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This experiment aims to (1) identify plant populations in a terrestrial habitat using quadrat sampling techniques, (2) study biotic and abiotic factors such as soil pH, and (3) determine the relationship between soil pH and plant distribution. Students will collect soil and plant data from 10 quadrats to calculate species frequency, density, and coverage. Soil pH will also be measured from 5 soil samples using a universal indicator. Results will be analyzed to identify the most abundant plant species and its relationship to soil pH.
This experiment aims to (1) identify plant populations in a terrestrial habitat using quadrat sampling techniques, (2) study biotic and abiotic factors such as soil pH, and (3) determine the relationship between soil pH and plant distribution. Students will collect soil and plant data from 10 quadrats to calculate species frequency, density, and coverage. Soil pH will also be measured from 5 soil samples using a universal indicator. Results will be analyzed to identify the most abundant plant species and its relationship to soil pH.
This experiment aims to (1) identify plant populations in a terrestrial habitat using quadrat sampling techniques, (2) study biotic and abiotic factors such as soil pH, and (3) determine the relationship between soil pH and plant distribution. Students will collect soil and plant data from 10 quadrats to calculate species frequency, density, and coverage. Soil pH will also be measured from 5 soil samples using a universal indicator. Results will be analyzed to identify the most abundant plant species and its relationship to soil pH.
Objective: (a) To identify plant population in a terrestrial habitat. (b) To study the biotic and abiotic factors in terrestrial habitat. Learning Outcome At the end of the experiment, student should be able: (a) to use the correct technique of quadrat sampling; (b) to estimate plant distribution in a terrestrial habitat; (c) to relate soil pH and plant distribution in a terrestrial habitat. Introduction Plant and animals are biotic factors that play an important role in ecosystem. The population of plants and animals in a particular habitat can be measured by methods of quadrat and line transect. The samples obtained from quadrats are representative of the habitat in general. Abiotic factors such as pH also play a big role in the distribution of plant in a particular habitat. In this study your will learn a quadrat sampling technique for estimation of plant population in a chosen terrestrial area. Material and apparatus 1m x 1m quadrat 5 test-tube with stopper Test-tube rack Spatula 10cm 3 pipette Universal indicator Barium sulphate powder pH chart Soil borer 5 plastic bags Marker pen
Procedure A. Determination of plant population using a quadrat sampling technique 1. Identify 5 dominant plant species in the selected habitat. 2. Randomly throw in the quadrat. 3. For each quadrat: (a) Identify the presence of the individual plant species. Record your data in Table 1. (b) Count the number of the individual plant species. Record your data in Table 2. (c) Calculate the area of coverage of the individual plant species. Record your data in Table 3. 4. Repeat the step 2 and 3 for the next 9 quadrats. Formulas: (a) Species x frequency = no of quadrat containing the species x total number of quadrats X100
(b) Relative species x frequency = Species x frequency Total frequency of all species X100
(c) Species x density = Total number of the species x (Total number of quadrat x area of each quadrat) X100
(d) Relative species x density = Species x density Total density of all species X100
(e) Species x coverage = Total area of coverage of species x Total number of quadrat X100
(f) Relative species x coverage = Species x coverage Total coverage of all species X100
A. Determination of soil pH (Note: Soil sample are obtained from 5 quadrats above)
1. Collect the soil samples by pressing the soil borer into the soil. 2. Using the piston to remove the soil sample from the borer. 3. Put one full spatula of barium sulphate into a dry test tube. 4. Add one full spatula of soil into the test tube. 5. Fill the test tube with distilled water until 3 4 full. 6. Add 5-6 drops of Universal indicator. 7. Place a stopper and shake the tube well. Allow the tube to stand for short while until a clear coloured liquid formed at the top. 8. Compare the colour of the liquid with the pH chart and record the pH. 9. Repeat step 3 to 8 for the next four soil samples. 10. Record all pH readings in Table 4. Result
Table 1 : presence of plant species
Plant species
Quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total number of quadrat containing species x
Species frequenc y (%)
Relative species frequency (%)
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Table 2 : Number of plant species
Plant species
Quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total number of species x
Species density (m 2 )
Relative species density (%)
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Table 3 :Area of coverage
Plant species
Quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total area of coverage of species x
Species coverage (%)
Relative species coverage (%)
A
B
C
D
E
Total
Table 4 : Soil sample pH
Soil sample
Colour
pH
1
2
3
4
5
Average pH
Disscussion 1. State the purpose of using barium sulphate.
2. State the relationship between the soil pH and the most abundant plant in the habitat.