Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering

BKG3741
Fuel and Combustion Lab
Experiment 7
COMBUS!O" L#B U"! $
G#S BU%"E% & L!'U!( BU%"E%
"ame
Matri) "o*
Group
+ro,ram
Se)tion
(ate
Sem* 11 $ Session -.1-/-.13
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
!"%O(UC!O" $ C41- COMBUS!O" L#BO%#O%2 U"!
This unit enables studies into many aspects of combustion and burner
operation using the optional burners or any suitable commercially
available oil or gas burner up to 150 kW.
The four large observation windows fitted in the frame mounted, water
cooled, combustion chamber provide an excellent flame
demonstration facility. The full instrumentation and safety features
allow supervised student operation over a wide range of airfuel
ratios and different fuels.
Figure 1: !"#$ !ombustion %aboratory &nit
1*. OB3EC!4ES
!n5esti,ation o6 #ir/Fuel %atio and Stoi)7iometri) Condition*
'ny hydrocarbon fuel has a condition of perfect combustion, in which
the oxygen is consumed. The stoichiometric airfuel ratio is different
for each fuel depending on its chemical composition. This experiment is
to set the burner to a mid range of fuel flow, which remains constant,
2
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
and then alter the airfuel ratio throughout the range possible to
achieve combustion.
-*.GE"E%#L (ESC%!+!O"
-*1 Unit Constru)tion
Figure 2: !ontrol (anel %ayout !"#$
1. )ain *witch +. Water ,low *witch
$. -urner (ower *upply #. Water .utlet Temperature
/. -urner .n
10. Water Temperature
!ontrol
". -urner .n.ff
11. Water Temperature
!ontrol
5. -urner %ockout 1$. .il ,lowmeter
0. Temperature 1ndicator 1/. 2as ,lowrate Timer
3. !ooling Water ,lowmeter
3
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
Figure 1: !"#$ !ombustion %aboratory &nit
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BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
3*. O+E%#!"G +%OCE(U% 0 G#S & O!L BU%"E%
3*1 O+E%#!"G +%OCE(U%E 0 G#S BU%"E%
3*. O+E%#!"G +%OCE(U%E 0 O!L BU%"E%
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BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
3*1 SE!"G U+ O!L BU%"E%
1. ,it the gas burner onto the four mounting studs with
four )+ nuts. 6nsure the gasket is not over tighten
78ust more than finger tight9.
$. !onnect and screw the 3 pin plug to the burner power
socket.
/. (lug the $ pin plug flow meter sensor lead to the socket
at control panel.
". :emove the blanking cap from oil pump and unscrew
the hose coupling at right sided vertical plate of the
frame. %oosely screw hose to the oil pump suction port.
5. (lace the drip tray under the burner on the hori;ontal
plate of the frame.
0. 6nsure fuel in the tank is sufficient for the test.
3*- S#%!"G 8E O!L BU%"E%
1. *witch on the main isolator and main switch on the
panel. 7 1nstrumentation should light9
$. Turn on main isolating valve and the valve at rear unit
for water supply. *lowly turn the cooling water flow
control anticlockwise until $00 gs. -oth two lamps
change to green.
/. 6nsure to set the dial of the water temperature control
at +0<! or above.
". Turn the three way valve to the desired fuel tank
position.
5. .pen the isolating valve at the front of the unit.
0. *=uee;e the priming pump for few times to purge the
line and then tighten the coupling.
3. *et the burner air control damper at position no 1>$.
+. (ress the green burner onoff button 1. The burner fan
will start.
#. 1gnition spark will be heard, gently s=uee;e the priming
pump and the burner should light up and then release
the priming pump.
10. The pump pressure will indicate the delivery pressure
and the green burner on lamp will illuminate
3*3 EME%GE"C2 SO+ FO% 8E O!L BU%"E%
1. (ress the red burner onoff button . on the control
panel.
3*4 S8U!"G (O9" 8E O!L BU%"E%
6
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
1. Turn off the oil isolating valve.
$. Turn off the water flow at cooling water flow valve,
water isolating valve and the main valve.
/. *witch off the unit at main switch on the control panel.
4*. Sa6et: Measures
&nit should be operated in a well ventilated area and sited well
away from inflammable or heat sensitive material.
4o not allow the unit to run with the gas control valve open if no
flame has been established.
The gas burner control system is more complex than the oil
burner due to potentially ha;ardous and explosive nature of the
fuel. *pecial care need to be taken during handling this system.
7
C41-$ OBSE%4#!O"S O!L
(ate; Fuel; Stoi)7iometri) #/F; <b: 5olume= %elati5e (ensit:; <SG=
Burner; Stoi)7iometri) #/F; <b: mass= #mbient emperature; <C=
#mbient +ressure; <mbar= "o>>le 1*3? / -*. Us,al/7r
ES "O* 1 - 3 4 ? @ 7 A 1 1.
(ump (ressure 7 psi9
,an 4amper *etting 7?o9
4iffuser *etting 7?o9
,uel ,low :ate 1ndicated 7%@r9
!ooling Water ,lowrate 7gs9
!ooling Water 1nlet Temp. t1 7!9
!ooling Water .utlet Temp. t$ 7!9
'ir 1nlet Temperature t/ 7!9
6xhaust Temperature t" 7!9
.$ 7A9
!.$ 7A9
!. 7ppm9
6xcess 'ir 7A9
,lame Temperature t5 7!9
,lame !olor
,lame %ength 7cm9
*moke ?o
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
6fficiency ?ett 7A9
C41-$ (E%!4E( %ESULS O!L
(ate; Fuel; Stoi)7iometri) #/F; <b: 5olume= (ensit: o6 Gas; <B,/m
3
=
Burner; Stoi)7iometri) #/F; <b: mass= #mbientemperature; <C=
#mbient +ressure; <mbar= "o>>le 1*3? / -*. Us,al/7r
ES "O* 1 - 3 4 ? @ 7 A 1 1.
!orrected ,uel ,low :ate 7%@r9
',l :atio 7by Bolume9 7volvol9
'ir ,low :ate 7by Bolume9 7%@r9
)ass ,uel ,low :ate 7kg@r9
', :atio 7by mass9 7kgkg9
'ir ,low :ate 7by mass9 7kg@r9
@eat 1nput 7Cin 9 7kW9
,lue 5 &seful a 7kW9
,lue 5 &nburnt b 7W9
,lue 5 Bapor c 7kW9
Total @eat to ,lue 7kW9
dD 7aEbEc9
@eat to Water e 7kW9
@eat .utput 7Cout9 D7dEe9 7kW9
4ifference
7Cin 5Cout9Cin 7A9
9
@*. EC+E%!ME"
@*1 +ro)edure 6or Oil Burner;
1. 6nsure the 1./5 &*gallhr no;;le is fitted.
$. *tart the gas burner firing.
/. *et constantly the oil pump pressure for the wide range
of airfuel ratio 7 approximately 50 kW heat input, + -ar,
100 psi on the 1./ &*gallhr no;;le9
". 'd8ust the cooling water flow and then keep it constant
for outlet temperature 7T
$
9 between 00 and +0 <!.
5. 'd8ust the damper to the minimum which sustain
combustion
0. 'llow conditions to stabili;e and record the readings on
the observation sheet.
3. 1ncrease the air damper position by one graduation.
+. 'gain, allow the condition to stabili;e and record the
readings.
#. 1ncrease the air flow in stages until maximum setting is
reached or combustion cannot be sustained.
10. *hut down the burner.
11. (rocess the readings as given on the 4erived :esults
*heet.
The .
$
, !.
$
and !. values are obtained from the standard
air analy;er supplied.
@*3* #nal:sis & (is)ussions;
1. (lot the graphs for 6xcessive 'ir 7A9 Bs. 0
$
and !.
$
7A9.
$. !omplete the calculation in the tables for both mass and
volume.
/. !omments on the finding of the airfuel ratio for the
combustion.
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
Sample Cal)ulation
2as ,low :ate 7Bolume9
@r $.50m
1""
/00
Time7*ec9
/00
/
= =

'ir ,uel :atio 7Bolume9
*toichiometric ', by volume D $" F 1
6xcess 'ir 7 9 D "#.3 A 7from 'naly;er9
/5.#/ 1
100
"#.3
$" 1
100
G
tric *toichiome =

+ =

+
'ir ,uel :atio 7Bolume9 D /5.#/ F 1
'ir ,low :ate 7Bolume9
D 2as ,low :ate x ',
vol
2as ,low :ate 7)ass9
D Bolume 2as ,low :ate x 4ensity of ,uel
'ir ,uel :atio 7)ass9
D 15.0 F 1
$/./5 1
100
"#.3
15.0 1
100
G
tric *toichiome =

+ =

+
'ir ,uel :atio 7)ass9 D $/./5F 1
'ir ,low :ate 7)ass9
D 2as ,low :ate x ',
vol
@eat 1nput
D

)ass 2as ,low :ate x 2ross !alorific Balue 7,uel9
=
s
hr
/,000
1
kg
kH
50,000
hr
kg
".5
=
s
hr
/,000
1
hr
kH
$$5,000
= 0$.5kW
s
kH
0$.5 =
11
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
#tta)7ment
,uel *toichiometri
c ', by
Bolume
*toichiometri
c ', by
)ass
Theoritica
l
)aximum
!.
$
7A9
2ross
!alorifi
c Balue
7)HIg
9
!hemica
l
,ormula
?atural
2as
#.+1 F 1 13.10 F 1 11.+ 55.00 !@
"
(ropane $" F 1 1.0 F 1 1/.+ 50.00 !
/
@
+
-utane /0 F 1 1".+ F 1 1".1 "#.5 !
"
@
10
Ierosen
e
#."+ F 1 1".3 F 1 15." "0.$ >
2as .il #.+$ F 1 1"." F 1 15." "5.5 >
!onversion ,actor
10 mm @
$
0 D 1 cm @
$
0 D 1 mbar
1 ft
/
D 0.0$+/$ m
/
1 1mperial gallon D ".5"0 %itre
1 &* gallon D /.3+5 %itre
.il ,lowmeter !orrection ,actor
D 4isplay x 1.1 7 Ierosene9
D 4isplay x 1.0 72as .il9
!p
g
for 6xhaust gas taken as 1.15 kHkgI 7 for 350 6!9
Typical Balues of density 7Igm
/
9
1tem 4ensity
Ierosene 3#0
2as .il +/5
(ropane 1.+5
-utane $."5
?atural 2as 0.0+
)olecular Weight of .
$
D /$
)olecular Weight of @
$
D $
)olecular Weight of ! D 1$
)olecular Weight of ?
$
D $+
)olecular Weight of @
$
. D 1+
'ir D 3# A ?
$
, $1 A 0
$
7 by volume9
30.3 A ?
$
, $/./ A .
$
7by mass9
12
BKG3741 0 Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem !!$-.1-/-.13
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