio m
I
/m
0
and its burn time
according to ( )
b 0 I ex I
ln gt m m u v = .

(a) Using its deIinition, relate the
rocket`s thrust to the relative speed
oI its exhaust gases:

ex th
u
dt
dm
F =

evaluate F
th
:

( )( )
kN 360
km/s 80 . 1 kg/s 200
th
=
= F

(b) Relate the time to burnout to the
mass oI the Iuel and its burn rate:

dt dm
m
dt dm
m
t
/
8 . 0
/
0 Iuel
b
= =

evaluate
b
t :
( )( )
s 120
kg/s 200
kg 30,000 0.80
b
= = t

(c) Relate the Iinal velocity oI a
rocket to its initial mass, exhaust
velocity, and burn time:

b
0
I
ex I
ln gt
m
m
u v
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
I
:

( ) ( )( ) km/s 72 . 1 s 120 m/s 9.81
5
1
ln km/s 1.80
2
I
=
|
.
|
\
|
= v


807
96 The specific impulse oI a rocket propellant is deIined as I
sp
= F
th
/(Rg),
where F
th
is the thrust oI the propellant, g the magnitude oI Iree-Iall acceleration,
and R the rate at which the propellant is burned. The rate depends predominantly
on the type and exact mixture oI the propellant. (a) Show that the speciIic impulse
has the dimension oI time. (b) Show that u
ex
= gI
sp
, where u
ex
is the relative speed
oI the exhaust. (c) What is the speciIic impulse (in seconds) oI the propellant used
in the Saturn V rocket oI Example 8-16.

Picture the Problem We can use the dimensions oI thrust, burn rate, and
acceleration to show that the dimension oI speciIic impulse is time. Combining
the deIinitions oI rocket thrust and speciIic impulse will lead us to
sp ex
gI u = .

(a) Express the dimension oI speciIic
impulse in terms oI the dimensions
oI F
th
, R, and g:

| |
| |
| || |
T
T
L
T
M
T
L M
2
2
th
sp
=
= =
g R
F
I

(b) From the deIinition oI rocket
thrust we have:

ex th
Ru F =
R
F
u
th
ex
=
Substitute Ior F
th
to obtain:
sp
sp
ex
gI
R
RgI
u = = (1)

(c) Solve equation (1) Ior I
sp
and
substitute Ior u
ex
to obtain:
Rg
F
I
th
sp
=

From Example 8-21 we have: R 1.38410
4
kg/s
and
F
th
3.410
6
N

evaluate I
sp
:
( )( )
s 25
m/s 81 . 9 kg/s 10 1.384
N 10 3.4
2 4
6
sp
=

= I

97 [SSM] The initial thrust-to-weight ratio t
0
oI a rocket is
t
0
= F
th
/(m
0
g), where F
th
is the rocket`s thrust and m
0
the initial mass oI the
rocket, including the propellant. (a) For a rocket launched straight up Irom Earth`s
surIace, show that t
0
= 1 (a
0
/g), where a
0
is the initial acceleration oI the rocket.
For manned rocket Ilight, t
0
cannot be made much larger than 4 Ior the comIort
and saIety oI the astronauts. (The astronauts will Ieel that their weight as the
rocket liIts oII is equal to t
0
times their normal weight.) (b) Show that the Iinal
velocity oI a rocket launched Irom Earth`s surIace, in terms oI t
0
and I
sp
(see
Problem 96) can be written as
Chapter 8

808
v
I
= gI
sp
1n
m
0
m
I
|
\

|
.
|
1
t
0
1
m
I
m
0
|
\

|
.
|

(

(
(

where m
I
is the mass oI the rocket (not including the spent propellant). (c) Using a
spreadsheet program or graphing calculator, graph v
I
as a Iunction oI the mass
ratio m
0
/m
I
Ior I
sp
= 250 s and t
0
= 2 Ior values oI the mass ratio Irom 2 to 10.
(Note that the mass ratio cannot be less than 1.) (d) To liIt a rocket into orbit, a
Iinal velocity aIter burnout oI v
I
= 7.0 km/s is needed. Calculate the mass ratio
required oI a single stage rocket to do this, using the values oI speciIic impulse
and thrust ratio given in Part (b). For engineering reasons, it is diIIicult to make a
rocket with a mass ratio much greater than 10. Can you see why multistage
rockets are usually used to put payloads into orbit around Earth?

Picture the Problem We can use the rocket equation and the deIinition oI rocket
thrust to show that g a
0 0
1+ = t . In Part (b) we can express the burn time t
b
in
terms oI the initial and Iinal masses oI the rocket and the rate at which the Iuel
burns, and then use this equation to express the rocket`s Iinal velocity in terms oI
I
sp
, t
0
, and the mass ratio m
0
/m
I
. In Part (d) we`ll need to use trial-and-error
methods or a graphing calculator to solve the transcendental equation giving v
I
as
a Iunction oI m
0
/m
I
.

(a) The rocket equation is:

ma Ru mg = +
ex

From the deIinition oI rocket thrust
we have:

ex th
Ru F =

Substitute Ior
ex
Ru to obtain: ma F mg = +
th

Solve Ior
th
F at takeoII:
0 0 0 th
a m g m F + =

Divide both sides oI this equation by
m
0
g to obtain:

g
a
g m
F
0
0
th
1+ =

Because ) /(
0 th 0
g m F = t :
g
a
0
0
1+ = t

(b) Use Equation 8-39 to express the
Iinal speed oI a rocket that starts
Irom rest with mass m
0
:
b
I
0
ex I
ln gt
m
m
u v
|
|
.
|
\
|
= , (1)
where
b
t is the burn time.

Express the burn time in terms oI
the burn rate R (assumed constant):
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
0
I 0 I 0
b
1
m
m
R
m
R
m m
t

809
Multiply
b
t by one in the Iorm
th
th
gF
gF

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
I
0
sp
0
I th
th
0
0
I 0
th
th
b
1
1
1
m
m
I
m
m
gR
F
F
gm
m
m
R
m
gF
gF
t
t

Substitute in equation (1):
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
I
0
sp
I
0
ex I
1 ln
m
m
gI
m
m
u v
t

From Problem 96 we have:

sp ex
gI u = ,
where
ex
u is the exhaust velocity oI the
propellant.

Substitute Ior
ex
u and Iactor to
obtain:

(
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
I
0 I
0
sp
0
I
0
sp
I
0
sp I
1
1
ln
1 ln
m
m
m
m
gI
m
m
gI
m
m
gI v
t
t

(c) A spreadsheet program to calculate the Iinal velocity oI the rocket as a
Iunction oI the mass ratio m
0
/m
I
is shown below. The constants used in the
velocity Iunction and the Iormulas used to calculate the Iinal velocity are as
Iollows:

Cell Content/Formula Algebraic Form
B1 250 I
sp

B2 9.81 g
B3 2 t
0

D9 D8 0.25 m
0
/m
I

E8 $B$2*$B$1*(LOG(D8)
(1/$B$3)*(1/D8))
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
0
I
0 I
0
sp
1
1
ln
m
m
m
m
gI
t

A B C D E
1 I
sp
250 s
2 g 9.81 m/s
2

3 t
0
2
4
5 mass ratio v
I

6 2.00 1.252E02
7 2.25 3.187E02
Chapter 8

810
8 2.50 4.854E02
9 2.75 6.316E02
10 3.00 7.614E02

34 9.00 2.204E03
35 9.25 2.237E03
36 9.50 2.269E03
37 9.75 2.300E03
38 10.00 2.330E03
39 725.00 7.013E03

A graph oI Iinal velocity as a Iunction oI mass ratio Iollows.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
m
0
/m
I
v
I

(
k
m
/
s
)

(d) Substitute the data given in part (c) in the equation derived in Part (b) to
obtain:

( )( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
I
I
0 2
1
2
1
ln s 250 m/s 9.81 km/s 7.00
m
m
m
m

or
x
x
5 . 0
5 . 0 ln 854 . 2 + = where x m
0
/m
I
.

Use trial-and-error methods or a
graphing calculator to solve this
transcendental equation Ior the root
greater than 1:
28 ~ x , a value considerably larger
than the practical limit oI 10 Ior single-
stage rockets.

98 The height that a model rocket launched Irom Earth`s surIace can
reach can be estimated by assuming that the burn time is short compared to the
total Ilight time; the rocket is thereIore in Iree-Iall Ior most oI the Ilight. (This
estimate neglects the burn time in calculations oI both time and displacement.)
For a model rocket with speciIic impulse I
sp
= 100 s, mass ratio m
0
/m
I
= 1.20, and

811
initial thrust-to-weight ratio t
0
= 5.00 (these parameters are deIined in Problems
96 and 97), estimate (a) the height the rocket can reach, and (b) the total Ilight
time. (c) JustiIy the assumption used in the estimates by comparing the Ilight time
Irom Part (b) to the time it takes to consume the Iuel.

Picture the Problem We can use the velocity-at-burnout equation Irom Problem
96 to Iind v
I
and constant-acceleration equations to approximate the maximum
height the rocket will reach and its total Ilight time.

(a) Assuming constant acceleration,
relate the maximum height reached
by the model rocket to its time-to-
top-oI-trajectory:

2
top 2
1
gt h = (1)
From Problem 96 we have:

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
I
I
0
sp I
1
1
ln
m
m
m
m
gI v
t

Evaluate the velocity at burnout v
I
Ior I
sp
100 s, m
0
/m
I
1.2, and t 5:

( )( ) ( ) m/s 146
2 . 1
1
1
5
1
2 . 1 ln s 100 m/s 9.81
2
I
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
= v

Assuming that the time Ior the Iuel
to burn up is short compared to the
total Ilight time, Iind the time to the
top oI the trajectory:

s 14.9
m/s 9.81
m/s 146
2
I
top
= = =
g
v
t
evaluate h:

( )( ) km 1.09 s 14.9 m/s 9.81
2 2
2
1
= = h

(b) Find the total Ilight time Irom the
time it took the rocket to reach its
maximum height:

( ) s 29.8 s 14.9 2 2
top Ilight
= = = t t
(c) The Iuel burn time
b
t is:
s 3.33
1.2
1
1
5
s 100
1
0
b
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
m
m I
t
f sp
t

Chapter 8

812

Because this burn time is approximately one-IiIth oI the total Ilight time, we can`t
expect the answer we obtain in Part (b) to be very accurate. It should, however, be
good to about thirty percent accuracy, as the maximum distance the model rocket
could possibly move in this time is m 244
b I 2
1
= t v , assuming constant acceleration
until burnout.

General Problems

99 [SSM] A 250-g model-train car traveling at 0.50 m/s links up with a
400-g car that is initially at rest. What is the speed oI the cars immediately aIter
they link up? Find the pre- and post-collision kinetic energies oI the two-car
system.

Picture the Problem Let the direction the 250-g car is moving beIore the
collision be the x direction. Let the numeral 1 reIer to the 250-kg car, the
numeral 2 reIer to the 400-kg car, and V represent the velocity oI the linked cars.
Let the system include Earth and the cars. We can use conservation oI momentum
to Iind their speed aIter they have linked together and the deIinition oI kinetic
energy to Iind their pre- and post-collision kinetic energies.

relate the speeds oI the cars
immediately beIore and
immediately aIter their collision:

Ix ix
p p =
or
( )V m m v m
2 1 1 1
+ =
2 1
1 1
m m
v m
V
+
=
evaluate V:
( )( )
m/s 19 . 0
m/s 192 . 0
kg 0.400 kg 0.250
m/s 0.50 kg 0.250
=
=
+
= V

Find the pre-collision kinetic energy
oI the cars:
( )( )
mJ 31
m/s 0.50 kg 0.250
2
2
1
2
1 1 2
1
pre
=
= = v m K

Find the post-collision kinetic
energy oI the coupled cars:
( )
( )( )
mJ 12
m/s 0.192 kg 0.400 kg 0.250
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1
post
=
+ =
+ = V m m K

100 A 250-g model train car traveling at 0.50 m/s heads toward a 400-g car
that is initially at rest. (a) Find the kinetic energy oI the two-car system. (b) Find
the velocity oI each car in the center-oI-mass reIerence Irame, and use these
velocities to calculate the kinetic energy oI the two-car system in the center-oI-

813
mass reIerence. (c) Find the kinetic energy associated with the motion oI the
center oI mass oI the system. (d) Compare your answer Ior Part (a) with the sum
oI your answers Ior Parts (b) and (c).

Picture the Problem Let the direction the 250-g car is moving beIore the
collision be the x direction. Let the numeral 1 reIer to the 250-kg car and the
numeral 2 reIer to the 400-g car and the system include Earth and the cars. We
can use conservation oI momentum to Iind their speed aIter they have linked
together and the deIinition oI kinetic energy to Iind their pre- and post-collision
kinetic energies.

(a) The pre-collision kinetic energy
oI the two-car system is:
( )( )
mJ 31 mJ 3 . 31
m/s 0.50 kg 0.250
2
2
1
2
1 1 2
1
pre
= =
= = v m K

oI mass to the total momentum oI
the system:

cm
i
i i sys
v v P

m m = =

Solve Ior
cm
v :
2 1
2 2 1 1
cm
m m
v m v m
v
+
+
=

evaluate
cm
v :
( )( )
m/s 192 . 0
kg 0.400 kg 0.250
m/s 0.50 kg 0.250
cm
=
+
= v

Find the initial velocity oI the 250-g
car relative to the velocity oI the
center oI mass:
m/s 0.31
m/s 0.192 m/s .50 0
cm 1 1
=
= = v v u

Find the initial velocity oI the
400-g car relative to the velocity
oI the center oI mass:
m/s 19 . 0
m/s 0.192 m/s 0
cm 2 2
=
= = v v u

Express the pre-collision kinetic
energy oI the system relative to the
center oI mass:

2
2 2 2
1
2
1 1 2
1
rel pre,
u m u m K + =

evaluate
rel pre,
K :
( )( )
( )( )
mJ 19
m/s 0.192 kg 0.400
m/s 0.308 kg 0.250
2
2
1
2
2
1
rel pre,
=
+
= K

Chapter 8

814
(c) Express the kinetic energy oI the
center oI mass:

2
cm 2
1
cm
Mv K =

evaluate K
cm
:
( )( )
mJ 12
m/s 0.192 kg 0.650
2
2
1
cm
=
= K

(d) Relate the pre-collision kinetic
energy oI the system to its pre-
collision kinetic energy relative to
the center oI mass and the kinetic
energy oI the center oI mass:
mJ 31.2
mJ 12.0 mJ 9.2 1
cm rel i, i
=
+ =
+ = K K K

and
cm rel i, i
K K K + =

101 A 1500-kg car traveling north at 70 km/h collides at an intersection
with a 2000-kg car traveling west at 55 km/h. The two cars stick together.
(a) What is the total momentum oI the system beIore the collision? (b) Find the
magnitude and direction oI the velocity oI the wreckage just aIter the collision.

Picture the Problem Let east be the positive x direction and north the positive y
direction. Include both cars and Earth in the system and let the numeral 1 denote
the 1500-kg car and the numeral 2 the 2000-kg car. Because the net external Iorce
acting on the system is zero, momentum is conserved in this perIectly inelastic
collision.

the system:
i j
v v p p p
` `
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
v m v m
m m
=
+ = + =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate p
:

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )j i
j i
i j p
`
km/h kg 10 1 . 1
`
km/h kg 10 1 . 1
`
km/h kg 10 05 . 1
`
km/h kg 10 10 . 1
`
km/h 55 kg 2000
`
km/h 70 kg 1500
5 5
5 5
+ =
+ =
=

(b) The velocity oI the wreckage in
terms oI the total momentum oI the
system is given by:

M
p
v v

= =
cm I


815

I
v
:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) j i
j i
v
`
km/h 0 . 30
`
km/h 4 . 31
kg 2000 kg 1500
`
km/h kg 10 1.05
kg 2000 kg 1500
`
km/h kg 10 1.10
5 5
I
+ =
+

+
+

=

Find the magnitude oI the velocity oI
the wreckage:
( ) ( )
km/h 43
km/h 30.0 km/h 31.4
2 2
I
=
+ = v

Find the direction the wreckage
moves:
=
(
=

7 . 43
km/h 31.4
km/h 30.0
tan
1
u

The direction oI the wreckage is 46 west oI north.

102 A 60-kg woman stands on the back oI a 6.0-m-long, 120-kg raIt that is
Iloating at rest in still water. The raIt is 0.50 m Irom a Iixed pier, as shown in
Figure 8-52. (a) The woman walks to the Iront oI the raIt and stops. How Iar is
the raIt Irom the pier now? (b) While the woman walks, she maintains a constant
speed oI 3.0 m/s relative to the raIt. Find the total kinetic energy oI the system
(woman plus raIt), and compare with the kinetic energy iI the woman walked at
3.0 m/s on a raIt tied to the pier. (c) Where do these kinetic energies come Irom,
and where do they go when the woman stops at the Iront oI the raIt? (d) On land,
the woman puts a lead shot 6.0 m. She stands at the back oI the raIt, aims Iorward,
and puts the shot so that just aIter it leaves her hand, it has the same velocity
relative to her as it did when she threw it Irom the ground. Approximately, where
does her shot land?

Picture the Problem Take the origin to be at the initial position oI the right-hand
end oI raIt and let the positive x direction be to the leIt. Let w denote the woman
and r the raIt, d be the distance oI the end oI the raIt Irom the pier aIter the
woman has walked to its Iront. The raIt moves to the leIt as the woman moves to
the right; with the center oI mass oI the woman-raIt system remaining Iixed
(because F
ext,net
0). The diagram shows the initial (x
w,i
) and Iinal (x
w,I
) positions
oI the woman as well as the initial (x
rcm,i
) and Iinal (x
rcm,I
) positions oI the center
oI mass oI the raIt both beIore and aIter the woman has walked to the Iront oI the
raIt.

Chapter 8

816
x
x
x
w
,
I

x
rcm,i
x
rcm,I
x
w
,
i
=6 m

x
rcm,i
0
0
CM
CM
x
C
M
d
0.5 m
P
I
E
R

(a) Express the distance oI the raIt
Irom the pier aIter the woman has
walked to the Iront oI the raIt:

I w,
m 50 . 0 x d + = (1)
Express x
cm
beIore the woman has
r w
i rcm, r i w, w
cm
m m
x m x m
x
+
+
=

Express x
cm
aIter the woman has

r w
I rcm, r I w, w
cm
m m
x m x m
x
+
+
=
Because F
ext,net
0, the center oI
mass remains Iixed and we can
equate these two expressions Ior x
cm

to obtain:

I rcm, r I w, w i rcm, r i , w w
x m x m x m x m + = +
Solve Ior
I w,
x :
( )
i rcm, I rcm,
w
r
i w, I w,
x x
m
m
x x =

From the Iigure it can be seen that
I w, i rcm, I rcm,
x x x = . Substitute
I w,
x Ior
i rcm, I rcm,
x x to obtain:

r w
i w, w
I w,
m m
x m
x
+
=

evaluate
I w,
x :

( )( )
m 0 . 2
kg 120 kg 60
m 6.0 kg 60
I w,
=
+
= x

m 5 . 2 m 50 . 0 m 0 . 2 = + = d

(b) Express the total kinetic energy oI
the system:
2
r r 2
1
2
w w 2
1
tot
v m v m K + =


817
Noting that the elapsed time is 2.0 s,
Iind v
w
and v
r
:
m/s 0 . 2
s 2.0
m 6.0 m 0 . 2

i w, I w,
w
=
=
t
x x
v

relative to the dock, and
m/s 0 . 1
s 2.0
m 0.50 m 50 . 2

i r, I r,
r
=
=
t
x x
v

also relative to the dock.

evaluate K
tot
:
( )( )
( )( )
kJ 18 . 0
m/s 1.0 kg 120
m/s 0 . 2 kg 60
2
2
1
2
2
1
tot
=
+
= K

Evaluate K with the raIt tied to
the pier:
( )( )
kJ 27 . 0
m/s 3.0 kg 60
2
2
1
2
w w 2
1
tot
=
= = v m K

(c) All the kinetic energy derives Irom the chemical energy oI the woman and,
assuming she stops via static Iriction, the kinetic energy is transIormed into her
internal energy.

(d) AIter the shot leaves the woman`s hand, the raIt-woman system constitutes an
inertial reIerence Irame. In that Irame, the shot has the same initial velocity as did
the shot that had a range oI 6.0 m in the reIerence Irame oI the land. Thus, in the
raIt-woman Irame, the shot also has a range oI 6.0 m and lands at the Iront oI the
raIt.

103 A 1.0-kg steel ball and a 2.0-m cord oI negligible mass make up a
simple pendulum that can pivot without Iriction about the point O, as in Figure 8-
53. This pendulum is released Irom rest in a horizontal position and when the ball
is at its lowest point it strikes a 1.0-kg block sitting at rest on a shelI. Assume that
the collision is perIectly elastic and take the coeIIicient oI kinetic Iriction between
the block and shelI to be 0.10. (a) What is the velocity oI the block just aIter
impact? (b) How Iar does the block slide beIore coming to rest (assuming the
shelI is long enough)?

Picture the Problem Let the zero oI gravitational potential energy be at the
elevation oI the 1.0-kg block. We can use conservation oI energy to Iind the
speed oI the bob just beIore its perIectly elastic collision with the block and
Chapter 8

818
conservation oI momentum to Iind the speed oI the block immediately aIter the
collision. We`ll apply Newton`s second law to Iind the acceleration oI the sliding
block and use a constant-acceleration equation to Iind how Iar it slides beIore
coming to rest.

Iind the speed oI the bob just beIore
its collision with the block:
0
or
0
i I i I
= +
= A + A
U U K K
U K

Because K
i
U
I
0:
h g v
h g m v m
A =
= A +
2
and
0
ball
ball
2
ball ball 2
1

evaluate v
ball
:

( )( ) m/s 6.26 m 2.0 m/s 9.81 2
2
ball
= = v
Because the collision is perIectly
elastic and the ball and block have
the same mass:

m/s 3 . 6
ball block
= = v v

(b) Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the displacement oI
the block to its acceleration and
initial speed:

x a v v 2
block
2
i
2
I
+ =
or, because v
I
0,
x a v 2 0
block
2
i
+ =

Solving Ior Ax yields:
block
2
block
block
2
i
2 2
a
v
a
v
x

=
=

Apply
= a F

m to the sliding
block:
= =
= =
0
and
block n
block k
g m F F
ma f F
y
x

Using the deIinition oI f
k
(
k
F
n
)
eliminate f
k
and F
n
between the
two equations and solve Ior a
block
:

g a
k block
=
Substitute Ior a
block
to obtain:
g
v
g
v
x
k
2
block
k
2
block
2 2
=
= A


819
evaluate Ax:
( )
( )( )
m 20
m/s 9.81 0.10 2
m/s 6.26
2
2
= = x

104 Figure 8-54 shows a World War I cannon mounted on a railcar so that
it will project a shell at an angle oI 30. With the car initially at rest, the cannon
Iires a 200-kg projectile at 125 m/s. (All values are Ior the Irame oI reIerence oI
the track.) Now consider a system composed oI a cannon, shell, and railcar, all on
the Irictionless track. (a) Will the total vector momentum oI that system be the
same just beIore and just aIter the shell is Iired? Explain your answer. (b) II the
mass oI the railcar plus cannon is 5000 kg, what will be the recoil velocity oI the
car along the track aIter the Iiring? (c) The shell is observed to rise to a maximum
height oI 180 m as it moves through its trajectory. At this point, its speed is 80.0
m/s. On the basis oI this inIormation, calculate the amount oI thermal energy
produced by air Iriction on the shell on its way Irom Iiring to this maximum
height.

Picture the Problem We can use conservation oI momentum in the horizontal
direction to Iind the recoil velocity oI the car along the track aIter the Iiring.
Because the shell will neither rise as high nor be moving as Iast at the top oI its
trajectory as it would be in the absence oI air Iriction, we can apply the work-
energy theorem to Iind the amount oI thermal energy produced by the air Iriction.

(a) No. The vertical reaction Iorce oI the rails is an external Iorce and so the
momentum oI the system will not be conserved.

(b) Use conservation oI momentum
in the horizontal (x) direction to
obtain:

0 = A
x
p
or
0 30 cos
recoil
= Mv mv

Solving Ior
recoil
v yields:
M
mv
v

=
30 cos
recoil

evaluate
recoil
v :

( )( )
m/s 3 . 4
kg 5000
cos30 m/s 125 kg 200
recoil
=
= v

(c) Using the work-energy theorem,
relate the thermal energy produced
by air Iriction to the change in the
energy oI the system:

K U E W W A + A = A = =
sys I ext

Chapter 8

820
Substitute Ior AU and AK to obtain:
( ) ( )
2 2
I 2
1
i I
2
2
1
2
I 2
1
i I ext
i
i
v v m y y mg
mv mv mgy mgy W
+ =
+ =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate W
ext
:

( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
kJ 569
m/s 125 m/s 0 . 80 kg 200 m 180 m/s 81 . 9 kg 200
2 2
2
1
2
ext
=
+ = W

105 [SSM] One popular, iI dangerous, classroom demonstration involves
holding a baseball an inch or so directly above a basketball, holding the basketball
a Iew Ieet above a hard Iloor, and dropping the two balls simultaneously. The two
balls will collide just aIter the basketball bounces Irom the Iloor; the baseball will
then rocket oII into the ceiling tiles with a hard thud while the basketball will
stop in midair. (The author oI this problem once broke a light doing this.)
(a) Assuming that the collision oI the basketball with the Iloor is elastic, what is
the relation between the velocities oI the balls just beIore they collide?
(b) Assuming the collision between the two balls is elastic, use the result oI Part
(a) and the conservation oI momentum and energy to show that, iI the basketball
is three times as heavy as the baseball, the Iinal velocity oI the basketball will be
zero. (This is approximately the true mass ratio, which is why the demonstration
is so dramatic.) (c) II the speed oI the baseball is v just beIore the collision, what
is its speed just aIter the collision?

Picture the Problem Let the numeral 1
reIer to the basketball and the numeral
2 to the baseball. The leIt-hand side oI
the diagram shows the balls aIter the
basketball`s elastic collision with the
Iloor and just beIore they collide. The
right-hand side oI the diagram shows
the balls just aIter their collision. We
can apply conservation oI momentum
and the deIinition oI an elastic collision
to obtain equations relating the initial
and Iinal velocities oI the colliding
balls that we can solve Ior v
1I
and v
2I
.
1
m
2
m
2
m
1
m
2i
v

1i
v

1I
v

2I
v

(a) Because both balls are in Iree-Iall, and both are in the air Ior the same amount
oI time, they have the same velocity just beIore the basketball rebounds. AIter the
basketball rebounds elastically, its velocity will have the same magnitude, but the
opposite direction than just beIore it hit the ground. The velocity oI the basketball
will be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the velocity oI the baseball.


821
(b) Apply conservation oI linear
balls to obtain:

2i 2 1i 1 I 2 2 I 1 1
v m v m v m v m + = + (1)
approach:

( )
i 2 1i I 1 I 2
v v v v =
or
1i i 2 I 2 I 1
v v v v = (2)
2
and
add it to equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )
2i 2 1i 2 1 1I 2 1
2 v m v m m v m m + = +
Solve Ior v
1I
to obtain:
i 2
2 1
2
i 1
2 1
2 1
I 1
2
v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
+
+
+
=
or, because v
2i
v
1i
,
i 1
2 1
2 1
i 1
2 1
2
i 1
2 1
2 1
I 1
3
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
+
=
+
=

For m
1
3m
2
and v
1i
v:

0
3
3 3
2 2
2 2
I 1
=
+
= v
m m
m m
v

(c) Multiply equation (2) by m
1

and subtract it Irom equation (1)
to obtain:

( ) ( )
1i 1 i 2 1 2 I 2 2 1
2 v m v m m v m m + = +
Solve Ior v
2I
to obtain:
i 2
2 1
1 2
i 1
2 1
1
I 2
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
+
+
=
or, because v
2i
v
1i
,
i 1
2 1
2 1
i 1
2 1
1 2
i 1
2 1
1
I 2
3
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
=
+
+
=

For m
1
3m
2
and v
1i
v:

( )
v v
m m
m m
v 2
3
3 3
2 2
2 2
I 2
=
+
=

106 (a) ReIerring to Problem 105, iI we held a third ball above the baseball
and basketball, and wanted both the basketball and baseball to stop in mid-air,
what should the ratio oI the mass oI the top ball to the mass oI the baseball be?
Chapter 8

822
(b) II the speed oI the top ball is v just beIore the collision, what is its speed just
aIter the collision?

Picture the Problem In Problem 105
only two balls are dropped. They
collide head on, each moving at
speed v, and the collision is elastic.
In this problem, as it did in Problem
105, the solution involves using the
conservation oI momentum equation
2i 2 1i 1 I 2 2 I 1 1
v m v m v m v m + = + and the
elastic collision equation
1i i 2 I 2 I 1
v v v v = where the numeral
1 reIers to the baseball, and the
numeral 2 to the top ball. The
diagram shows the balls just beIore
and just aIter their collision. From
Problem 105 we know that v
1i
2v
and v
2i
v.
1
m
2
m
2
m
1
m
2i
v

1i
v

2I
v

0
1I
= v

(a) Express the Iinal speed v
1I
oI the
baseball as a Iunction oI its initial
speed v
1i
and the initial speed oI the
top ball v
2i
(see Problem 64):

i 2
2 1
2
i 1
2 1
2 1
I 1
2
v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
+
+
+
=
Substitute Ior v
1i
and , v
2i
to obtain:

( ) ( ) v
m m
m
v
m m
m m
v
+
+
+
=
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
I 1
2
2

Divide the numerator and
denominator oI each term by m
2
to
introduce the mass ratio oI the upper
ball to the lower ball:
( ) ( ) v
m
m
v
m
m
m
m
v
+
+
+
=
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
I 1

Set the Iinal speed oI the baseball v
1I

equal to zero and let x represent the
mass ratio m
1
/m
2
to obtain:
( ) ( ) v
x
v
x
x
+
+
+
=
1
2
2
1
1
0

Solving Ior x yields:
2
1
2
1
= =
m
m
x

(b) Apply the second oI the two
equations in Problem 64 to the
collision between the top ball and
the baseball:

2i
2 1
1 2
i 1
2 1
1
I 2
2
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
+
+
=

823
Substitute v
1i
2v and v
2i
v to
obtain:
( ) ( ) v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
+
+
+
=
2 1
1 2
2 1
1
I 2
2
2

In part (a) we showed that m
2
2m
1
.
Substitute and simpliIy to obtain:

( )
( )
v
v
m m
m m
v
m m
m
v
3
7
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
3I
2
2
2
2
2 2
=
+
+
=

107 [SSM] In the slingshot eIIect, the transIer oI energy in an elastic
collision is used to boost the energy oI a space probe so that it can escape Irom
the solar system. All speeds are relative to an inertial Irame in which the center oI
the sun remains at rest. Figure 8-55 shows a space probe moving at 10.4 km/s
toward Saturn, which is moving at 9.6 km/s toward the probe. Because oI the
gravitational attraction between Saturn and the probe, the probe swings around
Saturn and heads back in the opposite direction with speed v
I
. (a) Assuming this
collision to be a one-dimensional elastic collision with the mass oI Saturn much
greater than that oI the probe, Iind v
I
. (b) By what Iactor is the kinetic energy oI
the probe increased? Where does this energy come Irom?

Picture the Problem Let the direction the probe is moving aIter its elastic
collision with Saturn be the positive direction. The probe gains kinetic energy at
the expense oI the kinetic energy oI Saturn. We`ll relate the speed oI approach
relative to the center oI mass to u
rec
and then to v. The x direction is also the
direction oI the motion oI Saturn.

(a) Relate the speed oI recession to
the speed oI recession relative to
the center oI mass:

cm rec
v u v + = (1)
Find the speed oI approach:

km/s 0 . 20
km/s 0.4 1 km/s 9.6
app
=
= u

Relate the relative speed oI
approach to the relative speed oI
recession Ior an elastic collision:

km/s 0 . 20
app rec
= = u u
Because Saturn is so much more
massive than the space probe:

km/s 6 . 9
Saturn cm
= = v v
equation (1) and evaluate v:

km/s 0 3 km/s 9.6 km/s 0 2 = + = v
Chapter 8

824
(b) Express the ratio oI the Iinal
kinetic energy to the initial kinetic
energy and simpliIy:
2
i
rec
2
i 2
1
2
rec 2
1
i
I
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
v
v
Mv
Mv
K
K

evaluate K
I
/K
i
:
1 . 8
km/s 10.4
km/s 29.6
2
i
I
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
K
K

The energy comes Irom an immeasurably small slowing oI Saturn.

108 A 13-kg block is at rest on a level Iloor. A 400-g glob oI putty is
thrown at the block so that the putty travels horizontally, hits the block, and sticks
to it. The block and putty slide 15 cm along the Iloor. II the coeIIicient oI kinetic
Iriction is 0.40, what is the initial speed oI the putty?

Picture the Problem Let the system include the block, the putty, and Earth. Then
F
ext,net
0 and momentum is conserved in this perIectly inelastic collision. We`ll
use conservation oI momentum to relate the aIter-collision velocity oI the block
plus blob and conservation oI energy to Iind their aIter-collision velocity.

Noting that, because this is a
perIectly elastic collision, the Iinal
velocity oI the block plus blob is the
velocity oI the center oI mass, use
conservation oI momentum to relate
the velocity oI the center oI mass to
the velocity oI the glob beIore the
collision:

I i
p p =
or
cm gl gl
Mv v m =
cm
gl
gl
v
m
M
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (1)
where
bl gl
m m M + = .
Use conservation oI energy to Iind
the initial energy oI the block plus
glob:
0
I
= + A + A W U K
Because AU K
I
0,
0
k
2
cm 2
1
= A + x f Mv

Because f
k

k
Mg: 0
k
2
cm 2
1
= + x Mg Mv

Solve Ior
cm
v to obtain:

x g v A =
k cm
2

evaluate
cm
v :
( )( )( )
m/s 1.08
m 0.15 m/s 9.81 0.40 2
2
cm
=
= v


825
equation (1) and evaluate
gl
v :
( )
m/s 36
m/s 1.08
kg 0.400
kg 0.400 kg 13
gl
=
|
|
.
|
\
| +
= v

109 [SSM] Your accident reconstruction team has been hired by the local
police to analyze the Iollowing accident. A careless driver rear-ended a car that
was halted at a stop sign. Just beIore impact, the driver slammed on his brakes,
locking the wheels. The driver oI the struck car had his Ioot solidly on the brake
pedal, locking his brakes. The mass oI the struck car was 900 kg, and that oI the
initially moving vehicle was 1200 kg. On collision, the bumpers oI the two cars
meshed. Police determine Irom the skid marks that aIter the collision the two cars
moved 0.76 m together. Tests revealed that the coeIIicient oI kinetic Iriction
between the tires and pavement was 0.92. The driver oI the moving car claims
that he was traveling at less than 15 km/h as he approached the intersection. Is he
telling the truth?

Picture the Problem Let the direction the moving car was traveling beIore the
collision be the x direction. Let the numeral 1 denote this car and the numeral 2
the car that is stopped at the stop sign and the system include both cars and Earth.
We can use conservation oI momentum to relate the speed oI the initially-moving
car to the speed oI the meshed cars immediately aIter their perIectly inelastic
collision and conservation oI energy to Iind the initial speed oI the meshed cars.

Using conservation oI momentum,
relate the beIore-collision speed to
the aIter-collision speed oI the
meshed cars:

( )V m m v m
p p
2 1 1 1
I i
or
+ =
=

Solving Ior v
1
and simpliIying
yields:
V
m
m
V
m
m m
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
=
1
2
1
2 1
1
1 (1)

Using conservation oI energy, relate
the initial kinetic energy oI the
meshed cars to the work done by
Iriction in bringing them to a stop:

0
thermal
= A + A E K
or, because K
I
0 and AE
thermal
fAs,
0
k i
= A + s f K
Substitute Ior K
i
and, using
f
k

k
F
n

k
Mg, eliminate f
k
to
obtain:

0
k
2
2
1
= A + x Mg MV

x g V 2
k
=
Chapter 8

826
Substitute Ior V in equation (1) to
obtain:
x g
m
m
v A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
k
1
2
1
2 1

1
:

( )( )( ) km/h 23 m/s 48 . 6 m 0.76 m/s 9.81 0.92 2
kg 1200
kg 900
1
2
1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = v

The driver was not telling the truth. He was traveling at 23 km/h.

110 A pendulum consists oI a compact 0.40-kg bob attached to a string oI
length 1.6 m. A block oI mass m rests on a horizontal Irictionless surIace. The
pendulum is released Irom rest at an angle oI 53 with the vertical. The bob
collides elastically with the block at the lowest point in its arc. Following the
collision, the maximum angle oI the pendulum with the vertical is 5.73.
Determine the mass m.

Picture the Problem Let the zero oI gravitational potential energy be at the
lowest point oI the bob`s swing and note that the bob can swing either Iorward or
backward aIter the collision. We`ll use both conservation oI momentum and
conservation oI energy to relate the velocities oI the bob and the block beIore
and aIter their collision. Choose the x direction to be in the direction oI the
motion oI the block.

Express the kinetic energy oI the
block in terms oI its aIter-collision
momentum:

m
p
K
m
2
2
m
=
m
m
K
p
m
2
2
= (1)

K
m
to the change in the potential
energy oI the bob:
0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
0,
0
i I
= + U U K
m

Solve Ior K
m
, substitute Ior U
I
and
U
i
( ) ( ) | |
| |
i I bob
I i bob
i I
cos cos
cos 1 cos 1
u u
u u
=
=
+ =
gL m
L L g m
U U K
m

Substitute numerical values and evaluate K
m
:

( )( )( )| | J 2.47 cos53 cos5.73 m 1.6 m/s 9.81 kg 0.40
2
= =
m
K


827

the velocity oI the bob just beIore its
collision with the block:
0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
i I
= U K

Substitute Ior K
I
and U
i
to obtain: ( ) 0 cos 1
i bob
2
bob 2
1
= u gL m v m


( )
i
cos 1 2 u = gL v
evaluate v:

( )( )( )
m/s 3.536
cos53 1 m 1.6 m/s 9.81 2
2
=
= v

the velocity oI the bob just aIter its
collision with the block:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
I
U
i
0,
0
I i
= + U K
Substitute Ior K
i
and U
I
to obtain: ( ) 0 cos 1 '
I bob
2
bob 2
1
= + u gL m v m

Solve Ior v':
( )
I
cos 1 2 ' u = gL v

evaluate v':
( )( )( )
m/s 396 . 0
cos5.73 1 m 1.6 m/s 9.81 2 '
2
=
= v

relate p
m
aIter the collision to the
momentum oI the bob just beIore
and just aIter the collision:

m
p v m v m
p p
+ =
=
'
or
bob bob
I i

Solve Ior and evaluate p
m
:
( )( )
m/s kg 0.158 m/s kg .414 1
m/s 0.396 m/s 3.536 kg 0.40
'
bob bob
=
=
= v m v m p
m

Find the larger value Ior p
m
:
m/s kg 1.573
m/s kg 0.158 m/s kg .414 1
=
+ =
m
p

Find the smaller value Ior p
m
:
m/s kg 1.256
m/s kg 0.158 m/s kg .414 1
=
=
m
p

Chapter 8

828
equation (1) to determine the
two values Ior m:
( )
( )
kg 50 . 0
J 47 . 2 2
m/s kg 573 . 1
2
=
= m
or
( )
( )
kg 32 . 0
J 47 . 2 2
m/s kg 256 . 1
2
=
= m

111 [SSM] A 1.00-kg block and a second block oI mass M are both
initially at rest on a Irictionless inclined plane (Figure 8-56) Mass M rests against
a spring that has a Iorce constant oI 11.0 kN/m. The distance along the plane
between the two blocks is 4.00 m. The 1.00-kg block is released, making an
elastic collision with the unknown block. The 1.00-kg block then rebounds a
distance oI 2.56 m back up the inclined plane. The block oI mass M comes
momentarily comes to rest 4.00 cm Irom its initial position. Find M.

Picture the Problem Choose the zero oI gravitational potential energy at the
location oI the spring`s maximum compression. Let the system include the
spring, the blocks, and Earth. Then the net external Iorce is zero as is work done
against Iriction. We can use conservation oI energy to relate the energy
transIormations taking place during the evolution oI this system.

Apply conservation oI energy to the
system:

0
s g
= A + A + A U U K

Because AK 0:

0
s g
= A + A U U
Express the change in the
gravitational potential energy:

u sin
g
Mgx h mg U A = A
Express the change in the potential
energy oI the spring:

2
2
1
s
kx U = A
Substitute to obtain: 0 sin
2
2
1
= + A kx Mgx h mg u

Solving Ior M and simpliIying
yields:
x
h m
g
kx
gx
h mg kx
M
A
=
A
=
2
30 sin
2
2
1

Relate Ah to the initial and rebound
positions oI the block whose mass is
m:

( )
m 72 . 0
30 sin m 56 . 2 m 00 . 4
=
= h


829

Substitute numerical values and evaluate M:

( ) ( ) ( )( )
kg 8.9
m 0.0400
m 0.72 kg 1.00 2
m/s 9.81
m 0.0400 N/m 10 11.0
2
3
=
= M

112 A neutron oI mass m makes an elastic head-on collision with a
stationary nucleus oI mass M. (a) Show that the kinetic energy oI the nucleus aIter
the collision is given by K
nucleus
= |4mM/(m M)
2
|K
n
, where K
n
is the initial
kinetic energy oI the neutron. (b) Show that the fractional change in the kinetic
energy oI the neutron is given by
( )
| | ( )
2
n
n
1
4
M m
M m
K
K
+
= .
(c) Show that this expression gives plausible results both iI m M and m M.
What is the best stationary nucleus Ior the neutron to collide head-on with iI the
objective is to produce a maximum loss in the kinetic energy oI the neutron?

Picture the Problem In this elastic head-on collision, the kinetic energy oI
recoiling nucleus is the diIIerence between the initial and Iinal kinetic energies oI
the neutron. We can derive the indicated results by using both conservation oI
energy and conservation oI momentum and writing the kinetic energies in terms
oI the momenta oI the particles beIore and aIter the collision.

relate the kinetic energies oI the
particles beIore and aIter the
collision:

M
p
m
p
m
p
2 2 2
2
nucleus
2
nI
2
ni
+ = (1)
Apply conservation oI momentum
to obtain a second relationship
between the initial and Iinal
momenta:

nucleus nI ni
p p p + = (2)
Eliminate p
nI
in equation (1) using
equation (2):
0
2 2
ni nucleus nucleus
= +
m
p
m
p
M
p
(3)

Use equation (3) to write
m p 2
2
ni
in terms oI p
nucleus
:

( )
m M
m M p
K
m
p
2
2 2
nucleus
n
2
ni
8 2
+
= = (4)
Use equation (4) to express
M p K 2
2
nucleus nucleus
= in terms oI
K
n
:

( )
(
+
=
2 n nucleus
4
m M
Mm
K K (5)
Chapter 8

830
(b) Relate the change in the kinetic
energy oI the neutron to the aIter-
collision kinetic energy oI the
nucleus:

nucleus n
K K = A
Using equation (5), express the
Iraction oI the energy lost in the
collision:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
n
n
1
4
4
M m
M m
m M
Mm
K
K
+
=
+
=

(c) II m M:

expected. as 0
n
n
K
K

II m M:

( )
expected. as 1
1 1
4
2
n
n
=
+
=
K
K

113 The mass oI a carbon nucleus is approximately 12 times the mass oI a
neutron. (a) Use the results oI Problem 112 to show that aIter N head-on
collisions oI a neutron with carbon nuclei at rest, the kinetic energy oI the neutron
is approximately 0.716
N
K
0
, where K
0
is its initial kinetic energy. (b) Neutrons
emitted during the Iission oI a uranium nucleus have kinetic energies oI about
2.0 MeV. For such a neutron to cause the Iission oI another uranium nucleus in a
reactor, its kinetic energy must be reduced to about 0.020 eV. How many head-on
collisions are needed to reduce the kinetic energy oI a neutron Irom 2.0 MeV to
0.020 eV, assuming elastic head-on collisions with stationary carbon nuclei?

Picture the Problem Problem 112 (b) provides an expression Ior the Iractional
loss oI kinetic energy per collision.

(a) Using the result oI Problem 112
(b), express the Iractional loss oI
energy per collision:

( )
( )
2
2
0
n ni
ni
nI
m M
m M
E
K K
K
K
+
=
A
=

Evaluate this Iraction to obtain:
( )
( )
716 . 0
12
12
2
2
0
nI
=
+
=
m m
m m
E
K

Express the kinetic energy oI one
neutron aIter N collisions:

0 nI
716 . 0 E K
N
=
(b) Substitute Ior K
nI
and E
0
to
obtain:
8
10 716 . 0

=
N


831
Take the logarithm oI both sides
oI the equation and solve Ior N:
55
0.716 log
8
~
= N

114 On average, a neutron actually loses only 63 percent oI its energy in an
elastic collision with a hydrogen atom (not 100 percent) and 11 percent oI its
energy during an elastic collision with a carbon atom (not 28 percent). (These
numbers are an average over all types oI collisions, not just head-on ones. Thus
the results are lower than the ones determined Irom analyses like that in Problem
113 because most collisions are not head-on.) Calculate the actual number oI
collisions, on average, needed to reduce the energy oI a neutron Irom 2.0 MeV to
0.020 eV iI the neutron collides with stationary (a) hydrogen atoms and
(b) carbon atoms.

Picture the Problem We can relate the number oI collisions needed to reduce
the energy oI a neutron Irom 2 MeV to 0.02 eV to the Iractional energy loss per
collision and solve the resulting exponential equation Ior N.

(a) Using the result oI Problem 113
(b), express the Iractional loss oI
energy per collision:
37 . 0
63 . 0
ni
ni ni
0
n ni
ni
nI
=
=
A
=
K
K K
E
K K
K
K


0 nI
37 . 0 K K
N
=
Substitute Ior K
nI
and K
0
to obtain:

8
10 37 . 0

=
N

Take the logarithm oI both sides
oI the equation and solve Ior N:
19
0.37 log
8
~
= N

(b) Proceed as in (a) to obtain:
89 . 0
11 . 0
ni
ni ni
0
n ni
ni
nI
=
=
A
=
K
K K
E
K K
K
K


0 nI
89 . 0 K K
N
=
Substitute Ior K
nI
and K
0
to obtain:

8
10 89 . 0

=
N

Take the logarithm oI both sides oI
the equation and solve Ior N:
158
0.89 log
8
~
= N

Chapter 8

832
115 [SSM] Two astronauts at rest Iace each other in space. One, with
mass m
1
, throws a ball oI mass m
b
to the other, whose mass is m
2
. She catches the
ball and throws it back to the Iirst astronaut. Following each throw the ball has a
speed oI v relative to the thrower. AIter each has made one throw and one catch,
(a) How Iast are the astronauts moving? (b) How much has the two-astronaut
system`s kinetic energy changed and where did this energy come Irom?

Picture the Problem Let the direction that astronaut 1 Iirst throws the ball be the
positive direction and let v
b
be the initial speed oI the ball in the laboratory Irame.
Note that each collision is perIectly inelastic. We can apply conservation oI
momentum and the deIinition oI the speed oI the ball relative to the thrower to
each oI the perIectly inelastic collisions to express the Iinal speeds oI each
astronaut aIter one throw and one catch.

momentum to relate the speeds oI
astronaut 1 and the ball aIter the Iirst
throw:

0
b b 1 1
= + v m v m (1)
Relate the speed oI the ball in the
laboratory Irame to its speed
relative to astronaut 1:

1 b
v v v = (2)
Eliminate v
b
between equations (1)
and (2) and solve Ior v
1
:

v
m m
m
v
b 1
b
1
+
= (3)
Substitute equation (3) in equation
(2) and solve Ior v
b
:
v
m m
m
v
b 1
1
b
+
= (4)

momentum to express the speed oI
astronaut 2 and the ball aIter the Iirst
catch:

( )
2 b 2 b b
0 v m m v m + = = (5)
Solving Ior v
2
yields:
b
b 2
b
2
v
m m
m
v
+
= (6)

Express v
2
in terms oI v by
substituting equation (4) in equation
(6):
( )( )
v
m m m m
m m
v
m m
m
m m
m
v
(
+ +
=
+ +
=
b 1 b 2
1 b
b 1
1
b 2
b
2
(7)


833
express the speed oI astronaut 2 and
the ball aIter she throws the ball:

( )
2I 2 bI b 2 b 2
v m v m v m m + = + (8)
Relate the speed oI the ball in the
laboratory Irame to its speed relative
to astronaut 2:

bI 2I
v v v = (9)
Eliminate v
bI
between equations (8)
and (9) and solve Ior v
2I
:
v
m m
m
m m
m
v
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
b 1
1
b 2
b
I 2
1 (10)

Substitute equation (10) in equation
(9) and solve Ior v
bI
:

v
m m
m
m m
m
v
(
+
+
(
+
=
b 1
1
b 2
b
bI
1 1 (11)
Apply conservation oI momentum to
express the speed oI astronaut 1 and
the ball aIter she catches the ball:

( )
1 1 bI b 1I b 1
v m v m v m m + = + (12)

Using equations (3) and (11),
eliminate v
bI
and v
1
in equation
(12) and solve Ior v
1I
:

( )
( ) ( )
v
m m m m
m m m m
v
b 2
2
b 1
b 1 b 2
1I
2
+ +
+
=
(b) The change in the kinetic energy
oI the system is:
i I
K K K =
or, because K
i
0,
2
2I 2 2
1
2
1I 1 2
1
2I 1I I
v m v m
K K K K
+ =
+ = =

Substitute Ior v
1I
and v
2I
to obtain:

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
b 1
1
2
b 2
b
2 2
1
2
2
b 2
2
b 1
b 1 b 2
1 2
1
1
2
v
m m
m
m m
m
m v
m m m m
m m m m
m K
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
=

SimpliIy to obtain:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
b 1
2 1
2
b 1
2
b 2
2
b 1
2
b 2
2
1
1
2
v
m m
m m
m m m m
m m m m
K
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+ +
+
=

This additional energy came Irom chemical energy in the astronaut`s bodies.

Chapter 8

834
116 A stream oI elastic glass beads, each with a mass oI 0.50 g, comes out
oI a horizontal tube at a rate oI 100 per second (see Figure 8-57). The beads Iall a
distance oI 0.50 m to a balance pan and bounce back to their original height. How
much mass must be placed in the other pan oI the balance to keep the pointer at
zero?

Picture the Problem Take the zero oI gravitational potential energy to be at the
elevation oI the pan and let the system include the balance, the beads, and Earth.
We can use conservation oI energy to Iind the vertical component oI the velocity
oI the beads as they hit the pan and then calculate the net downward Iorce on the
pan Irom Newton`s second law. Let the y direction be upward.

the y component oI the bead`s
velocity as it hits the pan to its height
oI Iall:

0 = A + A U K
or, because K
i
U
I
0,
0
2
2
1
= mgh mv
y
gh v
y
2 =
evaluate v
y
:

( )( ) m/s 3.13 m 0.50 m/s 9.81 2
2
= =
y
v

Express the change in momentum in
the y direction per bead:

( )
y y y y y y
mv mv mv p p p 2
i I
= = = A

Use Newton`s second law to
express the net Iorce in the y
direction exerted on the pan by
the beads:

t
p
N F
y
y
net,
=

Letting M represent the mass to be
placed on the other pan, equate its
weight to the net Iorce exerted by the
beads, substitute Ior Ap
y
, and solve
Ior M:
t
p
N Mg
y
=
and
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
=
g
mv
t
N
M
y
2

evaluate M:
( )
( )( ) | |
g 32
m/s 9.81
m/s 3.13 kg 0.00050 2
s / 100
2
=
= M


835
117 A dumbbell, consisting oI two balls oI mass m connected by a
massless 1.00-m-long rod, rests on a Irictionless Iloor against a Irictionless wall
with one ball directly above the other. The center-to-center distance between the
balls is equal to 1.00. The dumbbell then begins to slide down the wall as in
Figure 8-58. Find the speed oI the bottom ball at the moment when it equals the
speed oI the top ball.

Picture the Problem Assume that the connecting rod goes halIway through both
balls, i.e., the centers oI mass oI the balls are separated by 1.00 m. Let the system
include the dumbbell, the wall and Iloor, and Earth. Let the zero oI gravitational
potential be at the center oI mass oI the lower ball and use conservation oI energy
to relate the speeds oI the balls to the potential energy oI the system. By
symmetry, the speeds will be equal when the angle with the vertical is 45.

express the relationship between the
initial and Iinal energies oI the
system:

I i
E E =
Express the initial energy oI the
system:

mgL E =
i

where L is the length oI the rod.

Express the energy oI the system
when the angle with the vertical is
45:

( )
2
2
1
I
2 45 sin v m mgL E + =
Substitute to obtain:
2
2
1
v gL gL + |
.
|
\
|
=

|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
1 gL v

evaluate v:
( )( )
m/s 70 . 1
2
1
1 m 00 . 1 m/s 81 . 9
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
= v

Chapter 8

836

Conservation of Linear Momentum Conceptual Problems

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721

0 and momentum is conserved within the system. Choose a

A Ior the ball:

is 90, the collision was elastic.

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